Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 160750 2719022 2669678 2025-06-18T17:52:34Z 2001:660:4701:1096:8452:1174:1D84:DA85 /* D66 */ 2719022 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==4. REIGNS OF PETER III (1762) and CATHERINE II (1762-1796)== [[File:Peter III of Russia by Rokotov (1762, Nizhny Novgorod).jpg|thumb|Fig. 37 Great Duke Peter Fedorovich, later Peter III (1758), by Fedor Rokotov. Oil on canvas. Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow.]] [[File:Dmitry_Levitsky_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_II_the_Legislatress_in_the_Temple_of_the_Goddess_of_Justice_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Fig. 38 Catherine II the Legislatress in the Temple of the Goddess of Justice (1783), by Dmitrii Levitskii. Oil on canvas. Russian Museum, St Petersburg.]] '''See also: '''[[In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917)/Reigns of Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), and Elizabeth (1741-1762)#C27|C27]]''', '''[[In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917)/Reigns of Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), and Elizabeth (1741-1762)#C28|C28]] ======D1====== '''Keith, Robert Murray, '''[‘Dispatches’]. In ''Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva'', vol. XII. St Petersburg: Academy of Sciences, 1873. xxvii+499pp. ::Keith (d. 1774) had arrived in St Petersburg in March 1754 and served during the last years of Elizabeth’s reign and the short reign of Peter III. Shortly after Catherine II’s accession, the Russian government requested that a nobleman should occupy the post of British ambassador and Keith was removed in October 1762. It is only his dispatches for the period from 12 July to 7 September (with a few lines from a dispatch of 30 January 1762) that are reproduced here (pp. 1-40), but they include his substantial account of the overthrow of Peter III, “this unhappy prince, who had many excellent qualities” (pp. 2-12). ======D2====== '''Rulhière, Claude Carolman de, '''''A history, or anecdotes of the revolution in Russia, in the year 1762''. Translated from the French of m. de Rulhière. London: printed for M. Beauvalet; and sold by Debrett, Clarke, and Boosey, 1797. xxvii+200pp. ::Rulhière (1735-91) describes himself as attached to the French minister in Russia, de Breteuil, over a period of fifteen months, encompassing the palace revolution that deposed Peter III and brought his wife Catherine to the Russian throne in June 1762. The dedication of the manuscript to the comtesse d’Egmont, dated February 1768 (pp. vii-xxvii) and the letter to her that concludes the book, dated 25 August 1773 (pp. 176-200) are a defence of the authenticity of his account, which was only published in Paris in 1797, long after his death and soon after Catherine’s. ======D3====== '''*Gilchrist, Paul,''' ''A genuine letter from Paul Gilchrist, esq; merchant at Petersburgh, to Mr. Saunders, in London: giving a particular and circumstantial account of the great revolution in Russia, and the death of Peter III the late emperor in which that very extraordinary affair is set in a true light: to which is added a short account of the government, religion, laws and inhabitants of that country''. London: printed for J. Williams, 1762. iv+27pp. ::Although dated “Petersburgh, August 5 1762”, a genuine letter it certainly was not, being a compilation from newspaper reports. There was, however, a merchant in the Russian capital with the surname of Gilchrist at this period. The appendix (pp. 22-27) was lifted from Charles Whitworth’s ''Account of Russia as it was in the year 1710'', published for the first time only in 1758. ======D4====== '''Buckinghamshire, Hobart, John, Earl of,''' ''The despatches and correspondence of John, Second Earl of Buckinghamshire, ambassador to the court of Catherine II of Russia, 1762-1765''. Edited, with introduction and notes by Adelaide D’Arcy Collyer. London: Longmans, Green, &amp; Co., 1900-02. 2 vols. ::The first British ambassador received by Catherine, Buckinghamshire (1723-93) arrived on 23 September 1762 and remained until January 1765, during which time he wrote voluminous dispatches and memoranda. These volumes contain both outgoing and incoming dispatches (vol. I, pp. 71-238; II, pp. 1-278). Some of his dispatches are also found in ''Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva'', vol. XII (1873), pp. 16-193. ======D5====== '''Macartney, George, '''''An account of Russia MDCCLXVII. ''London: privately printed, 1768. viii+230pp. ::Sir George, later Earl of Macartney (1737-1806), arrived in St Petersburg on 27 December 1764 as British envoy extraordinary and left at the end of May 1767, having re-negotiated the commercial agreement in 1766. The work he describes as “a Russian Almanack for the Year 1767” was printed for distribution among friends and government ministers. It consisted of twelve chapters and an appendix (pp. 183-230, not by Macartney but by '''Rev. J.G. King'''), covering such subjects as population, revenues, the armed forces, and the church. ======D6====== '''Macartney, George, '''''Some account of the public life, and a selection from the unpublished writings, of the Earl of Macartney. ''Edited by John Barrow. London: Cadell &amp; Davis, 1807. 2 vols. ::Letters from Macartney in St Petersburg (vol. I, pp. 413-27) and extracts from his ''Account'' of 1768 (including King’s essay, attributed here to Macartney), printed as an appendix in vol. II, pp. 2-93. ======D7====== '''Macartney, George,''' [‘Dispatches’]. In ''Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva'', vol. XII. St Petersburg: Academy of Sciences, 1873. xxviii+499pp. ::Dispatches to and from Macartney during his embassy, 1765-67 (pp. 194-300). ======D8====== '''King, John Glen, '''''The rites and ceremonies of the Greek Church, in Russia; containing an account of its doctrine, worship, and discipline.'' London: printed for W. Owen; J. Dodsley; J. Rivington; and T. Becket and P.A. de Hondt, 1772. xxii+483pp. ::Rev. King (1732-87) was appointed chaplain to the English Church in St Petersburg in 1763 and held the post for eleven years before his return to England in 1774. He indicates that he had been encouraged to study the Russian church by Macartney and his essay ‘The present state of the church of Russia, 1767’, signed “the Rev. Mr. K.”, appeared as an appendix in Macartney’s ''Account''. His great opus appeared during a sojourn in England when he received his Oxford D.D. ======D9====== '''King, John Glen, '''''Letter to the right reverend the Lord Bishop of Durham, containing some observations on the climate of Russia, and the northern countries.'' London: printed for J. Dodsley, 1778. 23pp. ::Most notable for the yard-long engraving of the so-called “flying mountains” that fascinated visitors to Russia, the essay is King’s description of the way extreme cold affected everyday life in Russia. ======D10====== '''Casanova di Seingalt, Giacomo Girolamo, '''''The memoirs of Jacques Casanova, written by himself de Seingalt in London and Moscow. ''Now for the first time completely translated into English by Arthur Machen. London: privately printed, 1894. 6 vols. ::After his meeting with Frederick II in Berlin, Casanova (1725-98) travelled through the Baltic provinces, staying two months early in 1765 in Riga before reaching St Petersburg. In the Russian capital he met many notable Russian aristocrats, bought a peasant mistress (purchased after his departure by the architect Rinaldi), paid a short visit to Moscow, and was introduced to the empress in the Winter Palace, before leaving for Warsaw in October (vol. V, pp. 491-560). ======D11====== '''Pallas, Peter Simon, '''''Travels into Siberia and Tartary, provinces of the Russian empire. By S. Pallas, M.D. professor of natural history, &amp;C.; taken by order of the Empress of Russia, under the direction of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg, in 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, and 1774, and now first translated into English ''[by the Rev. Dr John Trusler]. Included as vols. II-IV of ''The habitable world described, or the present state of the people in all parts of the globe, from north to south; shewing the situation, extent, climate, productions, animals, &amp;c. of the different kingdoms and states; including all the new discoveries…'' By John Trusler. London: printed for the author at the literary press, London, 1788-89. ::Pallas (1741-1811) was appointed professor of natural history at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1767. In 1768 he set out on a six-year expedition that was to take him through Siberia to the frontiers of China, recording as he went many new flowers and birds. His epic journey ended on 30 July 1774 with his arrival back in St Petersburg. ''Reise durch verschiendene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs'' was published in St Petersburg in 1771-76 and the celebrated French translation began to appear in the same year as Trusler’s generally overlooked, if somewhat truncated and edited version. ======D12====== '''Pallas, Peter Simon''', ''A naturalist in Russia: letters from Peter Simon Pallas to Thomas Pennant''. Edited by Carol Urness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1967. iv+189pp. ::The first letter in this collection dates from 1766, when Pallas was still in The Hague, where he had met the English naturalist Pennant (1726-98) the previous year. The remaining sixteen letters, written between 1777 and October 1781, were sent from St Petersburg, subsequent to Pallas’s return from his Siberian expedition. The long letters are full of details about the expedition and its findings in response to questions in Pennant’s non-extant letters (pp. 14-158). ======D13====== '''Cathcart, Charles, and Cathcart,''' '''Jane,''' ''The beautiful Mrs. Graham and the Cathcart circle''. By E. Maxtone Graham. London: Nisbet &amp; Co., 1927. x+322pp. ::The 9th Lord Cathcart (1721-76), British ambassador extraordinary, arrived in St Petersburg with his wife and numerous children on 14 August 1768. A further, ninth, child was born in 1770, but Lady Cathcart (née Hamilton, b. 1726) died on 12 November 1771. Lord Cathcart and his children returned to England in August of the following year. Includes letters from Lady Cathcart (pp. 8-15) and three dispatches from Lord Cathcart (pp. 16-18, 20-23), as well as his moving tribute to his wife, ‘Particulars addrest to Lady Cathcart’s friends’ (St Petersburg, 1771) (pp. 24-28). ======D14====== '''Cathcart, Charles,''' [‘Dispatches’]. In ''Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva'', vols. XII, XIX. St Petersburg: Academy of Sciences, 1873, 1876. xxviii+499pp; xviii+547pp. ::Dispatches to and from Cathcart for the periods from 4 January 1769 to 22 December 1769 (vol. XII, pp. 333-487) and from 26 January 1770 to 19 June 1772 (vol. XIX, pp. 1-276). Also included are dispatches by '''Henry Shirley''', who arrived a few months before Cathcart in May 1767 and remained as his secretary (pp. 300-43). ======D15====== '''Richardson, William, '''''Anecdotes of the Russian Empire: in a series of letters, written, a few years ago, from St. Petersburg''. London: printed for W. Strahan, and T. Cadell, 1784. xvi+478pp. ::Richardson (1743-1814), tutor to Cathcart’s sons since 1766, travelled with them to St Petersburg in 1768. Soon after their return he became Professor of Humanity at Glasgow University. His fifty-six letters, revised before publication, cover the beginning of the outward voyage to the first days of the return journey as far as Copenhagen in August- September 1772. Includes poetry and other material written from, but of little relevance to, Russia, but also important descriptions of events in the Russian capital and its environs and essays on such topics as serfdom and national character. ======D16====== '''Tóth, Ferenc [Tott, François], '''''Memoirs of the Baron de Tott, on the Turks and the Tartars. ''Translated from the French, by an English gentleman at Paris, under the immediate inspection of the Baron. London: Printed and sold by J. Jarvis; and also by J. Debrett; T. Becket; and J. Sewell, 1785. 2 vols. [2nd edition with different title and additional material, London: printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1786, 4 parts in 2 vols.] ::Baron de Tóth (1733-93) was a military adviser to the Turks during the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-74. Describes his visit to the Crimea and southern Ukraine (I, 288-532). ======D17====== '''Dimsdale, Thomas, '''''Tracts on inoculation, written and published at St Petersburg in the year 1768, by command of her Imperial Majesty, the Empress of All the Russias: with additional observations on epidemic small-pox, on the nature of that disease, and on the different success of the various modes of inoculation. ''London: printed by James Phillips for W. Owen, 1781. x+249pp. ::Author of ''Present method of inoculating for the smallpox'' (1767), Dr Dimsdale (1712-1800) was invited the following year to St Petersburg to inoculate the Empress and her son, the Grand Duke Paul. The inoculation was a complete success and Dimsdale and his accompanying son Nathaniel were made barons of the Russian empire and showered with gifts. He returned early in 1769 to England, where he was elected F.R.S. Chapter I, ‘Some account of a journey to Russia, and of the introduction of inoculation into that country’, describes their momentous journey (pp. 1-91). ======D18====== '''*Marshall, Joseph, '''''Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, the Ukraine and Poland, in the years 1768, 1769, and 1770. In which is particularly minuted the present state of those countries, reflecting their agriculture, population, manufactures, commerce, the arts, and useful undertakings. ''London: printed for J. Almon, 1773. 3 vols. ::A product of an “armchair” traveller (cf. [[(title of the correspondent chapter)#D19|D19]], [[(title of the correspondent chapter)#D58|D58]], [[(title of the correspondent chapter)#D60|D60]]) Full of absurdities, the work nonetheless has much convincing detail and is often quoted as an authentic record. Marshall states he was in Russia in 1769-70 and left St Petersburg on 3 April 1770 (vol. III, pp. 105-233). ======D19====== '''*Richard, John,''' ''A tour from London to Petersburgh, from thence to Moscow, and return to London by way of Courland, Poland, Germany and Holland.'' London: printed for T. Evans, 1778. viii [7]+222pp. ::Greeted as “a catchpenny performance” by Jeremy Bentham, the work provides no evidence, internal or external, that Richard ever visited Russia. His letters, said to have written several years earlier during his tour, are superficial in the extreme and seem to have been inspired by information he received from Russians in England (pp. 7-130). ======D20====== '''[Calvert, Frederick],''''' Gaudia poetica, Latina, Anglica, et Gallica composita a''o'' 1769.'' [Augsburg]: privately printed, 1770. [ii+] xcviii [+19]pp. ::The eccentric 6th Lord Baltimore (1731-71) arrived in St Petersburg in July 1769 and left a few weeks later for Germany, where he arranged the publication of his book, a quarto volume, magnificently produced with high-quality engravings to frame his four long Latin poems, two of which are devoted to Peterhof and Tsarskoe selo. Their translation into English prose, “The pleasures of poetry”, explains their inclusion (pp. lix-lxviii). ======D21====== '''Benyovszky, Móricz,''' ''Memoirs and travels of Mauritius Augustus Count de Benyowsky, magnate of the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland, one of the chiefs of the Confederation of Poland, &amp;c, &amp;c: consisting of his military operations in Poland, his exile into Kamchatka, his escape and voyage from that peninsular through the northern Pacific Ocean, touching at Japan and Formosa, to Canton in China, with an account of the French settlement he was appointed to form upon the island, written by himself.'' Translated from the original [French] manuscript [by William Nicholson]. London: printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1790. 2 vols. [See also as edited by Captain Samuel Pasfield Oliver, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1893.] ::The Hungarian soldier of fortune Count Benyovszky (1746-86), a considerable manipulator of dates and embroiderer of facts in his own biography, provides a journal of his adventures in Russia. Serving with the Polish forces, he was captured by the Russians and arriving in St Petersburg in November 1769, was sent into Siberian exile. In Kamchatka he instigated a revolt among the exiles and eventually sailed away from Kamchatka in May 1771 en route for Japan and China (vol. I, pp. 36-383). ======D22====== '''Williams, John,''' ''The rise, progress, and present state of the northern governments; viz. The United Provinces, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Poland: or, observations on the nature, constitution, religion, law, policy, customs, and commerce of each country; the manners and dispositions of the people; their military forces by land and sea; the revenues and resources of each power; and on the circumstances and conjunctures which have contributed to produce the various revolutions which have happened to them: the whole digested from the most authentic records and histories, and from the reflections and remarks made during a tour of five years through these nations.'' London: printed for T. Beckett, 1777. 2 vols. ::Williams, deriding Voltaire for describing a country he had never visited, seems to have been in Russia in 1770. He refers to his interviews in St Petersburg and Moscow, consulting manuscripts (in German) in the Kremlin, and travelling “1700 versts in the Russian dominions to form some idea of the character of the mass of the people in this state”. He provides an overview of the geography and history of Russia, dwelling in particular on the reign of Peter I and the overthrow of Peter III. There is little evidence of his own observations, even when writing on “manners and customs” (vol. II, pp. 1-343). ======D23====== '''Gunning, Robert, '''[‘Dispatches’]. In ''Sbornik imperatorskogo russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva'', vol. XIX. St Petersburg: Academy of Sciences, 1876. xviii+547pp. ::Sir Robert (1731-1816) replaced Cathcart as envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary in 1772, arriving in St Petersburg on 18 June and leaving after a stay of some three and a half years in February 1776. Gunning was to enjoy a friendly relationship with the empress, who, at the request of George III, invested him with the order of the Bath on 9 July 1773. Dispatches to and from Gunning for the period 30 June 1772 to 12 January 1776 (pp. 276-510). Also included are dispatches by '''Richard Oakes''', who acted as chargé d’affaires until the arrival of Sir James Harris, 16 February to 22 November 1776 (pp. 510-22). ======D24====== '''Fries, Hans Jakob,''' ''A Siberian journey: the journal of Hans Jakob Fries, 1774-1776''. Translated from the German and edited with a bibliographical introduction by Walther Kirchner. London: Frank Cass, 1974. xii+183pp. ::The young Zurich-born Fries (1749-1801) had arrived in St Petersburg on 1 September 1770 and moved to Moscow, where he began his medical training. In 1773 he became an under-surgeon and the following year he was attached to a regiment of dragoons fighting the Turks. It is in a letter to his parents in August 1779, when he was working in the admiralty hospital in St Petersburg, that he describes his career in the intervening years that took him after the end of the Russo-Turkish war on a journey through south-eastern Russia to Siberia, accompanying a Major Riedel on a mission to find recruits for the Russian army. They travelled from Orenburg to Omsk and on to Irkutsk, crossed Lake Baikal and went as far as Kiakhta before returning by the same route. ======D25====== '''Wraxall, Nathaniel William, '''''Cursory remarks made in a tour through some of the northern parts of Europe, particularly Copenhagen, Stockholm and Petersburgh''. London: T. Cadell, 1775. [2nd corrected edition with title ''A tour through some of the northern parts…,'' 1775; 4th corrected and augmented edition with title'' A tour round the Baltic, through the northern countries of Europe...'', 1807.] ::Sir Nathaniel (1751-1831) set out on his voyage to the north in April 1774 and arrived in St Petersburg in August, staying only a month. The first British “grand tourist” to publish his account of Catherine’s Russia, he describes the city, a visit to Peterhof, where he saw the empress, and conversations with the sculptor Falconet at work on his equestrian statue of Peter (pp. 202-88). ======D26====== '''Henniker, John,''' ''A visit to Petersburgh: extracts from a northern tour in the years 1775 &amp; 1776 through Copenhagen and Petersburgh to the river Swir joining the lakes of Onega and Ladoga.'' Cambridge: Morison Room of the University Library, 1991. 8pp.; ''Expedition to the river Swir: in a series of letters''. Cambridge: Morison Room of the University Library, 1992. 8pp.; ''I must, I will digress: further ramblings on the river Swir.'' Cambridge: [Morison Room of the University Library], 1998. 8pp. ::These are extracts from the manuscript diary of the 2nd Lord Henniker (1752-1821), which is now held in Cambridge (U.L.C. MS. Add. 8720). Henniker, grandson of a Russia Company merchant, arrived at Cronstadt on 14 July 1775 and returned to Copenhagen six weeks later. After sightseeing in and around the capital, he accompanied a prominent Petersburg merchant Timothy Raikes on a trip up the Neva, across Ladoga, to the river Svir to inspect factories. ======D27====== '''Harris, James,''' ''Diaries and correspondence of James Harris, first Earl of Malmesbury; containing an account of his missions to the courts of Madrid, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Second, and The Hague; and his special missions to Berlin, Brunswick, and the French Republic''. Edited by his grandson, the Third Earl [James Howard Harris]. London: Richard Bentley, 1844. 4 vols. ::Sir James, later 1st Earl of Malmesbury (1746-1820), arrived in St Petersburg on 2 January 1778 as British envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary and left on 8 September 1783. He was knighted in 1779. He enjoyed the benevolence of Catherine and Potemkin during a difficult five-year period that covered the end of the American War of Independence and Russia’s Declaration of Armed Neutrality in 1780 (vol. I, pp. 155-542; II, pp. 1-58). ======D28====== '''Coxe, William, '''''Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, interspersed with historical relations and political inquiries. ''London: printed by J. Nichols for T. Cadell, 1784. 2 vols. ::Rev. Coxe (1747-1828), Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, was tutor to George, Lord Herbert, later 11th Earl of Pembroke (1759-1827) on an extensive Grand Tour that took them eventually via Poland to Moscow, where they arrived in August 1778. They left St Petersburg for Stockholm, via Vyborg, on 3 February 1779 (vol. I, pp 240-588; II, pp. 3-311). Coxe visited Russia again in 1784-85 as tutor to Samuel Whitbread Jr. (1764-1815), son of the famous brewer. The materials he garnered on this occasion were incorporated into a third volume in 1790, completing the first edition. The second and third editions had appeared in the meantime and it is the fourth and fifth editions (5 vols., 1792 and 1802) that offer expanded and re-arranged versions. A sumptuous three-volume set in fifty copies was published in 1803 as Coxe’s final statement on Russia. ======D29====== '''Coxe, William, '''''Henry, Elizabeth and George (1734-80): letters and diaries of Henry, Tenth Earl of Pembroke and his circle''. Edited by Lord Herbert. London: Jonathan Cape, 1939. 576pp. ::Contains three letters from Coxe from Russia in 1778 to the 10th Earl and his wife (pp. 125-26, 137-38, 145-46). ======D30====== '''Coxe, William, '''''Account of the prisons and hospitals in Russia, Sweden, and Denmark: with occasional remarks on the different modes of punishments in those countries.'' London: printed for T. Cadell, 1781. viii+55pp. ::Dedicated to the famed prison reformer and philanthropist John Howard (pp. v-vi), it supplies detailed descriptions of prisons and hospitals in Moscow, Tver, Vyshnii Volochek, St Petersburg and Cronstadt visited by Coxe in 1778-79 (pp.1-30). ======D31====== '''[Rickman, John], '''''Journal of Captain Cook’s last voyage to the Pacific Ocean, on Discovery; performed in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779.'' London: Edward Newberry, 1781. xlvi+396pp. ::The first, anonymously published, account of Cook’s fateful third and last voyage is now attributed to Rickman, who was a lieutenant on the ''Discovery. ''The ''Discovery'', commanded by Captain Charles Clerke (1743-79), and Cook’s ''Resolution'' set sail in July 1776 and passed through the Bering Strait past Kamchatka in the summer of 1778. After Cook’s death in Hawaii in February 1779, the expedition, now under the command of Captain Clerke, returned to Kamchatka, where they spent two months from late April to June and a further six weeks from late August to early October, during which time Clerke died and was buried at Petropavlovsk (pp. 337-75). ======D32====== '''Ledyard, John,''' ''A journal of Captain Cook’s last voyage to the Pacific Ocean, and in quest of a north-west passage, between Asia &amp; America; performed in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 1779''. Hartford, Conn.: Nathaniel Patten, 1783. 208pp. [See ''John Ledyard’s journal of Captain Cook’s last voyage''. Edited by James Kenneth Munford. With an introduction by Sinclair H. Hitchings. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press, 1963. l+264pp.] ::The American Ledyard (1751-89) joined Cook’s ship, the ''Resolution'', as corporal of marines in Plymouth in July 1776. When compiling his own account of the expedition, he was undoubtedly aware of Rickman and, indeed, the Kamchatka section reproduces Rickman’s (pp. 163-91). ======D33====== '''Gilbert, George,''' ''Captain Cook’s final voyage: the journal of Midshipman George Gilbert. ''Introduced and edited by Christine Holmes. Horsham, Sussex: Caliban Books, 1982. 158pp. ::Gilbert (d. 1783?) was a midshipman on the ''Resolution'', transferring to the ''Discovery ''in August 1779. His journal contains interesting notes on their time in Kamchatka, April-October 1779 (pp. 129-49). ======D34====== '''Reineggs, Jacob, and Bieberstein, Friedrich August,''''' A general, historical, and topographical description of Mount Caucasus. With a catalogue of plants indigenous to the country. ''Translated from the works of Dr Reineggs and Marshall Bieberstein by Charles Wilkinson. London: C. Taylor; W. Miller, A. Collins, Darton and Harvey, 1807. 2 vols. ::A curious compilation, said to be appropriate for the contemporary political situation following Tilsit, from ''Allegemaine historische-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus ''(1796-97) by Dr Reineggs (1744-93) and ''Tableau des provinces situées sur la côte occidentale de la Mer Caspienne entre les fleuves Terek et Kour ''(1798) by Bieberstein (1768-1826). The Saxon adventurer Reineggs, real name Ehlich, arrived in Georgia in 1779, in 1781 travelled to St Petersburg, and accompanied Potemkin to Moldavia in 1789. His narrative ends at vol. II, p. 62, when without any break, Bieberstein’s, referring to 1795-99 when he was with the Russian army in the Caucasus, begins. The catalogue of plants is found in vol. II, pp. 175-240. ======D35====== '''Bentham, Samuel, and Bentham, Jeremy,''' ''The works of Jeremy Bentham. ''Published under the superintendence of his executor, John Bowring. Edinburgh: William Tait, and London: Simpkin, Marshall, &amp; Co., 1843. 11 vols. ::Samuel (1757-1831), the younger brother of the more famous Jeremy (1748-1832), left London to seek his fortune in Russia in August 1779, travelling via Riga to Moscow and down to New Russia. Early in 1781 he undertook an ambitious itinerary through Russia, travelling to Archangelsk before crossing the Urals and travelling to the Chinese border at Kiakhta, before returning to St Petersburg in October 1782. In March 1784 he entered the service of Potemkin to organize a model farm, shipyard, etc. on the prince’s estates at Krichev in Belorussia. He was joined there in February 1786 by Jeremy, who remained until November of the following year. Samuel subsequently took part in the Russo-Turkish war, travelled again to Siberia, before returning to the south. He left Jassy in January 1791, after eleven years in Russia. (See vol. X, pp. 147-79). ======D36====== '''Bentham, Samuel, and Bentham, Jeremy, '''''The correspondence of Jeremy Bentham''. Vol. III (January 1781 to October 1788). Edited by Ian R. Christie. London: University of London Athlone Press, 1971. xxxiv+647pp; vol. IV (October 1788 to December 1793). Edited by Alexander Taylor Milne. London: Athlone Press, 1981. xlii+506pp. ::These volumes contain long excerpts from Samuel’s voluminous letters to his brother from Russia as well as Jeremy’s letters from Ukraine (vol. III, and IV, pp. 1-223 ''passim''). For Samuel’s visit to Russia during Alexander I’s reign see [[In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917)/Reign of Alexander I (1801-1825)#F10|F10]]. ======D37====== '''Ligne, Charles Joseph, de,''' ''The Prince de Ligne: his memoirs, letters, and miscellaneous papers''. Selected and translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. With introduction and preface by C.-A. Sainte-Beuve and Madame de Staël-Holstein. London: William Heinemann, 1899. 2 vols. ::The Prince de Ligne (1735-1814), born in Belgium and a subject of Austria, first visited Russia in the summer of 1780, when he met the empress. On his return to Vienna he began the correspondence with her that ended only with her death (vol. I, pp. 302-20). In Feb 1786 Ligne accepted Catherine’s invitation to join her entourage on her famous visit to the Crimea and joined her in Kiev early the next year. He describes the journey in letters to the marquise de Coigny in Paris (vol. II, pp. 8-44). After their return to St Petersburg, Ligne soon departed for Russian army under Potemkin in November 1787 and fought against the Turks until December 1788, when he left to join the Austrian army at the siege of Belgrade (vol. II, pp. 46-98). ======D38====== '''Elliot, Gilbert,''' ''Life and letters of Sir Gilbert Elliot First Earl of Minto, from 1751 to 1806, when his public life in Europe was closed by his appointment to the vice-royalty of India. ''Edited by his great-niece the Countess of Minto. London: Longmans, Green &amp; Co., 1874. 3 vols. ::Sir Gilbert (1751-1814) was Sir James Harris’s brother-in-law and travelled out to St Petersburg in June 1781 in order to escort back to England his ailing sister Harriet, Lady Harris. They left for England in mid-August. Excerpts from letters (vol. I, pp. 62-66). ======D39====== '''Howard, John,''''' The State of prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons''. Warrington: printed by William Eyres for T. Cadell, J. Johnson, and C. Dilly. 3rd edition 1784. 510pp. ::The first edition of this celebrated work appeared in 1777 and a second edition in 1780. It was only in the third edition that Howard (1726-90) was able to incorporate his impressions of the prisons and hospitals in St Petersburg, Cronstadt, Vyshnii Volochek, Tver and Moscow he had visited in the summer of 1781 (pp. 85-95). ======D40====== '''Dimsdale, Elizabeth, '''''An English lady at the court of Catherine the Great: the journal of Baroness Elizabeth Dimsdale, 1781''. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by A.G. Cross. Cambridge: Crest, 1989. viii+108pp. ::Some twelve years after his first highly successful and lauded visit to St Petersburg to inoculate the empress and her son Paul, Dimsdale was invited again, to inoculate the Grand Dukes Alexander and Constantine. On this occasion he was accompanied by his third wife Elizabeth (1732-1812), whom he had recently married. Travelling overland, they arrived in St Petersburg on 8 August (p. 39). Three weeks later they removed to Tsarskoe selo, where the inoculation was to take place on 7 September. 25 September marked the return to the capital and their departure for England followed on 15 October (pp. 39-87). ======D41====== '''Forster, George, '''''A journey from Bengal to England through the northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia and into Russia by the Caspian Sea''. London: R. Faulder, 1798. 2 vols. ::In 1782-84 Forster (1752?-91) of the Indian civil service, travelling from Calcutta, sailed up the Volga to Moscow and then proceeded to St Petersburg, before returning to England (vol. II, pp. 304-97). ======D42====== '''[Walker, James], '''''Paramythia or mental pastimes being original anecdotes, historical, descriptive, humourous, and witty collected chiefly during a long residence at the court of Russia, by the author''. London: printed for Lawler and Quick, 1821. viii+175pp. [reprinted in ''Engraved in the memory: James Walker, engraver to the Empress Catherine the Great, and his Russian anecdotes''. Edited and introduced by Anthony Cross. Oxford: Berg, 1993, pp. 28-152.] ::Walker (1748-1822) went to Russia in 1784 with the position of “engraver to her imperial majesty” (which continued under Catherine’s successors, Paul and Alexander). His anonymously published collection of anecdotes contains English as well as Russian material, the latter reflecting what he heard and saw during the eighteen years he spent in St Petersburg. ======D43====== '''Ségur, Louis-Philippe, de,''' ''Memoirs and recollections of Count Segur, ambassador from France to the courts of Russia and Prussia, &amp;c., &amp;c. written by himself.'' London: Henry Colburn, 1825. 3 vols. ::Brilliant, witty, friend of the ''philosophes'', the comte de Ségur (1753-1830) was in every way an ideal choice as French minister plenipotentiary to the court of Catherine. Appointed on 16 December 1784, he arrived in St Petersburg on 10 March 1785 and remained until October 1789. He accompanied the empress on her journey to the Crimea in 1787. Russia, vol. II, pp. 152-355; III, pp. 1-445. ======D44====== '''Sauer, Martin, '''''An account of a geographical and astronomical expedition to the northern parts of Russia, for ascertaining the degrees of latitude and longitude of the mouth of the river Kovima; of the whole coast of the Tshutski, to East Cape; and of the islands in the eastern ocean, stretching from there to the American coast; performed, by command of her imperial majesty Catherine the Second, empress of all the Russias, by Commodore Joseph Billings, in the years 1785, &amp;c., to 1794; the whole narrated from the original papers, by Martin Sauer, secretary to the expedition''. London: printed by A. Strahan for T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies, 1802. xxviii+332+58pp. ::The expedition under Captain Joseph Billings (1761-1806) set out from St Petersburg on 25 October 1785, travelling via Moscow and Kazan and reaching Ekaterinburg by 17 January 1786. On 3 July they arrived at the sea at Okhotsk. After some six years of exploration and scientific experiments along the coast, including Kamchatka, they began their return journey in August 1793 and saw St Petersburg again on 10 March 1794. Of the expedition’s secretary Sauer, who had been resident in St Petersburg from at least 1782, nothing more is known; Billings was transferred to the Black Sea fleet and served until his retirement in 1799 with the rank of captain-commander. ======D45====== '''[Masson, Charles-François-Philibert],''' ''Secret memoirs of the court of Petersburg; particularly toward the end of the reign of Catherine II, and the commencement of that of Paul I, forming a description of the manners of Petersburg, at the close of the eighteenth century; and containing various anecdotes, collected during a residence of ten years in that capital; together with remarks on the education of the grand-dukes, the manners of the ladies, and the religion of the people; serving as a supplement to the life of Catherine II''. Translated from the French. London: printed by C. Whittingham for T.N. Longman and O. Rees, 1800. 2 vols. ::Published anonymously, the work enjoyed a ''succès de scandale ''for its alleged revelations and was translated into many languages following its appearance in Paris in 1800. Masson (1762-1807) had gone to Russia in 1785 to join his elder brother and soon entered the engineer cadet corps. He enjoyed rapid promotion and became secretary to Grand Duke Alexander in 1796. Accused of sympathy for French victories at the beginning of Paul’s reign, he and his brother were escorted to the Russo-Polish border. ======D46====== '''Miranda, Sebastián Francisco, de, '''''Fragments from an XVIIIth century diary: the travels and adventures of Don Francisco de Miranda, precursor of the independence of Spanish America, in Spain, Africa, North America, Europe and at the court of Catherine the Great of Russia, 1771-1789. ''Compiled and translated by Jordan Herbert Stabler, with a preface by R.B. Cunninghame Graham. Caracas: Tipografía ‘La nación’, 1931. 196pp. ::The Venezuelan soldier Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816), during extensive European travels, arrived at Kherson from Turkey on 7 October 1786 and remained in Russia until 18 September of the following year. During this time he visited the Crimea and then proceeded to Kiev, where he was presented to Catherine II, and thence to Moscow and St Petersburg. A mere taster from a fascinating diary, the full Spanish text of which is found in ''Archivo del general Miranda: Viajes'', vol. II (Caracas, 1929), pp. 190-470. ======D47====== '''[Ellis, George, attrib.],''' ''Memoir of a map of the countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian; with an account of the Caucasian nations, and vocabularies of their languages.'' London: printed for J. Edwards, 1788. 80pp. ::Ellis (1753-1815), F.S.A. and F.R.S., spent several months in St Petersburg in 1786 and may have travelled south. The memoir is an attempt to classify the inhabitants of the Caucasus according to information supplied by Professor Pallas. The specimens of the various languages were drawn from Pallas’s universal comparative dictionary, compiled with the encouragement of the empress. ======D48====== '''Craven, Elizabeth, '''''A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople. In a series of letters from the right honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven to his serene highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith. Written in the year MDCCLXXXVI''. London: for H. Chamberlaine, R. Montcrieffe, W. Colles, G. Burnet, W. Wilson, 1789. 8+327pp [With changed title: ''Letters from the right honourable Lady Craven, to his serene highness the Margrave of Anspach, during her travels through France, Germany, &amp; Russia in 1785 and 1786''. 2nd edition, including a variety of letters not before published. London: printed by A.J. Valpy, and sold by H. Colburn, 1814. viii+316pp. Her ''Memoirs of the Margravine of Anspach, formerly Lady Craven''. Written by herself. Paris: A. and W. Galignani, 1826. 2 vols. contain a succinct version of her travels (vol. I, pp. 97-107).] ::On a tour that had begun in Paris in mid-June 1785, the “beautiful” Lady Craven (née Berkeley, later Margravine of Anspach, 1750-1828) arrived via Italy, Vienna and Warsaw in February 1786 in St Petersburg, where she was presented to the empress. She soon travelled via Moscow and Ukraine to the Crimea, “a delicious country; and an acquisition to Russia which she should never relinquish”. She stayed at Kherson for a month, before crossing to Constantinople (pp. 164-258). ======D49====== '''[Sinclair, John],''' ''General observations regarding the present state of the Russian empire''. London: privately printed, 1787. 49pp. ::In 1786 Sir John (1754-1835) planned a tour of the northern capitals of Europe which would fit into the seven-month Parliamentary recess between June 1786 and January 1787. Arriving in St Petersburg from Riga in August, he travelled home via Moscow and Kiev to Warsaw. On his return he wrote ''General'' ''observations'' for circulation among friends. ======D50====== '''Sinclair, John''', ''The correspondence of the right honourable Sir John Sinclair, bart. with reminiscences of the most distinguished characters who have appeared in Great Britain, and in foreign countries, during the last fifty years''. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831. 2 vols. ::Sir John included most of the material from ''General observations'' into Part XXI, ‘Travels in Russia, and correspondence with the natives of that country’, of his collected correspondence (vol. II, pp. 241-85), although somewhat edited to reflect his later mellowed attitude towards Russia. Elsewhere there is much that is new, such as his description of his audience by Catherine on 25 August 1786 and his visit to Grand Duke Paul at Pavlovsk on 31 August (vol. I, pp. 7-13). See also vol. I, pp. 149-52 (Princess Dashkova), 209-12 (Rumiantsev-Zadunaiskii). ======D51====== '''La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, de, '''''The voyage of La Pérouse round the world in the years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the ‘Boussole’ and ‘Astrolabe’, under the command of J.F.G. de la Pérouse.'' Published by order of the National Assembly under the superintendence of L.A. Milet-Mureau. London: printed for J. Johnson, 1798. 3 vols. ::The circumnavigation, commanded by the comte de La Pérouse (1741-88), reached Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk in September 1787 (vol. III, pp. 1-37). '''D52''') '''La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, de, '''''The journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse 1785-1788. ''Translated and edited by John Dunmore. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1994. 2 vols. ::Based on the newly discovered journal of La Pérouse in the French national archives, this edition also includes letters sent from Petropavlovsk. On Sakhalin and Kamchatka, pp. 284-376; letters, pp. 510-34. ======D53====== '''Lesseps, Jean-Baptiste-Barthélemy, de, '''''Travels in Kamtschatka, during the years 1787 and 1788''. Translated from the French. London: J. Johnson, 1790. 2 vols. in 1. ::De Lesseps (1766-1834), a translator attached to La Pérouse’s expedition, was dispatched on 7 October 1787 from Petropavlovsk to take news of what had been achieved back to France as swiftly as possible. Forced to spend the winter of 1787-88 in Kamchatka, which he describes in detail, he reached Okhotsk only in June 1788. He met Billings in Iakutsk (see [[#D44|D44]]) and returned via Tomsk, Tobolsk and Ekaterinburg to St Petersburg, where he arrived by the end of September, before proceeding to Versailles to present the papers to the king (vol. I, pp. 1-283; II, pp. 1-382). French original: ''Journal historique du voyage de m. de Lesseps depuis l’instant où il a quitté les frégates françoises au Port Saint Pierre et Saint Paul du Kamtschatka jusqu’à son arrivée en France le 17 Octobre, 1788'' (Paris, 1790). Lesseps was later to serve several terms as French consul in St Petersburg. ======D54====== '''Damas d’Antigney, Joseph Elizabeth Roger, '''''Memoirs of the comte Roger de Damas (1787-1806)''. Edited and annotated by Jacques Rambaud. Translated by Mrs. Rodolph Stawell. London: Chapman and Hall, 1913. xxxiv+492pp. ::In January 1788 the comte de Damas (1765-1823) joined the Russian forces fighting against the Turks and distinguished himself at Ochakov and Izmail and was decorated by the empress. He left Russia in January 1791 at the end of the campaign (pp. 16-145). In the winter of 1792-93 Damas returned to Russia in the suite of the comte d’Artois (pp. 192-95). ======D55====== '''Jones, John Paul''', ''Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Paul Jones, chevalier of the military order of merit, and of the Russian order of St Anne, &amp;c., &amp;c., now first compiled from his original journals and correspondence: including an account of his service under Prince Potemkin, prepared for publication by himself''. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; London: Simpkin &amp; Marshall, 1830. 2 vols. ::After playing a colourful part in the American War of Independence, Jones (1747-92) became a rear-Admiral in the Russian navy. He arrived in St Petersburg early in May 1788, met the empress, and was dispatched to the south to serve under Potemkin. He played a leading role in the battle of the Liman but subsequently offended Potemkin and was recalled to the capital towards the end of 1788 A scandal involving a young girl in St Petersburg led to his leaving Russia in September 1789 (vol. I, pp. 327-31; II, pp. 1-195). ======D56====== '''Ledyard, John,''' ''John Ledyard’s journey through Russia and Siberia 1787-1788: the journal and selected letters.'' Edited by Stephen D. Watrous. Madison, Milwaukee and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966. xiv+293pp. ::Eight years after his first visit to Kamchatka (see [[#D32|D32]]), Ledyard returned to Russia. He arrived in St Petersburg in March 1787 and two months later set out on his momentous journey with the intention of traversing the whole of Russia. Travelling through Siberia, he visited Tobolsk, Tomsk and Irkutsk but got only as far as Iakutsk, where he arrived in mid-September. It was there that Ledyard met Billings and Sauer, with whom he returned later to Irkutsk in January 1788, where he was immediately arrested on orders from Catherine (for reasons never satisfactorily explained) and taken back to Moscow and expelled from Russia via Poland in March (pp. 122-232). ======D57====== '''Trevenen, James, '''''A memoir of James Trevenen''. Edited by Christopher Lloyd and R.C. Anderson. London: for the Navy Records Society, 1959. xv+247pp. ::Trevenen (1760-90), who had been a midshipman on Cook’s last voyage, joined the Russian navy as a captain with a plan approved by the empress for discovery and trade in the North Pacific, but the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war led to its postponement. He arrived in St Petersburg on 7 October 1787 and was soon involved in the naval war against Sweden, dying in the battle of Vyborg on 9 July 1790 (pp. 97-242). ======D58====== '''*[Chantreau, Pierre Nicholas],''' ''Philosophical, political and literary travels in Russia during the years 1788 &amp; 1789''. Perth: printed for R. Morison, Junior, for R. Morison and Son, Perth; and Vernor and Hood, London, 1794. 2 vols''.'' ::Chantreau (1741-1808), like Marshall and Richard before him and Thomson later, was only in Russia in his mind’s eye and assimilated material from others, such as Coxe. He was “travelling” in Britain as precisely the same period, according to the title of another of his compilations. ======D59====== '''Swinton, Andrew,''' ''Travels into Norway, Denmark, and Russia, in the years 1788, 1789, 1790, and 1791. ''London: printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1792. xxvii+506pp. ::Reaching Riga in October 1788, the Scottish tourist Swinton heard of the recent death of his kinsman admiral Samuel Grieg on board his flagship at Revel, which he then visited. Arriving in St Petersburg in November, he was to spend over two years in the Russian capital, describing his impressions in a series of sentimental letters, before departing in March 1791 (pp. 126-496). ======D60====== '''*[Thomson, William], '''''Letters from Scandinavia, on the past and present state of the northern nations of Europe''. London: printed for G.G. and J. Robinson, 1796. 2 vols. ::Published anonymously, but Thomson (1746-1817) is recognized as its author. It is, however, a work of plagiarism (principally from Swinton) by an able and prodigiously productive hack. Despite its title, it is presented as letters from and mainly about Russia allegedly written between 1789 and May 1792. Russia, vol. I, pp. 1-471; II, pp. 1-279. ======D61====== '''Howard, John,''' ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y9yGtEJNadoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe; with various papers relative to the plague: together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals; and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and Ireland]. ''London: printed for J. Johnson, C. Dilly, and T. Cadell, 1791. 2nd edition, with additions. vii+272+32pp. ::Howard paid a second visit to Russia in 1789, re-visiting many of the institutions he had seen in 1781 (see [[#D39|D39]]). Interested in questions of quarantine and plague control, he decided to travel to the Crimea and observe “the sickly state of the Russian army on the confines of Turkey”, but in Kherson he contracted fever and died on 20 January 1790. His monument was to be much visited by British travellers in the nineteenth century. The appendix to this posthumous second edition contains the update on prisons in Riga, Cronstadt, St Petersburg, and Moscow and his descriptions of the harrowing scenes he saw in the south, (Kherson, Bogoiavlensk and Nikolaev) (Appendix, pp. 12-21). ======D62====== '''Hawkins (Hawkins-Whitsted), James, '''''Charlotte Sophie Countess Bentinck: her life and times, 1715-1800.'' By her descendant Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond. London: Hutchinson &amp; Co., 1912. 2 vols. ::Captain Hawkins, later Admiral Sir James (1762-1849), and his travelling companion Count William Bentinck (1764-1813), after visiting the latter’s illustrious grandmother in Germany, spent three weeks in St Petersburg in October 1789 and in addition to the social whirl, interested themselves in naval matters at Cronstadt. Extracts from Hawkins’s diary (vol. I, pp. 113-23). ======D63====== '''[Colmore, Lionel],''' ''Letters from the Continent, describing the manners and customs of Germany, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland, in the years 1790, 1791, and 1792, to a friend residing in England. ''London: J. Hatchard, 1812. iv+275pp. ::The amusing, satirical letters of Colmore (1765-1807), another young gentry tourist, were published posthumously and describe his social life in the Russian capital between mid-October 1790 and the end of April 1791. Only two letters (nos. IX-X) are, however, extant from his sojourn in St Petersburg (pp. 88-117), the next being date-lined Warsaw, 24 August 1791. ======D64====== '''Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von,''' ''The picture of Petersburg''. From the German of Henry Storch. [Translated by William Tooke.] London: printed for T.N. Longman &amp; O. Rees, 1801. xviii+591pp. ::The most comprehensive account of St Petersburg in the last years of Catherine’s reign (the preface is dated 1792). ''Gemälde'' ''von St Petersburg'' originally appeared in two volumes in Riga in 1793-94. Heinrich Storch (in his Russian variant, Andrei Karlovich Shtorkh) (1766-1838) was professor of belles-lettres at the Imperial Cadet Corps and a member of the Free Economic Society. There are several passages on the British community inserted by the translator, who had spent many years in Russia (see [[#D69|D69]]). ======D65====== '''Leveson Gower, Granville,''' ''Lord Granville Leveson Gower (First Earl Granville): private correspondence 1781 to 1821''. Edited by his daughter-in-law Castalia Countess Granville. London: John Murray, 1916. 2 vols. ::Just down from Oxford, the young tourists Lord Granville, later 1st Earl Granville (1773-1846), and his friend Lord Boringdon arrived in St Petersburg in October 1792, visited Moscow in December, and left for England via Warsaw (vol. I, pp. 55-64). Twelve years later, still only thirty-one, he was back in the Russian capital as British ambassador in October 1804 and negotiated an Anglo-Russian convention, signed on 11 April 1805. He returned to England in August 1806. The following April he was re-appointed ambassador, but was in Russia merely a few months before the treaty of Tilsit and the ensuing Russian declaration of war on 31 October 1807 led to his departure from St Petersburg on 9 November. His correspondence, mainly with Lady Bessborough, during these two periods is memorable for his protracted on-off love affair with the “princesse nocturne”, Princess Evdokiia Golitsyna (vol. I, pp. 485-510; II, pp. 1- 207, 263-312). ======D66====== '''Parkinson, John, '''''A tour of Russia, Siberia and the Crimea 1792-1794''. Edited with an introduction by William Collier. London: Frank Cass &amp; Co., 1971. xx+280pp. ::Parkinson (1754-1840), Oxford don and travelling tutor ''par excellence'', accompanied Edward Wilbraham-Bootle (1771-1853), later 1st Lord Skelmersdale, on a truly remarkable tour. After some weeks in Scandinavia, they arrived in St Petersburg on 4 November 1792 and stayed until the following March. From Moscow they headed for Kazan, but choosing not to follow the Volga down to Astrakhan, headed for Perm and on into Siberia as far as Tobolsk in mid-April 1793. Their route then took them south to join the Volga and to travel down to Sarepta and Astrakhan, before journeying to Georgievsk and to the Crimea by August. They returned to St Petersburg at the end of December, via Kiev and Moscow. Only in March 1794 did they set off for Warsaw. Edited from his extensive manuscript diaries. Russia, pp. 20-228. ======D67====== '''Pallas, Peter Simon,''' ''Travels through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, in the years 1793 and 1794''. Translated from the German, without abridgment [?by A.F.M. Willich and Steven Porter]. London: Longman and O. Rees, T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies, John Murray and S. Highley, 1802-03. 2 vols. ::Accompanied by his wife and daughter as well as by the Leipzig artist C.G.H. Geissler, who was to illustrate his account, Pallas (see [[#D11|D11]]-[[#D12|12]]) left St Petersburg on 1 February 1793. They travelled down the Volga to Astrakhan and then through the Caucasus to the Crimea. He spent the winter of 1793-94 near Simferopol and began the return journey on 18 July 1794, arriving back in the capital on 14 September 1794. ======D68====== '''Kynnersley, Mary,''''' The Baroness de Bode 1775-1803''. By William S. Childe-Permberton. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1900. xx+296pp. ::Daughter of a Staffordshire squire, Mary (d. 1812) married Charles Auguste Louis Frederick, Baron de Bode (d. 1797) in 1775 and lived in Alsace, then Germany, and finally, fleeing the Revolution, found refuge in Russia, where Catherine granted the Bodes estates in New Russia. The Bodes arrived in St Petersburg in August 1794 and the baroness’s letters to her English relatives chart their subsequent life in Russia until February 1803, when the correspondence abruptly ceased (pp. 182-271). Mary died in Moscow in 1812 and her children remained in Russia. ======D69====== '''Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn,''' ''[https://archive.org/details/notesmycaptivit00niemgoog Notes of my captivity in Russia, in the years 1794, 1795, and 1796]''. Translated from the original [Polish], by Alexander Laski. Edinburgh: William Tait; London: Simpkin, Marshall, &amp; co. 1844. xxiii+251pp. ::The renowned Polish politician and man-of-letters Niemcewicz (1757-1841) was captured, together with Kosciuzsko, at the battle of Macieiowice on 10 October 1794. He spent twenty-six months in captivity in St Petersburg’s Peter and Paul fortress before being released by Paul I. He finished his account in May 1800, while in exile in America, and the Polish original was first published in 1843. ======D70====== '''Guthrie, Maria,''' ''A tour, performed in the years 1795-6, through the Taurida, or Crimea, the antient kingdom of Bosphorus, the once-powerful republic of Tauric Cherson, and all the other countries on the north shore of the Euxine, ceded to Russia by the Peace of Kainardgi and Jassy''; by Mrs Maria Guthrie, formerly acting directress of the imperial convent for the education of the female nobility of Russia; described in a series of letters to her husband, the editor, Matthew Guthrie, M.D., F.R.S. and F.S.A. of London and Edinburgh, member of the philosophical society of Manchester, &amp;c. &amp;c., physician to the first and second imperial corps of noble cadets in St Petersburgh, and councillor of state to his imperial majesty of all the Russias; the whole illustrated by a map of the tour along the Euxine coast, from the Dniester to the Cuban; with engravings of a great number of ancient coins, medals, monuments, inscriptions, and other curious objects. London: T. Cadell Junior and W. Davies, 1802. xxiv+446pp. ::The ninety-three posthumously published letters that Marie Guthrie (née Romaud-Survesnes, d. 1800) sent to her husband Matthew (1743-1807) in St Petersburg (pp. 1-308), were not only translated from French but were swollen under his “editorship” into the major description of the Crimea, present and particularly past and replete with all manner of archaeological and historical material, that was available to British readers at the beginning of the nineteenth century. ======D70a====== '''Vigée-Lebrun, Louise-Elisabeth,''' ''Memoirs of Elisabeth Vigée-Le-Brun''. Translated from the French by Siân Evans. London: Camden, 1989. 368pp. ::Portrait painter to Queen Marie Antoinette and member of the Royal Academy, Mme Vigée-Le-Brun (1755-1842) escaped with her daughter into exile after the French Revolution and after stays in Italy and Vienna, arrived on 25 July 1795 in St Petersburg and met the empress two days later. She was to remain six years, throughout the reign of Paul and leaving soon after the accession of Alexander in 1801 (pp. 157-227). She painted many portraits of members of the Russian imperial family and aristocracy, but not of the empress. Her memoirs or ''Souvenirs'' were published in Paris in 1821. ======D71====== '''Tooke, William, '''''A view of the Russian empire during the reign of Catharine the Second and to the close of the eighteenth century. ''London: printed for T.N. Longman and O. Rees, and J. Debrett, 1799. 3 vols. ::Tooke (1744-1820) was appointed chaplain to the British Factory at Cronstadt in March 1771 and in 1774 succeeded King to the Petersburg chaplaincy, where he remained until his final return to England in 1792 and to unceasing literary endeavour over a further three decades. Fellow of the Royal Society and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, he published many works on Russia, but his 2,000-page ''View'', despite its obvious compilatory nature (which he wore, incidentally, as a badge of honour), gives the fullest expression to his profound and personal knowledge of Catherine’s Russia. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0042.04 ←[[In_the_Lands_of_the_Romanovs:_An_Annotated_Bibliography_of_First-hand_English-language_Accounts_of_the_Russian_Empire_(1613-1917)|[Back to contents]]] {{CourseCat}} [[Category:18th century in Russia]] opxi5ngne8tati6xzsld2tjma070hiu 0 211352 2719003 2718955 2025-06-18T12:42:08Z MathXplore 2888076 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/1.46.205.237|1.46.205.237]] ([[User_talk:1.46.205.237|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2657879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikiversity Law Reports logo.PNG|Wikiversity Law Reports logo|center]] ==Purpose== Wikiversity Law Reports are freely-licensed headnotes for court decisions. They should provide useful information for students and lawyers, ideally making commercial law reports and citators redundant, without unnecessarily duplicating freely-available resources such as Austlii. ==Contents== Each report performs the same function as the headnote in a law report and consists of: * Title: the name of the case and its citation in the relevant series of official law reports ** e.g. Commissioner of Taxation v Anstis (2010) 241 CLR 443 * TL;DR: a one-sentence summary of what the case is known for, suitable for putting in parenthesis after a reference to the case ** e.g. self-education expenses are deductible where the course of education is a condition of receiving an assessable government payment such as Youth Allowance * Court and names of judges * Facts: summary of the material facts * Held: the main findings of fact or law of the court (specifying which judges, if not all, agreed with which propositions) * (optional) Arguments: summary of the arguments of the parties before the court * Debate: optionally, a summary of any divergent or controversial views on the meaning of the case ** e.g. if there is debate over whether a particular holding in a case was ratio or obiter, or over how far a particular proposition goes, then this can be noted in this section. ** This section should aggressively summarise, not reproduce, people's views. It should include hyperlinks to other pages that contain more details. The purpose of this section is to inform students about the existence of views and let them find out more elsewhere, not to promote one or another or to settle the debate. * Other publishers' references: list of citations, including official, unofficial and medium-neutral citations ** Where possible, these references should be hyperlinks to the reports themselves. This is often impossible for commercial reports, but is feasible for the versions published on websites like Austlii. ** Wikiversity Law Reports do not contain the text of the decision. As the reports are written, this structure will evolve. ==List of reports== <DynamicPageList> category=Wikiversity Law Reports namespace=0 </DynamicPageList> ==Ideas== Please add ideas to this section. * Reports could include catchwords. Each set of catchwords consists of a series of topics separated by dashes, progressing from general to specific, the last of which is an issue for the court to resolve, along with the answer. ** e.g. income tax (Commonwealth of Australia) - general deductions - self-education expenses - course of study a requirement for receiving assessable government allowance - whether incurred in gaining or producing assessable income - yes [[Category:Law]] 35g445d7brrj3jz9svgbx4k45at1da9 0 215891 2719111 2703305 2025-06-19T02:02:08Z 104.172.226.207 /* Cannabis should be legal */ Add objection #DebateTools 2719111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} Plants in the family '''''cannabis''''' have been used for industrial, medicinal and recreational uses for millennia. Following the United States prohibition in the 20th century, use as a drug has been restricted around most of the world. Should it be re-legalized? == ''Cannabis'' should be legal == '''Legal''' means that is lawful to possess, use, grow and sell under local regulation. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Legalization would allow for greater regulation. If cannabis or any drugs, like heroin, crack and other substances were legal, it could be sold with a list of all active and inactive ingredients, purity levels, warnings and other useful information for the user, similar to the way alcohol and cigarettes are sold. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing all drugs would largely increase both the supply and the demand. This would leave us with more people addicted to dangerous substances which would also be a burden or a threat to society. *** {{Objection}} There is no data for this claim. *** {{Objection}} Why would people addicted to dangerous substances be considered a burden or threat to society? Drug addiction is a mental health problem, not a criminal one. **** {{Objection}} People addicted to drugs (cannabis or other) might be a threat to society. For example, a study reveals that "drug-affected driving accidents have emerged as a major global threat in recent years".<ref>Chapter I. Economic consequences of drug abuse https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/Thematic_chapters/English/AR_2013_E_Chapter_I.pdf</ref> ***** {{Objection}} Then prohibit driving high like we prohibit driving drunk. * {{Argument for}} Legalization would keep people out of jail and save taxpayer money. ** {{Objection}} The same could be said for every law that sends people to jail. Sometimes jail is necessary to correct the antisocial behavior of some people. Prision service is mostly like any other public service. *** {{Objection}} Marijuana use is not antisocial by any literally defined measure. * {{Argument for}} People have a right to do what they want to their own bodies, as long as they don't harm others. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis can harm others through second hand smoking. *** {{Objection}} There are no recorded cases of health problems linked to second hand marijuana smoke. *** {{Objection}} Then prohibit smoking next to others like we do with cigarettes. *** {{Objection}} Even if we assume that smoking cannabis is unhealthy for others, cannabis can be eaten and thus not harming others. It can be added to cakes, stews, yogurt, put on pizza as a topping (common in Cambodia). * {{Argument for}} Cannabis use is less dangerous than alcohol, which is legal in most parts of the world. ** {{Objection}} Then maybe alcohol should be prohibited. The fact that worse drugs than cannabis are legal is not a valid argument to legalize cannabis. *** {{Objection}} 1) Alcohol is technically a drug. 2) This is clear bias from one controlled substance and another, which is entirely illogical *** {{Objection}} Prohibition of alcohol has been tried in the past, most notably during [[W:Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition in the United States]], which led to huge amounts of organized crime and many other negative unintended consequences. Similary, prohibition of cannabis has led to huge narco-criminal organizations. * {{Argument for}} Many side effects of cannabis use can be avoided by using cannabis responsibly. * {{Argument for}} Cannabis legalisation allows development of new legal industrial and economic activities, including tax benefits to government === Con === * {{Argument against}} There's no reliable testing method available to assess if someone is high. Until we have a reliable way to do so, cannabis should remain illegal, to reduce the amount of people driving high, and also for employers, who usually don't allow people to work high. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis is less intoxicating than alcohol when it comes to being able to drive safely. *** {{Objection}} True, but the fact remains that high people driving make the roads more dangerous. **** {{Objection}} That’s why they would invent tests to make sure no one is driving while under the influence   ***** {{Objection}} People still get away with driving under the influence of alcohol because there aren't breath test officers on every road at every given point in time. ** {{Objection}} There are some saliva tests available that might be useful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gezondheid.be/index.cfm?fuseaction=art&art_id=12932|title=Geen drugs in het verkeer {{!}} gezondheid.be|last=nv|first=Gezondheid|website=www.gezondheid.be|language=nl-BE|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> This should be a reason to further develop technology, not to prohibit a plant. ** {{Objection}} Completely outlawing cannabis for everyone under all circumstances in order to prevent high drivers or workers is overkill. What about people who only ever get high when they are not at work, driving, or doing anything else potentially harmful to others? * {{Argument against}} Smoking cannabis is unhealthy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moir|first=David|last2=Rickert|first2=William S.|last3=Levasseur|first3=Genevieve|last4=Larose|first4=Yolande|last5=Maertens|first5=Rebecca|last6=White|first6=Paul|last7=Desjardins|first7=Suzanne|date=2008-02-01|title=A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p|journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=494–502|doi=10.1021/tx700275p|issn=0893-228X}}</ref> The state shouldn't promote unhealthy substances by making them legal. ** {{Objection}} By that logic, smoking nicotine, drinking alcohol, eating junk food is unhealthy. The state shouldn’t promote unhealthy substances by making them legal. ** {{Objection}} Being locked in prison for cannabis possession is more harmful than the negative health effects of using cannabis. ** {{Objection}} By that reasoning, nothing should be legal, since overusing anything can be unhealthy in excess (sugar, alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, etc). *** {{Objection}} There was no explicit indication in the argument of "overusing" cannabis. ** {{Objection}} The state shouldn't control what people do as long as it doesn't cause a threat to the well-being of others. This is why cigarette smoking in public places is being banned by many states, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is illegal. * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is a gateway drug. Being a mild psychoactive drug, it usually generates curiosity in the user about stronger drugs. When tolerance to cannabis increases, the desire for a stronger psychoactive drug increases too, leading the user to try stronger and typically more harmful drugs. ** {{Objection}} Only a small percentage of cannabis users move on to stronger drugs. Though, if you change the perspective, most of these people have tried alcohol or tobacco as well. In addition, most people who use it tend to only stick with it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jorgensen|first=Cody|last2=Wells|first2=Jessica|date=2021-04-06|title=Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z|journal=Journal of Experimental Criminology|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z|issn=1572-8315}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Mothers' milk which has cannabinoids in it, so it could also be considered as a gateway substance. Nearly everybody's brains have endocannabinoid receptors in them which would seem to show that we happily coexisted with cannabis for millennia (see Israeli archaeology). ** {{Objection}} The gateway for heroin in the UK is glue sniffing. Should we ban glue then? * {{Argument against}} Cannabis users get into contact with illegal dealers through whom they can get stronger drugs more easily because many dealers sell stronger illegal drugs as well. ** {{Objection}} You would not have to get into contact with these people if it were legal, just like you don't necessarily come into contact with groups that participate in illegal activities through the purchase of alcohol. * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is dangerous to people besides the user due to neglect of children by addicted parents. ** {{Objection}} Work and video games are dangerous to people besides the user as well in that case, as workaholics tend to neglect interpersonal relationships (including taking care of children) and video games are designed to keep the player playing. Cannabis is no more dangerous in that respect than either of those. If cannabis is legal and destigmatized, addicts would feel safe to seek out help, which would also resolve that particular issue. ** {{Objection}} There was no relationship between supervisory neglect and marijuana use in a study in California.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freisthler|first=Bridget|last2=Gruenewald|first2=Paul J.|last3=Wolf|first3=Jennifer Price|date=2015-10|title=Examining the Relationship between Marijuana Use, Medical Marijuana Dispensaries, and Abusive and Neglectful Parenting|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593739/|journal=Child abuse & neglect|volume=48|pages=170–178|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.008|issn=0145-2134|pmc=4593739|pmid=26198452}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Alcohol makes people neglect their children much more than cannabis users. *** {{Objection}} The fact that alcoholic parents neglect their children doesn't imply that cannabis users don't. **** {{Objection}} Though if current alcoholic parents would switch to cannabis it would be an improvement over alcohol because cannabis diminishes aggression and alcohol induces it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=De Sousa Fernandes Perna|first=E. B.|last2=Theunissen|first2=E. L.|last3=Kuypers|first3=K. P. C.|last4=Toennes|first4=S. W.|last5=Ramaekers|first5=J. G.|date=2016|title=Subjective aggression during alcohol and cannabis intoxication before and after aggression exposure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988999/|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=233|pages=3331–3340|doi=10.1007/s00213-016-4371-1|issn=0033-3158|pmc=4988999|pmid=27422568}}</ref> * {{Argument against}} Legalizing cannabis would raise health care costs, because of diseases associated with the lungs and nervous system. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing cannabis had a neutral effect in Colorado´s health system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delling|first=Francesca N.|last2=Vittinghoff|first2=Eric|last3=Dewland|first3=Thomas A.|last4=Pletcher|first4=Mark J.|last5=Olgin|first5=Jeffrey E.|last6=Nah|first6=Gregory|last7=Aschbacher|first7=Kirstin|last8=Fang|first8=Christina D.|last9=Lee|first9=Emily S.|date=2019-05-01|title=Does cannabis legalisation change healthcare utilisation? A population-based study using the healthcare cost and utilisation project in Colorado, USA|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/5/e027432|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=e027432|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027432|issn=2044-6055|pmid=31092662}}</ref> * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is dangerous to people besides the user due to violence associated with the use of drugs.{{Clarify}} ** {{Objection}} Cannabis does not increase aggression in its users. In fact, it diminishes it, unlike alcohol.<ref name=":0" /> * {{Argument against}} Legalization will remove the fear of legal ramifications which would allow for a person, who previously would not break the law, to indulge and try cannabis. ** {{Objection}} There is not necessarily anything wrong with someone trying cannabis, if it is legal. If used responsibly, it's quite safe, and if it were also legal, this would pose minimal risk. * {{Argument against}} Legalization would enlarge the population of people addicted to cannabis. While cannabis is shown not to be physically addictive, all drugs carry a risk of psychological dependence. ** {{Objection}} Practically anything can be psychologically addictive. Some people are addicted to sex, food, TV, video games, porn, etc. but that is not enough reason to make those things illegal, since most people are able to enjoy things like that in moderation. Regulation and public control is the key. * {{Argument against}} Propaganda over the past forty years has tried to curb the use of illegal drugs. Legalizing cannabis could send mixed messages to younger populations. ** {{Objection}} Lots of people consider "propaganda" to be a bad thing, and undermining it to be a good thing. ** {{Objection}} Sending mixed messages to younger populations could cause a healthy distrust of authority and/or debate. * {{Argument against}} Legalizing cannabis gives drug dealers easier access to it. Unlike alcohol and tobacco which are usually only sold through licensed vendors, cannabis dealers will sell to anyone, including the more sensitive populations, such as minors. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing cannabis could involve it only being sold through licensed vendors, regulated and taxed, the exact same way alcohol and tobacco are regulated and taxed. Drug dealers would be cut out of the picture. Also, since licensed vendors would only sell to adults, like with alcohol and tobacco, this would decrease its usage among minors. == Medicinal ''cannabis'' should be legal == By '''medicinal ''cannabis''''' we mean cannabis sold under medical prescription. * {{Argument for}} Cannabis has great medical potential. The United States and Canada are currently dealing with an increase in addiction and death from fentanyl, oxycodone and other opiates. Legalizing medicinal cannabis and making it available caused a 25% decrease in deaths from opiate overdose. Using cannabis for chronic pain has a reasonable safety profile and patients often used it as a substitute for other harmful drugs, such as opiates, anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol. ** {{Objection}} There are no quotes from a high-impact peer-reviewed article to prove this point. == Male ''cannabis'' should be legal == ''Cannabis'' is a [[Wikipedia:Dioecy|dioecious]] plant,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leafly.com/news/growing/sexing-marijuana-plants|title=Male vs. Female Cannabis: How to Determine the Sex of Your Plant|date=2017-09-19|website=Leafly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> which means it has distinct male and female individuals, like humans. * {{Argument for}} It's only the flowers of the female plant that are used for recreational drug use. The male plant produces no flowers and is the most useful for fabricating textiles. Its fiber is one of the most resistant found in nature, and cultivating it is much more efficient in terms of water, land and time required, compared to other plants like cotton. == ''Cannabis'' should be decriminalized == [[Wikipedia:Decriminalization|Decriminalization]] is the lessening of criminal penalties, in contrast to the removal of all penalties as in [[Wikipedia:Legalization|legalization]]. For example, replacing jail time for fines or community service, would be decriminalizing ''cannabis''. * {{Argument against}} Decriminalizing but not fully legalizing cannabis would mean we would still waste time and money in our legal system that could be better spent fighting more serious crimes. == ''Cannabis'' should be legal but regulated to discourage recreational use == * {{Argument for}} The widespread use of cannabis among youth and young adults is unfortunate and can hardly be considered any sort of social victory. Cannabis blunts the mind and interferes with healthy cognitive development. The media and entertainment industry likely played a big part in promoting cannabis use and its associated "counterculture". If it is to be legalized, then it should not be sold to minors. Advertising should be limited to medicinal uses for the geriatric, and contain warnings about its effect on IQ and cognition. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis use past the age of brain maturity (~25 years) does not harm the cognitive development. There's no reliable sources about it lowering IQ, but neither about it having medical effects. == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Mitchell, I. (2016). Public health benefits from legalizing cannabis: Both sides of the coin. 188(1), 63. == External links == * [[Wikipedia:Legality of cannabis]] * [https://www.kialo.com/should-the-european-union-legalize-marijuana-17773?active=~17773.1 Should the European Union legalize marijuana?], structured {{w|arguments map}} on this subject on {{w|Kialo}} * [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/3ka76y/serious_people_actively_against_marijuana/ Serious discussion about cannabis legalization at Reddit] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Cannabis]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] avv1breg2safn73ufmx4x4z7igvmsvy 2719122 2719111 2025-06-19T10:50:48Z Prototyperspective 2965911 /* Cannabis should be legal */ Add objection #DebateTools 2719122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidebate}} {{Law}} Plants in the family '''''cannabis''''' have been used for industrial, medicinal and recreational uses for millennia. Following the United States prohibition in the 20th century, use as a drug has been restricted around most of the world. Should it be re-legalized? == ''Cannabis'' should be legal == '''Legal''' means that is lawful to possess, use, grow and sell under local regulation. === Pro === * {{Argument for}} Legalization would allow for greater regulation. If cannabis or any drugs, like heroin, crack and other substances were legal, it could be sold with a list of all active and inactive ingredients, purity levels, warnings and other useful information for the user, similar to the way alcohol and cigarettes are sold. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing all drugs would largely increase both the supply and the demand. This would leave us with more people addicted to dangerous substances which would also be a burden or a threat to society. *** {{Objection}} There is no data for this claim. *** {{Objection}} Why would people addicted to dangerous substances be considered a burden or threat to society? Drug addiction is a mental health problem, not a criminal one. **** {{Objection}} People addicted to drugs (cannabis or other) might be a threat to society. For example, a study reveals that "drug-affected driving accidents have emerged as a major global threat in recent years".<ref>Chapter I. Economic consequences of drug abuse https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/Thematic_chapters/English/AR_2013_E_Chapter_I.pdf</ref> ***** {{Objection}} Then prohibit driving high like we prohibit driving drunk. * {{Argument for}} Legalization would keep people out of jail and save taxpayer money. ** {{Objection}} The same could be said for every law that sends people to jail. Sometimes jail is necessary to correct the antisocial behavior of some people. Prision service is mostly like any other public service. *** {{Objection}} Marijuana use is not antisocial by any literally defined measure. * {{Argument for}} People have a right to do what they want to their own bodies, as long as they don't harm others. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis can harm others through second hand smoking. *** {{Objection}} There are no recorded cases of health problems linked to second hand marijuana smoke. *** {{Objection}} Then prohibit smoking next to others like we do with cigarettes. *** {{Objection}} Even if we assume that smoking cannabis is unhealthy for others, cannabis can be eaten and thus not harming others. It can be added to cakes, stews, yogurt, put on pizza as a topping (common in Cambodia). * {{Argument for}} Cannabis use is less dangerous than alcohol, which is legal in most parts of the world. ** {{Objection}} Then maybe alcohol should be prohibited. The fact that worse drugs than cannabis are legal is not a valid argument to legalize cannabis. *** {{Objection}} 1) Alcohol is technically a drug. 2) This is clear bias from one controlled substance and another, which is entirely illogical *** {{Objection}} Prohibition of alcohol has been tried in the past, most notably during [[W:Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition in the United States]], which led to huge amounts of organized crime and many other negative unintended consequences. Similary, prohibition of cannabis has led to huge narco-criminal organizations. * {{Argument for}} Many side effects of cannabis use can be avoided by using cannabis responsibly. * {{Argument for}} Cannabis legalisation allows development of new legal industrial and economic activities, including tax benefits to government === Con === * {{Argument against}} There's no reliable testing method available to assess if someone is high. Until we have a reliable way to do so, cannabis should remain illegal, to reduce the amount of people driving high, and also for employers, who usually don't allow people to work high. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis is less intoxicating than alcohol when it comes to being able to drive safely. *** {{Objection}} True, but the fact remains that high people driving make the roads more dangerous. **** {{Objection}} That’s why they would invent tests to make sure no one is driving while under the influence   ***** {{Objection}} People still get away with driving under the influence of alcohol because there aren't breath test officers on every road at every given point in time. ** {{Objection}} There are some saliva tests available that might be useful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gezondheid.be/index.cfm?fuseaction=art&art_id=12932|title=Geen drugs in het verkeer {{!}} gezondheid.be|last=nv|first=Gezondheid|website=www.gezondheid.be|language=nl-BE|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> This should be a reason to further develop technology, not to prohibit a plant. ** {{Objection}} Completely outlawing cannabis for everyone under all circumstances in order to prevent high drivers or workers is overkill. What about people who only ever get high when they are not at work, driving, or doing anything else potentially harmful to others? * {{Argument against}} Smoking cannabis is unhealthy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moir|first=David|last2=Rickert|first2=William S.|last3=Levasseur|first3=Genevieve|last4=Larose|first4=Yolande|last5=Maertens|first5=Rebecca|last6=White|first6=Paul|last7=Desjardins|first7=Suzanne|date=2008-02-01|title=A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p|journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=494–502|doi=10.1021/tx700275p|issn=0893-228X}}</ref> The state shouldn't promote unhealthy substances by making them legal. ** {{Objection}} By that logic, smoking nicotine, drinking alcohol, eating junk food is unhealthy. The state shouldn’t promote unhealthy substances by making them legal. *** {{Objection}} The state doesn't promote unhealthy substances by making them legal. This is an argument for legalization since those three examples are all legal. ** {{Objection}} Being locked in prison for cannabis possession is more harmful than the negative health effects of using cannabis. ** {{Objection}} By that reasoning, nothing should be legal, since overusing anything can be unhealthy in excess (sugar, alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, etc). *** {{Objection}} There was no explicit indication in the argument of "overusing" cannabis. ** {{Objection}} The state shouldn't control what people do as long as it doesn't cause a threat to the well-being of others. This is why cigarette smoking in public places is being banned by many states, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is illegal. * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is a gateway drug. Being a mild psychoactive drug, it usually generates curiosity in the user about stronger drugs. When tolerance to cannabis increases, the desire for a stronger psychoactive drug increases too, leading the user to try stronger and typically more harmful drugs. ** {{Objection}} Only a small percentage of cannabis users move on to stronger drugs. Though, if you change the perspective, most of these people have tried alcohol or tobacco as well. In addition, most people who use it tend to only stick with it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jorgensen|first=Cody|last2=Wells|first2=Jessica|date=2021-04-06|title=Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z|journal=Journal of Experimental Criminology|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z|issn=1572-8315}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Mothers' milk which has cannabinoids in it, so it could also be considered as a gateway substance. Nearly everybody's brains have endocannabinoid receptors in them which would seem to show that we happily coexisted with cannabis for millennia (see Israeli archaeology). ** {{Objection}} The gateway for heroin in the UK is glue sniffing. Should we ban glue then? * {{Argument against}} Cannabis users get into contact with illegal dealers through whom they can get stronger drugs more easily because many dealers sell stronger illegal drugs as well. ** {{Objection}} You would not have to get into contact with these people if it were legal, just like you don't necessarily come into contact with groups that participate in illegal activities through the purchase of alcohol. * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is dangerous to people besides the user due to neglect of children by addicted parents. ** {{Objection}} Work and video games are dangerous to people besides the user as well in that case, as workaholics tend to neglect interpersonal relationships (including taking care of children) and video games are designed to keep the player playing. Cannabis is no more dangerous in that respect than either of those. If cannabis is legal and destigmatized, addicts would feel safe to seek out help, which would also resolve that particular issue. ** {{Objection}} There was no relationship between supervisory neglect and marijuana use in a study in California.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freisthler|first=Bridget|last2=Gruenewald|first2=Paul J.|last3=Wolf|first3=Jennifer Price|date=2015-10|title=Examining the Relationship between Marijuana Use, Medical Marijuana Dispensaries, and Abusive and Neglectful Parenting|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593739/|journal=Child abuse & neglect|volume=48|pages=170–178|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.008|issn=0145-2134|pmc=4593739|pmid=26198452}}</ref> ** {{Objection}} Alcohol makes people neglect their children much more than cannabis users. *** {{Objection}} The fact that alcoholic parents neglect their children doesn't imply that cannabis users don't. **** {{Objection}} Though if current alcoholic parents would switch to cannabis it would be an improvement over alcohol because cannabis diminishes aggression and alcohol induces it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=De Sousa Fernandes Perna|first=E. B.|last2=Theunissen|first2=E. L.|last3=Kuypers|first3=K. P. C.|last4=Toennes|first4=S. W.|last5=Ramaekers|first5=J. G.|date=2016|title=Subjective aggression during alcohol and cannabis intoxication before and after aggression exposure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988999/|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=233|pages=3331–3340|doi=10.1007/s00213-016-4371-1|issn=0033-3158|pmc=4988999|pmid=27422568}}</ref> * {{Argument against}} Legalizing cannabis would raise health care costs, because of diseases associated with the lungs and nervous system. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing cannabis had a neutral effect in Colorado´s health system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delling|first=Francesca N.|last2=Vittinghoff|first2=Eric|last3=Dewland|first3=Thomas A.|last4=Pletcher|first4=Mark J.|last5=Olgin|first5=Jeffrey E.|last6=Nah|first6=Gregory|last7=Aschbacher|first7=Kirstin|last8=Fang|first8=Christina D.|last9=Lee|first9=Emily S.|date=2019-05-01|title=Does cannabis legalisation change healthcare utilisation? A population-based study using the healthcare cost and utilisation project in Colorado, USA|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/5/e027432|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=e027432|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027432|issn=2044-6055|pmid=31092662}}</ref> * {{Argument against}} Cannabis is dangerous to people besides the user due to violence associated with the use of drugs.{{Clarify}} ** {{Objection}} Cannabis does not increase aggression in its users. In fact, it diminishes it, unlike alcohol.<ref name=":0" /> * {{Argument against}} Legalization will remove the fear of legal ramifications which would allow for a person, who previously would not break the law, to indulge and try cannabis. ** {{Objection}} There is not necessarily anything wrong with someone trying cannabis, if it is legal. If used responsibly, it's quite safe, and if it were also legal, this would pose minimal risk. * {{Argument against}} Legalization would enlarge the population of people addicted to cannabis. While cannabis is shown not to be physically addictive, all drugs carry a risk of psychological dependence. ** {{Objection}} Practically anything can be psychologically addictive. Some people are addicted to sex, food, TV, video games, porn, etc. but that is not enough reason to make those things illegal, since most people are able to enjoy things like that in moderation. Regulation and public control is the key. * {{Argument against}} Propaganda over the past forty years has tried to curb the use of illegal drugs. Legalizing cannabis could send mixed messages to younger populations. ** {{Objection}} Lots of people consider "propaganda" to be a bad thing, and undermining it to be a good thing. ** {{Objection}} Sending mixed messages to younger populations could cause a healthy distrust of authority and/or debate. * {{Argument against}} Legalizing cannabis gives drug dealers easier access to it. Unlike alcohol and tobacco which are usually only sold through licensed vendors, cannabis dealers will sell to anyone, including the more sensitive populations, such as minors. ** {{Objection}} Legalizing cannabis could involve it only being sold through licensed vendors, regulated and taxed, the exact same way alcohol and tobacco are regulated and taxed. Drug dealers would be cut out of the picture. Also, since licensed vendors would only sell to adults, like with alcohol and tobacco, this would decrease its usage among minors. == Medicinal ''cannabis'' should be legal == By '''medicinal ''cannabis''''' we mean cannabis sold under medical prescription. * {{Argument for}} Cannabis has great medical potential. The United States and Canada are currently dealing with an increase in addiction and death from fentanyl, oxycodone and other opiates. Legalizing medicinal cannabis and making it available caused a 25% decrease in deaths from opiate overdose. Using cannabis for chronic pain has a reasonable safety profile and patients often used it as a substitute for other harmful drugs, such as opiates, anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol. ** {{Objection}} There are no quotes from a high-impact peer-reviewed article to prove this point. == Male ''cannabis'' should be legal == ''Cannabis'' is a [[Wikipedia:Dioecy|dioecious]] plant,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leafly.com/news/growing/sexing-marijuana-plants|title=Male vs. Female Cannabis: How to Determine the Sex of Your Plant|date=2017-09-19|website=Leafly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> which means it has distinct male and female individuals, like humans. * {{Argument for}} It's only the flowers of the female plant that are used for recreational drug use. The male plant produces no flowers and is the most useful for fabricating textiles. Its fiber is one of the most resistant found in nature, and cultivating it is much more efficient in terms of water, land and time required, compared to other plants like cotton. == ''Cannabis'' should be decriminalized == [[Wikipedia:Decriminalization|Decriminalization]] is the lessening of criminal penalties, in contrast to the removal of all penalties as in [[Wikipedia:Legalization|legalization]]. For example, replacing jail time for fines or community service, would be decriminalizing ''cannabis''. * {{Argument against}} Decriminalizing but not fully legalizing cannabis would mean we would still waste time and money in our legal system that could be better spent fighting more serious crimes. == ''Cannabis'' should be legal but regulated to discourage recreational use == * {{Argument for}} The widespread use of cannabis among youth and young adults is unfortunate and can hardly be considered any sort of social victory. Cannabis blunts the mind and interferes with healthy cognitive development. The media and entertainment industry likely played a big part in promoting cannabis use and its associated "counterculture". If it is to be legalized, then it should not be sold to minors. Advertising should be limited to medicinal uses for the geriatric, and contain warnings about its effect on IQ and cognition. ** {{Objection}} Cannabis use past the age of brain maturity (~25 years) does not harm the cognitive development. There's no reliable sources about it lowering IQ, but neither about it having medical effects. == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Mitchell, I. (2016). Public health benefits from legalizing cannabis: Both sides of the coin. 188(1), 63. == External links == * [[Wikipedia:Legality of cannabis]] * [https://www.kialo.com/should-the-european-union-legalize-marijuana-17773?active=~17773.1 Should the European Union legalize marijuana?], structured {{w|arguments map}} on this subject on {{w|Kialo}} * [https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/3ka76y/serious_people_actively_against_marijuana/ Serious discussion about cannabis legalization at Reddit] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Cannabis]] [[Category:Wikiversity Law Review]] [[Category:Legal ethics]] gbh8nulmypfg3zxddpbgfo8zoysa6sm 0 260880 2719027 2718184 2025-06-18T18:18:20Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Timeline */ 2719027 wikitext text/x-wiki == Parties, Performances, Weddings and Funerals, Threads and Knots Made Up of Eminent and Less-than-Eminent Victorians == This project collects information about social events in London toward the end of the reign of Queen Victoria. The Victorians were supremely social people and the aristocracy were no exception. Little research has been done on their social lives and social networks, mostly because we haven't really decided, I think, what those kinds of information would tell us about them. For the Victorians, that question was easier to answer than it has been for us: they'd find out about social events in the newspapers, and they'd track their own presence in the social world by their presence in newspaper accounts. Once the ''British Newspaper Archive'', from holdings at the British Library, began to digitize their newspaper collections, it became much easier to see what the Victorians themselves were reading about their social events. Because these newspaper articles had been accessible to so few scholars until then, the information about Victorian social lives is all still new. It matters also that we have not considered social events to be sufficiently substantial for study: the disciplines associated with the arts have studied the art and the individual lives of artists; very occasionally a prosopography would look at a circle of people. Political Science and History have not taken social events very seriously either. To focus on social events broadens what we are paying attention to — away from the big political and historical events and the men at their center to include most obviously social networks and women. It also can [[Social Victorians/Conduct and Behavior|complexify our understanding]] of many of the important Victorian ideas about respectability, sex, the public sphere, power, class, race and gender. Further consideration would also benefit our understandings of what events are and how they interrelate. == Some Social Events == This site begins with events, some of which are listed below. An event might be a party of some kind, a funeral, a performance of a play or show, or even the run of an exhibition. The closer we look at any of these events, the clearer it is that every event is made up of other events: prior events, sub-events, subsequent events, related events. * 2 July [[/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/]] hosted by the Duchess of Devonshire at Devonshire House *# Prior event: The Bradley-Martin costume ball, 10 February 1897, in New York City at the Waldorf Hotel decorated to be Versailles, hosted by Cornelia Bradley Martin for 800 guests dressed as figures, often royalty, from the 16th through the 18th centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-12|title=Bradley-Martin Ball|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bradley-Martin_Ball&oldid=967322188|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Bradley Martin had a marketing campaign that ran for the 3 weeks before the ball; she gave the people invited only 3 weeks to get their costumes as well, it was said in order to force people to use local dressmakers.<ref name=":1" /> Three days before the ball, a list of the people invited was published in the ''New York Times'', along with descriptions of their costumes. It was controversial because of the expense of the ball and the costumes people wore. The Bradley Martin ball seems likely to have influenced Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire in some of her decisions about her ball; it was intended to surpass a ball hosted by Alva Vanderbilt in 1883, and the Duchess of Devonshire may have thought to surpass the Bradley Martin ball. *# Related event: Friday, 1 July 1897, [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#The_Day_Before |the night before the ball]], Lord and Lady [[Social Victorians/1897-07-01 Queen Elizabeth Procession Dinner Party |Tweedmouth hosted a dinner party for the members of the Queen Elizabeth procession]].<ref>''Exeter and Plymouth Gazette'' Monday 5 July 1897: 3 [of 6], Col 1B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' <nowiki>http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000510/18970705/006/0003</nowiki>.</ref> * The events celebrating Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee could be considered as interrelated events, as the people who attended would have grouped them mentally. *# Jubilee Week, made up of a number of related events, including *## 20 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#June 1897|June 1897]], Saturday, Accession Day *### Thanksgiving ceremony for the Queen and her family at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The official Jubilee Hymn (music by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]] and lyrics by William Waltham How, Bishop of Wakefield) was performed at this ceremony. Emma Albani performed "Hymn of Praise" by Felix Mendelssohn.<ref>"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee — The Music in 1897." ''The Classical Reviewer'' 5 May 2012 http://theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com/2012/05/queens-diamond-jubilee-music-in-1897.html (accessed August 2020).</ref> *### Later that day, perhaps, Alfred Austin (appointed Poet Laureate after [[Social Victorians/People/William Morris|William Morris]] had turned it down) presented his "Victoria," composed for the occasion. *## 22 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#June 1897|June 1897]], Monday, Diamond Jubilee Day, *### The procession to St. Paul's *### The "thanksgiving service" at St. Paul's<ref name=":2">Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984.</ref>{{rp|12}} *### Ceremony at Mansion House with the Lord Mayor of the City of London *### Driving around London for the crowds. *### Evening at Windsor, boys from Eton sang for the Queen in the Quadrangle. *### "Jubilee Night,"<ref name=":2" />{{rp|14}} later that evening *##27 June 1897, Saturday, "Three thousand old people, all above 68 years of age, were entertained at dinner at Bingley Hall, Birmingham, on Saturday, in connection with the Jubilee festivities. The oldest guest was 91 years of age."<ref>“The Queen’s Garden Party. Buckingham Palace Grounds. A Brilliant Scene. The Queen’s Cup of Tea.” ''Daily News'' (London) 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a [of 7] – 6, Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970629/021/0005. Print pp. 5–6.</ref>{{rp|5, Col. 6c}} *##29 June 1897, Monday, the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]] *# From [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#July 1897|8 July 1897]] until the end of the run in December 1897, Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square, "included a cinematograph film of the Jubilee procession."<ref name=":0">Richards, Jeffrey. ''Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953''. Manchester University Press, 2001: 31.</ref> * The Funeral of Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield * The [[/1887 American Exhibition/]] in London, one of the events of the Golden Jubilee == Some Threads and Knots == === Some Social Networks === *[[/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|"Aristocratic Lady Journalists"]] * The [[/Marlborough House Set|Marlborough House Set]] * The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-dress Ball: Networks Present * [[/People/The Souls |The Souls]] * The Lovely Five * The Bedford Park Set * Bloomsbury Set * The Authors Cricket Club (1891–1912) and the Allahakberries (1890–1913) === Some Categories of People Containing Social Networks === * Actors and Theatre Professionals * Musicians * Artists * The [[/British Aristocracy|British Aristocracy]] * The "[[/People/Royal Mob |Royal Mob]]," Victoria's Children and Grandchildren * Non-English [[Social Victorians/People/Ambassadors and Ministers|Diplomats, Ambassadors and Ministers]] Who Attended Events in London at the End of the Century *[[/People/Armed Forces Invited|Members of the Armed Forces]] Who Attended Royal Functions *[[Social Victorians/People/Invited/|People Invited]] to Events Hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales * People Whose Photographs Are in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs#The Album of Photographs|Album]] Given as a Gift to the Duchess of Devonshire for Her [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball]] * [[/People/Working in Publishing|People Working in Publishing and Journalism]] * LGBTQ People Who Moved around in "Society" * Jews in the Aristocracy * American Heiresses Who Married British Peers * [[/Haslemere|Haslemere]] * The [[/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] * Some [[/People|notable people]] == Types of Victorian Social Events == * 2 July [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|1897 Fancy Dress Ball]] hosted by the Duchess of Devonshire at Devonshire House ** Related event: Friday, 1 July 1897, [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#The_Day_Before |the night before the ball]], Lord and Lady[[Social Victorians/1897-07-01 Queen Elizabeth Procession Dinner Party | Tweedmouth hosted a dinner party for the members of the Queen Elizabeth procession]] (Exeter and Plymouth 1897-07-05). * The Funeral of Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield * The [[/1887 American Exhibition|1887 American Exhibition]] in London *[[/1881-07-22 Marlborough House Party | Marlborough House Party]], evening party, Friday, 22 July 1881. *[[/1885-05-19 General Gordon League | Founding of the General Gordon League]], 19 May 1885. *[[/1889-07-27 Marlborough House Party | Marlborough House Party]], 27 July 1889. *[[/Derby Day at Epsom Downs | Derby Day at Epsom Downs]], an event that reoccurred annually. === Balls === Because it was the official London residence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, events at Marlborough House usually had an official purpose or focus. An invitation list would have formal characteristics suggesting that it was more than a listing of people in the social networks of the Prince and Princess of Wales, and it would have been released to the press formally. Also, a ball had fewer invités than an event like a garden party. The invitation list for [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|this ball at Marlborough House]] in July 1885 has those typical formal characteristics. The names are in general order of precedence, beginning with royals both of the U.K. and of other countries, followed by dukes and duchesses, earls and countesses, and so on down to Mr., Mesdames and the Misses. In the ranks by title, names are typically alphabetized with couples listed together. The children of these were listed by their own title, if they had one, or with their parents if not. At the end of this list — and the article — are those who are "in attendance" on someone else who was there, typically one of the royals. This list always has the proviso that it is a list of people who were invited, and "some among them were unavoidably prevented from attending." Other people hosted balls as well, of course. The ''Morning Post'' reliably published articles about this kind of social event because their readers were of the class often invited and may have looked to see their names in the articles as well as — at least for some of the women — the always-complimentary descriptions of what they wore. The reporters typically did not attempt to identify everyone who came to an event at Marlborough House the way they did for a high-profile but private function like the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]]. === House Party === === Dinner Parties === A dinner party at Marlborough House that had an official purpose might have the fewest number of people invited. Often a dinner party was followed by a reception or concert or some other event that had a much larger list of people invited. * Marlborough House [[Social Victorians/1882-03-18 Dinner Party|dinner party]], Saturday, 18 March 1882. * [[/1889-08-30 Lippincott Dinner at the Langham|Lippincott Dinner at the Langham]], 30 August 1889. * [[/1891-07-03 Mackay Dinner and Concert|Dinner and Small Concert Hosted by Mrs. Mackay]], 3 July 1891. * [[/1893-07-08 Mackay Dinner & Concert|Small Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Mackay]], 8 July 1893. * [[/1896-05-06 Dinner Party|Dinner Party]] at Marlborough House, 6 May 1896. * [[/1897-05-26 Pembroke State Dinner|Earl of Pembroke's State Dinner]], 26 May 1897. * [[/1899-06-03 Lord Chamberlain State Dinner|State Dinner hosted by the Lord Chamberlain, Lord Hopetoun]], 3 June 1899. * [[/1897-07-01 Queen Elizabeth Procession Dinner Party|Dinner Party for Members of the Queen Elizabeth Procession]] for the 2 July 1897 [[/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]. === Garden Parties === * Marlborough House [[Social Victorians/1880-07-13 Garden Party | Garden Party, 13 July 1880]], 13 July 1880. * Marlborough House [[Social Victorians/1881-07-14 Garden Party | Garden Party, 14 July 1881]], 14 July 1881. * [[/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]], 13 July 1882. * [[/1884-07-25 Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House]], Friday, 25 July 1884. * [[/1889-07-04 Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House]], Thursday, 4 July 1889. * [[/1890-07-15 Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House]], 15 July 1890. * [[/1891-07-09 Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House]], 9 July 1891. * [[/1893-07-05 Garden Party |Garden Party at Marlborough House]], 5 July 1893. * The last event of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in London, [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party]], 28 June 1897, Monday. === Receptions === * [[/1884-07-02 Hartington Reception |The Marquis of Hartington's Reception for the Duke of Cambridge]], 2 July 1884. * [[/1884-07-03 Munster Reception |Count Münster's Reception at the German Embassy]], 3 July 1884. * [[/1885-03-17 Duchess of Bedford Reception |Reception, or Evening Party, hosted by the Duchess of Bedford]], 17 March 1885. * [[/1886-03-09 Russian Embassy Reception |Dinner and Reception at the Russian Embassy]], 9 March 1886. * [[/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy |Dinner and Reception at the French Embassy]], 13 March 1886. * [[/1886-04-06 Reception at the German Embassy |Dinner and Reception at the German Embassy]], 6 April 1886. * [[/1887-02-19 Duchess of Bedford Reception |Elizabeth Russell, Duchess of Bedford's reception]], 19 February 1887. * [[/1887-03-23 Salisbury Reception |Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception]], 23 March 1887. === Weddings and Funerals === ==== Weddings ==== As social events weddings, especially those among the aristocracy and oligarchy, were different from what we are accustomed to nowadays. These details come from newspaper accounts of weddings attended by people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], especially those individuals not written about yet, without even a ''Wikipedia'' page. * They might be held in the morning or very early afternoon, with even a breakfast or luncheon following. * A local newspaper might publish the story as reportage rather than news, even when the Prime Minister attended. * When the couple returned to the country home, there might be speeches and proclamations by local town officials and tradesmen, which the groom was expected to answer in a speech of his own, constructed on the spot. * Some newspaper accounts seem to have been written from an "official list" of people invited and gifts, but not all. * Sometimes the large number of bridesmaids includes perhaps 5 little girls and several adult women who were sisters of the bride and groom, or cousins, and then occasionally some friends of the bride. * Clothing and Fashion ** The women's clothing is treated as fashion journalism would treat it, and sometimes the reporters appear to know technical terms of dressmaking and jewelry. ** Women and girls occasionally wore red to weddings, and bridesmaids' accessories could also be red. ** In the winter, fur appeared on many of the women's garments, including those of brides and bridesmaids. Satin and velvet, which would have been made from silk, would be warm as well and were used in many garments at winter weddings. ** The veil or lace for the dress, veil or train may have been an heirloom, handed down from mother to daughter, possibly going back several generations. ** Some women wore their veils later in life, after the wedding. Queen Victoria and Queen Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke of Hawaii both wore their veils as veils or sometimes as shawls after they were widowed. * Gifts ** The newspaper accounts published a list of the gifts and the names of the people who gave them. Sometimes the list seems to have been released by the families, but at other times, it seems constructed by the reporter. ** Sometimes the gifts included large pieces of furniture and carriages. One couple received so many antique Louis XV pieces of furniture that it looks organized, as if someone suggested it. ** If the Queen or the Prince and Princes of Wales sent a gift, it is listed first, regardless of its relative value. They did not seem to compete with the other gifts and never sent the most valuable. ** Laborers on the estates and servants went in together to buy gifts for the couple, accompanied sometimes with engravings on the piece or a letter, the contents of which might be released to the papers. The employees of industries or mines might also collectively give a gift, often silver and sometimes engraved. ** Most gift lists include few if indeed any books, so when a bride gets complete bound sets of George Eliot, Charles Kingsley, Goethe, and Schiller, and five volumes of Jane Austen's novels and a volume of Wordsworth's (like the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil]]), it's notable. (Books were often given by women to other women.) Another couple ([[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward and Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]]) got 3 volumes of Percy Bysshe Shelley's poems and some unnamed books as well as several pieces of furniture for holding books. ** Sometimes the groom's gifts included the bouquets of the bridesmaids as well as some jewelry they wear during the ceremony. Some Weddings *The wedding of [[/1894 Hood-Evans Wedding | Hon. Rosa Penelope Hood and W. Herbert Evans]], 31 July 1894. ==== Funerals ==== * The Funeral of Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, April 1881 * [[/1892-10-12 Funeral of Tennyson |Funeral of Alfred, Lord Tennyson at Westminster Abbey]], 12 October 1892. * Funeral of [[/1896-04-21 Arthur Cecil Blunt Funeral | Arthur Cecil Blunt]], 21 April 1896. * [[/1899-05-30 Funeral of Lord Esher |Funeral of William Baliol Brett, Lord Esher]], 29 May 1899. === Events Associated with the Arts === * The [[/100th Performance of the Merchant of Venice at the Lyceum|100th Performance of the Merchant of Venice at the Lyceum]] and the Centenary Celebration Dinner Hosted by Henry Irving, 14 February 1880. * The Founding of the Royal College of Music * [[/1887-07-16 Kendal Dinner |Dinner Honoring the Kendals]], 16 July 1887. *[[/1891-12-19 Dolmetsch Lecture |Dolmetsch Lecture and Concert]] at 20 Fitzroy Street, 19 December 1891. *[[/1893-02-18 Garrick Opening Night |Opening Night at the Garrick Theatre]], 18 February 1893. *[[/1894-03-22 Grafton Galleries Concert |Concert Honoring Joachim and Piatti at the Grafton Galleries]], 22 March 1893. *[[/1894-05-21 Goltsteins At Home |Concert by the Amsterdam a Cappella Choir at the Goltsteins' At Home]], 21 May 1894. *[[/1896-05-01 Charles Wyndham Celebration |Celebration Honoring Charles Wyndham at the Lyceum, Criterion and Hotel Cecil]], 1 May 1896. *[[/1897-06-28 Irving Reception for Colonial Premiers |Henry Irving's Performance and Reception for the Colonial Premiers]] at the Lyceum, 28 June 1897. == A list of dates == === [[/Timeline|Timeline]] === *[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] *[[/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] *[[/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] *[[/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] *[[/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] *[[/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] *[[/Timeline/1900s | 1900s]] *[[/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] *[[/Timeline/1920s-30s | 1920s-30s]] == Victorian Material History == === [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things|Victorian Things]] and People and Everyday Objects === *[[/Newspapers|Newspapers]] *Victorian [[Social Victorians/Conduct and Behavior|Conduct and Behavior]] === Some [[Social Victorians/Places|Victorian Places]] === * The [[/Reading Room|Reading Room at the British Library]] * [[/Bedford Park|Bedford Park]] *[[/Haslemere|Haslemere]] *[[Social Victorians/Rothschild Row|Rothschild Row]] *[[Social Victorians/Schools|Schools]] === The Social Aristocracy === * The [[/British Aristocracy |British Aristocracy]] * Courtiers' appointments, requirements, and lives * Check Also the [[Social Victorians/People/Invited/|Big Undifferentiated List of People Invited]] to Social Events by the Prince and Princess of Wales for a lot of their names * Everybody known to have been invited to social events during Jubilee Week * Everybody known to have been invited to social events during the 1897 season === Some Organizations, Businesses, and Concerns === *[[/London Clubs | London Clubs]] ** The Men and Women's Club * [[/Newspapers|Newspapers]] *[[/1885-05-19 General Gordon League |General Gordon League]] * Todd, Dennes and Lamb, solicitors: 22 Chancery Lane, London, WC * John M. Watkins, booksellers and publishers === Spiritual Organizations and People === * The [[/Golden Dawn|Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]] * [[/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] * [[/19thC Freemasonry|19th-century Freemasonry]] * The Anthroposophical Society * [[/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism|Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism]] in Various Ways But Not in the Golden Dawn == Major Contributors == * Sharon Cogdill, Ph.D. * Brenda Wentworth, Ph.D. == Acknowledgments == This project began as the work of Sharon Cogdill and over time has benefitted enormously from the help of the following: # The Archives of the Duke of Devonshire, [https://www.chatsworth.org Chatsworth House], Derbyshire, Aiden Hailey, curator # The Derby Collection, [https://www.thearchivegroup.org/knowsley-hallhttps://www.thearchivegroup.org/knowsley-hall Knowsley Hall], Prescot, Merseyside, Dr. Stephen Lloyd, curator # The Archives, Corpus Christi College Library, Cambridge University # The Victoria and Albert Museum, [https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/paintings Paintings] and [https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/photographs Photographs], Ruth Hibbard, curator # The [https://www.npg.org.uk National Portrait Gallery], Photographs and Permissions, London, Curators # Brenda Wentworth, Ph.D., costumer and costume history, for the analysis of the costumes at the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. # Julie Codell, Ph.D., School of Art, Arizona State (who, without realizing it, taught me actually to look at the Victorians) # [https://wikiversity.org Wikiversity], a project of Wikimedia Foundation, for providing a home for this open-research project # The [https://www.stcloudstate.edu/cla/ College of Liberal Arts], St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, especially Dr. Roland Specht-Jarvis, Dean; Dr. Mark Springer, Dean; and Mario Felix (for technological support for this research project) == Questions and Notes == # Would if be worth it to make a list of everybody known to have been invited to social events during Jubilee Week? It might help identify dignitaries from India as well as other individuals who have been difficult to identify. # Would if be worth it to make a list of everybody known to have been invited to social events during the 1897 season as well? ==References== {{reflist}} e3zstj3d4ojfjv3u1rgvwq6aioz0qz2 0 263733 2719035 2716283 2025-06-18T19:06:50Z Scogdill 1331941 2719035 wikitext text/x-wiki == Members == *Mr. Alfred de Rothschild *Miss Alice de Rothschild *Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild === Titles === *Some of the Barons de or von Rothschild have a European, especially an Austrian, French, or Italian title. These are the U.K. titles. **Baron de Rothschild [U.K.], created 29 June 1885<ref name=":1">"Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7037.htm#i70366|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> ***Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (29 June 1885 – 31 March 1915), the U.K. title **1st Baronet Rothschild [U.K.], created 12 January 1847<ref name=":2">"Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118184|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (12 January 1847 – 4 January 1876) **1st Baron Battersea of Battersea, co. London and of Overstrand, Norfolk [U.K.], created 5 September 1892<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11810.htm#i118100|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea (5 September 1892 – 27 November 1907) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === ==== Ferdinand de Rothschild ==== *[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Joseph Chamberlain]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Arthur Balfour]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill | Randolph Churchill]] == Organizations == === Alfred Charles de Rothschild === * Bank of England, director<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195527|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> == Timeline == '''1840 March 30''', Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild and Louisa Montefiore married.<ref name=":5">"Louisa Montefiore." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19548.htm#i195480|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1867 April 17''', Nathan Mayer de Rothschild and Emma Louisa Rothschild married.<ref name=":4">"Emma Louise Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7107.htm#i71069|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1870 September''', Bismarck and "[t]he Prussian high command had established temporary headquarters at the Rothschilds’ château at Ferrières, to the east of" Paris.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (213 of 667) '''1877 November 22''', Constance de Rothschild and Cyril Flower married.<ref name=":6">"Constance de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118183|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1881 January 19''', Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia married.<ref name=":0">"Marie Perugia." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195530|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1885''', Nathaniel de Rothschild "was sworn into the House of Lords on a copy of the Torah with his head covered."<ref name=":14">Simmons, Michael W. ''The Rothschilds: The Dynasty and the Legacy''. Make Profits Easy, LLC, 17 January 2017.</ref>{{rp|118 (of 194)}} '''1897, sometime during the Jubilee ceremonies, probably June''', Nathaniel Rothschild played an official role:<blockquote>When Queen Victoria celebrated her Jubilee in 1897, the highest ranking Catholic cardinal in England gave an address in her honor on behalf of English Catholics; the corresponding address from English Jews might have been expected to come from England's chief Rabbi, but instead it was given by Lord Rothschild.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|143–144 (of 1940)}}</blockquote> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', a number of members of the extended Rothschild family attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, including Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea as well as Mr. Louis Flower. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], at least two women who might be called Lady Rothschild attended, I think. Because of the photographs in the album in the National Portrait Gallery, however, they can be distinguished. Louisa, Lady Rothschild was married in 1840, so she was born probably somewhere around 1920; her husband, Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, was born in 1810 and died in 1876; so she was possibly around 75 at the ball. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer de Rothschild were married in 1867, a generation later; she was born in 1844, so she was 53 or so at the time of the ball; her portrait is not in the album. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan, Lord Rothschild were in the first seating for supper, the highest status of the Rothschilds at the ball, in this social network in any case. # Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is #110 # Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is #328 # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Emma, Lady Rothschild]] is #112 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] # Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216 # Louisa, Lady de Rothschild is at 674 # Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild is at 330 # Mr. L. Rothschild, possibly Leopold de Rothschild, is at 527 # Mrs. L. Rothschild, possibly Marie Perugia Rothschild, is at 528 # Alfred Rothschild is at 605 #Evelyn de Rothschild is at 669 #Anthony de Rothschild is at 670 [[File:Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword and garter|Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea was dressed *"in cerise and silver brocade copied from an old Jacquemin."<ref name=":8">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} *as Lord Hunsdon, a "Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth, in cerise and silver brocade, copied from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *as "(gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth), in cerise and silver brocade; from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|36, Col. 3b}} Elliott & Fry's portrait of "Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession" in costume is photogravure #74 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lord Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan procession," with a Long S in ''procession''.<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158430/Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.</ref> Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, was dressed as Lady Hunsdon in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Queen_Elizabeth_Court |Queen Elizabeth procession]]. *Lady Battersea "was perfectly dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea was dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":13">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Battersea was, perhaps, the best dressed of the ladies of the Elizabethan period."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}} *"Lady Battersea was perfect [sic?] dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver gallon, and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":9">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea wore a beautiful Elizabethan costume, a cream velvet train, the bodice having a stomacher of red velvet, pearls, and a Medici collar, and was in the Queen Elizabeth procession."<ref>Holt, Ardern. “Dress and Fashion. To Correspondents.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 31 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 84], Col. 1c [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/321/0052.</ref> === Mr. Lewis Flower === Cyril Flower's brother Lewis Peter Flower seems a likely candidate for the man whom the ''Gentlewoman'' calls Mr. Louis Flower. Mr. Flower (at 506) was dressed as a "French Commissary General, First Empire" in a "regimental coat, slightly open at neck, showing stock, dark blue cloth, collar and cuffs scarlet, embroidered in silver; riding breeches, buff cloth; large cocked hat of the First Empire, bound with black braiding; tricolour badge and silver cord on left side."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 1a}} === Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild === Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild, dressed as Anne of Cleves, sat at Table 11 in the first seating for supper, escorted in by the Earl of Suffolk. *She was dressed as "Anne of Cleves. Bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings, petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered in gold. All the jewels were real old ones of the period."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild’s costume, as Anne of Cleves, looked beautiful with its petticoat and undersleeves of old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold, and its black satin skirt and bodice of black velvet. All Lady Rothschild’s jewels were authentic antique gems of the period."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref> *"Lady Rothschild went as Anne of Cleves in black velvet and satin, relieved with antique brocade and gold embroidery. Her jewellery was all antique."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild, as Anne of Cleves, wore one of the most splendid dresses in the room; over a petticoat of old gold and blue hung an overmantle of satin literally encrusted with gold and precious stones, which were taken from her own museum, and which were actually the jewels of the period she represented."<ref name=":12">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3b}} *"L<small>ADY</small> R<small>OTHSCHILD</small>, as Anne of Cleves, wore a bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings; petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold; all the jewels being real old ones of the period."<ref name=":17">“Additional Costumes Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball.” The ''Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper''17 July 1897, Saturday: 63 [of 97 BNA; p. 138 on the print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970717/283/0064.</ref>{{rp|Col. 3a}} The ''Queen'' published a line drawing signed by Rook of Lady Rothschild in costume as Anne of Cleves; the caption says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Nathan|Messrs. Nathan]] made her dress.<ref name=":17" />{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild (#216) sat at Table 12 in the first seating for supper and was dressed as a Swiss Burgher in the Queen Elizabeth procession. [[File:Hans Holbein the Younger (after) - Elizabeth Vaux (Royal Collection).jpg|thumb|alt=|Elizabeth, Lady Vaux after Hans Holbein the Younger, painted c. 1600 – c. 1630]] === Louisa, Lady de Rothschild === [[File:Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Louisa, Lady de Rothschild in costume as Lady Vaux (after Holbein). ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]Louisa Montefiore, Lady de Rothschild (at 674) was the widow of Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt., who died in 1876. Henry Van der Weyde's portrait of "Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)" in costume is photogravure #182 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)."<ref>"Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158545/Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.</ref> ==== The Historical Lady Vaux ==== Elizabeth Cheyne (or Cheney), Lady Vaux (1505–1556) was married to Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1509 – 1556), an Elizabethan poet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-25|title=Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden&oldid=1046392388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden.</ref> She was first cousin of Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's sixth wife.<ref name=":15" /> This portrait of her is in the Royal Collection at Hampton Court, which is where Louisa, Lady de Rothschild would likely have seen it. ==== Newspaper Reports ==== Like others of the Rothschilds, Louisa, Lady Rothschild attended the ball in a costume that was much admired: * "[S]uch dresses as those of Lady Rothschild, after Holbein's Lady Vaux, of Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a Lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":13" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} === Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild === [[File:Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild in costume as Casimir Count Palatine. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] [[File:Johann Casimir aus Thesaurus Pictuarum.jpg|thumb|alt=old portrait of a standing man with gloves, sword, cloak and hat|Johann Casimir]] Baron F. de Rothschild or Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (at 330) was the widower of Evelina de Rothschild, who had died in 1866. He attended the ball dressed as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria in the Queen Elizabeth procession. Like others of the Rothschilds, his costume was notable. *"Baron F. de Rothschild appeared as Casimir, Count Palatine of Bavaria."<ref>“Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House. A Brilliant Spectacle.” ''Derbyshire Advertiser and Journal'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 5a–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001084/18970710/136/0006.</ref> *Baron F. de Rothschild was dressed "as an Austrian noble of the 16th century."<ref name=":11" /> *"[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> Lafayette's portrait of "Ferdinand James Anselm de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine" in costume is photogravure #218 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine."<ref>"Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158581/Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.</ref> The portrait (right) of Ioannes Casimirvs Palatinus Rheini Dux Bavaria is from Thesaurus Picturarum, no earlier than 1568. === Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild === [[File:Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) in costume as Zobeida. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]][[File:Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword, cape and plumed hat|Leopold de Rothschild in costume as Duc de Sully. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Mrs. Leopold (Marie Perugia) Rothschild (#528): Alice Hughes's portrait of "Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) as Zobeida" in costume is photogravure #114 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Zobeida."<ref>"Marie Rothschild (née Perugia)." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158476/Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.</ref> Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn Mansur ( – 831, C.E.) was an Abbasid princess and queen who managed her properties and wealth independent of her husband, Harun al-Rashid.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-08-21|title=Zubaidah bint Ja'far|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far&oldid=1039860950|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far.</ref> Mr. Leopold de Rothschild (#527): John Thomson's portrait of "Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully" in costume is photogravure #115 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully."<ref>"Leopold de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158477/Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.</ref> Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Duke of Sully (1560–1641) was an advisor to French King Henry IV and noted for being a good businessman.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-04|title=Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully&oldid=1031909919|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Béthune,_Duke_of_Sully.</ref> Leopold Rothschild is wearing insignias for some orders in this portrait. [[File:Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing boy richly dressed in an historical costume with a cape and ruff around his neck|Evelyn de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Two children of Leopold and Marie de Rothschild also attended, as pages of the "wife of the Doge," Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (#669) and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (#670). Their portraits appear in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> One person is described as Dogaressa in the Album: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202); two men are called doges: [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591) and Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom | Earl of Lathom]] (at 125). [[File:Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a boy sitting on a window seat, richly dressed in an historical costume as a page, with a large hat next to him, a cape and a ruff around his neck|Anthony de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild === Evelyn de Rothschild (at 669) and Anthony de Rothschild (at 670) were pages, attending [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]]. They were too young, probably, to have been invited in their own right: Evelyn was 11 and Anthony was 10 years old. Alice Hughes's portrait of "Evelyn Achille de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #165 in the album. The printing on the portrait says, "Master Evelyn de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Evelyn de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158528/Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> Alice Hughes's portrait of "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #166 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Master Anthony de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Anthony de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158529/Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> [[File:Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Alfred de Rothschild in costume as King Henry III. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Alfred Rothschild === [[File:Louis9+Henri3+StDenis.jpg|thumb|alt=Old panel showing King Henry the 3rd of England in two scenes|Henry III visiting Louis IX of France (left) and visiting St. Denis (right)]] Alfred Rothschild (at 605) was present as well in a costume described variously, from King Henry III of England to a 16th-century French and Austrian noble. * Alfred Rothschild was dressed "as [a] French noble of the 16th century.<ref name=":11" /> * "[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> John Thomson's portrait of "Alfred Charles de Rothschild as King Henry III" in costume is photogravure #224 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III."<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158587/Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.</ref> No available portraits of King Henry III of England (1207–1272)<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2021-12-27|title=Henry III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_England&oldid=1062218783|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England.</ref> show him dressed in anything similar to what Alfred Rothschild is wearing in his portrait. The panel (right) with two scenes of Henry III is from an illuminated manuscript now held by the British Museum, which acquired it in 1757, when King George II presented it to them.<ref>"Detailed Record." {{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001|title=Image of an item from the British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts|last=Wight|first=C.|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2021-12-28}} https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001.</ref> The costume looks more like a late-Victorian interpretation of 16th-century clothing than it does of 13th-century clothing. Early in the reign of King Henry III of England, policies protected Jews in England, mostly for the financial benefit of the English, but by 1239 he had begun to put anti-Jewish policies into place.<ref name=":16" /> == Snapshots == === Leopold Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Alfred, of the English branch. A general sketch of Leopold:<blockquote>Outside the office, Leopold was primarily occupied with horses, while Alfred was a connoisseur of the arts. Though Leo de Rothschild was one of the first people ever to own an automobile, and was also a famous breeder and racer of horses, he was best known for his kindness, which was characterized not just by the expenditure of large sums of money, but by tremendous thoughtfulness. One Rothschild employee wrote that Leo "devoted himself to the welfare of the clerks, not so much as a duty or in a spirit of noblesse oblige as because it was in his character to do so ... [sic] One man suffering from a chest complaint ws sent by Leopold to Australia for six months; another, distraught by the death of his wife, was given a sea trip around the world.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 121 [of 194]}}</blockquote> === Alfred Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Leopold, of the English branch. Alfred in general:<blockquote>Alfred de Rothschild, by comparison, was more of a typical late Victorian aesthete [than Leopold]. Unusually for a Rothschild, he was slender, slight, blonde haired and blue eyed. He employed himself principally in the pursuit of luxury — music, fine clothes, antique furniture, paintings, etc. Yet his most enduring legacy was the French chateau he built in Buckinghamshire, called Halton House. Despite the fact that tAlfred was one of the most highly regarded art experts in England, Halton House was famous for its ugliness. "An exaggerated nightmare of gorgeousness / and senseless and ill-applied magnificent," wrote one guest. "I have seldom seen anything more terribly vulgar," wrote another. "Outside it is a combination of a French chateau and a gambling house. Inside it is badly planned, gaudily decorated ... O, but the hideousness of everything, the showiness! The sense of lavish wealth thrust up your nose! The coarse moldings, the heavy gildings always in the wrong place, the color of the silk hangings! Eye hath not seen nor pen can write the ghastly coarseness of the sight!"<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 123–124 [of 194]}}</blockquote>Daisy, Lady Warwick wrote about Alfred Rothschild:<blockquote>In the famous white drawing-room at Seamore Place I have heard the greatest artistes in the world, who were paid royal fees to entertain a handful of his friends. Unfortunately, he could not share in the hospitality that he lavished upon those he esteemed, for he suffered from some obscure form of dyspepsia which no doctor could cure. Many a time I have seen him sit at the head of the table, exercising all the graces of a host, while he himself took neither food nor wine. He used to ride every morning in the park, followed by his brougham. Park-keepers soon learnt how generous the millionaire was; they used to put stones on the road by which he would enter, then, when he came in sight, they would hasten to removed [sic] them — a courtesy which was invariably rewarded. He was shrewd enough to know just how the stones got there, but this childish / device amused him, so he pretended ignorance.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 124–125 [of 194]}}</blockquote> == Demographics == Anselm Salomon von Rothschild *Nationality: Austrian *Branch of the family: Vienna branch === Residences === * Anselm Salomon von Rothschild and then his unmarried younger sister Alice Charlotte Rothschild (1847–1922): Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Anselm Salomon von Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Salomon_von_Rothschild&oldid=973334060|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Cyril and Constance Flower, Lord and Lady Battersea: Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire, England == Family == *Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 – 27 July 1874)<ref name=":3" /> *Charlotte Nathan Rothschild (1807–1859) #Mayer Anselm Leon (1827–1828) #"Julie" Caroline Julie Anselm (1830–1907), married Adolph Carl von Rothschild (1823–1900), son of Carl Mayer von Rothschild at Naples #Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild (1832–1924), married ''Freiherr'' Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901) #Sarah Luisa (1834–1924), married Baron Raimondo Franchetti (1829–1905) #Nathaniel Anselm (1836–1905) #Ferdinand James (1839–1898) #Albert Salomon (1844–1911) #Alice Charlotte (1847–1922) *Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (22 November 1807 – 3 June 1879)<ref>"Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195523|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> *Charlotte de Rothschild (1819 – 13 March 1884)<ref>"Charlotte de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p13776.htm#i137756|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> #'''Evelina de Rothschild''' (1839 – 4 December 1866) #Leonora de Rothschild ( – 6 January 1911) #Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915) #'''Alfred Charles de Rothschild''' (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918) #Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Evelina de Rothschild (1839 – 4 December 1866) *Ferdy (Ferdinand James Anselm), Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 – 17 December 1898)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Ferdinand de Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Rothschild&oldid=973342192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915)<ref name=":1" /> *Emma Louise von Rothschild (1844 – January 1935)<ref name=":4" /> #Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937) #Charlotte Louisa Adela Evelina Rothschild (3 April 1873 – 9 May 1947) #Nathaniel Charles Rothschild (9 May 1877 – 12 October 1923) *Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Marie Perugia Rothschild (1862-1937)<ref name=":0" /> #Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (25 January 1882 – 28 January 1942) #'''Evelyn Achille de Rothschild''' (6 January 1886 – ) #'''Anthony Gustav de Rothschild''' (26 June 1887 – 5 February 1961) *Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (29 May 1810 – 4 January 1876)<ref name=":2" /> *Louisa Montefiore ( – 22 September 1910)<ref name=":5" /> #'''Constance de Rothschild''' (1843 – 22 November 1931) #Annie Rothschild (1844 – 21 November 1926) *Constance de Rothschild (1843 – 22 November 1931)<ref name=":6" /> *'''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) * Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937)<ref>"Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7108.htm#i71071|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> (unmarried relationship) * Marie Barbara Fredenson ()<ref>"Marie Barbara Fredenson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p21748.htm#i217473|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> *# Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild ( – 1992) === Family of Cyril Flower === * Philip William Flower (1809 – 22 February 1872)<ref>"Philip William Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180.</ref> * Mary Flower (1816–1857)<ref>"Mary Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181.</ref> *# Hugh Philip Flower (1842–1862) *# '''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) *# Arthur Flower (1847 – 1 March 1911) *# Clara Flower (1849–1871) *# Horace Flower (1850–1885) *# Augustus Flower (1851–1863) *# Herbert Flower (1853 – 30 December 1881) *# Alfred Flower (1854–1855) *# '''Lewis Peter Flower''' (1856 – December 1902) === Relations === * Marie Perugia Rothschild's sister was [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise Perugia Sassoon]]; Marie Rothschild's sons Evelyn Rothschild and Anthony Rothschild attended Louise Sassoon as her pages for the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball. == Memoirs, Autobiographies, Biographies, Personal Papers == === Personal Papers === ==== Lady Louise de Rothschild ==== # "289. ''1837'' ROTHSCHILD, ''Lady'' Louisa de, philanthropist. Diary, 29 July 1837–2 Dec. 1907, with gaps, of family life in London, court life, music, travel, sport. BL Add MSS 47,949–62."<ref>"Unpublished London Diaries." {{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46|title=Checklist of Unpublished Diaries: nos 1-294 {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|access-date=2024-04-25}} https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46.</ref> [Is BL British Library or Bodleian Library? If Bodleian, then it may be in the MSS Fisher collection.] == Questions and Notes == #Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild and Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild were brothers. #Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild and [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], met and became friends at Cambridge; neither graduated.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-31|title=Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild&oldid=970472427|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #I'm guessing that Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild were Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild because Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Nathan and Emma's son, never married. #The letterpress on the portrait in the Album in the NPG calls Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild Lady Rothschild. #Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1744 – 19 September 1812), who founded the banking and family dynasty, stipulated that only male descendants could take part in the family business, which meant that female descendants had to marry cousins in order to stay part of it.<ref name=":14" /> (50 [of 194]) He also stipulated Rothschild children were to marry 1st or 2nd cousins, though some — like Anselm Salomon von Rothschild's sister Betty, who married her uncle — married other near relatives.<ref name=":3" /> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 7eh3uaj97ksdfrl78us07ueolsqmh5x 2719036 2719035 2025-06-18T19:07:08Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Timeline */ 2719036 wikitext text/x-wiki == Members == *Mr. Alfred de Rothschild *Miss Alice de Rothschild *Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild === Titles === *Some of the Barons de or von Rothschild have a European, especially an Austrian, French, or Italian title. These are the U.K. titles. **Baron de Rothschild [U.K.], created 29 June 1885<ref name=":1">"Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7037.htm#i70366|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> ***Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (29 June 1885 – 31 March 1915), the U.K. title **1st Baronet Rothschild [U.K.], created 12 January 1847<ref name=":2">"Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118184|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (12 January 1847 – 4 January 1876) **1st Baron Battersea of Battersea, co. London and of Overstrand, Norfolk [U.K.], created 5 September 1892<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11810.htm#i118100|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea (5 September 1892 – 27 November 1907) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === ==== Ferdinand de Rothschild ==== *[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Joseph Chamberlain]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Arthur Balfour]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill | Randolph Churchill]] == Organizations == === Alfred Charles de Rothschild === * Bank of England, director<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195527|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> == Timeline == '''1840 March 30''', Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild and Louisa Montefiore married.<ref name=":5">"Louisa Montefiore." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19548.htm#i195480|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1867 April 17''', Nathan Mayer de Rothschild and Emma Louisa Rothschild married.<ref name=":4">"Emma Louise Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7107.htm#i71069|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1870 September''', Bismarck and "[t]he Prussian high command had established temporary headquarters at the Rothschilds’ château at Ferrières, to the east of" Paris.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|213 of 667}} '''1877 November 22''', Constance de Rothschild and Cyril Flower married.<ref name=":6">"Constance de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118183|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1881 January 19''', Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia married.<ref name=":0">"Marie Perugia." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195530|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1885''', Nathaniel de Rothschild "was sworn into the House of Lords on a copy of the Torah with his head covered."<ref name=":14">Simmons, Michael W. ''The Rothschilds: The Dynasty and the Legacy''. Make Profits Easy, LLC, 17 January 2017.</ref>{{rp|118 (of 194)}} '''1897, sometime during the Jubilee ceremonies, probably June''', Nathaniel Rothschild played an official role:<blockquote>When Queen Victoria celebrated her Jubilee in 1897, the highest ranking Catholic cardinal in England gave an address in her honor on behalf of English Catholics; the corresponding address from English Jews might have been expected to come from England's chief Rabbi, but instead it was given by Lord Rothschild.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|143–144 (of 1940)}}</blockquote> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', a number of members of the extended Rothschild family attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, including Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea as well as Mr. Louis Flower. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], at least two women who might be called Lady Rothschild attended, I think. Because of the photographs in the album in the National Portrait Gallery, however, they can be distinguished. Louisa, Lady Rothschild was married in 1840, so she was born probably somewhere around 1920; her husband, Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, was born in 1810 and died in 1876; so she was possibly around 75 at the ball. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer de Rothschild were married in 1867, a generation later; she was born in 1844, so she was 53 or so at the time of the ball; her portrait is not in the album. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan, Lord Rothschild were in the first seating for supper, the highest status of the Rothschilds at the ball, in this social network in any case. # Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is #110 # Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is #328 # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Emma, Lady Rothschild]] is #112 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] # Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216 # Louisa, Lady de Rothschild is at 674 # Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild is at 330 # Mr. L. Rothschild, possibly Leopold de Rothschild, is at 527 # Mrs. L. Rothschild, possibly Marie Perugia Rothschild, is at 528 # Alfred Rothschild is at 605 #Evelyn de Rothschild is at 669 #Anthony de Rothschild is at 670 [[File:Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword and garter|Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea was dressed *"in cerise and silver brocade copied from an old Jacquemin."<ref name=":8">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} *as Lord Hunsdon, a "Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth, in cerise and silver brocade, copied from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *as "(gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth), in cerise and silver brocade; from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|36, Col. 3b}} Elliott & Fry's portrait of "Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession" in costume is photogravure #74 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lord Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan procession," with a Long S in ''procession''.<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158430/Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.</ref> Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, was dressed as Lady Hunsdon in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Queen_Elizabeth_Court |Queen Elizabeth procession]]. *Lady Battersea "was perfectly dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea was dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":13">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Battersea was, perhaps, the best dressed of the ladies of the Elizabethan period."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}} *"Lady Battersea was perfect [sic?] dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver gallon, and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":9">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea wore a beautiful Elizabethan costume, a cream velvet train, the bodice having a stomacher of red velvet, pearls, and a Medici collar, and was in the Queen Elizabeth procession."<ref>Holt, Ardern. “Dress and Fashion. To Correspondents.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 31 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 84], Col. 1c [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/321/0052.</ref> === Mr. Lewis Flower === Cyril Flower's brother Lewis Peter Flower seems a likely candidate for the man whom the ''Gentlewoman'' calls Mr. Louis Flower. Mr. Flower (at 506) was dressed as a "French Commissary General, First Empire" in a "regimental coat, slightly open at neck, showing stock, dark blue cloth, collar and cuffs scarlet, embroidered in silver; riding breeches, buff cloth; large cocked hat of the First Empire, bound with black braiding; tricolour badge and silver cord on left side."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 1a}} === Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild === Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild, dressed as Anne of Cleves, sat at Table 11 in the first seating for supper, escorted in by the Earl of Suffolk. *She was dressed as "Anne of Cleves. Bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings, petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered in gold. All the jewels were real old ones of the period."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild’s costume, as Anne of Cleves, looked beautiful with its petticoat and undersleeves of old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold, and its black satin skirt and bodice of black velvet. All Lady Rothschild’s jewels were authentic antique gems of the period."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref> *"Lady Rothschild went as Anne of Cleves in black velvet and satin, relieved with antique brocade and gold embroidery. Her jewellery was all antique."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild, as Anne of Cleves, wore one of the most splendid dresses in the room; over a petticoat of old gold and blue hung an overmantle of satin literally encrusted with gold and precious stones, which were taken from her own museum, and which were actually the jewels of the period she represented."<ref name=":12">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3b}} *"L<small>ADY</small> R<small>OTHSCHILD</small>, as Anne of Cleves, wore a bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings; petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold; all the jewels being real old ones of the period."<ref name=":17">“Additional Costumes Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball.” The ''Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper''17 July 1897, Saturday: 63 [of 97 BNA; p. 138 on the print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970717/283/0064.</ref>{{rp|Col. 3a}} The ''Queen'' published a line drawing signed by Rook of Lady Rothschild in costume as Anne of Cleves; the caption says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Nathan|Messrs. Nathan]] made her dress.<ref name=":17" />{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild (#216) sat at Table 12 in the first seating for supper and was dressed as a Swiss Burgher in the Queen Elizabeth procession. [[File:Hans Holbein the Younger (after) - Elizabeth Vaux (Royal Collection).jpg|thumb|alt=|Elizabeth, Lady Vaux after Hans Holbein the Younger, painted c. 1600 – c. 1630]] === Louisa, Lady de Rothschild === [[File:Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Louisa, Lady de Rothschild in costume as Lady Vaux (after Holbein). ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]Louisa Montefiore, Lady de Rothschild (at 674) was the widow of Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt., who died in 1876. Henry Van der Weyde's portrait of "Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)" in costume is photogravure #182 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)."<ref>"Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158545/Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.</ref> ==== The Historical Lady Vaux ==== Elizabeth Cheyne (or Cheney), Lady Vaux (1505–1556) was married to Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1509 – 1556), an Elizabethan poet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-25|title=Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden&oldid=1046392388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden.</ref> She was first cousin of Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's sixth wife.<ref name=":15" /> This portrait of her is in the Royal Collection at Hampton Court, which is where Louisa, Lady de Rothschild would likely have seen it. ==== Newspaper Reports ==== Like others of the Rothschilds, Louisa, Lady Rothschild attended the ball in a costume that was much admired: * "[S]uch dresses as those of Lady Rothschild, after Holbein's Lady Vaux, of Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a Lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":13" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} === Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild === [[File:Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild in costume as Casimir Count Palatine. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] [[File:Johann Casimir aus Thesaurus Pictuarum.jpg|thumb|alt=old portrait of a standing man with gloves, sword, cloak and hat|Johann Casimir]] Baron F. de Rothschild or Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (at 330) was the widower of Evelina de Rothschild, who had died in 1866. He attended the ball dressed as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria in the Queen Elizabeth procession. Like others of the Rothschilds, his costume was notable. *"Baron F. de Rothschild appeared as Casimir, Count Palatine of Bavaria."<ref>“Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House. A Brilliant Spectacle.” ''Derbyshire Advertiser and Journal'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 5a–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001084/18970710/136/0006.</ref> *Baron F. de Rothschild was dressed "as an Austrian noble of the 16th century."<ref name=":11" /> *"[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> Lafayette's portrait of "Ferdinand James Anselm de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine" in costume is photogravure #218 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine."<ref>"Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158581/Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.</ref> The portrait (right) of Ioannes Casimirvs Palatinus Rheini Dux Bavaria is from Thesaurus Picturarum, no earlier than 1568. === Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild === [[File:Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) in costume as Zobeida. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]][[File:Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword, cape and plumed hat|Leopold de Rothschild in costume as Duc de Sully. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Mrs. Leopold (Marie Perugia) Rothschild (#528): Alice Hughes's portrait of "Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) as Zobeida" in costume is photogravure #114 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Zobeida."<ref>"Marie Rothschild (née Perugia)." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158476/Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.</ref> Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn Mansur ( – 831, C.E.) was an Abbasid princess and queen who managed her properties and wealth independent of her husband, Harun al-Rashid.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-08-21|title=Zubaidah bint Ja'far|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far&oldid=1039860950|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far.</ref> Mr. Leopold de Rothschild (#527): John Thomson's portrait of "Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully" in costume is photogravure #115 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully."<ref>"Leopold de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158477/Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.</ref> Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Duke of Sully (1560–1641) was an advisor to French King Henry IV and noted for being a good businessman.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-04|title=Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully&oldid=1031909919|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Béthune,_Duke_of_Sully.</ref> Leopold Rothschild is wearing insignias for some orders in this portrait. [[File:Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing boy richly dressed in an historical costume with a cape and ruff around his neck|Evelyn de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Two children of Leopold and Marie de Rothschild also attended, as pages of the "wife of the Doge," Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (#669) and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (#670). Their portraits appear in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> One person is described as Dogaressa in the Album: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202); two men are called doges: [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591) and Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom | Earl of Lathom]] (at 125). [[File:Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a boy sitting on a window seat, richly dressed in an historical costume as a page, with a large hat next to him, a cape and a ruff around his neck|Anthony de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild === Evelyn de Rothschild (at 669) and Anthony de Rothschild (at 670) were pages, attending [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]]. They were too young, probably, to have been invited in their own right: Evelyn was 11 and Anthony was 10 years old. Alice Hughes's portrait of "Evelyn Achille de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #165 in the album. The printing on the portrait says, "Master Evelyn de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Evelyn de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158528/Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> Alice Hughes's portrait of "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #166 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Master Anthony de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Anthony de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158529/Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> [[File:Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Alfred de Rothschild in costume as King Henry III. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Alfred Rothschild === [[File:Louis9+Henri3+StDenis.jpg|thumb|alt=Old panel showing King Henry the 3rd of England in two scenes|Henry III visiting Louis IX of France (left) and visiting St. Denis (right)]] Alfred Rothschild (at 605) was present as well in a costume described variously, from King Henry III of England to a 16th-century French and Austrian noble. * Alfred Rothschild was dressed "as [a] French noble of the 16th century.<ref name=":11" /> * "[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> John Thomson's portrait of "Alfred Charles de Rothschild as King Henry III" in costume is photogravure #224 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III."<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158587/Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.</ref> No available portraits of King Henry III of England (1207–1272)<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2021-12-27|title=Henry III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_England&oldid=1062218783|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England.</ref> show him dressed in anything similar to what Alfred Rothschild is wearing in his portrait. The panel (right) with two scenes of Henry III is from an illuminated manuscript now held by the British Museum, which acquired it in 1757, when King George II presented it to them.<ref>"Detailed Record." {{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001|title=Image of an item from the British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts|last=Wight|first=C.|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2021-12-28}} https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001.</ref> The costume looks more like a late-Victorian interpretation of 16th-century clothing than it does of 13th-century clothing. Early in the reign of King Henry III of England, policies protected Jews in England, mostly for the financial benefit of the English, but by 1239 he had begun to put anti-Jewish policies into place.<ref name=":16" /> == Snapshots == === Leopold Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Alfred, of the English branch. A general sketch of Leopold:<blockquote>Outside the office, Leopold was primarily occupied with horses, while Alfred was a connoisseur of the arts. Though Leo de Rothschild was one of the first people ever to own an automobile, and was also a famous breeder and racer of horses, he was best known for his kindness, which was characterized not just by the expenditure of large sums of money, but by tremendous thoughtfulness. One Rothschild employee wrote that Leo "devoted himself to the welfare of the clerks, not so much as a duty or in a spirit of noblesse oblige as because it was in his character to do so ... [sic] One man suffering from a chest complaint ws sent by Leopold to Australia for six months; another, distraught by the death of his wife, was given a sea trip around the world.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 121 [of 194]}}</blockquote> === Alfred Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Leopold, of the English branch. Alfred in general:<blockquote>Alfred de Rothschild, by comparison, was more of a typical late Victorian aesthete [than Leopold]. Unusually for a Rothschild, he was slender, slight, blonde haired and blue eyed. He employed himself principally in the pursuit of luxury — music, fine clothes, antique furniture, paintings, etc. Yet his most enduring legacy was the French chateau he built in Buckinghamshire, called Halton House. Despite the fact that tAlfred was one of the most highly regarded art experts in England, Halton House was famous for its ugliness. "An exaggerated nightmare of gorgeousness / and senseless and ill-applied magnificent," wrote one guest. "I have seldom seen anything more terribly vulgar," wrote another. "Outside it is a combination of a French chateau and a gambling house. Inside it is badly planned, gaudily decorated ... O, but the hideousness of everything, the showiness! The sense of lavish wealth thrust up your nose! The coarse moldings, the heavy gildings always in the wrong place, the color of the silk hangings! Eye hath not seen nor pen can write the ghastly coarseness of the sight!"<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 123–124 [of 194]}}</blockquote>Daisy, Lady Warwick wrote about Alfred Rothschild:<blockquote>In the famous white drawing-room at Seamore Place I have heard the greatest artistes in the world, who were paid royal fees to entertain a handful of his friends. Unfortunately, he could not share in the hospitality that he lavished upon those he esteemed, for he suffered from some obscure form of dyspepsia which no doctor could cure. Many a time I have seen him sit at the head of the table, exercising all the graces of a host, while he himself took neither food nor wine. He used to ride every morning in the park, followed by his brougham. Park-keepers soon learnt how generous the millionaire was; they used to put stones on the road by which he would enter, then, when he came in sight, they would hasten to removed [sic] them — a courtesy which was invariably rewarded. He was shrewd enough to know just how the stones got there, but this childish / device amused him, so he pretended ignorance.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 124–125 [of 194]}}</blockquote> == Demographics == Anselm Salomon von Rothschild *Nationality: Austrian *Branch of the family: Vienna branch === Residences === * Anselm Salomon von Rothschild and then his unmarried younger sister Alice Charlotte Rothschild (1847–1922): Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Anselm Salomon von Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Salomon_von_Rothschild&oldid=973334060|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Cyril and Constance Flower, Lord and Lady Battersea: Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire, England == Family == *Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 – 27 July 1874)<ref name=":3" /> *Charlotte Nathan Rothschild (1807–1859) #Mayer Anselm Leon (1827–1828) #"Julie" Caroline Julie Anselm (1830–1907), married Adolph Carl von Rothschild (1823–1900), son of Carl Mayer von Rothschild at Naples #Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild (1832–1924), married ''Freiherr'' Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901) #Sarah Luisa (1834–1924), married Baron Raimondo Franchetti (1829–1905) #Nathaniel Anselm (1836–1905) #Ferdinand James (1839–1898) #Albert Salomon (1844–1911) #Alice Charlotte (1847–1922) *Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (22 November 1807 – 3 June 1879)<ref>"Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195523|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> *Charlotte de Rothschild (1819 – 13 March 1884)<ref>"Charlotte de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p13776.htm#i137756|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> #'''Evelina de Rothschild''' (1839 – 4 December 1866) #Leonora de Rothschild ( – 6 January 1911) #Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915) #'''Alfred Charles de Rothschild''' (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918) #Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Evelina de Rothschild (1839 – 4 December 1866) *Ferdy (Ferdinand James Anselm), Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 – 17 December 1898)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Ferdinand de Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Rothschild&oldid=973342192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915)<ref name=":1" /> *Emma Louise von Rothschild (1844 – January 1935)<ref name=":4" /> #Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937) #Charlotte Louisa Adela Evelina Rothschild (3 April 1873 – 9 May 1947) #Nathaniel Charles Rothschild (9 May 1877 – 12 October 1923) *Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Marie Perugia Rothschild (1862-1937)<ref name=":0" /> #Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (25 January 1882 – 28 January 1942) #'''Evelyn Achille de Rothschild''' (6 January 1886 – ) #'''Anthony Gustav de Rothschild''' (26 June 1887 – 5 February 1961) *Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (29 May 1810 – 4 January 1876)<ref name=":2" /> *Louisa Montefiore ( – 22 September 1910)<ref name=":5" /> #'''Constance de Rothschild''' (1843 – 22 November 1931) #Annie Rothschild (1844 – 21 November 1926) *Constance de Rothschild (1843 – 22 November 1931)<ref name=":6" /> *'''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) * Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937)<ref>"Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7108.htm#i71071|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> (unmarried relationship) * Marie Barbara Fredenson ()<ref>"Marie Barbara Fredenson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p21748.htm#i217473|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> *# Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild ( – 1992) === Family of Cyril Flower === * Philip William Flower (1809 – 22 February 1872)<ref>"Philip William Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180.</ref> * Mary Flower (1816–1857)<ref>"Mary Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181.</ref> *# Hugh Philip Flower (1842–1862) *# '''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) *# Arthur Flower (1847 – 1 March 1911) *# Clara Flower (1849–1871) *# Horace Flower (1850–1885) *# Augustus Flower (1851–1863) *# Herbert Flower (1853 – 30 December 1881) *# Alfred Flower (1854–1855) *# '''Lewis Peter Flower''' (1856 – December 1902) === Relations === * Marie Perugia Rothschild's sister was [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise Perugia Sassoon]]; Marie Rothschild's sons Evelyn Rothschild and Anthony Rothschild attended Louise Sassoon as her pages for the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball. == Memoirs, Autobiographies, Biographies, Personal Papers == === Personal Papers === ==== Lady Louise de Rothschild ==== # "289. ''1837'' ROTHSCHILD, ''Lady'' Louisa de, philanthropist. Diary, 29 July 1837–2 Dec. 1907, with gaps, of family life in London, court life, music, travel, sport. BL Add MSS 47,949–62."<ref>"Unpublished London Diaries." {{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46|title=Checklist of Unpublished Diaries: nos 1-294 {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|access-date=2024-04-25}} https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46.</ref> [Is BL British Library or Bodleian Library? If Bodleian, then it may be in the MSS Fisher collection.] == Questions and Notes == #Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild and Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild were brothers. #Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild and [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], met and became friends at Cambridge; neither graduated.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-31|title=Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild&oldid=970472427|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #I'm guessing that Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild were Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild because Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Nathan and Emma's son, never married. #The letterpress on the portrait in the Album in the NPG calls Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild Lady Rothschild. #Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1744 – 19 September 1812), who founded the banking and family dynasty, stipulated that only male descendants could take part in the family business, which meant that female descendants had to marry cousins in order to stay part of it.<ref name=":14" /> (50 [of 194]) He also stipulated Rothschild children were to marry 1st or 2nd cousins, though some — like Anselm Salomon von Rothschild's sister Betty, who married her uncle — married other near relatives.<ref name=":3" /> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ha6oz60vnxodxzwlvk29bb5l6qfqfiq 2719037 2719036 2025-06-18T19:08:09Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Timeline */ 2719037 wikitext text/x-wiki == Members == *Mr. Alfred de Rothschild *Miss Alice de Rothschild *Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild === Titles === *Some of the Barons de or von Rothschild have a European, especially an Austrian, French, or Italian title. These are the U.K. titles. **Baron de Rothschild [U.K.], created 29 June 1885<ref name=":1">"Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7037.htm#i70366|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> ***Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (29 June 1885 – 31 March 1915), the U.K. title **1st Baronet Rothschild [U.K.], created 12 January 1847<ref name=":2">"Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118184|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (12 January 1847 – 4 January 1876) **1st Baron Battersea of Battersea, co. London and of Overstrand, Norfolk [U.K.], created 5 September 1892<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11810.htm#i118100|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> ***Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea (5 September 1892 – 27 November 1907) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === ==== Ferdinand de Rothschild ==== *[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Joseph Chamberlain]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Arthur Balfour]] *[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill | Randolph Churchill]] == Organizations == === Alfred Charles de Rothschild === * Bank of England, director<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195527|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> == Timeline == '''1840 March 30''', Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild and Louisa Montefiore married.<ref name=":5">"Louisa Montefiore." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19548.htm#i195480|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1867 April 17''', Nathan Mayer de Rothschild and Emma Louisa Rothschild married.<ref name=":4">"Emma Louise Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7107.htm#i71069|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1870 September''', Bismarck and "[t]he Prussian high command had established temporary headquarters at the Rothschilds’ château at Ferrières, to the east of the city [Paris]."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|213 of 667}} '''1877 November 22''', Constance de Rothschild and Cyril Flower married.<ref name=":6">"Constance de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118183|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> '''1881 January 19''', Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia married.<ref name=":0">"Marie Perugia." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195530|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> '''1885''', Nathaniel de Rothschild "was sworn into the House of Lords on a copy of the Torah with his head covered."<ref name=":14">Simmons, Michael W. ''The Rothschilds: The Dynasty and the Legacy''. Make Profits Easy, LLC, 17 January 2017.</ref>{{rp|118 (of 194)}} '''1897, sometime during the Jubilee ceremonies, probably June''', Nathaniel Rothschild played an official role:<blockquote>When Queen Victoria celebrated her Jubilee in 1897, the highest ranking Catholic cardinal in England gave an address in her honor on behalf of English Catholics; the corresponding address from English Jews might have been expected to come from England's chief Rabbi, but instead it was given by Lord Rothschild.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|143–144 (of 1940)}}</blockquote> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', a number of members of the extended Rothschild family attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, including Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea as well as Mr. Louis Flower. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended. == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], at least two women who might be called Lady Rothschild attended, I think. Because of the photographs in the album in the National Portrait Gallery, however, they can be distinguished. Louisa, Lady Rothschild was married in 1840, so she was born probably somewhere around 1920; her husband, Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, was born in 1810 and died in 1876; so she was possibly around 75 at the ball. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer de Rothschild were married in 1867, a generation later; she was born in 1844, so she was 53 or so at the time of the ball; her portrait is not in the album. Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan, Lord Rothschild were in the first seating for supper, the highest status of the Rothschilds at the ball, in this social network in any case. # Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is #110 # Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is #328 # [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Emma, Lady Rothschild]] is #112 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] # Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216 # Louisa, Lady de Rothschild is at 674 # Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild is at 330 # Mr. L. Rothschild, possibly Leopold de Rothschild, is at 527 # Mrs. L. Rothschild, possibly Marie Perugia Rothschild, is at 528 # Alfred Rothschild is at 605 #Evelyn de Rothschild is at 669 #Anthony de Rothschild is at 670 [[File:Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword and garter|Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea === Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea was dressed *"in cerise and silver brocade copied from an old Jacquemin."<ref name=":8">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} *as Lord Hunsdon, a "Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth, in cerise and silver brocade, copied from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *as "(gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth), in cerise and silver brocade; from an old picture by Jacquemin."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|36, Col. 3b}} Elliott & Fry's portrait of "Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession" in costume is photogravure #74 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10">"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "Lord Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan procession," with a Long S in ''procession''.<ref>"Cyril Flower, 1st Baron Battersea as Lord Hunsdon in the Elizabethan Procession." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158430/Cyril-Flower-1st-Baron-Battersea-as-Lord-Hunsdon-in-the-Elizabethan-Procession.</ref> Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, was dressed as Lady Hunsdon in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Queen_Elizabeth_Court |Queen Elizabeth procession]]. *Lady Battersea "was perfectly dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea was dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period, in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver galon and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":13">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Battersea was, perhaps, the best dressed of the ladies of the Elizabethan period."<ref>“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}} *"Lady Battersea was perfect [sic?] dressed as a lady of the Elizabethan period in a cream velvet train and bodice, with stomacher and front of red velvet, the latter studded with exquisite pearls. This was trimmed with old silver gallon, and a Medici collar of lace embroidered in pearls."<ref name=":9">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} *"Lady Battersea wore a beautiful Elizabethan costume, a cream velvet train, the bodice having a stomacher of red velvet, pearls, and a Medici collar, and was in the Queen Elizabeth procession."<ref>Holt, Ardern. “Dress and Fashion. To Correspondents.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 31 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 84], Col. 1c [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/321/0052.</ref> === Mr. Lewis Flower === Cyril Flower's brother Lewis Peter Flower seems a likely candidate for the man whom the ''Gentlewoman'' calls Mr. Louis Flower. Mr. Flower (at 506) was dressed as a "French Commissary General, First Empire" in a "regimental coat, slightly open at neck, showing stock, dark blue cloth, collar and cuffs scarlet, embroidered in silver; riding breeches, buff cloth; large cocked hat of the First Empire, bound with black braiding; tricolour badge and silver cord on left side."<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 42, Col. 1a}} === Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild === Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild, dressed as Anne of Cleves, sat at Table 11 in the first seating for supper, escorted in by the Earl of Suffolk. *She was dressed as "Anne of Cleves. Bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings, petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered in gold. All the jewels were real old ones of the period."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild’s costume, as Anne of Cleves, looked beautiful with its petticoat and undersleeves of old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold, and its black satin skirt and bodice of black velvet. All Lady Rothschild’s jewels were authentic antique gems of the period."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref> *"Lady Rothschild went as Anne of Cleves in black velvet and satin, relieved with antique brocade and gold embroidery. Her jewellery was all antique."<ref>“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.</ref>{{rp|42, Col. 1c}} *"Lady Rothschild, as Anne of Cleves, wore one of the most splendid dresses in the room; over a petticoat of old gold and blue hung an overmantle of satin literally encrusted with gold and precious stones, which were taken from her own museum, and which were actually the jewels of the period she represented."<ref name=":12">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3b}} *"L<small>ADY</small> R<small>OTHSCHILD</small>, as Anne of Cleves, wore a bodice in black velvet, black satin skirt and facings; petticoat and undersleeves in old blue and gold brocade, embroidered with gold; all the jewels being real old ones of the period."<ref name=":17">“Additional Costumes Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball.” The ''Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper''17 July 1897, Saturday: 63 [of 97 BNA; p. 138 on the print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970717/283/0064.</ref>{{rp|Col. 3a}} The ''Queen'' published a line drawing signed by Rook of Lady Rothschild in costume as Anne of Cleves; the caption says [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Nathan|Messrs. Nathan]] made her dress.<ref name=":17" />{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild (#216) sat at Table 12 in the first seating for supper and was dressed as a Swiss Burgher in the Queen Elizabeth procession. [[File:Hans Holbein the Younger (after) - Elizabeth Vaux (Royal Collection).jpg|thumb|alt=|Elizabeth, Lady Vaux after Hans Holbein the Younger, painted c. 1600 – c. 1630]] === Louisa, Lady de Rothschild === [[File:Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Louisa, Lady de Rothschild in costume as Lady Vaux (after Holbein). ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]Louisa Montefiore, Lady de Rothschild (at 674) was the widow of Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt., who died in 1876. Henry Van der Weyde's portrait of "Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)" in costume is photogravure #182 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux (after Holbein)."<ref>"Lady Rothschild as Lady Vaux." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158545/Louisa-ne-Montefiore-Lady-de-Rothschild-as-Lady-Vaux-after-Holbein.</ref> ==== The Historical Lady Vaux ==== Elizabeth Cheyne (or Cheney), Lady Vaux (1505–1556) was married to Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1509 – 1556), an Elizabethan poet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-25|title=Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden&oldid=1046392388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vaux,_2nd_Baron_Vaux_of_Harrowden.</ref> She was first cousin of Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's sixth wife.<ref name=":15" /> This portrait of her is in the Royal Collection at Hampton Court, which is where Louisa, Lady de Rothschild would likely have seen it. ==== Newspaper Reports ==== Like others of the Rothschilds, Louisa, Lady Rothschild attended the ball in a costume that was much admired: * "[S]uch dresses as those of Lady Rothschild, after Holbein's Lady Vaux, of Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> * "Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a Lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} <ref name=":13" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 4b}} *"Lady Rothschild was beautifully attired as a lady of the Tudor period, after a picture by Holbein."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1b}} === Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild === [[File:Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild in costume as Casimir Count Palatine. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] [[File:Johann Casimir aus Thesaurus Pictuarum.jpg|thumb|alt=old portrait of a standing man with gloves, sword, cloak and hat|Johann Casimir]] Baron F. de Rothschild or Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (at 330) was the widower of Evelina de Rothschild, who had died in 1866. He attended the ball dressed as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria in the Queen Elizabeth procession. Like others of the Rothschilds, his costume was notable. *"Baron F. de Rothschild appeared as Casimir, Count Palatine of Bavaria."<ref>“Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House. A Brilliant Spectacle.” ''Derbyshire Advertiser and Journal'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 5a–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001084/18970710/136/0006.</ref> *Baron F. de Rothschild was dressed "as an Austrian noble of the 16th century."<ref name=":11" /> *"[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> Lafayette's portrait of "Ferdinand James Anselm de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine" in costume is photogravure #218 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine."<ref>"Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as Casimir Count Palatine." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158581/Ferdinand-James-Anselm-de-Rothschild-Baron-de-Rothschild-as-Casimir-Count-Palatine.</ref> The portrait (right) of Ioannes Casimirvs Palatinus Rheini Dux Bavaria is from Thesaurus Picturarum, no earlier than 1568. === Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild === [[File:Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume|Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) in costume as Zobeida. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]][[File:Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume with a sword, cape and plumed hat|Leopold de Rothschild in costume as Duc de Sully. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Mrs. Leopold (Marie Perugia) Rothschild (#528): Alice Hughes's portrait of "Marie Rothschild (née Perugia) as Zobeida" in costume is photogravure #114 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Zobeida."<ref>"Marie Rothschild (née Perugia)." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158476/Marie-Rothschild-ne-Perugia-as-Zobeida.</ref> Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn Mansur ( – 831, C.E.) was an Abbasid princess and queen who managed her properties and wealth independent of her husband, Harun al-Rashid.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-08-21|title=Zubaidah bint Ja'far|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far&oldid=1039860950|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far.</ref> Mr. Leopold de Rothschild (#527): John Thomson's portrait of "Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully" in costume is photogravure #115 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Leopold de Rothschild as Duc de Sully."<ref>"Leopold de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158477/Leopold-de-Rothschild-as-Duc-de-Sully.</ref> Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Duke of Sully (1560–1641) was an advisor to French King Henry IV and noted for being a good businessman.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-04|title=Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully&oldid=1031909919|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Béthune,_Duke_of_Sully.</ref> Leopold Rothschild is wearing insignias for some orders in this portrait. [[File:Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing boy richly dressed in an historical costume with a cape and ruff around his neck|Evelyn de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] Two children of Leopold and Marie de Rothschild also attended, as pages of the "wife of the Doge," Evelyn Achille de Rothschild (#669) and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (#670). Their portraits appear in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> One person is described as Dogaressa in the Album: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202); two men are called doges: [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591) and Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom | Earl of Lathom]] (at 125). [[File:Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a boy sitting on a window seat, richly dressed in an historical costume as a page, with a large hat next to him, a cape and a ruff around his neck|Anthony de Rothschild, as a page to the Doge's Wife. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild === Evelyn de Rothschild (at 669) and Anthony de Rothschild (at 670) were pages, attending [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]]. They were too young, probably, to have been invited in their own right: Evelyn was 11 and Anthony was 10 years old. Alice Hughes's portrait of "Evelyn Achille de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #165 in the album. The printing on the portrait says, "Master Evelyn de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Evelyn de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158528/Evelyn-Achille-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> Alice Hughes's portrait of "Anthony Gustav de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife" in costume is photogravure #166 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Master Anthony de Rothschild as a page to the Doge's Wife."<ref>"Master Anthony de Rothschild." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158529/Anthony-Gustav-de-Rothschild-as-a-page-to-the-Doges-Wife.</ref> [[File:Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Alfred de Rothschild in costume as King Henry III. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Alfred Rothschild === [[File:Louis9+Henri3+StDenis.jpg|thumb|alt=Old panel showing King Henry the 3rd of England in two scenes|Henry III visiting Louis IX of France (left) and visiting St. Denis (right)]] Alfred Rothschild (at 605) was present as well in a costume described variously, from King Henry III of England to a 16th-century French and Austrian noble. * Alfred Rothschild was dressed "as [a] French noble of the 16th century.<ref name=":11" /> * "[S]uch dresses as those of ... Messrs. Ferdinand and Alfred Rothschild, as an Austrian and French noble of the 16th century, were of extraordinary truth and beauty."<ref name=":11" /> John Thomson's portrait of "Alfred Charles de Rothschild as King Henry III" in costume is photogravure #224 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref name=":10" /> The printing on the portrait says, "Mr. Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III."<ref>"Alfred Charles de Rothschild as Henry III." ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158587/Alfred-Charles-de-Rothschild-as-King-Henry-III.</ref> No available portraits of King Henry III of England (1207–1272)<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2021-12-27|title=Henry III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_England&oldid=1062218783|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England.</ref> show him dressed in anything similar to what Alfred Rothschild is wearing in his portrait. The panel (right) with two scenes of Henry III is from an illuminated manuscript now held by the British Museum, which acquired it in 1757, when King George II presented it to them.<ref>"Detailed Record." {{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001|title=Image of an item from the British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts|last=Wight|first=C.|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2021-12-28}} https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001.</ref> The costume looks more like a late-Victorian interpretation of 16th-century clothing than it does of 13th-century clothing. Early in the reign of King Henry III of England, policies protected Jews in England, mostly for the financial benefit of the English, but by 1239 he had begun to put anti-Jewish policies into place.<ref name=":16" /> == Snapshots == === Leopold Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Alfred, of the English branch. A general sketch of Leopold:<blockquote>Outside the office, Leopold was primarily occupied with horses, while Alfred was a connoisseur of the arts. Though Leo de Rothschild was one of the first people ever to own an automobile, and was also a famous breeder and racer of horses, he was best known for his kindness, which was characterized not just by the expenditure of large sums of money, but by tremendous thoughtfulness. One Rothschild employee wrote that Leo "devoted himself to the welfare of the clerks, not so much as a duty or in a spirit of noblesse oblige as because it was in his character to do so ... [sic] One man suffering from a chest complaint ws sent by Leopold to Australia for six months; another, distraught by the death of his wife, was given a sea trip around the world.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 121 [of 194]}}</blockquote> === Alfred Rothschild === Brother of Nathaniel and Leopold, of the English branch. Alfred in general:<blockquote>Alfred de Rothschild, by comparison, was more of a typical late Victorian aesthete [than Leopold]. Unusually for a Rothschild, he was slender, slight, blonde haired and blue eyed. He employed himself principally in the pursuit of luxury — music, fine clothes, antique furniture, paintings, etc. Yet his most enduring legacy was the French chateau he built in Buckinghamshire, called Halton House. Despite the fact that tAlfred was one of the most highly regarded art experts in England, Halton House was famous for its ugliness. "An exaggerated nightmare of gorgeousness / and senseless and ill-applied magnificent," wrote one guest. "I have seldom seen anything more terribly vulgar," wrote another. "Outside it is a combination of a French chateau and a gambling house. Inside it is badly planned, gaudily decorated ... O, but the hideousness of everything, the showiness! The sense of lavish wealth thrust up your nose! The coarse moldings, the heavy gildings always in the wrong place, the color of the silk hangings! Eye hath not seen nor pen can write the ghastly coarseness of the sight!"<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 123–124 [of 194]}}</blockquote>Daisy, Lady Warwick wrote about Alfred Rothschild:<blockquote>In the famous white drawing-room at Seamore Place I have heard the greatest artistes in the world, who were paid royal fees to entertain a handful of his friends. Unfortunately, he could not share in the hospitality that he lavished upon those he esteemed, for he suffered from some obscure form of dyspepsia which no doctor could cure. Many a time I have seen him sit at the head of the table, exercising all the graces of a host, while he himself took neither food nor wine. He used to ride every morning in the park, followed by his brougham. Park-keepers soon learnt how generous the millionaire was; they used to put stones on the road by which he would enter, then, when he came in sight, they would hasten to removed [sic] them — a courtesy which was invariably rewarded. He was shrewd enough to know just how the stones got there, but this childish / device amused him, so he pretended ignorance.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|pp. 124–125 [of 194]}}</blockquote> == Demographics == Anselm Salomon von Rothschild *Nationality: Austrian *Branch of the family: Vienna branch === Residences === * Anselm Salomon von Rothschild and then his unmarried younger sister Alice Charlotte Rothschild (1847–1922): Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Anselm Salomon von Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Salomon_von_Rothschild&oldid=973334060|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Cyril and Constance Flower, Lord and Lady Battersea: Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire, England == Family == *Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 – 27 July 1874)<ref name=":3" /> *Charlotte Nathan Rothschild (1807–1859) #Mayer Anselm Leon (1827–1828) #"Julie" Caroline Julie Anselm (1830–1907), married Adolph Carl von Rothschild (1823–1900), son of Carl Mayer von Rothschild at Naples #Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild (1832–1924), married ''Freiherr'' Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901) #Sarah Luisa (1834–1924), married Baron Raimondo Franchetti (1829–1905) #Nathaniel Anselm (1836–1905) #Ferdinand James (1839–1898) #Albert Salomon (1844–1911) #Alice Charlotte (1847–1922) *Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (22 November 1807 – 3 June 1879)<ref>"Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p19553.htm#i195523|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> *Charlotte de Rothschild (1819 – 13 March 1884)<ref>"Charlotte de Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p13776.htm#i137756|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> #'''Evelina de Rothschild''' (1839 – 4 December 1866) #Leonora de Rothschild ( – 6 January 1911) #Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915) #'''Alfred Charles de Rothschild''' (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918) #Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Evelina de Rothschild (1839 – 4 December 1866) *Ferdy (Ferdinand James Anselm), Freiherr von Rothschild (17 December 1839 – 17 December 1898)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-16|title=Ferdinand de Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Rothschild&oldid=973342192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915)<ref name=":1" /> *Emma Louise von Rothschild (1844 – January 1935)<ref name=":4" /> #Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937) #Charlotte Louisa Adela Evelina Rothschild (3 April 1873 – 9 May 1947) #Nathaniel Charles Rothschild (9 May 1877 – 12 October 1923) *Leopold de Rothschild (22 November 1845 – 29 May 1917) *Marie Perugia Rothschild (1862-1937)<ref name=":0" /> #Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (25 January 1882 – 28 January 1942) #'''Evelyn Achille de Rothschild''' (6 January 1886 – ) #'''Anthony Gustav de Rothschild''' (26 June 1887 – 5 February 1961) *Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild, 1st Bt. (29 May 1810 – 4 January 1876)<ref name=":2" /> *Louisa Montefiore ( – 22 September 1910)<ref name=":5" /> #'''Constance de Rothschild''' (1843 – 22 November 1931) #Annie Rothschild (1844 – 21 November 1926) *Constance de Rothschild (1843 – 22 November 1931)<ref name=":6" /> *'''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) * Walter (Lionel Walter) Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937)<ref>"Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p7108.htm#i71071|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> (unmarried relationship) * Marie Barbara Fredenson ()<ref>"Marie Barbara Fredenson." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p21748.htm#i217473|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> *# Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild ( – 1992) === Family of Cyril Flower === * Philip William Flower (1809 – 22 February 1872)<ref>"Philip William Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11818.htm#i118180.</ref> * Mary Flower (1816–1857)<ref>"Mary Flower." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-06-05}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p11819.htm#i118181.</ref> *# Hugh Philip Flower (1842–1862) *# '''Cyril Flower, 1st and last Baron Battersea of Battersea''' (30 August 1843 – 27 November 1907) *# Arthur Flower (1847 – 1 March 1911) *# Clara Flower (1849–1871) *# Horace Flower (1850–1885) *# Augustus Flower (1851–1863) *# Herbert Flower (1853 – 30 December 1881) *# Alfred Flower (1854–1855) *# '''Lewis Peter Flower''' (1856 – December 1902) === Relations === * Marie Perugia Rothschild's sister was [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise Perugia Sassoon]]; Marie Rothschild's sons Evelyn Rothschild and Anthony Rothschild attended Louise Sassoon as her pages for the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball. == Memoirs, Autobiographies, Biographies, Personal Papers == === Personal Papers === ==== Lady Louise de Rothschild ==== # "289. ''1837'' ROTHSCHILD, ''Lady'' Louisa de, philanthropist. Diary, 29 July 1837–2 Dec. 1907, with gaps, of family life in London, court life, music, travel, sport. BL Add MSS 47,949–62."<ref>"Unpublished London Diaries." {{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46|title=Checklist of Unpublished Diaries: nos 1-294 {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|access-date=2024-04-25}} https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol37/pp22-46.</ref> [Is BL British Library or Bodleian Library? If Bodleian, then it may be in the MSS Fisher collection.] == Questions and Notes == #Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild and Sir Anthony Nathan Rothschild were brothers. #Natty (Nathan Mayer) de Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild and [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], met and became friends at Cambridge; neither graduated.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-31|title=Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild&oldid=970472427|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #I'm guessing that Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild were Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild because Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Nathan and Emma's son, never married. #The letterpress on the portrait in the Album in the NPG calls Louisa (née Montefiore), Lady de Rothschild Lady Rothschild. #Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1744 – 19 September 1812), who founded the banking and family dynasty, stipulated that only male descendants could take part in the family business, which meant that female descendants had to marry cousins in order to stay part of it.<ref name=":14" /> (50 [of 194]) He also stipulated Rothschild children were to marry 1st or 2nd cousins, though some — like Anselm Salomon von Rothschild's sister Betty, who married her uncle — married other near relatives.<ref name=":3" /> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 9y28jb90gqz3u1e7uievbz5qqd9t72l 0 264234 2719021 2184270 2025-06-18T17:51:19Z Scogdill 1331941 2719021 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] 1850s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1850== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1851== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1852== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1853== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1854== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1855== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1856== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1857== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1858== January February ===March=== "Born at 16 Upper Brook Street, a small Mayfair house then memorable for his father's [Lord Houghton] bizarre but cultivated hospitality, Robert Milnes was christened at a neighbouring church in the middle of March. This ceremony was followed by a cheerful breakfast-party at which, besides Milnes and / Monckton relatives and the more restricted connections of the child’s mother, a group of Lord Houghton's oldest friends, such as the millionaire banker Ashburton and the journalist Venables, also assisted" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 1-2). Also present was Hungerford Crewe, brother of Annabel (the mother) (3). April May June July August September October November December ==1859== January February March April May June July August September October November December l606n3ounr687yu8rpv7l24616k9ope 0 264235 2719028 2184271 2025-06-18T18:29:49Z Scogdill 1331941 2719028 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (113 of 667) January February March ===April=== '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December cx6a10pzi1oxs72k34tsdnu4swjgb4p 2719029 2719028 2025-06-18T18:30:10Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1867 */ 2719029 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December fukoauxlb6hfuki4ixhb72jduh2bodu 2719030 2719029 2025-06-18T18:39:00Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1867 */ 2719030 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... “five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (118–119 of 667)</blockquote>Excerpt From Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism Sebastian Smee <nowiki>https://books.apple.com/us/book/paris-in-ruins-love-war-and-the-birth-of-impressionism/id6477336291</nowiki> This material may be protected by copyright.” '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December k1zheypeeaj9xnhbsazqdh2k70zirmo 2719031 2719030 2025-06-18T18:39:31Z Scogdill 1331941 /* April */ 2719031 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... “five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp118–119 of 667}}</blockquote> '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December e7wi9u52psb2mifmvwskhntvtakihse 2719032 2719031 2025-06-18T18:39:56Z Scogdill 1331941 /* April */ 2719032 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... “five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|118–119 of 667}}</blockquote> '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December 632dxfyidtc7i0v27jijw26jlcjwf5t 2719033 2719032 2025-06-18T18:40:27Z Scogdill 1331941 /* April */ 2719033 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|118–119 of 667}}</blockquote> '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house" ("The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London Times, Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800). <quote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. [new paragraph, align right] C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. [new paragraph, align left] May 1, 1867.</quote> May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December 70mu9odh86cqyw79fodwv1yw93lcmoi 2719034 2719033 2025-06-18T18:55:56Z Scogdill 1331941 /* April */ 2719034 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref name=":0">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|118–119 of 667}}</blockquote> '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house."<ref>"The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London ''Times'', Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800.</ref><blockquote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. May 1, 1867.</blockquote>May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December ju309wekroz0020gomukfv20rkoamvr 2719069 2719034 2025-06-18T20:16:15Z Scogdill 1331941 2719069 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] 1860s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1860== ===January=== '''14 January 1860, Saturday''', <quote>The Gale in London. — The fearful hurricane on Saturday morning did much damage in London, especially on the river. Many of the streets in Lambeth, Vauxhall, and Battersea, were flooded all day. There were several boat collisions, and persons drowned.</quote> ("The Gale in London." Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser 21 January 1865, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3C. British Newspaper Archive http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000353/18650121/036/0005). February March April May June July August September October November December ==1861== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1862== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1863== January February March ===April=== '''5 April 1863: Easter'''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] seems to have left Marlborough College at the beginning of Midsummer term 1863, which might be a week to 11 days after Easter. (Easter date: http://www.assa.org.au/edm.html#List18) (“Entrances in April, 1859.” Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904 Inclusive: With Alphabetical Index. 5th Edition. H. Hart, 1905. Page 126.) May June July August September October November December ==1864== January February March April May June July August September October ===November=== '''November 1864''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] host a dinner at Marlborough House for General Tom Thumb, who was being promoted by P T. Barnum (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) December ==1865== ===Early 1865=== [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] "asked Lady Ely to invite three of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron de Rothschild]]'s children, Natty (Nathaniel), Alfred and Evelina, and Evelina's husband Ferdinand, to a ball at Marlborough House" (Weintraub, Stanley. The Importance of Being Edward: King in Waiting 1841–1901. London: Johm Murray, 2000: 138.) January February ===March=== '''March 1865''': [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] invited Natty (Nathaniel) and Alfred de [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] to a royal levée, where Lord Sydney mispronounced ''Rothschild'', as if they were foreign; Bertie corrected his pronunciation in front of the Rothschilds, as if to reprimand Lord Sydney for his bad manners (Weintraub 2000 138). April May ===June=== '''2 June 1865''': "At the height of the social season, on 2 June 1865, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] went to a concert by Sir Charles Hallé's orchestra, after which Alix returned too fatigued to be hostess at a late supper party. She retired, and soon after midnight she gave birth to her second son, precipitating new conflicts with the Queen" (Weintraub 200 139). July August September October November December ==1866== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1867== “Paris was playing host to the exotic splendors and technological wonders of the Exposition Universelle, or World’s Fair”<ref name=":0">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|113 of 667}} January February March ===April=== <blockquote>Just ten days before the April opening of the Exposition Universelle, the Champ de Mars had been a sea of mud. The situation was so bad that Napoleon III had been prevented from traveling in his coach to inspect the preparations. ... five hundred workmen cleared the area around the glass and filigreed ironwork dome—an enormous elliptical structure, fully sixteen hundred feet long—that was the fair’s central edifice. An even bigger workforce had brought in equipment, building materials, and exhibits transported in crates from all over the world. In little more than a week, an astonishing transformation was wrought. Then for several summer months, more than 11 million people thronged to the fair. They streamed around the exhibition grounds and paraded through the main glass structure, which was surrounded by stalls and kiosks as well as mock Incan palaces and Egyptian temples, with men and women from dozens of countries dressed in elaborate national costumes, all speaking different languages. Among the dignitaries and heads of state who visited Paris that summer were the Prince of Wales, the Pasha of Egypt, the Tsar and Tsarina of Russia and the brother of the Mikado of Japan. King Wilhelm of Prussia came with his chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. From his perch in exile, Victor Hugo had contributed an introduction to an exhibition guide, in which he wrote of his hopes for peace and fraternity in a unified Europe, with Paris as its natural capital. The city had never seemed more indispensable or more interpenetrated with the world beyond its walls.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|118–119 of 667}}</blockquote> '''30 April 1867, Tuesday''', meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London "at their apartments in Somerset-house."<ref>"The Society of Antiquaries of London." The London ''Times'', Thursday, 2 May 1867: page 10, Col. A. Issue 25800.</ref><blockquote>The anniversary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, St. George's Day, having fallen this year in Easter week, the Society met yesterday (Tuesday, 30th April), at their apartments in Somerset-house, in pursuance of their Statutes and Charter of Incorporation, to ELECT a PRESIDENT, Council, and Officers of the Society for the year ensuing, whereupon the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President; William Tite, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., Vice-President; Octavius Morgan, Esq., M.P., Vice-President and Auditor; Frederic Ouvry, Esq., Treasurer; Joseph Walter King Eyton, Esq., Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., Rev. Charles Old Goodford, D.D., Provost of Eton; Philip Charles Hardwick, Esq., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Auditor; and William John Thoms, Esq., 11 members from the old Council, were chosen of the new Council; and Charles Spoencer Preceval, Esq., LL.D., Director and Auditor; John Winter Jones, Esq., Auditor; William Henry Black, Esq., the Earl of Dunraven, John Evans, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Lane Fox, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Richard Henry Major, Esq., the Very Rev. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and Captain Arthur ChilverTupper, ten of the other Fellows of the Society, were chosen of the new Council; and C. Knight Watson, Esq., was re-elected Secretary. C. KNIGHT WATSON, Secretary. May 1, 1867.</blockquote>May June July August September October November December ==1868== January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1869== January February March April May June July August September October November December miohhtfnjsbv12l0q6hivsc91bb6fea 0 264241 2719041 2302487 2025-06-18T19:25:47Z Scogdill 1331941 2719041 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (377–378 of 667)</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree." ("The Queen's Glorious Reign." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?) ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge: "<ital>November</ital> 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner." (Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ) December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879" (Alex Nissen, Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 174). February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?" (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery: "The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week." [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor] (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," 7 January 1880, p. 9.) The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. *Yates, Edmund. "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 7 January 1880: 9. 570708a5fjs137pfet19213eapz6dsy 2719042 2719041 2025-06-18T19:26:03Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1871 April 18 */ 2719042 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree." ("The Queen's Glorious Reign." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?) ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge: "<ital>November</ital> 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner." (Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ) December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879" (Alex Nissen, Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 174). February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?" (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery: "The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week." [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor] (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," 7 January 1880, p. 9.) The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. *Yates, Edmund. "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 7 January 1880: 9. dqk62aii1hjg5b8i9voeyf83xgqxrvt 2719045 2719042 2025-06-18T19:32:42Z Scogdill 1331941 2719045 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref> (: 174). February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?" (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery: "The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week." [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor] (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," 7 January 1880, p. 9.) The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. *Yates, Edmund. "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 7 January 1880: 9. g3h1qpzqmi3u2gc6yrmxbbejxx6hatt 2719046 2719045 2025-06-18T19:33:00Z Scogdill 1331941 /* January */ 2719046 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?" (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery: "The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week." [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor] (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," 7 January 1880, p. 9.) The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. *Yates, Edmund. "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 7 January 1880: 9. 68gyguaizqt0lc5ti3gubxc06m6t0cs 2719049 2719046 2025-06-18T19:41:40Z Scogdill 1331941 2719049 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref> (21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.)</blockquote>'''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" /> (7 Jan. 1880, p. 9)</blockquote>The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. pdscghceapvq4m68bsp1fv6nwmurxhn 2719050 2719049 2025-06-18T19:42:35Z Scogdill 1331941 /* December */ 2719050 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871''': "At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince" (Leslie 41–42). He recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872: <quote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... [ new paragraph] ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York" </quote><cite>(Leslie 42–43)</cite>. September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== *Leslie, Anita. The Marlborough House Set. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print. 6t117xzjikpk09hdqwslbj9fk7vyc3z 2719052 2719050 2025-06-18T19:46:10Z Scogdill 1331941 2719052 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref> (41–42)</blockquote>The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" /> (42–43)</blockquote>September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== onfv52qppbq8pqljwrvu9ndc2mn785b 2719053 2719052 2025-06-18T19:46:40Z Scogdill 1331941 /* August */ 2719053 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref> (41–42)</blockquote>The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== h19k1cpothz41e6thkaacgt16ynmh3t 2719054 2719053 2025-06-18T19:47:03Z Scogdill 1331941 /* October */ 2719054 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== p744ly7i8x6thkkahfoc7571vctuh5y 2719055 2719054 2025-06-18T19:47:34Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Works Cited */ 2719055 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ... ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} 7nrezcuaolzox2lbo3ooi0o3bpdmvsf 2719056 2719055 2025-06-18T19:51:43Z Scogdill 1331941 /* August */ 2719056 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish." (http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html) ==1875== "...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of 'Papa's' taste in friends: 'Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening,' wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: 'He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him'" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5). January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} 4tmm7qaj1flvv9exaokcwsufy94302e 2719057 2719056 2025-06-18T19:53:32Z Scogdill 1331941 2719057 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref>Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5</ref> (5)</blockquote>January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} cfg15g1q4qo9fxuwu8b5o3isrnkmf3w 2719058 2719057 2025-06-18T19:53:56Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1875 */ 2719058 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref>Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 5</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} n4v2fmehzdkhs6wnx492y595ok3qan1 2719059 2719058 2025-06-18T19:54:51Z Scogdill 1331941 2719059 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" /> (10). September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} k8a82nisdwzrz7tpmycddi4v2k30cyk 2719060 2719059 2025-06-18T19:55:21Z Scogdill 1331941 /* August */ 2719060 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada: "They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}} September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.: <quote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera</quote><cite>(Leslie 63)</cite>. '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} jvoy7pct5yr8212of6we7a2j8irw577 2719061 2719060 2025-06-18T19:57:00Z Scogdill 1331941 2719061 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" /> (63)</blockquote>'''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} jmlvomnbqvilhbxzh0l8fx35wv5nhjh 2719062 2719061 2025-06-18T19:57:53Z Scogdill 1331941 /* May */ 2719062 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry: "Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress."<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973: 69.</ref> .{{rp|69}} '''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877''': "On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree."<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879''': "On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 152.). ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} biupuir1cr4kgzlm0bculjns2ecp2w0 2719063 2719062 2025-06-18T20:01:31Z Scogdill 1331941 2719063 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" /> (18).</blockquote>'''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got<blockquote>an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref> (152)</blockquote> ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" /> (18). Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} ne5h309j04rw22kqkhb6ql6jbt39m99 2719064 2719063 2025-06-18T20:02:48Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1879 */ 2719064 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" /> (18).</blockquote>'''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got<blockquote>an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} j5rpv5t0wojylly0qbudtu5hm6teio9 2719065 2719064 2025-06-18T20:03:14Z Scogdill 1331941 /* January */ 2719065 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got<blockquote>an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} sfkx3akeu118mg214qtoqpqdw0meppp 2719066 2719065 2025-06-18T20:03:43Z Scogdill 1331941 /* April */ 2719066 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} 092jycf9w714anfu1jb88vvmakjavab 2719068 2719066 2025-06-18T20:15:29Z Scogdill 1331941 2719068 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s | 1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} fjijuri3624ytno55bus2uzmpypblyb 2719071 2719068 2025-06-18T20:16:34Z Scogdill 1331941 2719071 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== January February March === 1871 April 18 === <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [/] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== '''24 May 1871, Wednesday''': Derby Day. Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== January February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September October November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== <blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} s217exsm9yo3lpth1m462glegrsbku5 0 264244 2719073 2716250 2025-06-18T20:16:56Z Scogdill 1331941 2719073 wikitext text/x-wiki ==1880s Headlines== ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] | 1880s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880|1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881|1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882|1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883|1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884|1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885|1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886|1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887|1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888|1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889|1889]] | [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880 in Detail]]== === Headlines === '''January''': big snowstorm beginning on the 19th that brought everything to a halt. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== January ==== William Morris spoke at Kensington Palace. ==== February ==== Thomas Carlyle died. ==== March ==== 2 March 1881, Russian Emperor Alexander II was assassinated. ==== April ==== Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, died, funeral at Hughenden. ==== July ==== Very hot. Dean Stanley, of Westminster Cathedral, died. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== October ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] met [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|Moina Bergson]] at the Slade School of Art. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== May ==== The Prince of Wales opened the Royal College of Music, Gladstone in attendance. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884 in Detail]] == == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885 in Detail]] == === Headlines === Queen Victoria conferred a peerage on Nathaniel Rothschild. The 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act arose in the context of scandals about prostitution and the trade in pre-adolescent girls in London in the mid 1880s. William T. Stead, who had taken over the editorship of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' when his mentor won the election to Parliament, "bought" Eliza Armstrong, who was thirteen years old, for five pounds. Eliza Armstrong's mother, possibly facing censure from the other women in her neighborhood and from her husband, reported the incident as a story to another newspaper. The scandal surrounding Stead's expose, including his own conviction, not to mention the media frenzy around Jack the Ripper, led to an attempt to reduce and regulate the population of prostitutes in Whitechapel. In a big police raid of brothels in Whitechapel, a number of members of Parliament and other officials of state were discovered with prostitutes, many of them young, both boys and girls. The Criminal Amendment Act, thus, addresses issues that Members of Parliament would have associated with prostitution: it raised the "age of consent" in girls from 13 to 16 (it had been raised to 13 from 12 in 1875). This act also introduced a number of regulations for brothels, especially their presence and management. And it made male homosexual behavior illegal, punishable by 2 years' hard labor. The Member of Parliament who introduced the bill, Henry LaBouchere, is remembered today for this last paragraph among the LGBTQ community, which calls the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act the "LaBouchere act." (On overview of this can be found in the ''Wikipedia'' article on the "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885" ("Criminal") As far as I can discover, there is no evidence that Victoria denied that women were capable of homosexual behavior, nor that she crossed out a rumored paragraph making women's homosexual activity illegal. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 |1886 in Detail]] == == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887 in Detail]] == === Headlines === Victoria's Golden Jubilee "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]], who "skedaddled." William F. Cody's ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' performed at the American Exhibition. ==== March ==== Heavy snowstorm in London. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== February ==== The [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]] was created. ==== August ==== Jack the Ripper's first victim was found. ==== October ==== '''31 October 1888''', last day of the [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition|American Exhibition in London]] that featured [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Wild West|Buffalo Bill's Wild West]]. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== April ==== '''12 April 1889''', Fabian Society Converzazione, attended by [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]], Amy Levy, and Elizabeth Pennell. ==== August ==== Lippincott editor took [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]], [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]], and Irish MP [[Social Victorians/People/Thomas Patrick Gill|Thomas Patrick Gill]] out to dinner, looking for something to publish. In Wilde's case, it was ''The Picture of Dorian Grey''. == References == {{reflist}} * "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885." Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885 (accessed August 2020). i8fain12ppiqk2aacdmaki3he7rqcdu 0 264245 2719074 2716271 2025-06-18T20:17:26Z Scogdill 1331941 2719074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] Electricity "would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties were the restrictions removed" (Baring-Gould II 566-67, n. 19). In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year" (I 407 and n. 13). ==January== Sometime in January,<blockquote>In compliance with an invitation from the National Thrift Society, a large number of ladies and gentlemen assembled at the Mansion House on Tuesday. Upon the motion of Cardinal Manning, who said that they had not received sufficient information as to the nature and organisation of the Thrift Society, the meeting, which was somewhat uproarious, was adjourned.<ref>"Metropolitan News." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 31, 1880; pg. 110; Issue 2122, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote>At the Rabelais Club meeting early in January 1880, Bret Harte met Thomas Hardy for the first time and saw Henry James again.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000, p. 152.</ref> ===1 January 1880, Thursday, New Year's Day=== A [[Social Victorians/People/Brodie-Innes|J. Brodie-Innes]] wrote to the ''Times'' about barometric readings on 28 December 1879, when the Tay Bridge collapsed.<ref>Brodie-Innes, J. "To the Editor of the Times." [London] ''Times'', 1 January 1880, p. 11, col. 4 [of 6].</ref> Also in his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates says,<blockquote>The new year opened at Brighton with a gala and a galaxy at the Hove skating-rink. It is enough to say, in proof of the latter, that the former was under the immediate patronage, and had the personal presence, of Mrs. Langtry, Lady Charles Forbes, and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon . It was surely worth a king’s ransom to see such a trio that New-year’s-day in flesh and blood doing ‘the outside edge,’ and moving in ‘lines where beauty lingers.’ But when I add that the bonny bride Mrs. James, née Millais, was there also, looking bonnier than ever, a perfect rose in June, and that Mrs. Bear too joined the gay throng, it is little wonder that there was a crowd of eager-eyed Brightonians looking on and lost in admiration. Amongst the gay cavaliers I was truly glad to observe Lord Bennet, with his skates on, and cutting a good figure, notwithstanding that not long since some satellite of the World had actually taken his life away and others cut off his limb, owing to his accident on that Irish jaunting-car.<ref>Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women'', 7 January 1880, p. 10, col. b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Morley Lecture on the Future of the English Stage ==== <blockquote>On Thursday evening, the 1st inst., Professor Henry Morley, of University College, London, delivered before a large audience at the London Institution a lecture on "The Future of the English Stage." Of that future, he owned, he could say with Horace Walpole, "I know no more than a prophet," but for all that he might be allowed to speak his thoughts about and for that future. That a man of letters had something to do with the Theatre was clear, if literature dealt with life in all its essential relations. The Drama should be one of the chief powers for the elevation of society. Literature, in its best form, needed the alliance of players — needed well-managed Theatres, fit actors, and fit, although not few, spectators. Literature had also a right to be concerned with the well-being of the Stage, for the chief department of literature would die out unless there was a cordial alliance between writers and players. The attitude of literature towards the Stage was now more friendly than it used to be, and the present condition of the Theatre was more cheering than it was only two years ago. There was a visible improvement in the general character of the theatrical performances in London. He believe that that night there were nine original plays being acted in London — plays not taken from the French, but honest and clever works — and of translations from there French there were but six. That was a change and an improvement upon the state of things two years ago. There was, moreover, unquestionably a certain growing tendency in the public mind to discourage the mere dependence upon artificial Parisian support, and more attention was drawn by those who cared for the Stage to the necessity of endeavouring as far as possible to make the English Stage truly deserving of that name. As to the future he wished to see home-grown plays acted by living actors, as far as possible, and at least these to be supplemented — not by translations from the French, but by drawing on the best literature of our own elder drama. He did not desire that our Theatres should occupy themselves entirely with the representation of the plays of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Beaumont and Fletcher, but that they should encourage to the utmost, and, above all things, the productions of the present day. Managers should take the works of living writers, without asking that they should be absolutely perfect, so long as they were honest work and were marked by some originality — if not sparkling throughout with original genius. Failing such works, they should fall back upon our old romances, but at worst let them not be dependent upon Paris. We could afford to give Shakespeare to the world, and in his age we had the greatest drama of any country in Europe. That did not imply the putting aside of any form of wholesome, ingenious entertainment produced among ourselves, but it did mean absolute independence of Paris. The French Drama was the cork jacket of English Managers and actors, who did not dare to plunge into the water and swim without this cork jacket, which hindered them from properly learning their art. As he had always done before, so now, he objected to the writing of pieces to suit the critical eye of men about town, for it was not from that point of view that the work of the English Stage could ever be carried out. The Stage could never be raised while the opinion prevailed, as it did among some Managers, that the man about town was its chief patron. As in Shakespeare's days, so now, the Stage must look to the whole body of the English people — it must satisfy the simple and uneducated, as well as the wise and educated, and must appeal straight to the common relations of life and go right home to the English heart. He claimed in the future — what to some extent was realised already — that the best actors should take their places as professional men side by side with the best men of any other profession in the country. It was necessary that the profession of an actor should be thoroughly and generally recognised as a worthy one, and that all actors should be educated. For those who neglected to train the mind would in that, as in all other professions, slip behind. Many of the actors and actresses of the present day were already so cultivated that it was a pleasure to meet them, and they were entitled to all respect, being able to hold their own in any society. Still, however, the time had come when a little more direct attention should be paid to their general training, and also to special training for their art. Professor Morley then read a sketch of a proposed Dramatic Institute, to consist of Fellows, members, and annual subscribers, whose payments should constitute the main income, an endowment fund being also provided by public contributions. It was suggested that, without waiting for all that was necessary to secure the working out of the whole scheme, as soon as the donations and subscriptions justified a moderate beginning, the work should begin with the renting of a house large enough to allow the gradual development of the Institute according to some such plan as the following: — The first and chief work should be the formation of an Academy for the training of young actors and actresses upon a plan similar to that adopted for the training of young painters by the Royal Academy. Study in this art school should be free to all young actors and actresses who have shown skill enough to obtain a first engagement at a London Theatre, and to others upon two conditions — (1) that they are really looking to the Stage as a profession; and (2) that they satisfy the Managing Committee with fair evidence of an aptitude for it. The students in the Academy of this Institute should be first thoroughly trained in all technical details of their chosen Profession, under a manager who should be a retired actor of some mark, receiving his salary from the Institute, and provided with rooms in the house. This technical instruction would correspond to the more elementary training — the drawing from the antique — in a fine art school. The advance to higher training in the development of original power, instruction in the subtleties of stage interpretation, applied to the highest forms of dramatic literature, should be given by the great masters of the actor's profession, so that apt learners would be taught by the great actors, as apt learners at the Royal Academy are taught by the great painters who go in turn to give their unpaid help. Several rooms would be needed for this work of teaching; one of them must needs be a large room fitted with a stage. On this stage, used daily in teaching, there should be once in each month a morning performance by the students, open to all Fellows and members, and twice a year there might be a public performance, in some Theatre lent for the occasion; by students of the Academy, to which Fellows, members, and annual subscribers of one guinea should be admitted free, and the public generally upon payment. A dramatic library, with a paid and resident librarian, who might at first act as secretary also, was further suggested, and it was added that scholarships might be founded, tenable at either of the chief London Colleges, for the study of language, literature, and fine art. There might also be travelling studentships for candidates best qualified to profit by the observation of great actors in France, Germany, or Italy. It was thought that a very modest income would enable the work to be really begun. The Professor said that he made those suggestions simply as a basis for discussion, and observed that his lecture would not have been in vain if it led to the formation of an Academy of Art for the English Stage. The result of a thorough professional training would be to put an end to the empirical views and practices which now prevailed in connection with the Stage. He also condemned very strongly the hasty and empirical theatrical criticism of the present day, and said that if the Drama were recognised by the whole of the public as an art a more deliberate criticism would be necessary, and the raising of the criticism would act upon the plays, and that would be another gain for the future. In all the work of the future there should be no interference with the course of art; there should be no dragooning the public to go to this or not to go to that play. He disclaimed any intention of urging a pedantic dealing with the Stage, but did not desire that the Drama should be artificially pampered or forced. The Stage should be allowed to go on as at present. English actors were improving, and would bear favourable comparison with the French actors, of whom too much had been heard. The general average of acting was lower in Paris than in London. He concluded by welcoming the actors in the New Year, and trusted that they would be encouraged, honoured, and helped as far as possible to help themselves.<ref>"The Future of the English Stage." Sunday, 11 January 1880, ''The Era''; Issue 2155: page 3, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===4 January 1880, Sunday=== ==== The Grosvenor Library ==== <blockquote>A new and attractive feature will ere long be added to the already popular Grosvenor Gallery in the shape of a library, established on a most comprehensive plan, and attached to the gallery. A Company is formed, in which Sir Coutts Lindsay, Mr Comyns Carr, Mr Sala, and several well-known names in art and literature act as Directors, and it is proposed to take a lease for thirty years of the block of buildings adjoining the gallery, and to establish there a circulating library on the most extensive scale. This library will be of a high class, not devoted entirely to fiction and light literature, but including all the best works of the day, issued to subscribers as soon as published, and also a large and valuable collection of all the standard works in English literature, so that the subscriber will not only have the privilege of obtaining all new works of interest and value, but will be able readily to refer to the many splendid literary works which have been published in past years, but which can now only be seen at the British Museum and libraries not readily accessible to the public. For three guineas per annum the subscriber will be able to avail himself of the advantages of the library by having six volumes at a time at his own home, but will also be provided at the library with splendid reading rooms and accommodation of every kind, rendering his literary studies as convenient as in his own home. At the Grosvenor Restaurant adjoining the reader can have bodily as well as mental stimulus when required. The combination of picture gallery, library, reading room, and restaurant will, we imagine, by greatly appreciated by the public, for the subscriber of three guineas will in reality have all the advantages of a club in addition to the entertainment of a circulating library. The scheme promises well, and we see no reason why it should not prove a great success. Another feature is worthy of note. There will be always on sale books of the highest class, and surplus works from the library. Amongst the noblemen and gentlemen who support the plan are H. S. H., the Count Gleichen, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, the Earl of Rosslyn, the Earl of Wharncliffe, the Lord Reay, the Lord Lindsay, M.P.; Sir Baldwyn Leighton, Bart., M.P.; Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart.; Robert Browning, Esq., &c.<ref>"The Grosvenor Library." Sunday, 4 January 1880, ''The Era''; Issue 2154: page 3, Col. 1.</ref></blockquote> ===6 January 1880, Tuesday=== "A ball — the first of the kind which has taken place in Brighton — was given on Tuesday night at the Pavilion by the Brighton Jewish Young Men's Association, in aid of the local Jewish board of guardians. It was patronised by Baron de Worms, Sir Benjamin Phillips, and Mr. Reuben Sassoon." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 10, 1880; pg. 38; Issue 2119, Col. B) Twelfth Night at Drury-Lane<blockquote>There was high festival at Drury-lane on Tuesday evening, when "the Twelfth Night King and all his Court" celebrated the annual commemoration of Baddeley's Bequest with an enlargement of the accompanying ceremonies hitherto without precedent in the annals of our time-honoured National Theatre. In preceding years the memorable cake and bowl of punch have been distributed in the Green-room, but Mr Augustus Harris had evidently determined that the first year of his Lesseeship should be marked by a wide extension of the generosity shown by the old comedian originating this friendly gathering on the feast of the Epiphany, and those who were privileged to receive special invitations were gratified by the sight of the entire company connected with the Theatre sharing in the famous legacy of Baddeley, so liberally augmented by the present management. As soon as the curtain had fallen on the prosperous Pantomime of Blue Beard the stage was rapidly brightened by a transformation scene which the most imaginative scenic artist had never dreamed of before. With magical celerity a supper-table appeared, on which were gradually developed cases of champagne, bowls of punch, and Twelfth Cakes of the orthodox size and the rarest richness. ... [Col. 2–3] A pretty and novel notion, connected with the last Drury festival, was liberally and tastefully carried out in the distribution among the guests of Twelfth Night Shakespearian characters; so that besides the partition of the cake a picture memorial might be borne away of the significant event of the evening. The important ceremony of cutting the "Baddeley Cake" was performed by Mr James Fernandez, in his capacity as a Director of the Drury-lane Theatrical Fund, and Mr Charles Harcourt, as the Secretary of that honoured institution, officially superintended the distribution of the contents of the special punch-bowl. When Mr Fernandez had briefly but impressively related the history of the bequest, and proposed the memory of Robert Baddeley, reverentially acknowledged by the guests, Lord William Lennox gave, in a forcible and sympathetic speech, the health of Mr August Harris and the toast of long-continued prosperity to the Theatre now under his management. To this Mr August Harris responded in a few appropriate, neat, and concise sentences, and Mr William Edgecombe Rendle then gracefully alluded to Mr E. L. Blanchard, who for twenty-nine years had provided "Old Drury" with its successive Christmas annuals. That toast, accompanied by the health of Mrs E. L. Blanchard, having been cordially received and acknowledged, similar compliments were paid to the Vokes family, Mr Fred Evans, Mr Paul Valentine, the scenic artists, and others associated with the production of Blue Beard, to whose well-directed skill and talents the Manager bore emphatic testimony. A more genial and gratifying gathering has never, indeed, been assembled within the walls of "Old Drury," and, regarding it as such, all present must have heartily echoed the wish of one of the speakers, that Mr Augustus Harris might go on doing a goodly business at the Theatre throughout the year and many successive seasons, and be only found "doing Baddeley," in this manner, every recurring 6th of January. Among those invited on the occasion were Lord William Lennox, Lord Alfred Paget, Sir George Armytage, Talbot Searl, Charles Harcourt, J. Fernandez, John Knowles, Edgar Bruce, C. Neale, F. C. Burnand, J. Knight, C. Scott, John Edgcumbe Rendle, Captain O. Smith, Dutton Cook, Charles Millward, Hon. Lewis Wingfield, Edward Harrison, Charles Dickens, E. L. Lawson, Reynolds, Henry Sampson, E. L. Blanchard, E. J. Dunphie, W. Mackay, G. R. Sims, G. Ross, G. Manville Fenn, H. Paulton, Miss Jennie Lee, Miss Emma Chambers, D'Albertson, Reeves Smith, Mrs Nye Chart, Charles Warner, G. W. Moore, F. Burgess, Mrs Harris, Miss Nellie Harris, G. Hurward, F. B. Rendle, D. Anderson, W. Terriss, Major Hughes Hallett, Edward Ledger, and the members of the company as follows: — Mr and Mrs Fred. Vokes, Miss Victoria Vokes, Miss Jessie Vokes, Mr Fawdon Vokes, Miss Bessie Sansom, Mdlle. Palladino, Miss Bertie Ripley, Miss Cora de Lisle, Miss West, Miss Maxwell, Messrs F. Law, Fred. Evans, W. Simpson, Fielding, Ridley, Cullen; Augustus Harris, Lessee and Manager; W. Edgcumbe Randle, Treasurer; Mr Guiver, Acting-Manager; Mr Stirling, Stage-Manager; Mr Cleaver, Sub-Treasurer; Mr Tucker, Machinist; Mr Grantham, Prompter. There were also the members of the ballet and chorus, the property men, the stage carpenters, the dressers, &c. All partook of the cake and wine alike without distinction.<ref>"Twelfth Night at Drury-Lane." Sunday, 11 January 1880, ''The Era''; Issue 2155: page 6, Col. 2–3.</ref></blockquote> ===7 January 1880, Wednesday=== In his column "What the World Says" in ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women'', Edmund Yates writes, "In the advertisement of a fancy-ball I see it is notified, 'Zulus, clowns, and pantaloons not admitted.' This, I am sure, will be gratifying intelligence to the late Lord Mayor."<ref>Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women'', 7 January 1880, p. 10.</ref> ===8 January 1880, Thursday=== Not sure if the date should be Thursday the 8th or the 15th. ==== Fancy Dress Ball at Richmond ==== <blockquote>On Thursday last week a fancy dress and calico ball, the financial object of which was to benefit the funds of the Richmond Cricket Club, was given at the Star and Garter Hotel, Richmond, under the patronage of their Royal Highnesses the Duke of Cambridge and the Duke and Duchess of Teck. The gathering was a complete success, nearly three hundred persons assembling in the handsome ball-room, which was tastefully decorated with plants and flowers, the endless variety of the costumes adding brilliancy to the scene. The following characters are represented in our engraving: — Madame Favert, Miss W. Midwood; Ace of Clubs ("Alice in Wonderland"), Mr. G. F. Welsford; Postilion de Longjumeau, Mr. Claremont; Corisande's Garden (red-brick wall with flowers, sunflower in pot for head-dress), Miss Lucy Fuller; Cook, ''chef'', [Col. 2–3] Mr. W. Northcott; Roundhead, Mr. F. B. Shadwell, hon sec.; Dress from Crane's "Beauty and the Beast," Mrs. F. B. Shadwell; Court Jester, Mr. A. J. Nicholson; Serpolette (from ''Cloches de Corneville''); Court Dress ''temp''. George II., Mrs. A. S. Duncan; Last of the Mohicans, Mr. A. Joseph; Jeanie Deans, Mrs. Robertson; Sister of Mercy, Mrs. C. A. Waler; Indian Horseman, Mr. Baillie; Peasant of Auvergne, Miss M. L. Gurney; Masaniello, Mr. Clarence West; Incroyable (French Republic), Mr. G. C. Vertue; Chinese Merchant of Foochoo, Mr J. Hodgkin; A Golden Butterfly, Miss F. L. Fuller; Little Red Riding Hood, Miss Northcott; Lady Simpleton Simon, Miss Olivia. All the dresses were remarkably handsome, and many of them were supplied by Mr. B. Simmons, of King Street, Covent Garden, and Messrs. Simmons and Son, off Tavistock Street.<ref>"Fancy Dress Ball at Richmond." ''The Graphic'', Vol. XXI, No. 527 (Saturday, 17 January 1880): page 59, Cols. 2–3.</ref></blockquote> ===10 January 1880, Saturday=== St. Albans lecture. In his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates says, "The statement of a contemporary that the Viscountess Grimston is laid up with measles is quite erroneous. She was present on Saturday night, looking the picture of health, at Mr. Forbes’s St. Albans lecture, where her husband took the chair; and she had driven the three miles from Gorhambury on one of the foulest nights of this abominable season." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 14 January 1880, p. 9.) ===12 January 1880, Monday=== The Prince of Wales at Hughenden<blockquote>On Monday his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales paid a visit to the Earl of Beaconsfield at Hughenden Manor. Travelling by [59, Col. 3 – 62, Col 1] railway to High Wycombe, his Royal Highness was received by Mr. Montagu Corry, the Premier's private secretary, in the booking office, which, although the visit was not a public one, was decorated for the occasion. A few privileged spectators were admitted to the platform, and in the station yard a large crowd, and cheered the Prince as he got into the carriage and drove away towards Hughenden Manor, where he dined with Lord Beaconsfield that evening, and remained his guest until the afternoon of the next day, when he returned to town. The other guests at Hughenden during the Prince's stay were the Marquis of Salisbury, Lord Rosslyn, Sir W. Hart-Dyke, M.P., and Mr. Bernal Osborne. Colonel Teesdale was also there in attendance upon the Prince. Respecting our engraving of Lord Beaconsfield's drawing-room, which is from one of a series of beautifully executed photographs by J. P. Starling, 3, Oxford Street, High Wycombe, it is only needful to call attention to the magnificence of the furniture and decorations; and to note that the portrait over the mantelpiece is that of the late Lady Beaconsfield, while that of the Queen, which hangs on the right, is the one presented by Her Majesty to Lord Beaconsfield on his seventieth birthday.<ref>"The Prince of Wales at Hughenden." ''The Graphic'', Vol. XXI, No. 527 (Saturday, 17 January 1880): 59, Col. 3 – 62, Col. 1. (Two pages of illustrations intervening.)</ref></blockquote> ===13 January 1880, Tuesday=== ==== Zulu Young Women at the Alhambra Theatre ==== (Though possibly it occurred on the 6th instead?). In his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes,<blockquote>I looked in at the Alhambra on Tuesday night to see an act or two of ''Rothomago''. The spectacle proceeded as usual, but I could not account for the fact that many of my neighbours in the stalls kept turning round and gazing at some interesting object in the private boxes. At last I turned round too to see what it was. The mystery was soon explained. In one of the boxes were three real Zulu ladies, who had been brought there by their English importers to see a French fóerie. I had heard of the arrival of these strange visitors, and knew that I should soon have an opportunity of meeting them at the Aquarium, where Captain Hobson has arranged for their appearance; but it struck me as being far more interesting to observe them amid such novel surroundings as they were then among, and I could not help devoting a good deal of my attention and my opera-glasses to them. I have said they were three in number. They were young girls, apparently not more than about fifteen, with round good-natured faces, very flat noses, but not particularly thick lips. They were evidently not of equal rank, the one in the centre being the chief. She wore a gold fillet round her head, heavy gold chains upon her neck, and a gold bracelet about two inches and a half deep upon her arm. She was much darker in colour than her companions, who were of a fine rich copper hue. She had a splendid row of teeth, which glistened as she smiled in admiration at the spectacle on the stage. The other two had not much on in the way of jewelry, contenting themselves with smaller bracelets and less brilliant necklets. As to the attire of these ladies – well, if being somewhat undressed is to be fashionable, they were very much in the fashion indeed. The dusky beauty in the centre would have run some habituées of West-end ballrooms very close in the races for ''décolletéeism''. As far as I could see, her only garment was a robe of rich texture hung over the left shoulder, and looped under the right arm in classical style. Even this slight protection would keep slipping off altogether; and as often as the lady’s torso was left bare to the gaze, so often was it carefully covered up by a watchful gentleman in the rear. The maiden on her left had a shawl, which she did not use much, preferring to sit with her arms, which were perfectly free and uncovered, resting on the sill of the box. Her other garment appeared to be a cloth bound round her waist rather lower down than a lady’s evening corsage usually commences. She was perfectly innocent of anything in the shape of sleeves, and had a pleasant habit of spitting on the floor. Between the acts the ladies took wine, merrily clinking their glasses one against the other; and the performance appeared to please them immensely, as they remained up to the end. The interest which these visitors excited among the audience bade fair at one time to eclipse the attractions of the stage. After the second act the occupants of all the seats that commanded a view of the box rose up and turned round, levelling a hot fire of lorgnettes at the Zulu maidens. Some ladies in adjacent boxes nearly fell out into the pit in their endeavours to catch a glimpse of their coffee-coloured sisters; and when they at length went away, the passage was mobbed in correct English style by a genteel crowd.<ref>Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women'', 14 January 1880, p. 11, col. 1.</ref></blockquote> ==== A Dramatic Academy ==== <blockquote>In response to a circular issued by Professor Morley and Mr H. J. Byron, a number of actors and other gentlemen interested in the Drama met on Tuesday afternoon at the proposed premises, 307, Regent-street, to consider the feasibility of instituting a Royal Dramatic Academy. Professor MORLEY was called to the chair, and, in a short introductory speech, he said that they had met to consider the advisability of founding a Dramatic Academy, the governing body of which should be an incorporation of the whole Profession. He added that other professions, such as architects and civil engineers, were incorporated, and derived both pecuniary and social benefit from it. Out of the incorporated body would spring an Academy, for the corporation would aid this Academy in getting subscriptions, and he believed the two would be of immense benefit to the Profession. Mr HARE spoke in response to a general request to hear his views, and said that in stirring in the matter he was actuated by a pure love for his Profession. He went on to allude to the difficulties in the way of learning the Dramatic Art, and the good an Academy would do in the way of teaching novices and actors. He advocated, however, a scheme on a larger and wider basis, and warmly repudiated the idea of asking for any outside help, holding that the Profession was quite able to support such an Institution without it. If put on a proper basis they could go to the Crown, and ultimately get a charter, and he urged the making of a more extensive appeal to the Profession generally. After Messrs Neville and Byron had spoken, the former objecting to the word Academy, Mr COMYNS CARR pointed out that all academies had begun in other arts by founding schools, and that as that was the essence of the scheme the name was an appropriate one. Mr HERMANN VEZIN thought that each Theatre should establish a school of its own, and Mr ARTHUR CECIL said much the same idea had occurred to him, and that it would be a good thing if certain novices were attached to each Theatre who would have an opportunity of attending the rehearsals and understudying the various parts in each piece that was played. After a considerable amount of desultory discussion, two motions were ultimately carried, the first, moved by Mr CHARLES HARCOURT and seconded by Mr EDWARD TERRY, affirming the desirability of establishing a National Dramatic Academy, and the second nominating a Committee consisting of Messrs Hare, Ryder, Byron, Vezin, and Neville, with power to add to their number, who should draw up a scheme embodied in a series of resolutions to be submitted to the Profession at as early a date as convenient. Mr. Hare offered the use of the foyer of the St. James's Theatre fo [sic] their meetings. Letters were read from Messrs Irving and F. C. Burnand, who were unable to be present, and from Messrs Charles Reade, Bancroft, Albery, Brough, A. Swanborough, Miss Litto, and Mr and Mrs Wilson Barrett wishing success to the scheme; and the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to Professor Morley, who had so kindly taken the chair. Among those present were Messrs Charles Harcourt, Henry Morley, H. J. Byron, H. Savile Clarke, Hermann Vezin, Thomas Swinbourne, John Hare, Arthur Cecil, J. W. Comyns Carr, Carlo Pettigrew, A. W. Dubourg, W. H. Kendal, John Ryder, Arthur Stirling, Edward Terry, James Fernandez, G. W. Anson, Henry G. Neville, and W. G. Wills.<ref>"A Dramatic Academy." Sunday, 18 January 1880, ''The Era''; Issue 2155: page 5, Col. c.</ref></blockquote> ==== The Future of Dramatic Art ==== <blockquote>In a lecture recently delivered Mr. John Morley put forth some excellent propositions in regard to the training of actors which are well worthy the consideration of all who are interested in theatrical art. We have only to look at the raw materials of which so large a portion of our metropolitan companies is composed to perceive the necessity of some kind of training school where aspirants may learn how to use their arms and legs with ease, and deliver their lines with appropriate emotion and emphasis. Such an institution has been needed these hundred years, but never so greatly as at the present time, when all the old conditions under which the actor learned his art have almost ceased to exist. Formerly he passed a novitiate of several years in provincial theatres, from which he had to show very excellent credentials before he could even hope for an opening in London. Now the case is reversed, he usually treats the London public to his lisping efforts, and goes into the country to acquire experience. It is doubtful, however, whether the old system would work at all in the exposition of the modern drama; its principal merit was that by constant and careful repetition of certain characters, and types of characters, of legitimate tragedy and comedy, performed both in town and country, the actor when he made his debût before a London audience, which he did in one of these well-known parts, was enabled to present a study upon which he had been engaged for years, every point of which had been well considered, tested, and tried by the judgment of many audiences, and corrected, improved, and enlarged upon in every iteration. But when a new performer, as he invariably does now, has to appear in a a brand new part in a brand new piece, he loses many of the advantages which experience gives him. Again, provincial acting and London acting are of two distinct styles, and there is nothing that the metropolitan manager has so great a horror of as the old actor, the man who knows everything, or believes he does, and is too conceited to be taught. The late T. W. Robertson is accredited with saying, "I don't want actors, I want people who will do what I tell tem to do," and his creed has been adopted by more than one London Manager. The actor who has passed some years in country theatres is almost invariably stagey, technically he is thoroughly up in his business, but he has so long been obliged to accommodate himself to the tastes of audiences who do not believe that a man or a woman in a play should either speak, look, walk, or move like a natural being, that he can never wholly divest himself of a taste of the mouthing and the strutting which pleased his former patrons, and which at once stamps him with that damnatory adjective "provincial." "We want freshness, we want men who can talk and look like gentlemen," is the general cry of authors and managers, and for the absence of conventionality they are ready to overlook any other shortcomings. And to a certain extent they are right. Conventionalism is the bête noir of the age, and is being rapidly exploded in art, as well as in manners, and the theatrical manager has to study the fluctuations of public taste, for "those who live to please must please to live." But a good reform may be carried to excess. Let us have gentlemen upon the stage by all means, the more and the higher their social position the better, but men and women can no more be born actors and actresses than they can painters or authors, and the immature efforts of the one are not more grateful to the public than would be the elementary daubs or crude lucubrations of the other. If acting be an art, and those who hold a contrary opinion are not worthy of argument, then it must be acquired like every other art by labour and long practice, and it is certainly exacting too much from a tolerant (or indifferent?) public to make them pay from one shilling to half-a-guinea to watch the flounderings and blunderings of novices experimenting upon their own abilities, a very delightful occupation to them, no doubt, and probably to a few enthusiastic friends, but somewhat dreary to playgoers in general. As the old provincial training, even were it now attainable, which it is not, has become obsolete, and as training of some kind is absolutely necessary unless the drama is to degenerate into a mere amateur amusement, it is highly necessary that there should be established a seminary wherein the elementary and technical principles of the art should be taught, as painting and music are taught in the academies instituted for those purposes. But to whom are we to look to give substantial form to these proposals? Certainly not to the British Government, which, of whatever party, when art is concerned, is worthy only of the proverbial Boeotia. And the prospect is little better when we turn towards the heads of the profession. The successful in all callings are almost invariably selfish and conservative, and have a great mistrust of interfering with the state of things which has carried them to fortune, which will last their time, and if it does not they will be able to retire from the revolution with well-filled pockets; enthusiasm and energy are to be found only among struggling and rising ambitions, men who have little influence, who have everything to gain and little or nothing to lose, but who, alas, loudly as they protest against the selfish inertia of those who have reached the goal, would become as mildly contented and as demure in their ideas as the rest if Fortune began to smile upon them. Indeed, the broad interests of art would scarcely be advanced, and might be even damaged, by such training schools being under the absolute domination of theatrical managers, unless the latter could be limited to the few who really have the higher interests of their profession at heart; and even then there would be rivalry and cliquism and clashing of opinions, for after all managers, the most enlightened, are but men, and business men, with a warmer affection for their own interests than for those of their neighbours. Each would endeavour to secure the best talent and mould it to his own ideas; thus a good embryo Shakesperian actor might be won over to the side of naturalistic comedy for which far inferior abilities would suffice. But surely there is a sufficient number of lovers of the dramatic art with wealth and inclination to start an institution of of the kind proposed, who by judiciously blending in its government literary, amateur, and professional elements, might secure it from the dangers of selfishness, and render it an art school in the highest and truest sense of the word. Nor would the advantage of such a movement be limited to the production of superior artistes. Whatever opinions we may hold upon the decline of the drama, there is one fact not to be disputed, which is that the taste for theatrical amusements is stronger and more widely spread than it has been at any period of our history since the time of Shakespeare; indeed, it is not too much to say that no species of entertainment has any chance of success in the present day unless the dramatic element, directly or indirectly, enters into its composition. The old prejudices are rapidly disappearing even from among the more rigid dissenting bodies, and it is rare to meet with any man, on the sunny side of middle age, who objects to a wholesome theatre. Much of this change in opinion is undoubtedly to be traced to the influence of such pure and admirably managed establishments as the Prince of Wales's, the Lyceum, and the Court, and to the decided improvement, with one or two exceptions that shall be nameless, in the class of entertainments provided by the theatres all round during the last ten years; but much is still required to be done to direct public taste from the degrading to the elevating, and there is no art so potent as the dramatic for good or ill. A higher histrionic training would naturally raise the standard of dramatic composition, and render the revival of the masterpieces of our elder drama no longer a doubtful experiment. Those theatres at which the collegians performed would be almost exclusively patronised by the intellectual playgoers, and the general public would be almost equally attracted by the force of fashion. The writer of this article would not have it understood that he expects a theatrical Utopia or Millennium from which all evils and mistakes [118A / 118B] are to be for ever banished; bad plays and bad actors, and playhouses that are a disgrace to civilisation, will endure as long as the stage exists, and an actors' academy would be no more exempt from failures and shortcomings than any other, but that it would work an enormous improvement in the theatrical world is past doubts, and that it is yearly becoming a greater necessity is generally acknowledged on all sides.<ref>Baker, H. Barton. "The Future of Dramatic Art." ''The Graphic'', Vol. XXI, No. 527 (Saturday, 31 January 1880): page 118, Cols. 1–2.</ref></blockquote> === 14 January 1880, Wednesday=== '''Some time before Wednesday, 14 January 1880''': In his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Panshanger and Hatfield have vied with each other this year in the two great functions which they have each given to the county of Hertfordshire. Those who were at both give the palm to Lady Cowper’s ball, so far as the dancing element was concerned. There is not a finer room in England for a dance than the glorious picture-gallery at Panshanger. At Hatfield the dancing had to be in two rooms; and one, the gallery, is somewhat narrow, while the other is comparatively small. Still the latter was a magnificent gathering, and embraced a far wider circle than that of Panshanger, there being a special train for the notables from London. The grounds outside the house were illuminated with the electric light, and the effect was very brilliant, as it lit up to perfection the grand outlines of the Elizabethan edifice, besides allowing the carriages to put down and take up with the same ease and safety as if in broad daylight. It was fairyland, and the house really looked like an enchanted palace, such as a Doré might conjure up when in his best vein. Nor, indeed, was the scene inside scarcely less striking. The long cloisters by which one entered were beautifully decorated and lit up; and another unique feature was the chapel, to which entrance was freely allowed. This chapel, with its pictures and other gems of art, arranged in their antique setting – a legacy of Indigo Jones – was alone worth taking the special train for." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 14 January 1880, p. 11, col. b.) '''Between 14 and 21 January 1880''': The wedding of the Bishop of Manchester, the source of a great deal of gossip, apparently, seems to have taken place between 14 and 21 January 1880. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "The reports of the Bishop of Manchester’s wedding generally contradict each other regarding the details which are of most interest on such occasions. What the bride really wore was a dress of pale French gray satin, trimmed as plainly as possible with the same fabric, and a long tulle veil. The Bishop was dressed in his usual every-day costume. There were no bridesmaids, of course, and only two ladies, Mrs. Welch and Miss F. M. Cardwell, in attendance on the bride. Mr. H. T. Welch, a Westmoreland J.P., gave the bride away, and he, Mr. F. M. Cardwell, and Mr. Hugh Pearson signed the register as witnesses. Miss Duncan was married from Mr. E. H. Cardwell’s house in Cromwell-place, where the wedding-breakfast was held. The ceremony was of so plain a character that it attracted few people to the church, though it become known in the neighbourhood in the course of the morning what was to take place. A much more stylish and showy wedding which followed seems to have been generally mistaken for the Bishop’s, and it was consummated in the presence of a large number of spectators. [paragraph] Dean Stanley's voice was frequently broken with emotion while he was performing the ceremony; and his entry in the marriage-register, 'Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster,' is in an unmistakably agitated hand. The bridegroom is described in the register as 'James Fraser, full age, bachelor, Lord Bishop of Manchester, resident at Manchester;' and the bride as 'Agnes Ellen Frances Duncan, full age, spinster, residing at Weston, Bath, daughter of John Shute Duncan, Esq.'" (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) Yates had written about the upcoming wedding and the rumors surrounding it in earlier columns. === 15 January 1880, Thursday=== "The first of two balls to be given by the Lady Mayoress took place on Thursday. As of late years the juvenile balls at the Mansion House have been inconveniently crowded, two are to be given this month. The first is a calico Ball limited to "children between the ages of seven and fifteen, with their parents;" the second, a fancy-dress ball on Jan. 29, will be given to "young people above fifteen, unaccompanied by their parents."" (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 17, 1880; pg. 59; Issue 2120, Col. A) Also on 15 January 1880: "The marriage of the Right Rev. James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester, and Miss Agnes Ellen Frances Duncan, daughter of the late Mr. John Shute Duncan, of Weston, Bath, was solemnised, by special license, on the 15th inst., [Col A/B] at St. Peter's Church, Cranley-gardens. The Bishop was attended by his Chaplain, the Rev. Hugh Pearson, Canon of Windsor, Rural Dean, and Vicar of Sonning, Berks; and the bridesmaid was Miss Frances Margaret Cardwell. The bride wore a dress of pale French grey satin, plainly trimmed with the same fabric, and bonnet of the same, from which depended a large tulle veil. The Dean of Westminster performed the ceremony, the bride being given away by her cousin, Mr. Welch. After the breakfast at Mr. Cardwell's residence in Cromwell-place, South Kensington, the Bishop and his bride left for Devonshire for the honeymoon." (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 75; Issue 2121, Cols. A-B) ===16 January 1880, Friday=== "Wolverhampton Masonic Ball. — This annual event was held in the Agricultural Hall on the evening of the 16th inst. The room was beautifully decorated, and the band of the Coldstream Guards occupied the orchestra. There was a large and influential attendance." (Sunday, 25 January 1880, The Era; Issue 2157: page 3, Col. C.) <quote>The Urban Club.</title> The Boar's Head Fest of this well-known social and literary fraternity was celebrated on the evening of the 16th, in the new resort of the Club, Ashley's Hotel, Maiden-lane, Covent-garden. Mr Henry Graves took the post of honour, having for Vice-Chairman Dr. Charles Lemprière, of St. John's, Oxford, the latter gentleman contributing the noble boar's head forming the centrepiece of the cross table. Among the members present were Dr. Zerffi. Dr. Phene, Dr. J. E. Carpenter, Dr. Temple, Dr. Greatrex, Messrs. R. Gowing, T. Catling, G. Forbes, Batten, George E. Fairchild, R. Manual, W. H. Butterfield, G. J. Dawson, Ernest Walcot, H. Hallam, J. E. Soden, H. G. Glindoni, Somers Vine, A. E. Gradelle, Bassett Keeling, W. E. Haycock, R. H. Edgar, A. Bouchette, Herbert Wright, F. Keddell, R. P Spice, Clarke, Oliver, Edward Deanes, Norman, C. J. Druery, Robinson, Lavender, Wood, Proffitt, Lehmeyer, J. D. Loverdo, Lucas, Montague, and W. E. Church, Hon. Sec. There was a large attendance of guests. The toasts included "The Queen," "The Urban Club," "indred Club," "Our Guests," "The Chairman," "The Vice-Chairman" and "The Troubadours of the Club." Mr Bronson Howard and Mr Wallis Mackay responded for "Kindred Clubs," while Major Stewart and Mr Hermann Vezin returned thanks for the visitors, the last-named gentleman meeting with an enthusiastic reception. The health of Mr Graves was proposed in humorous and eloquent words by Dr. Zerffi. There was a varied programme of song and recital, and the whole proceedings were of the most enjoyable character. The banquet, served by Mr Michell, gave unqualified satisfaction. "A Record of the Urban Club and its Old Home at St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell," has been prepared by Mr J. R. Somers Vince and the Honorary Secretary, Mr W. E. Church, who have fulfilled what has evidently been a a labour of love in a manner entitling them to the thanks of all interested in "The Urban" and its doings. Following a most interesting sketch of the Club comes a report of the post-prandial proceedings on the occasion of the twenty-first anniversary dinner — the last time of meeting in the old home. The little work, which is capitally got up, is embellished with several illustrations of "The Gate."</quote> (Sunday, 25 January 1880, The Era; Issue 2157: page 8, Col. A.) === 17 January 1880, Saturday=== "Over a thousand of the unemployed workmen in London held a meeting in Hyde Park last Saturday, at which it was stated that there were many thousands of respectable men at the present moment in the metropolis who were unable to obtain work. In the building trade alone there were, it was said, 30,000 men out of employment. It was made a subject of much complaint that the public bodies were not proceeding with the works of utility already decided upon, thus at the same time providing work and economising the ratepayers' money." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. B) Also on Saturday: "An especial Grand Lodge of Freemasons was held last Saturday at Freemason's Hall for the appointment and investiture of a Grand Secretary. The choice is in the gift of the Prince of Wales, the Grand Master, and it fell upon Lieutenant-Colonel Shadwell H. Clerke, one of the Past Grand Deacons, who was duly invested by his Royal Highness." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. A) Also on Saturday, January 1880: From the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge: "17<ital>th</ital>. — Dinner at home — Bartie, Princess Louise, Frederica, Mary, Francis, Lady Mandeville, Mrs. Iznaga, Standishes, Leiningen, Beaconsfield, Hicks Beach, Bernal Osborne, Milkmay and self. The dinner was given to Louise, who leaves for Canada on Thursday next." (Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Lie, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ) ===18 January 1880, Sunday=== '''Sometime this week''': In his column "What the World Says" in the 28 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "I visited the Surrey Theatre last week, and was surprised to see so many well-known faces in the boxes and stalls. Certainly the pantomime deserves the patronage it gets. Miss Topsy Venn, the old Strand favourite, and little Daisy Ramsden, both sing and dance well. Mr. James Fawn, was the Widow Mustapha, is one of the few English actors who can be amusing in women's clothes without being offensive. Large boards, announcing 'squeezing room only,' were placed at the entrances when I left." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 28 January 1880, p. 12.) "Globe Theatre. — The Prince of Wales and the Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne) went to this Theatre last Monday evening to hear Les Cloches de Corneville." (Sunday, 25 January 1880, The Era; Issue 2157: page 4, Col. D.) ===19 January 1880, Monday=== Snow storm that brought at least part of the country to a halt. Lady Knightley writes about it in her journal. She and Sir Knightley are in Fawsley, out of London: "A memorable day, seeing that we are pretty well snowed up. No post came in or went out. Val started to drive to Daventry, but could not get past the Badby gate and finally walked in, and returned this afternoon to report a total block between Weedon and Daventry. No trains have passed since midnight. An ineffectual attempt was made to convey bread to the soldiers at Weedon, and several sheep had to be dug out in the park. Our only communication with the outer world was a telegram from Mr. Laurie, advising Harry to put off his shooting party at Firle to-morrow, saying, ‘All the railways are blocked. It has snowed all day, and now the moon is shining and the thermometer is down again at 20" (Cartwright 344-45). After the Saturday "meeting" in Hyde Park: "At a subsequent interview of the leaders of the meeting with the Lord Mayor, his Lordship promised to use his influence with the City Corporation to find the men some employment. He, however, promised those who had come in the procession a quantity of meat which was at his disposal, if they would apply at the Mansion House on Monday, and "could satisfy him or the police authorities that they were really peaceful, sober, and industrious men and that their poverty was brought about by circumstances over which they had no control." In response to this invitation, several hundred men applied at the Mansion House on Monday for relief. As each came up he was asked questions as to what had been the nature of his employment and for whom he had worked, and by this means the bonâ fide unemployed were ascertained. On being passed, each applicant received a printed ticket entitling him to a 2lb. can of meat." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. B) ===20 January 1880, Tuesday=== The same snowstorm still dominated England and Sir and Lady Knightley writes are still pretty snowed in. She says the papers are full of "this fearful snowstorm, which seems to have raged over the whole kingdom" (Cartwright 345). '''Tuesday, 20 January 1880''', though it might be the week before?: In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "A Juvenile Fancy-Dress Ball will be given in the wards of Bethlem Hospital on Friday evening next. Dancing at seven, carriages at ten." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) Following up again from the Saturday and Monday events between the Lord Mayor and unemployed men: "On Tuesday a great crowd of unemployed men again went to [Col B/C] the Mansion House in the anticipation of getting orders for food, which, by a stretch of imagination, their leaders had represented the Lord Mayor as having promised them. All that could be done was to dispose of the few remaining tins of American corned beef, with which the Lord Mayor had been presented. These relieved momentarily the more necessitous cases; the others had to be refused." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. B) "Lady Lindsay's Reception": <quote>The Prince and Princess of Wales attended an evening party given by Sir Coutts and Lady Lindsay at the Grosvenor Gallery on Tuesday last. The Princess Frederica of Hanover, the Princess Louise, the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Leopold were also present. Among the guests were the the following:—[new paragraph] Lady Sophia Macnamara, Captain Arthur Collins, Dr. Royle, General Sir Dighton Probyn, Colonel Teesdale, Colonel A. Ellis, Miss Knollys, his Excellency the German Ambassador and the Countess Marie Münster, his Excellency the Turkish Ambassador and Madlle. Musurus, his Excellency the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Baron de Brincken, Count and Countes Xavier de Florian, the Countess of Norbury and Lady Elizabeth Toler, Earl and Countess De-La-Warr, Viscount de Vesci, Viscount Hinchingbroke, M.P., Viscount and Viscountess Bury and Hon. Miss Keppel, Lord and Lady Arthur Russell, Lady Dorothy Nevill, Lady Harcourt and Miss Motley, Lady Slade, Lord and Lady William Lennox, Lord Houghton, Lord Dorchester, Lady A. Churchill and Miss Cathcart, Colonel Hon. William Colville, Hon. Alexander Yorke, Admiral Hon. Francis Egerton, M.P., Hon. Major and Mrs. Bourke, the Right Hon. Charles P. Villiers, M.P., Hon. Lyulph Stanley and Hon. Miss Stanley, Hon. Misses Henniker (2), Sir Heron and Lady Maxwell and Miss Heron Maxwell, Sir George Dasent, General Sir Frederick Hamilton, Sir Charles Du Cane, Sir Julius and Lady Benedict, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Henry Rawlinson, General Sir Daniel and Lady Lysons, Sir Baldwyn Leighton, M.P., and Hon. Lady Leighton, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Mr. and Lady Harriet Lindsay, Mr. Lady Clementina Mitford, Captain and Lady Blanche Hozier, Colonel Mackenzie Fraser, Colonel Charles Lindsay, Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Loyd-Lindsay, Colonel M'Neill, Colonel and Mrs. Labalmondière, Colonel Farquharson, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke, Mr. A. Swanston, M.P., Mr. W. B. Beaumont, M.P., Mr. Borthwick, Mr. and Miss Bowman and Miss Kemp, Mr. and Mrs. Hussey, Mr. and Mrs. J. Comyns Carr. Mr. C. E. Hallé, Mrs. and Miss Ronalds, Mr. Richmond, Mr. and Mrs. Holman Hunt, Mr. and Miss Browning, Mr. and Mrs. Spottiswoode, Mr. Fagan, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, Mr. Reed, Mr. and Madame Sainton-Dolby, Mr. Becker, Mr. Edward Carr. M. Legros, Mr. and Mrs. William Russell, Mr. F. Dicey, Misses Duff-Gordon (2), Mr. W. Hardinge, Mr. Tennant, Mr. Myers, Mr. Graham, Mr. and Miss Seymour Hayden, Mrs. Hamilton Lindsay and Misses Macdonald (2), Miss Hallé, Mrs. and Miss Smyth, Mrs. George Mildmay, Mrs. Baring, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Mackenzie, Mr. Macbeth, Mr. and Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. and Miss Bischoffsheim, Mrs. Gurney and Misses Worthley (2), Mr. and Mrs. Walter Severn, Mr. Walter Crain, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Miss Lowe, Mr. and Mrs. G. Smith, Mr. Angle, Mr. Julian Sturgis, Mr. Ralli, M.P., and Miss Ralli, Mrs. Gillatt, Mr. Ralph Dalyell, Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mr. and Mrs. John Collier, Mr. and Mrs. Marsh, Mr. and Mrs. Poynter, Mrs. Brookfield and Mr. Brookfield, Mr. Dickenson, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Yates, Mr. Oscar Wylde, Mr. Dasent, Mr. Alfred Slade, Mr. Hayward, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, Mrs. and Miss Milbanke, Mr. and Mrs. Tom Hughes, Mr. Augustus S. Sumley, Mr. and Mrs. Hare, Mr. and Mrs. Knowles, Mr. G. Farquhar, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Clifford, Mr. and Mrs. Ganz, Mr. Sidney Colville, Mr. and Mrs. Richmond Richie, Mrs. Granville Ryder, Mr. Dudley Ryder, Mr. Bancroft, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Hitchens, Mr. James, Mr. Arthur Blount, Mr. and Mrs. Grimston.</quote> <cite>The Troubador, 28 Jan. 1880, p. 49. Google Books.</cite> ===21 January 1880, Wednesday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "The Essex County Ball at Chelmsford last Tuesday was hardly the brilliant success which it has been on some former occasions. The subscription has been lowered, and as in these days all select things are costly, the result has hardly been satisfactory. Lord Eustace Cecil, M.P., the Surveyor-General of Ordnance, was there, with Lady Eustace. Lord Byron – who, in right of his mother, in half an Essex man – was also there; but Sir Brydges Henniker, whose seat is barely ten miles from the county-town, was presumably satisfied with receiving by letter the congratulations of his friends upon his appointment to Somerset House; for he did not put in an appearance. It would be such a very delicate matter, you know, to receive personal congratulations under the circumstances. [paragraph] It was rather curious, at his ball, to see Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil come with the party of a member of the firm of Treman, Hanbury, Boxton, & Co.; and it was even more curious to see Lord Byron included in the party of a local auctioneer. Unless I am much mistaken, this eminent brewer lives in the house in which Truthful Henry was born. At any rate, it was for many years the abiding-place of Henry’s father and grand-father." [line divides in "grand-father"] (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. a.) <quote>COURT THEATRE. — Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke Edinburgh, the Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne), and the Duke and Duchess of Connaught honoured this Theatre with their presence last Wednesday evening.</quote> (Sunday, 25 January 1880, The Era; Issue 2157: page 7, Col. D.). === 22 January 1880, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 28 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Sandown Park was the scene of festivities on Thursday and Friday nights, the committee having lent their luncheon-pavilion for some theatricals got up on behalf of the Esher Cricket Club. ... The performances consisted of Our Bitterest Foe, Tears, and Poor Pillicoddy, and the company was composed of the popular Carlos-Clarke family, with the leading amateur 'stars,' Messrs. Gooch, Spalding, and Quintin Twiss, whose performances are too well known to call for notice. The ladies all filled their róles most creditably; Miss Jessie Clarke showing a great deal of feeling as Blance d'Evran, and a high sense of honour as Sarah Blunt; whilst her sister, Miss Alice, very cleverly taught the value of 'tears' in subduing the masculine heart. The room was crowded each night by a most enthusiastic audience." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 28 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) === 23 January 1880, Friday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "A Juvenile Fancy-Dress Ball will be given in the wards of Bethlem Hospital on Friday evening next. Dancing at seven, carriages at ten." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b.) '''Friday, 23 January 1880''': In his column "What the World Says" in the 28 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following: "Sandown Park was the scene of festivities on Thursday and Friday nights, the committee having lent their luncheon-pavillion for some theatricals got up on behalf of the Esher Cricket Club. Prince Leopold, with his guests the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and a large party from Claremont, were present the second night. The performances consisted of Our Bitterest Foe, Tears, and Poor Pillicoddy, and the company was composed of the popular Carlos-Clarke family, with the leading amateur 'stars,' Messrs. Gooch, Spalding, and Quintin Twiss, whose performances are too well known to call for notice. The ladies all filled their róles most creditably; Miss Jessie Clarke showing a great deal of feeling as Blance d'Evran, and a high sense of honour as Sarah Blunt; whilst her sister, Miss Alice, very cleverly taught the value of 'tears' in subduing the masculine heart. The room was crowded each night by a most enthusiastic audience." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 28 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) === 27 January 1880, Tuesday=== "The Lady Mayoress (Lady Truscott) began her receptions at the Mansion House on Tuesday afternoon, and will continue them on the first and third Tuesdays in each succeeding month, from three o'clock until five." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. A) Not positive of date, but on 7 February 1880, in "Fine Arts," the ''ILN'' says this: "A terrible incident occurred at the council-table of the Royal Academy on Tuesday of last week. We allude to the sudden death in the very prime of life of the eminent and amiable architect Mr. Edward Middleton Barry, which took place from an apoplectic seizure, complicated by weakness of the heart, while he was discussing Academic business. The death was almost instantaneous, the deceased turning as he uttered his last words to fall on the shoulder of Mr. F. R. Pickersgill. Mr. E. M. Barry was born June, 1830, and, therefore, was but in his fiftieth year. He was the third son of the late Sir Charles Barry .... [new paragraph] The resolution of the Royal Academicians that ladies shall be eligible for election into their body only awaits the sanction of her Majesty to become available. Owing to the peculiar origin of the royal Academy, no measure affecting its constitution can be taken without the Royal consent. The resolution doubtless owes its origin to the circumstance that, at a recent election, Mrs. Butler (Miss Thompson) ran the successful candidate very close indeed. From the fact that two ladies, Angelica Kauffman and Mary Moser, were among the first members of the Royal Academy, it might be supposed that the present preparatory formalities were unnecessary — " ("Fine Arts." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 130; Issue 2123) === 29 January 1880, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Dr. Hans von Bülow has arrived in London, and will make his first bow in the concert-room to-day at Leicester, and to-morrow in the Public Hall, Lee, in a great concert with Santley, Lloyd, Lasserre, John Thomas, &c. On the 29th inst. and on Feb. 4th, his own Recitals take place at St. James’s Hall." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 14 January 1880, p. 11, col. b.). Also on Thursday, 29 January 1880: "As of late years the juvenile balls at the Mansion House have been inconveniently crowded, two are to be given this month. ... the second, a fancy-dress ball on Jan. 29, will be given to "young people above fifteen, unaccompanied by their parents."" (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 17, 1880; pg. 59; Issue 2120, Col. A). On 24 January 1880, the ILN announced that the invitation list was closed: "We are requested to state that the Lady Mayoress regrets that, owing to the great number of acceptances to the fancy-dress ball at the Mansion House on Jan. 29, the invitation list has been obliged to be closed. This intimation must be accepted as a reply to the numerous applications sent to her on the subject." (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 24, 1880; pg. 83; Issue 2121, Col. A) <quote>The Lady Mayoress (Lady Truscott) gave on the 29th ult. the second of the fancy-dress balls at the Mansion House, to which she had issued invitations, and, in spite of the weather and the fog, nearly 800 guests were present. The rule as to fancy dress was inexorable, even Court costumes and uniforms being excluded for the sake of making the ball essentially picturesque. The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, with the members of their family, attended by the Sword and Mace Bearers and the City Marshall, received the guests on their arrival in the saloon. As each guest passed them, the name and assumed character were announced by the master of the ceremonies. There was a great variety of interesting and excellent costumes. The Lady Mayoress appeared as Marie Leczinski, the consort of Louis XV. of France; her daughter, Mrs. H. Crawford, as her Lady-in-Waiting; Mrs. James Truscott as the Lady Betty Noel, from "Clancarty" and Mrs. Dexter as a Spanish lady. The Lord Mayor was, as regards fancy dress — and purposely so — the solitary exception, his Lordship wearing the splendid robes and jewels of the Chief Magistrate of the City. All the stewards wore the dresses of knaves of the different suits of cards, and they included Messrs. James, George, and Henry Truscott, sons of the Lord Mayor; Under-Sheriffs Crawfurd [sic] and Wragg, Mr, [sic] Edgar Baylis, Mr. George Martin, Mr. Frank Newton, and Mr. W. J. Soulsby. Dancing commenced about ten o'clock to the excellent music of Sibold's City of London band, and was kept up with vigour until midnight, when supper was served in the old ball-room. Afterwards, dancing was resumed and continued very far into the morning. Altogether, the entertainment was a great success.</quote> (Festivities at the Mansion House. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 134; Issue 2123, Col. C) === 31 January 1880, Saturday=== Heavy fog with "petty thefts and watch-snatching" (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 139; Issue 2123, Col. C) ==February== End of January, beginning of February:<blockquote>A soirée in connection with the Essex and Chelmsford Museum was held last week in the Shirehall, and was attended by about 600 persons. Sir H. I. Selwin-Ibbetson, M.P., presided, and gave an address.<ref name=":0">''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 138; Issue 2123, Col. c.</ref> (138, Col. 3)</blockquote> ===1 February 1880, Sunday=== Heavy fog with "petty thefts and watch-snatching."<ref name=":0" /> (139, Col. 3) ===2 February 1880, Monday=== <quote>The treasurer of the Middle Temple, Mr. Clement Milward, Q.C., entertained a brilliant gathering on Monday night in the hall. Recalling the fact that here Shakespeare himself first read his sprightly comedy of "Twelfth Night; or, What You will," [sic] on the Feast of Candlemas in 1601, with Queen Bess to grace the occasion, the treasurer for this year thought nothing could be more fitting than that Mr. S. Brandram should be got to recite the play on the anniversary of that event where it was first heard of, and this commemorative entertainment was attended by a most distinguished company. Amongst the audience were the Duke of Cambridge, the Marquis and Marchioness of Bute, Earl and Countess Cairns, Lord and Lady Chelmsford, Mr. Lower, M.P., Mr. Childers, M.P., the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, Dean Stanley, Dr. Vaughan (Master of the Temple), Mr. Dodson, M.P., Sir Henry Holland, M.P., and a considerable number of the Benchers and other eminent members of the Inn. Ladies in considerable numbers being present, the stately old hall, which stands almost untouched since Shakespeare's day, can hardly ever have presented a gayer scene. The entertainment was in every way worthy of the occasion and the audience. Mr. Brandram kept the attention unflagged till the close. The songs incidental to the comedy were well rendered by Miss de Fonblanque and Mr. Coates, the choir of the Temple Church giving efficient assistance afterwards in one or two glees.</quote> (Theatres. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 138; Issue 2123, Col. B) ===3 February 1880, Tuesday=== (Not sure of day, but the Prince and Princess of Wales "returned to town on Tuesday from Sandringham"): "Their Royal Highnesses went to the Haymarket Theatre in the evening." (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 122; Issue 2123, Col. A) <quote>A terrible incident occurred at the council-table of the Royal Academy on Tuesday of last week. We allude to the sudden death in the very prime of life of the eminent and amiable architect Mr. Edward Middleton Barry, which took place from an apoplectic seizure, complicated by weakness of the heart, while he was discussing Academic business. The death was almost instantaneous, the deceased turning as he uttered his last words to fall on the shoulder of Mr. F. R. Pickersgill. Mr. E. M. Barry was born June 1830, and, therefore, was but in his fiftieth year. He was the third son of the late Sir Charles Barry, and studied architecture under Professor Donaldson, Mr. T. H. Wyatt, and his father, Sir Charles, whose work at the new Palace, Westminster, and Halifax Townhall he completed. Among Mr. Barry's own chief works (besides many mansions) are Covent Garden Opera House and the Floral Hall adjoining (erected more recently), Leeds Grammar School, the Birmingham and Midland Institute, Charing-cross Hotel and the Eleanor Cross in front of it, Cannon-street Hotel and the Star and Garter Hotel, richmond, the Rebuilding of Crewe Hall, St. Saviour's Church, Haverstock-hill, the National Schools, Endell-street, the completion of the Fitzwilliam Museum and Downing College, Cambridge, the Exchange, Bristol, the Children's Hospital in Great Ormond-street, the new chambers of the Inner Temple, and the new galleries of the National Gallery. Mr. Barry stood first in the competition for a new National Gallery, but he was not allowed to carry out his design for a new façade in Trafalgar-square, and at his death had only completed the additional rooms in the rear. In justice also he must be regarded as having also stood first in the competition for the New Law Courts. The commission of selection and the professional referees adjudged his plans for that building, and the architectural elevation of Mr. Street, as, respectively, the best; but the conditions set forth that suitability in the plans was to be regarded as of the highest consideration. The judges recommended the joint appointment of these two architects, but the Government (then of Mr. Disraeli) ignored the recommendation, and appointed Mr. Street sole architect to the Law Courts, and Mr. Barry to the National Gallery — an appointment to which the latter was independently entitled. Mr. Ayrton's extra-ordinary [lb at hyphen] treatment of Mr. Barry will likewise be recalled by many. Mr. Barry was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1861, and full Academician in 1869. For some years he has been a Trustee and Treasurer to that body, and occupied the chair of Professor in succession to Sir. G. G. Scott. In 1867 he received a French medal, and in 1878 a grand Medal of Honour, and in the same year was appointed an officer of the Legion of Honour. He was an honorary member of some foreign academies, and for some years Vice-President of the Institute of Architects. [new paragraph] The resolution of the Royal Academicians that ladies shall be eligible for election into their body only awaits the sanction of her Majesty to become available. Owing to the peculiar origin of the Royal Academy, no measure affecting its constitution can be taken without the Royal consent. The resolution doubtless owes its origin to the circumstance that, at a recent election, Mrs. Butler (Miss Thompson) ran the successful candidate very close indeed. From the fact that two ladies, Angelica Kauffman and Mary Moser, were among the first members of the Royal Academy, it might be supposed that the present preparatory formalities were unnecessary — [Col. B/C ] precedent having already been set for the admission of ladies. But, even if the enrolment of two women among the original forty members were tantamount to their election, the disuse of the precedent for more than a century may be regarded as furnishing sufficient justification for a fresh expression of Academic opinion. That art is not an affair of sex, and that if there are lady artists worthy of Academical honours (as we believe there are) they should not be debarred therefrom by an accident of birth, are propositions about which we are all agreed. Still, it can hardly be expected that lady members should be called upon to perform the duties, in rotation with the male members, of visiting all the schools; nor would a lady care to be present at an annual dinner where all the guests are gentlemen. And if they are not allowed to vote at elections, it can hardly be considered a hardship, until women have the franchise in the world of politics. It has therefore been decided that, while they shall be eligible for the full honours, those honours shall not carry with them either all the duties or all the privileges of membership; and thus the lady A.R.A.'s and R.A.'s will occupy a position somewhat apart. Every year more and more ladies are choosing the career of art; the proportion of female artists in this country is, however, not yet nearly so large, we believe, as in France. According to the Gazette des Femmes, there are in France 2150 female artists who have exhibited in the Salon; and there are besides 602 painters in oil, 193 miniature painters, 491 painters of fans and draughtswomen in chalks, 193 sculptors, and 754 modellers. While on this subject we may add that Mdlle. Rosa Bonheur has just received from the King of Spain a Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic, and from the King of the Belgians the Cross of Leopold, this being in both cases the first instance of conferring such a distinction on a woman.</quote> (Fine Arts. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 130; Issue 2123, Cols. B-C) <quote>The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress entertained the members of the Stationers' Company, of which the Lord mayor is Master, at dinner at the Mansion House on Tuesday.</quote> (Festivities at the Mansion House. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 134; Issue 2123, Col. C) <quote>Mr. Alderman Henry Davey (Mayor of Brighton) was entertained at a banquet at the Royal Pavilion on Tuesday night, the proceedings being presided over by Mr. Alderman Edward Martin and a large and influential party of guests. In the course or the evening his Worship was presented with a tea, coffee, and dinner service of plate, an illuminated address upon vellum, and a purse containing £275 in gold.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 138; Issue 2123, Col. C) ===4 February 1880, Wednesday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 14 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Dr. Hans von Bülow has arrived in London, and will make his first bow in the concert-room to-day at Leicester, and to-morrow in the Public Hall, Lee, in a great concert with Santley, Lloyd, Lasserre, John Thomas, &c. On the 29th inst. and on Feb. 4th, his own Recitals take place at St. James’s Hall." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 14 January 1880, p. 11, col. b.) <quote>Mrs. Smith had an evening party at the First Lord's official residence at the Admiralty on the eve of Opening Parliament.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) <quote>The Earl of Loudoun was married on the 4th inst. to the Hon. Alice Mary Elizabeth Fitzalan Howard, third daughter of Lord Howard of Glossop, at St. Mary's Church, Cadogan-street, Chelsea, according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Rawdon Clifton was best man. The bride was accompanied by her father. The bridesmaids were the Hon. Mary and the Hon. Winifred Fitzalan Howard, her sisters; Lady Margaret Howard, Lady Ermyntrude Russell, Lady Margaret Stuart, the Hon. Josephine Bertie, the Hon. Mary Anne Maxwell, and Miss de Lisle. The bride's dress was of white satin trimmed with point de gaze, and a veil of point d'Angleterre. Her jewels comprised a diamond tiara, diamond necklace, diamond spray, pearl and diamond earrings, a pearl bracelet, and a diamond and cat's-eye bracelet. The bridesmaids were attired in short skirts and polonaises of ruby velvet, with ruby velvet toques, with bows of cream lace, and cream lace collars. Each of the bridesmaids wore suspended from a gold chain a gold enamelled locket in the form of an old Saxon shield, on which were impaled the arms of the Houses of Loudoun and Howard in their heraldic colours, surmounted by an Earl's coronet, with tie and loop jewelled in Brilliants. They were the gift of the bridegroom. The ceremony was performed by the Right Rev. Monsignor Weld, assisted by the Very Rev. Canon Macmullen. Lord and Lady Howard of Glossop entertained a large party at breakfast at their residence at Rutland-gate. The Earl of Loudoun and his bride left for Willesley Hall, Ashly-de-la-Zouch, for their honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of plum-coloured velvet with brocaded front, a jacket to match trimmed with sable, and velvet bonnet. The wedding presents were very numerous, and of great value. Prince Leopold's gift was an ivory stirrup travelling clock.</quote> (Fashionable Weddings. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) <quote>The marriage of the Earl of Ranfurly with Miss Constance Elizabeth Caulfield [sic], was solemnised on Tuesday at St. George's Church, Hanover-square. The bride, who was attended by seven bridesmaids, wore a dress of white satin, trimmed with Brussels lace, and, over a wreath of orange-blossoms, a veil to match. Her ornaments consisted of a diamond tiara, necklace, cross, and earrings, the gift of the bridegroom, and a bracelet set with diamonds and pearls, presented to her on the occasion of her marriage by the ladies of Dungannon. The bridesmaids' toilettes were of white striped satin and white caps, with bunches of silver shamrocks, and each carried a bouquet of white flowers and a fan presented by the bridegroom. Mr. Rimington Wilson was best man. The ceremony was performed by the Ven. Archdeacon Knox, assisted by the Rev. Nevile Sherbrooke. Lord and Lady Ranfurly left for Paris en route for Marseilles, where they join his Lordship's yacht for a cruise in the Mediterranean.</quote> (Fashionable Weddings. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) ==== Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo ==== <blockquote>The Earl of Mayo gave a grand ball at Palmerstown House, Naas, county Kildare, on Wednesday night, which was a very brilliant affair, and was attended by several hundreds of the members of the aristocratic families of the county. Dancing took place in the large hall, which was prettily decorated, and the supper was served in the dining-room. Among the guest at the festive gathering were the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Georgiana Spencer Churchill (who are visiting the Countess of Mayo), the Marchioness Conyngham and the Ladies Conyngham, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl of Clonmell, the Marquis of Kildare, the Countess of Stradbroke and Lady Sophia Rous [?], Lord Arthur Butler, Lord Capell, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon]] and Lady Margaret Bourke, Hon. Charles Lascalles, General Fraser, C.B., Hon. B. Boscawen, Hon. Henry aad Mrs. Bourke, Hon. R. and Mrs. Fitzpatrick, Lord and Lady Rathdonnell, Lord and Lady Annaly, Sir Erasmus and Lady Burrowes, Sir Gerald and Lady Aylmer, Hon. H. and Mrs. Crichton, Hon. H. Denison, Sir James and Lady Higginson, Sir Edward Kennedy, Colonel Thackwell [?], Captain Burrowes, Captain and Mrs. Rainsford, Captain and Mrs. Pratt, Captain H. L. and Mrs. Moore, Hon. Mr. Lyttelton, Major Slade, Captain Sawle, Colonel Hon. W. and Mrs. Forbes, Colonel Forster, Colonel and Mrs. Connolly, Captain Campbell, Colonel and Mrs. Lukin, and Mr. and Lady Annette le louche.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 7 February 1880, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18800207/012/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===5 February 1880, Thursday=== Opening of Parliament. ===7 February 1880, Saturday=== <quote>Countess Stanhope held a reception on Saturday evening at her residence in Grosvenor-place. Previously the Earl and Countess had a dinner party.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) ===9 February 1880, Monday=== <quote>The seventeenth annual grand naval and military fancy-dress ball in aid of the local charities of Brighton was held on Monday evening at the royal Pavilion, under the immediate patronage of an influential committee of lady patronesses. The company numbered between 500 and 600, the larger portion appearing in fancy dress. The band of the 16th (Queen's) Lancers was in attendance.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) ===10 February 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon had a dinner party on Tuesday at their residence in Carlton-gardens. Later Lady Ripon held a small reception.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 147; Issue 2124, Col. A) ===13 February 1880, Friday=== <quote>The annual ball of the Royal London Yacht Club took place yesterday week at Willis's Rooms, King-street, St. James's, and the assemblage was very numerous and brilliant.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 21, 1880; pg. 182; Issue 2125, Col. C) ===14 February 1880, Saturday=== A celebration at the Beefsteak Club in honor of the [[Social Victorians/100th Performance of the Merchant of Venice at the Lyceum |100th performance of the Merchant of Venice at the Lyceum]]. "The annual regimental dinner of the Queen's [Volunteers] (Westminster) will take place at the Criterion on Saturday, Feb. 14. After the distribution of prizes the Duke of Westminster will probably take the chair, supported by the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Colonel Sir Charles Russell, V.C., M.P., General Lord Chelmsford, Mr. Justice Denman, and other distinguished guests." ("The Volunteers." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 31, 1880; pg. 113; Issue 2122, Col. B) <quote>When the sun attempts to shine, and those delicious pale double violets are seen about the streets, then is the time for the picture galleries. Bond-street was full last Saturday, and the carriage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales was waiting at the doors of more than one exhibition. It is well that so distinguished a patron of the fine arts should be thus early in the field.</quote> (Talk of the Week. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 21, 1880; pg. 178; Issue 2125, Col. A) <quote>Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, M.P., was present yesterday week at a luncheon given to Cape merchants on board Messrs. Donald Currie and Co.'s new Royal Mail steamer Grantully Castle, in the East India Docks. In proposing "Prosperity to South Africa," the Colonial Secretary pointed out that it was to the interest of the colonists that they should follow the footsteps of the Dominion of Canada in the path of self-government and self-defence, so far as their ability extended. There had been readiness shown already in South Africa in that matter — a desire to move forward in that path which presaged success and prosperity in the future.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 21, 1880; pg. 182; Issue 2125, Col. C) Opening for private viewing an exhibit at the Fine Arts Gallery, of art about actors. [[Social Victorians/People/James Archer|James Archer]]'s portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]] as Charles I was shown and mentioned by the review in the ''Morning Post'' ("Dramatic Fine Arts Gallery, The."; "Dramatic Picture Exhibition, The." The Morning Post 16 February 1880. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18800216/028/0006). ===16 February 1880, Monday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Joseph Joachim arrives in London on Monday morning, Feb. 16, and plays in the evening at the Popular Concert; and his last performance again will be the Monday Popular Concert, on March 22d." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 10, col. b.) <quote>The annual Highland Ball under the direction of the Gaelic Society takes place on Monday, the 16th inst.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 154; Issue 2124, Col. C) <quote>On Monday the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress entertained the Masters, Wardens, and Courts of the Haberdashers' and Vintners' Companies (in both of which the Lord Mayor holds office) with their wives, and the members of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs' Guildhall Entertainment Committee, at dinner in the Egyptian Hall of the Mansion House.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 154; Issue 2124, Col. C) <quote>The annual ball (the thirty-eighth), under the immediate patronage of his Excellency the French Ambassador, in aid of the funds of the French Benevolent Society, took place at Willis's Rooms on Monday night. It was a complete success, about 400 persons attending, and the members of the French Embassy honouring the festive gathering by their presence. In the course of the night a tombola was held, prizes being sent by the Comte de Paris, the Duc de Menours, the Duc de Chartres, Prince de Joinville, and the Duc d'Alençon, besides contributions from artists of their own works and other friends of the institution. After supper dancing was resumed.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 14, 1880; pg. 154; Issue 2124, Col. C) ===17 February 1880, Tuesday=== "The Prince of Wales will, by command of the Queen, hold a Levée at St. James's Palace, on behalf of her Majesty, on the 17th inst. It is the Queen's pleasure that presentations to his Royal Highness at this Levée shall be considered as equivalent to presentations to her Majesty." ("The Court." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 122; Issue 2123, Col. C) <quote>A ball in aid of the Widow's Home Asylum, which is situated in Great Prescott-street, Goodman's-fields, in the midst of one of the poorest districts of the metropolis, was held on Tuesday at the Freemasons' Tavern. The charity was established in 1843, for the purpose of clothing, maintaining, and providing an asylum for aged widows of the Jewish faith.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 21, 1880; pg. 182; Issue 2125, Col. C) ===19 February 1880, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Lady Benedict has issued invitations for her receptions on the third and fourth Thursdays in February and March from three to six." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) ===20 February 1880, Friday=== "The Queen will hold the first Drawingroom of the season on the 20th inst. at Buckingham Palace. It is not expected that gentlemen will present themselves at Drawingrooms except in attendance on the ladies of their families. Any gentleman who under these circumstances should desire to be presented to the Queen will observe the same regulations as are in force for her Majesty's Levées." ("The Court." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 122; Issue 2123, Col. C) ===21 February 1880, Saturday=== <quote>Lord Northbrook opened last Saturday a club for young men, natives of India, who are temporarily residing in the metropolis for educational and other purposes. The institution, which is situated in John-street, Bedford-row, is named "The Northbrook Indian Club."</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. B) <quote>The foundation-stone of the new permanent building which is to replace the present temporary Hospital for Sick Children, on the Dyke-road, Brighton, was laid last Saturday with full Masonic rites by Sir Walter Wyndham Burrell, Bart., M.P., the Provincial Grand Master of Sussex. All the lodges in the county joined in the procession, and the proceedings were enlivened by the performances of the 16th Lancers' band, and favoured by fine weather. A distinguished company took luncheon together in the afternoon at the Royal Pavalion [sic].</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 214; Issue 2126, Col. A) ===23 February 1880, Monday=== <quote>Mr. Edward Jenkins, M.P., gave as a reading a selection from his popular work entitled "Ginx's Baby," at the Steinway Hall, on Monday afternoon. The entertainment was one of a series projected by Mr. Blanchard Jerrold, chairman of the English Executive Committee of the International Literary Association, to be called "literary Monday Afternoons," the profits of which are to be devoted to the funds of the association. The chair was taken by the Lord Mayor, who was accompanied on the platform by the Lady Mayoress. Mr. Jenkins rendered the text of his work in an exceedingly careful and effective manner; and the treatment of those humorous portions of the book which described the religious and parochial struggles for the possession of the luckless hero were fully appreciated, while the pathos expressed in the final chapter giving the tragic end of the outcast's career was admirably rendered. The prospective arrangements include a reading by Mr. Justin M'Carthy, M.P., who is to tell the story of Dekker's comedy of "The Roaring Girl," and the recital of some Russian stories by Mr. W. F. A. Ralston.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 199; Issue 2126, Col. C) <quote>The benefit of Mr. F. B. Chatterton drew an immense crowd to Covent Garden on Monday night, when the abundant promise of entertainment held out in the programme was amply fulfilled.</quote> ("Theatres." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 214; Issue 2126, Col. C) <quote>The Prince and Princess [of Wales] went to the St. James's Theatre on Monday evening ....</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 219; Issue 2127, Col. B) ===24 February 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>On the 24th ult., at St. Paul's, Hanover-square, T. Taylor, only son of Hugh Taylor, Esq., of Chipchase Castle, and Widdrington, Northumberland, to Maria Mona, eldest daughter of Sir George Waldie-Griffith, Bart., of Hendersyde Park, Kelso.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 194; Issue 2126, Col. A) <quote>Another addition to the numerous clubs of London was opened on Tuesday. The Salisbury, as it is called, has its head-quarters at No. 10, St. James-square, which was recently in the occupation of the Duke of Marlborough. It is calculated to afford accommodation to about 1000 members, and the principal attraction it offers in comparison with other clubs is the privilege which members will possess of introducing ladies as visitors. Special rooms have been set apart for the reception of the members' wives, and also their "sisters, their cousins, and their aunts."</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. B) <quote>... and on Tuesday evening their Royal Highnesses went to the Prince of Wales's Theatre.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 219; Issue 2127, Col. B) <quote>The Duke of Cambridge dined with the Duke and Duchess of Bedford on Tuesday at their residence in Eaton-square.</quote> ("The Court." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 219; Issue 2127, Col. B) ===26 February 1880, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Lady Benedict has issued invitations for her receptions on the third and fourth Thursdays in February and March from three to six." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) ===27 February 1880, Friday=== '''Or a week and a day before 6 March''': <quote>The Queen held a Drawingroom at Buckingham Palace yesterday week. The Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at the palace from Marlborough House, attended by their suite and escorted by a detachment of the Royal Horse Guards. Princess Beatrice, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Leopold, Princess Frederica of Hanover, the Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Leiningen, and the Duke of Teck were present at the Drawingroom. The Gentlemen-at-Arms and the Yeomen of the Guard were on duty at the Palace, and a guard of honour of the Grenadier Guards was in attendance. [new paragraph] The Queen, accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales and the other members of the Royal family, entered the Throne-Room shortly after three o'clock, attended by the Duchess of Wellington, the Duchess Dowager of Athole, Lady Sarah Lindsay, the Hon. Mary Pitt, the Hon. Amy Lambert, and the chief officers of state. [new paragraph, smaller font for the next 4 paragraphs] The Queen wore a dress and train of black poult de soie and velours epingle, richly embroidered in black silk, and a long white tulle veil, surmounted by a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace, brooches, and earrings of large opals and diamonds; the ribbon and star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, Louise of Prussia, St. Catherine of Russia, St. Isabelle of Portugal, &c., and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order. [new paragraph] The Princess of Wales wore a dress of prune-coloured velvet, trimmed with pearl embroidery and a tablier of brocade; a train of the finest Brussels lace, lined in prune velvet and satin; corsage to correspond. Head-dress: a tiara of diamonds, feathers, and veil. Ornaments: pearls and diamonds. Orders: Victoria and Albert, the Star of India, St. Catherine of Russia, and the Danish family order. [new paragraph] Princess Beatrice wore a dress and train of pale blue silk and pompadour broché satin, the skirt trimmed with old point d'Argentin lace, and bouquets of different coloured roses. Head-dress: feathers, veil, and diadem of uncut rubies. Ornaments: a necklace, earrings, and brooch of rubies. Orders: Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order. [new paragraph] The Duchess of Connaught wore a white satin dress and train, trimmed with duchesse lace and bunches of white roses. Head-dress: a tiara of diamonds, with a tulle veil fastened by diamond stars. Ornaments: two diamond brooches, two diamond bracelets, and a bracelet of diamonds and pearls. Orders: Victoria and Albert, the Star of India, the Black Eagle of Prussia, and the Saxe-Coburg family order. [new paragraph, back to regular-size font] The chief members of the Corps Diplomatique, with the ladies of their respective families, attended the Court, and various presentations in the diplomatic circle took place. The general circle was numerously attended, and about 130 presentations were made to her Majesty.</quote> ("The Court: The Queen's Drawingroom." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A) <quote>The Duke and Duchess of Teck dined with Viscount and Viscountess Lismore yesterday week.</quote> ("The Court." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 219; Issue 2127, Col. B) ===28 February 1880, Saturday=== <quote>Lieut.-Colonel Sir Frederick Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, distributed the prizes at the annual general meeting of the 38th Middlesburg (Artists) at Willis's Rooms on Saturday last. He said that during the twenty years he had commanded the regiment till now he had not seen it raised to such a high standard of efficiency. Last year had been one of trial and experiment, but the commissioned and non-commissioned officers had worked together, and now the corps was stronger, richer, and more efficient than at any previous moment of its existence. The financial position had enabled him to reduce the annual subscription from £1 5s. to £1. The amount of capitation grant earned by the corps was £1185, as compared with £1052 earned in 1878. He spoke in high terms of the Easter march last year, and hoped to see a large muster at Brighton this year. It had been arranged that a detachment should leave London on Good Friday morning and proceed to Brighton, making the latter place their head-quarters. On the Saturday there would be outpost duty, on Sunday one or two parades, and on Easter Monday they would have a hard day's work at the review. With regard to the shooting, he hoped that the new range at Wormwood-scrubbs would tend to better individual shooting, and advance the high state of efficiency in the corps. The principal prize-winners were Privates Brock (battalion marksman), Bees, Hay, Fletcher, Basley, Fraser, and Boutcher. After the distribution of the prizes, the annual dinner was held.</quote> (The Volunteers. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 235; Issue 2127, Col. C) ==March 1880== ===1 March 1880, Monday=== <quote>The 165th annual festival of the Royal Society of Ancient Britons was held on Monday evening at Willis's Rooms. The Earl of Powis occupied the chair. A number of ladies graced the after-dinner proceedings. Subscriptions to the amount of £700 were announced during the evening, this sum being inclusive of the annual donation of 100 guineas from her Majesty and 50 guineas annually from the Earl of Powis.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 230; Issue 2127, Col. C) <quote>However, a movement has at length been set on foot for the "purpose of holding periodical exhibitions of works of art and promoting the technical education of art in the City of London." A number of artists have formed themselves into a society, and the inaugural exhibition of their works and those by outside contributors was opened by Lord Mayor Truscott and the Sheriffs in state on Monday last. We have given an Illustration of the opening ceremony. The successful realisation of the scheme thus far is largely due to the energy of Mr. Edward W. Parkes, a City solicitor, and to the liberality of the Skinners' Company in lending their handsome hall, Dowgate-hill (facing the west side of Cannon-street station), for the exhibition. While, however, entitled to the honour of initiating an art-exhibition in the City, the Worshipful Company of Skinners have coupled their concession with restrictions so singular and unreasonable that the must be highly prejudicial, if not fatal, to any exhibition. For instance, no admission fees are allowed to be taken at the doors. Tickets of admission must be obtained of librarians and stationers in the City! But why what is not thought improper at the Royal Academy, and at every other exhibition that we have ever heard of, should be infra dig. for the Skinners' Company is beyond extra-municipal penetration.</quote> (City of London Society of Artists. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 238; Issue 2127, Col. A) ===2 March 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>A fancy dress Italian ball, under the patronage of Baron Heath, Consul-General of the King of Italy, and of several members of the committees of the French Hospital and Italian Benevolent Society, will take place at the Freemason's Hall on Tuesday, March 1.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. B) <quote>Mr. G. W. Moore took his annual benefit at St. James's Hall on Tuesday. There was a performance in the afternoon, and another in the evening.</quote> ("Theatres." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 223; Issue 2127, Col. C) <quote>The anniversary dinner of the friends of the London Orphan Asylum, Watford, took place on Tuesday at the Albion Tavern; and subscriptions were announced amounting to £3215, including £105 from gentlemen who when boys were inmates of the asylum.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 230; Issue 2127, Col. C) ===3 March 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The Speaker will hold his Levées on March 3 and on March 10, at ten p.m. (full dress).</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A) ===6 March 1880, Saturday=== <quote>The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress ... will entertain ... the members of the Savage Club on March 6.</quote> (Festivities at the Mansion House. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1880; pg. 134; Issue 2123, Col. C) <quote>A private view of the exhibition of the Society of Lady Artists takes place t-day at 48, Great Marlborough-street.</quote> (City of London Society of Artists. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 238; Issue 2127, Col. B) <quote>The Duke of Connaught presided yesterday week over a dinner at the Cannon-stret Hotel in aid of the funds of the Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at Collingwood Court, near Bagshot. About 150 ladies and gentlemen assembled at dinner. His Royal Highness announced the subscriptions of the evening to be £2000, the sum having been completed by a donation of £101 from Mr. Thomas Buck. The Queen contributed £100, and the Duke £25.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 243; Issue 2128, Col. B) <quote>The Duchess of Connaught, accompanied by the Duchess of Teck, went to the Royalty Theatre in the evening.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 243; Issue 2128, Col. A) ===9 March 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The Italian Benevolent Society and the French Hospital, which have been established for the purpose of affording relief to the large class of distressed foreigners in London, combined together on Tuesday evening in giving a fancy-dress ball for the benefit of the funds of the two institutions. The efforts of the committee, with Signor Manfredo Negro as their president, in disposing of the tickets had been liberally responded to by those interested in the welfare of the societies, and upwards of 700 persons assembled in the large hall of the Freemasons' Tavern, where the ball was held.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 254; Issue 2128, Col. C) ===10 March 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The Queen will hold a Levée at Buckingham Palace on March 10 ....</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A). <quote>The Queen, accompanied by Princess Beatrice, came to London on Wednesday and held a Levée at Buckingham Palace.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 243; Issue 2128, Col. A) <quote>The Speaker will hold his Levées on March 3 and on March 10, at ten p.m. (full dress).</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A) <quote>Wednesday was the seventeenth anniversary of the marriage of the Prince and Princess [of Wales]. Their Royal Highnesses celebrated the occasion with a ball at Marlborough House.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 243; Issue 2128, Col. A) <quote>Princess Beatrice, with the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Prince Leopold, were at the Prince and Princess of Wales's ball at Marlborough House.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 267; Issue 2129, Col. A) <quote>A large and fashionable audience assembled in the theatre of the Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution last Wednesday, on the occasion of the reopening of that building by Baroness Burdett-Coutts. Mr. Justice Fy, who is the president, occupied the chair.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 13, 1880; pg. 251; Issue 2128, Col. A) ===11 March 1880, Thursday=== <quote>The Lord Mayor has signified his intention to be present at the festival dinner to be held at Willis's Rooms on March 11, in aid of the funds of University College Hospital.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 06, 1880; pg. 230; Issue 2127, Col. C) <quote>At the dinner of University College Hospital, held at Willis's Rooms on the 11th inst., Sir Julian Goldsmid, M.P., the chairman, in proposing the toast of the evening, spoke especially of the sanitary improvements which had been effected in the institution, and made an earnest appeal for assistance in carrying out its work, the result being an aggregate contribution of upwards of £1500. This sum included donations from the Queen, one hundred guineas; Prince Leopold, fifty guineas; and the chairman, one hundred guineas. Prince Leopold had been announced to preside, but was unable owing to indisposition.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 282; Issue 2129, Col. B) <quote>On the 11th inst., at St. George's, Hanover-square, by the Rev. Sir John L. Hoskyns, Bart., of Ashton Tyrrold Rectory, Berks, assisted by the Rev. E. Burdett Hawkshaw, Rector of Weston-under-Penyard, Sir Chandos Stanhope Hoskyns Reade, Bart., of Shipton Court, Oxfordshire, to Maria Emma Elizabeth Conway, only child and heiress of the late Richard Trygarn Griffith, Esq., J.P. and Deputy-Lieutenant, of Carreglwydd and Berw, Anglesea, North Wales.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 266; Issue 2129, Col. A) <quote>The marriage of Sir Chandos Stanhope Hoskyns Reade, seventh Baronet, of Shipton Court, with Miss Maria Emma Elizabeth Conway-Griffith, only child and heiress of the late Mr. Trygarn Griffith, of Carreglwid, Anglesea, was solemnised on the 11th inst. at St. George's, Hanover-square, by the Rev. Sir John Leigh Hoskyns, Bart., Rector of Aston Tirrold and Rural Dean, assisted by the Rev. E. B. Hawkshaw, Rector of Weston-under-Penyard, Herts, cousins of the bridegroom. The bride wore a dress of brocaded white satin trimmed with satin, and a tulle veil over a wreath of myrtle and orange-blossoms. The bridesmaids were Miss Agnes Cornélie Reade, Miss Hawkshaw, Miss Carpenter, and Miss Bell, who wore dresses of cream-coloured cashmere trimmed with cardinal, and gold lockets bearing the initials C. and M., the present of the bridegroom. The bride was given away by her maternal uncle, Mr. Carpenter; and the bridegroom's "best man" was Lieutenant Hawkshaw. The newly-married pair left for the Isle of Wight.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 266; Issue 2129, Col. B) ===12 March 1880, Friday=== <quote>"her Majesty [the Queen] will also hold a Drawingroom at the palace on the following Friday, March 12.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A). <quote>Her Majesty the Queen held a Drawingroom at Buckingham Palace on Friday, the 12th inst. [new paragraph] The Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at the garden entrance of the Palace from Marlborough House, attended by the Countess of Macclesfield, Miss Knollys, Lord Colville of Culross, K. T., Lord Suffield, the Hon. A. T. Fitzmaurice, and Lieutenant-Colonel S. Clarke, and escorted by a detachment of the 1st Life Guards. [new paragraph] Princess Beatrice was present at the Drawingroom, attended by the Hon. Emily Cathcart; as also were the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, attended by Captain [266 Col. C/267 Col. A] M. Fitzgerald and the Hon. Mrs. Egerton; Princess Frederica of Hanover, attended by the Hon. Mrs. C. Eliot; the Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel Tyrwhitt; and the Duchess and his Serene Highness the Duke of Teck, attended by Lady Caroline Cust and Colonel Greville. [new paragraph] The Queen, accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Beatrice, and the other members of the Royal family, entered the Throne-room shortly after three o'clock. [new paragraph, smaller font for the next 4 paragraphs] The Queen wore a dress and train of black silk trimmed with black marabouts, fringe and jet, and a long white tulle veil surmounted by a diadem of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace, brooch, and earrings of diamonds, the Ribbon and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, Louise of Prussia, St. Catherine of Russia, St. Isabelle of Portugal, &c., and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Family Order. [new paragraph] The Princess of Wales wore a dress of shamrock velvet trimmed with lilies of the valley, train of velvet lined in shamrock satin; corsage to correspond. Head-dress, a tiara of diamonds, fathers, and veil. Ornaments, pearls and diamonds. Orders, Victoria and Albert, the Star of India, and St. Catherine of Russia and the Danish Family Order. [new paragraph] Princess Beatrice wore a train of the palest shade of eau-de-nil broche velvet, bordered with Valenciennes lace, over a dress of eau-de-nil corded silk, pearl embroidery and bouquets of shaded heart's-eases. Head-dress, feathers, veil, and diamond stars. Ornaments, pearl necklace, earrings, and brooch. Orders, Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Family Order. [new paragraph] The Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn wore a blue satin skirt, trimmed with swan's-down, and bouquets of tulip and lilac, and a train of brocaded velvet, with trimmings to match the skirt. Head-dress a tiara of diamonds, veil and plumes. Ornaments, diamonds and pearls. Orders, Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Family Order. [new paragraph, regular font] The diplomatic and general circles were numerously attended. [new paragraph] The following presentations to her Majesty were made, the names having been previously left at the Lord Chamberlain's Office, and submitted for Her Majesty's approval: — [three columns of names] Mrs. Austen. / Miss Austen. / Miss Roma Austen. / Miss D. Alexander. / Mrs. Alfred Austin. / Mrs. H. L. Arbuthnot. / Mrs. Charles Brand. / Mrs. Thomas Brand. / Hon. C. Beresford. / Mrs. Arthur Birch. / Miss Rosa Baxter. / Baroness Berners. / Mrs. Walter Begley. / Mrs. Mordaunt Boyle. / Mrs. G. F. Buxton. / Lady Largaret Browne. / Mrs. French Brewster. / Lady Bowen. / Miss Ella Crosse. / Miss Kathleen Crosse. / Mrs. Eliott Currey. / Lady Clerke. / Miss Clerke. / Mrs. Robert Cust. / Miss Albinia Cust. / Mrs. Connor. / Mrs. Ralph P. Cator. / Miss Beatrice Cust. / Miss Mabel N. Chesney. / Mrs. Herbert Cross. / Mrs. Collins. / Hon. Mrs. A. Campbell. / Miss Helen Cochran. / Mrs. Henry Colvile. / Miss F. Leslie Melville Cartwright. / Miss Marian L. Melville Cartwright. / Hon. Emily Cathcart. / Mrs. C. Calveley-Cotton. / Mrs. Charles Combe. / Miss May Drummond. / Miss Edith Drummond. / Mrs. H. A. Darbishire. / Miss E. G. Darbishire. / [new column ] Lady Decies. / Mrs. W. W. De la Rue. / Miss Mary De la Rue. / Miss C. De la Rue. / Miss Louisa de Horsey. / Mrs. Exshaw. / Miss Exshaw. / Miss Mary Eyston. / Mrs. Eustace. / Miss Erskine. / Hon. Mrs. H. Elliot. / Mrs. Thomas Fielden. / Miss Edith Fergusson. / Miss Fischer. / Mrs. Thomas Freake. / Mrs. Albany Fetherston-haugh./ Lady Gregory. / Mrs. A. E. Goldsmid. / Miss Goulburn. / Hon. M. B. Guthrie., / Countess F. Gleichen. / Miss Greated. / Lady Elena Gordon. / Miss Bagel Glyn. / Miss Henniker. / Hon. Mrs. A. Hewitt. / Lady Hilda Higgins. / Mrs. J. B. Hartley. / Mrs. Henry Howard. / Miss Hussey. / Mrs. B. D. Harrison. / Miss Harrison. / Lady C. J. Hamilton. / Lady Hayter. / Hon. Theodora Keppel. / Hon. Mrs. C. Kennedy. / Mrs. Morgan Lloyd. / Lady Grace Lowther. / Mrs. Langton. / Lady Mary Liddell. / Miss Douglas Lane. / Mrs. Edward Lynch. / Miss Edith Moss. / The Lady Middleton. / Miss MacGregor. / [new column ] Mrs. M'Ilwraith [sic no dot] / Mrs. R. Maitland / Mrs. L. Moncrieff / Miss Alice Middleton / Mrs. George Murray / Miss Julia Monk / Mrs. Fletcher Moulton / Mrs. Napier Martin. / Mrs. Herbert Mitchell / Miss Mable Noel / Miss Prothero / Mrs. J. Denison Pender / Mrs. Peyton / Mrs. John Paterson / Miss Paterson / Miss A. J. Paterson / Mrs. J. Edwin Ponder / Mrs. Henry B. Palliser / Lady Peel. / Miss Alberta Ponsonby / Miss Joanna Pollock / Mrs. Fredk. Pickering / Miss Russell / Miss Alice Russell / Miss Arlette Reynolds / Miss Sieveking / Miss Stapylton / Miss Helen Sandeman / Mrs. Walter Stopford / Miss Erie Smith / Hon. Mrs. L. Smith / Mrs. Temple / Mrs. Hardynge Tyler / Mrs. Arthur Tharp / Hon. Ardyn Tyrwhitt / Mrs. L. Thompson / Miss Elsie Thomson / Miss Verschoyle / Mrs. E. W. D. Ward / Mrs. O. O. Walker / Mrs. Robert Wood / Miss Sackville West / Mrs. Stanier Waller / Mrs. B. Worthington / Miss Theresa Wynne.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 266; Issue 2129, Col. C; 267, Col. A) ===13 March 1880, Saturday=== <quote>The Duke of Cambridge dined with Earl and Countess Stanhope on Saturday.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 267; Issue 2129, Col. B). <quote>Mr. Frederic William Henry Myers, eldest son of the Rev. Frederic Myers, of Keswick, Cumberland, was married to Miss Eveleen Tennant, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Charles Tennant, of Cadoxton, Neath, Glamorganshire. The ceremony took place in the afternoon of Saturday last, and was performed by the Very Rev. Dean Stanley, assisted by Canon Farrar. The bride, who wore a dress of white ivory satin, and a chaplet of white roses and orange-blossoms, was given away by her brother, Mr. Charles Coombe Tennant. The six bridesmaids were in blue China crêpe, hats of blue forget-me-nots, bouquets of scarlet flowers, and each had a white ivory fan, presented by the bridegroom. Prince Leopold was unavoidably prevented from attending by indisposition. His Highness's wedding gift was a gold ruby bracelet.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 267; Issue 2129, Col. B) <quote>There was a gathering of ladies and gentlemen last Saturday afternoon in the drawing-room of Miss Davenport Hill and Miss Florence Davenport Hill, daughters of the late Mr. Matthew Davenport Hill, and nieces of the late Sir Rowland Hill, K.C.B., at their residence at Hampstead, for the purpose of hearing an explanation of the objects of the Coffee Music Hall Company (Limited). The Right Hon. W. Cowper-Temple, M.P., a member of the council, occupied the chair. Dr. Norman Kerr described the object of the company, and said that the existing music-halls were a great cause of intemperance among females. The meeting was also addressed by Sir Henry Cole, who expressed a hope that these music-halls would be opened on Sundays for the performance of sacred music. Resolutions in favour of the object of the company were unanimously passed, and a number of applications were made for £1 shares. The capital is to be £50,000.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 271; Issue 2129) ===18 March 1880, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Lady Benedict has issued invitations for her receptions on the third and fourth Thursdays in February and March from three to six." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) <quote>The marriage of Mr. Edward Boycott Jenkins and Lady Margaret Graham Toler will take place on March 18.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1880; pg. 195; Issue 2126, Col. A) <quote>The marriage of Mr. Edward Boycott Jenkins, eldest son of the Countess of Lovelace and the late Mr. E. Jenkins, with Lady Margaret Graham Toler, third daughter of the late and sister of the present Earl of Norbury, was solemnised by special license at St. Peter's Church, Cranley-gardens, on Thursday week. Those invited to witness the ceremony were requested to attend the church in evening dress, as the ceremony was to take place at nine p.m. On the arrival of the bride, a few minutes before nine o'clock, accompanied by her mother, the Countess Dowager of Norbury, she was received by the Earl of Lindsay, her uncle, who gave her away, and six bridesmaids — namely, the Ladies Mary, Elizabeth, and Charlotte Graham Toler, sisters, and Miss Graham Toler, cousin of the bride; Miss Vans Agnew, cousin of the bridegroom, and Lady Kathleen Bernard. The bride wore a dress of white satin, flounced and trimmed with Brussels lace, relieved with orange-blossoms, and, over a wreath composed of orange-blossoms, lily of the valley and myrtle, a Brussels lace veil, a tiara of diamond stars fastening the wreath and veil to the hair. Among her other ornaments was a pendant of peals [sic] and diamonds. The bridesmaids' dresses were of white cashmere and satin, with lace veils fastened with a bunch of marguerite daisies, and each carried a bouquet of white flowers. Each bridesmaid wore a jewelled [Col. A / B] ornament of maurguerite daisies in pearls and diamonds, the present of the bridegroom. The bridegroom had arrived previously, accompanied by his brother, Mr. Herbert Jenkins, 17th Lancer, who officiated as best man. The religious service was performed by the Rev. Francis E. C. Byng, M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen and Vicar of St. Peter's, assisted by the Rev. H. Webb Peploe, M.A., Vicar of St. Paul's, Onslow-square, and the Rev. Freeman Wilson, B.A., Rector of East Horsley, Ripley, Surrey. At ten o'clock the Countess Dowager of Norbury received her numerous friends at supper in celebration of her daughter's nuptials at her residence on Onslow-gardens. The newly-wedded pair went to Ashley Coombe, Somerset, which Lord Lovelace has placed at their disposal for the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of sapphire blue brocade, the woven bodice being embroidered with gold and blue beads, and bonnet to match.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B) ===20 March 1880, Saturday=== <quote>On the 20th inst., at Fawley, Henley-on-Thames, G. J. Irvine, Surgeon, R.N., eldest surviving son of the late G. Irvine, Esq., M.D., of Bungalow, Irvinestown, in the county of Fermanagh, Ireland, to Henrietta Frances Corrie, youngest daughter of the late W. B. Corrie, Esq.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 290; Issue 2130, Col. A) <quote>The Duke and Duchess of Connaught visited the Prince of Wales's' Theatre on Saturday.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B) <quote>The Duchess of Teck dined with the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn in Grosvenor-street on Saturday last.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B) <quote>Last Saturday evening the members of the 38th Middlesex, or Artists', Rifle Volunteers, met, according to yearly custom, to take part in a variety of athletic competitions. In order to accommodate the large number of persons anxious to be present, the St. George's Hall, in Langham-place, had been taken for the occasion, and a large audience assembled to witness the prowess of the combatants. The list of competitions, which wa not strictly confined to members of the corps, was a long and varied one.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 295; Issue 2130, Col. B) ===22 March 1880, Monday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Joseph Joachim arrives in London on Monday morning, Feb. 16, and plays in the evening at the Popular Concert; and his last performance again will be the Monday Popular Concert, on March 22d." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 10, col. b.) <quote>On Monday evening the Prince [of Wales], with the Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Teck, visited the Prince of Wales Theatre to witness the performance of "Forget-me-not."</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. A) <quote>Count Münster gave a banquet on Monday night at the German Embassy in celebration of the birthday of the German Emperor. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught dined with his Excellency.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B) <quote>The 102nd anniversary festival of the Highland Society of London wa celebrated on Monday night at the Freemason's Tavern. The Mackintosh of Mackintosh occupied the chair. The presence of a large proportion of guests attired in the Highland costumes, both civil and military, served to indicate the national character of the gathering. After the loyal and patriotic toasts had been drunk, the chairman, in proposing "Prosperity to the Society," said that it had been instituted with the object of preserving the national dress, language, and music of the Highlands, and also for rendering assistance when necessary to Highlanders away from their native country. He congratulated the members upon the fact that the funds of the society were in a most satisfactory condition, and read the report of the auditors, from which it appeared that there was a balance in hand of £12,000. The toast of "The Visitors" was responded to by three gentlemen eminent respectively in literary, science, and art — Mr. William Black, Mr. J. Norman Lockyer, and Mr. Thomas Faed, R.A. The health of the chairman and of Mr. J. Macrae Moir, the secretary, was drunk with Highland honours. After dinner a sword dance was performed in spirited style by Mr. W. H. Burton, and a Highland reel was similarly given by four other gentlemen.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 299; Issue 2130, Col. C) ===24 March 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>A ball in behalf of the Jews' Infant School was held on Wednesday at Willis's Rooms.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 295; Issue 2130, Col. B) ===25 March 1880m, Thursday=== In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 ''World'', Edmund Yates writes the following: "Lady Benedict has issued invitations for her receptions on the third and fourth Thursdays in February and March from three to six." (Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b.) ===26 March 1880, Good Friday=== <quote>The fine weather on Good Friday drew many people into the country, and the tram-cars, omnibuses, railways, and steamers were all crowded. The parks and open spaces around London were full of visitors, and large numbers of persons went to the Crystal and Alexandra Palaces, where selections of sacred music were performed. The services at St. Paul's, Westminster Abbey, and the churches of the metropolis were well attended. Dan Stanley preached at the Chapel Royal in the morning, and in the afternoon at the Abbey.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 03, 1880; pg. 323; Issue 2131) ===27 March 1880, Saturday=== <quote>The Queen has appointed Mr. Hugh Fife Ashley Brodie of Brodie to be Lord Lieutenant of the county of Nairn, in the room of the late Mr. James Brodie.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B) ===28 March 1880, Sunday=== Easter Sunday. ===29 March 1880, Monday=== <quote>Prince Leopold went to the Prince of Wales's Theatre on Monday evening.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 03, 1880; pg. 315; Issue 2131, Col. A) <quote>The marriage of the Rev. Newman Hall took place on Monday, the bride being Miss Knipe, of London, the lady to whom Mr. Hall admitted at the divorce trial that he had communicated an intention of marriage, subject to the success of his suit.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 03, 1880; pg. 322; Issue 2131, Col. C) <quote>In the evening the Lord Mayor gave a full-dress dinner at the Mansion House, which was attended by about 300 guests. The French Ambassador, Admiral Pothuau, responded to the toast of his health, and Lord Tenterden replied for the toast of the House of Lords. His Lordship bore testimony to the hard work that was constantly being done by members of the House of Lords on behalf of the country. It had been said that if an hereditary House of Lords had not been in existence no human being would ever have been such a fool as to invent it. In no other country did an hereditary assembly at all like it exist, where its members could be found resisting the natural temptations to an idle and selfish life, and devoting themselves, as the late Lords Derby and Clarendon had done, to the service of their country. These things showed that there were peers who acted on the principle of noblesse oblige, and as long as that spirit animated the House of Lords he believed that the toast which had just been drunk would be always welcome. The Lord Mayor, in replying to his health, proposed by Lord Tenterden, nominated Mr. Herbert Jameson Waterlow one of the Sheriffs for the ensuing year.</quote> (Easter Monday.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 03, 1880; pg. 327; Issue 2131, Col. B) <quote>The closing meet of the Royal staghounds was held at Maidenhead Thicket, Windsor, on Monday morning. The weather was fine, and a large number of the neighbouring gentry, yeomanry, and inhabitants attended the gathering, which was one of the most brilliant of the season.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 03, 1880; pg. 335; Issue 2131, Col. A) ===30 March 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>Sir Robert Drummond Moncrieffe, Bart., (Scots Guards), brother of the Duchess of Athole and Countess of Dudley, and Miss Evelyn Elizabeth Van Hay, eldest daughter of Colonel the Hon. Charles R. and Mrs. Hay, and niece of the Earl of Kinnoull, were married on Tuesday at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, in the presence of a large congregation, comprising the nearest relatives and intimate friends of both families. A detachment of non-commissioned officers and privates of the Scots Guards, the bridegroom's regiment, attended at the church, and lined the pathway from where the carriages set down the bridal guests to the church door. The eight bridesmaids were: — Misses Ida, Amy, and Maude Hay, sisters of the bride; Lady Edith Ward and Miss Evelyn Forbes, nieces of the bridegroom; and Miss Cholmondeley. The bride's dress was of ivory satin duchesse, the skirt being covered with Brussels lace and trimmed with orange-blossoms and ostrich feather trimming; and over a wreath of orange-flowers a Brussels lace veil, the latter being fastened to the hair by diamond stars, the gift of the Earl of Dudley. Her other jewels were a superb diamond spray, the gift of Miss Moncrieffe, a gold bracelet and a pearl bracelet, gifts of the bridegroom, and a pearl and diamond brooch, a present from the Duchess (Dowager) of Cleveland. The Hon. and Rev. Robert Liddell, M.A., Vicar of St. Paul's, officiated, assisted by the Rev. Rowland Hill, who, after the marriage, delivered an impressive address. The wedding party afterwards reassembled at the residence of the Hon. Colonel and Mrs. Hay in Grosvenor-place. Shortly after two o'clock, Sir Robert and the bride started for the Earl of Dudley's seat in Worcestershire.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 10, 1880; pg. 339; Issue 2132, Col. A) ==April 1880== ===3 April 1880, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Pirates of Penzance, Or the Slave of Duty'' opens at the Opera Comique. <quote>The Earl of Shaftesbury presided last Saturday at the closing festival of the eighteenth series of Lambeth Baths Winter Meetings for the people, when a large number of persons sat down to tea.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 10, 1880; pg. 339; Issue 2132, Col. C) ===6 April 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The marriage of Sir Robert Moncrieffe, Bart. (Scots Guards), and Miss Evelyn Hay is arranged to take place on Tuesday, April 6, at St. Paul's , Knightsbridge.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 267; Issue 2129, Col. B) ===7 April 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The marriage arranged between Mr. George Clifford, eldest son of Sir Charles Clifford, and Miss Lawson, eldest daughter of Sir John Lawson, Bart., is fixed to take place on April 7.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 20, 1880; pg. 267; Issue 2129, Col. B) <quote>A testimonial, in the shape of a dessert service of plate valued at 700 guineas, was on Wednesday given to Mr. Edward Ledger, proprietor of the Era newspaper, in return for his fearless defence of the respectability of the theatrical profession when threatened by irregular proceedings in regard to the claims of certain persons whose title to the character of stage-artists is more than questionable. His efforts in this direction involved him in legal expenses, which he cheerfully incurred. In acknowledgment of such self-sacrifice, a silver gilt service was, as above stated, presented to him at the Lyceum; Mr. Henry Irving presided. The chairman made a neat speech on the occasion, to which Mr. Ledger responded in a discourse full of good sense, sprinkled with several good puns. Several hundred visitors attended the ceremonial.</quote> (Theatres. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 10, 1880; pg. 354; Issue 2132, Col. B) ===8 April 1880, Thursday=== <quote>On the 8th inst., at the Church of St. Alban the Martyr, by the Rev. John Stafford Northcote, the Rev. Arthur Francis Norcote, fourth son of the Right Hon. Sir Stafford Northcote, to Mary Arabella, youngest and only surviving child of the late S. Bush Toller, Esq., Q.C.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 362; Issue 2133, Col. A) <quote>The exhibition of the City of London Society of Artists in Skinners' Hall closed on Saturday last. The number of visitors was considerable, notwithstanding that the Easter holidays and the General Election intervened during the short period the exhibition was open. The sales were somewhat limited, but of course these will increase if future exhibitions are held as they become known. A conversazione was held on Thursday preceding, at which the Lord and Lady Mayoress, the Earl and Countess of Aberdeen, Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A., and other distinguished guests were present.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 374; Issue 2133, Col. A) ===9 April 1880, Friday=== <quote>The annual conversazione of the Society of British Artists was held at the Suffolk-street galleries on Friday evening last, and was numerously attended. A vocal and instrumental concert was given during the evening, the performers (who were well received) being Messrs. Segilman, Gibson, Hervey Thomas, Howell, and Maybrick, and the Misses Josephine Lawrence, Eleanor Burnet, and Adela Vernon. Mr. Alma Tadema has been elected an honorary member of this society.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 370; Issue 2133, Col. C) ===10 April 1880, Saturday=== <quote>The marriage of the Hon. Henry R. Scott, brother of Lord Polwarth, with Lady Ada Home, second daughter of the Earl of Home, is fixed for the 8th of next month.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B). <quote>On the 10th inst., at the parish church, Cornhill-on-Tweed, the Hon. Henry R. Scott, to the Lady Ada Home.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 362; Issue 2133, Col. A). <quote>The marriage of the Hon. Henry Robert Scott, youngest son of the late and brother of the present Lord Polwarth, with Lady Ada Home, second daughter of the Earl of Home, was solemnised on Saturday last at the parish church of Cornhill-on-Tweed, Northumberland. A large family party had met at The Hirsel, the Earl of Home's seat, near Coldstream, in order to be present. The Hon. and Rev. John Baillie, M.A., Canon Residentiary of York, performed the marriage ceremony, assisted by the Rev. Samuel Arnott Fyler, M.A., Rector of Cornhill. The bridesmaids were Lady Elizabeth and Lady Charlotte Home, sisters of the bride; the Hon. Mary Home, Miss Grisell Baillie, the Hon. Georgiana Scott, and Miss Helen Baillie Hamilton. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress of blanc mate satin duchesse, the front being covered with volants of point de gaze, looped up to the waist with a wreath of orange-blossoms; the train was draped negligée on one side, and fastened with a small bouquet of orange-blossoms, and the bodice trimmed with similar point [Col A/B] lace à la Medicis. Over a wreath of orange-blossoms was a veil of old point, fastened to the hair by diamond stars. The bridesmaids' toilettes were of pale blue surah princesse, draped over a plaited petticoat of sapphire velvet and toques to correspond with the costume; and each lady wore a gold locket and chain, the gift of the bridegroom. Captain Wyndham was best man. The Earl of Home received the wedding party at The Hirsel at breakfast. The Hon. Robert and Lady Ada Scott started for Douglas Castle, one of the family seats in Lanarkshire, for the honeymoon. The bride's travelling-dress was of satin of a dark heliotrope shade trimmed with velvet, the tablier à la vieille drawn with bows, and the bodice trimmed with embroidery in beads of all shades, a mantelet of velvet and satin trimmed with bead embroidery, and bonnet to correspond. The Earl of Home's gifts to his daughter included a chest of plate and diamond ring. The bride, among her numerous presents, received from the inhabitants of Colstream [sic] and Lennel a silver kettle and set of silver teaspoons; from members of the congregation of Cornhill Church, a silver salver; the tenantry at Douglas, a gold locket set with diamonds; inhabitants of Douglas, gold bracelet set with diamonds; the outdoor workers at Douglas, silver branch candlestick; servants and employés at Newton Don, Douglas Castle, and Bothwell Castle, four silver carltons; servants at The Hirsel, silver tea service in case; outdoor workers of The Hirsel, silver inkstand; the servants at Mertoun, a clock. The school-girls at Birgham and Hirsel also sent presents.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 363; Issue 2133, Col. A) ===11 April 1880, Sunday=== '''Sometime this week''', as the ILN reported on the 17th, <quote>The Duke and Duchess of Teck were present at Mrs. C. T. Freake's theatrical entertainment at Cromwell House.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 363; Issue 2133, Col. A) ===12 April 1880, Monday=== <quote>Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., presided on Monday at the reopening of the Hoxton-hall, formerly a music-hall, but now devoted to the promulgation of temperance principles, under the auspices of the Blue Ribbon Army Gospel Temperance Society. The chairman was supported by Mr. G. Palmer, M.P., and Mr. W. Fowler, M.P.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 371; Issue 2133, Col. B) ===13 April 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The marriage arranged between Lord Maurice FitzGerald and Lady Adelaide Forbes is fixed to take place on April 13.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 27, 1880; pg. 291; Issue 2130, Col. B). <quote>The marriage of Lord Maurice Fitzgerald, second son of the Duke of Leinster, and Lady Adelaide Forbes, eldest daughter of the Earl of Granard, K.P., was solemnised on Tuesday at St. Mary's Catholic Church, Newtown Forbes, by the Rev. James O'Reilly, P.P., assisted by the Rev. M. Comfrey. The bride, who was given away by her father, was attended by Lady Sophia and Lady Eva Forbes, her sisters; Lady Eva and Lady Mabel Fitzgerald, sisters of the bridegroom; the Hon. Mary Petre, and Miss Angela, cousin of the bride. The bride's dress was of white satin, trimmed with Brussels lace and garlands of orange-blossom, myrtle, and shamrock, and over a wreath of the same flowers a veil of Brussels lace. Her jewels were a diamond tiara, the gift of the bridegroom; a diamond necklet and earrings, the gift of her father; and an emerald and diamond pendant, the joint gift of the Duke and Duchess of Keinster. The bridesmaids' dresses were of pink silk, trimmed and draped with cream-coloured lace, and bouquets of rose, shamrock, and thistle. The lockets, given by the bridegroom, were of crystal surrounded by pearls, with the monogram "A. M. F." in turquoises and pearls. The Hon. Henry Denison, R.H.A., was best man. The Earl and Countess of Granard entertained the wedding party at breakfast at Castle Forbes, during which the band of the Westmeath Rifles performed a selection of music. Lord Maurice and his bride left by special train for Kilkea Castle, the seat of the Duke of Leinster, for their honeymoon.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 363; Issue 2133, Col. A) <quote>Mr. Hinde Palmer, M.P., the Treasurer, and the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn entertained at dinner on Tuesday — the Grand day in Easter Term — Lord Houghton, Sir James Paget, Sir George Burrows, and Mr. Anthony Trollope. The Lord Chief Baron, Lord Justice James, Lord Justice Baggallay, and Lord Justice Cotton were among the Benchers present.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 17, 1880; pg. 371; Issue 2133, Col. B) ===14 April 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The marriage of The Mackintosh of Moy Hall, Inverness-shire, and Ella, only daughter of the late Mr. E. P. Richards, of Plas Newydd, Glamorganshire, and grand-daughter of the late Vice-Admiral George Tyler, K.H., of Cottrell, county Glamorgan, was solemnised on the 14th inst. at St. George's Church, Hanover-square, by special license.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. B) ===15 April 1880, Thursday=== <quote>On the 15th inst., at St. Stephen's, South Kensington, by the Rev. T. Waldo, assisted by the Rev. A. Veysey, Hugh Gurney Barclay, of Thorpe, Norwich, eldest son of Henry Ford Barclay, of Woodford, Essex, to Evelyn Louisa, eldest daughter of Sir Stuart Hogg, of 104, Cromwell-road, South Kensington.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 386; Issue 2134, Col. A) <quote>The annual ball in aid of the funds of the Metropolitan and City Police Orphanage took place on the 15th inst. at the Cannon-street Hotel. There were about 800 persons present, and during the evening the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and the Sheriffs, and Col. Fraser, were amongst the company. [new paragraph, sic repetition] The tenth annual ball in aid of the funds of the Metropolitan and City Police Orphanage was given on the 15th inst, at the Terminus Hotel, Cannon-street. During the evening the Lord Mayor and the Lady Mayoress, Mr. Sheriff Woolloton, Mr. Sheriff Bayley, Mr. Under-Sheriff Crawford, and Mr. Under-Sheriff Wragg, who were also accompanied by ladies, the Rev. William Rogers, Colonel Fraser, Major Bowman, Dr. [Col. B/C] G. Borlase Childs, Captain Chailds, Captain Henry Stephens, and other patrons and honorary stewards, were present. In the orphanage at Twickenham more than 230 children are now fed, clothes, and taught.</quote> (Metropolitan News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 391; Issue 2134, Cols. B-C) ===17 April 1880, Saturday=== <quote>Their Royal Highnesses [the Prince and Princess of Wales], with Princesses Louise Victoria and Maude of Wales and Prince Louis of Battenberg, were present at the marriage of the Hon. Elizabeth Harbord with Lord Hastings in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, on Saturday. The Prince and Princess and Prince Louis of Battenberg went afterwards to the wedding breakfast at Lord and Lady Suffield's resident in Upper Grosvenor-street.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. A). <quote>the Duke and Duchess of Teck, with their daughter Princess Victoria, were present at the marriage of Lord Hastings and the Hon. Elizabeth Evelyn Harbord.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. B) <quote>The marriage of Lord Hastings with the Hon. Elizabeth Evelyn Harbord, third daughter of Lord Suffield, took place at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, on Saturday afternoon at three o'clock, in the presence of a large assemblage of Royal and distinguished guests. The bride, who was given away by her father, was dressed in white spotted satin, the body and tunic à la princesse, trimmed with a fringe of orange-blossoms and long tulle skirt; and over a wreath was a Mechlin lace veil, fastened by a diamond butterfly, the gift of her mother. Her other jewels were a pearl and diamond necklace, pearl and diamond bracelet, and a diamond and cat's-eye bracelet, the gifts of the bridegroom, and she carried a bouquet of white flowers. The bridesmaids, the Hon. Alice, the Hon. Judith, the Hon. Winifred, the Hon. Eleanor, and the Hon. Bridget Harbord, the five sisters of the bride, and the Hon. Agneta Astley, sister of the bridegroom, were dressed alike in dresses of white crêpe de chine and white velours hats to match, and each carried a bouquet of yellow Maréchal Niel roses, confined by streamers of red and blue ribbon. Each wore an arrow brooch, composed of diamonds, the monogram of the bride and bridegroom being artistically arranged, and surmounted by a Baron's coronet, the balls being of Oriental pearls. Mr. George Peel was best man. The Rev. James J. Holland, M.A., Minister of Quebec Chapel, performed the ceremony, assisted by the Rev. R. A. Gould, M.A., Vicar of Earsdon, Northumberland, and domestic chaplain to Lord Hastings. The service was choral. The wedding breakfast was given by Lord and Lady Suffield, at their residence in Upper Grosvenor-street. Early in the evening Lord Hastings and his bride started for Coombe Cottage, Mr. Barings' residence in Surrey, to pass the early days of their honeymoon. The bride's travelling costume was of fawn-coloured cashmere, with chapeau and muff to match. The wedding presents were very numerous and among them were gifts from the tenantry on both estates.</quote> ("The Court: Fashionable Weddings." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. B) ===19 April 1880, Monday=== <quote>The Prince and Princess [of Wales] went to the Globe Theatre on Monday evening ....</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. A) ===20 April 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>... and on Tuesday evening their Royal Highnesses [the Prince and Princess of Wales] went to the Royal Italian Opera.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. A) <quote>The Duke and Duchess of Connaught went to the St. [Col. A/B] James's Theatre on Tuesday evening.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. A) ===21 April 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The marriage between Miss Alice Campbell, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. Henry W. Campbell, and Mr. Seymour P. Bouverie, is fixed to take place next Wednesday.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. B) ===22 April 1880, Thursday=== <quote>On the 22nd ult., at St. Peter's, Eaton-square, by the Rev. Canon Sapte, assisted by the Rev. George H. Wilkinson, Lord Gifford, V.C., to Sophie Catherine, eldest daughter of General Street, C.B.</quote> (Marriages. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 418; Issue 2135, Col. A). <quote>Edric Frederick, Lord Gifford, V.C., Captain 57th Foot, was married to Miss Sophia Catherine Street, daughter of Lieutenant-General J. A. Street, C.B., on Thursday week, by special license, at St. Peter's Church, Eaton-square. Lord Gifford was accompanied by his groomsmen, Captain Charles W. Hume (late Rifle Brigade) and Captain Charles J. Wyndham (83rd Regiment). The bride arrived, with her father, at three o'clock. The bridesmaids were Miss Louisa Street (sister of the bride), the Hon. Edith Gifford (sister of the bridegroom), Miss M. Trotter, Miss M. Pennant, and Miss G. Speir (nieces of the bridegroom), and Miss J. Holroyd. The bride wore a dress of ivory white satin duchesse, with long casaque bodice, the skirt being entirely covered with Brussels lace, and trimmed with orange-blossoms, myrtle, and jessamine, and over a wreath of real orange-blossoms was a Malines tulle veil. Her jewels were pearls and diamonds. The bridesmaids were dressed alike in costumes of Madras muslin and cream-coloured satin, with hats and feathers to match. Each wore a pearl and diamond arrow brooch, the gift of the bridegroom. The marriage ceremony was performed by the Rev. G. H. Wilkinson, Vicar of St. Peter's. About 150 friends were guests of General and Mrs. Street, and partook of refreshments at the Grosvenor Hotel. Lord and Lady Gifford started for Cranford House, Lord Fitzhardinge's seat, near Hounslow, where they intend to spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling-costume was of dark peacock-green satin and cashmere, trimmed with point d'Alençcon, and mantle and bonnet to match. The wedding presents were numerous. The officers of the 57th Regiment presented their brother officer with a silver centrepiece, and the inhabitants of Cirencester presented a silver tea and coffee service.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 419; Issue 2135, Col. A) <quote>A large company of ladies and gentlemen assembled at the Albion Tavern, Aldersgate-street, on Thursday week, to celebrate the thirty-third anniversary festival of the Earlswood Asylum for Idiots. The Earl of Rosebery occupied the chair. Subscriptions amounting to about £2050 were announced.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 423; Issue 2135, Col. A) ===23 April 1880, Friday=== <quote>The Prince and Princess upon their return [from the Sandown Park Races] dined with the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton at their residence in Belgrave-square. ... His royal Highness and the Princess went to the Royal Italian Opera, Covent-garden, in the evening.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 419; Issue 2135, Col. A) <quote>Next day the annual dinner of the Royal Hospital for Incurables took place at Willis's Rooms, Mr. J. D. Allcroft in the chair; when the subscriptions amounted to £4300; including 100 guineas from the chairman, £500 from Mrs. Fanny Harris, £155 from Mr. W. D. Cruddas, 100 guineas from the Clothworkers' Company, and 100 guineas each from Mr. N. J. Powell, Mr. W. Y. Jones, Mr. Conrad Wilkinson, Mr. Thomas Scott, Miss Lanfear, and Miss Green.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 423; Issue 2135, Col. A) ===24 April 1880, Saturday=== <quote>Dean Stanley, the Hon. L. Stanley, M. P., Mr. T. Hughes, Q. C., Mr. Cowie, the Hon. Miss M. Stanley, and many other ladies and gentlemen, were present, last Saturday, at the opening of a coffee tavern in Old Compton-street, Soho. Mr. T. Hughes presided. The rooms were decorated with taste.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 438; Issue 2135, Col. B) ===26 April 1880, Monday=== <quote>The Prince and Princess, accompanied by the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, went to the Royal Italian Opera on Monday evening.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 419; Issue 2135, Col. A) ===27 April 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The Duke and Duchess of Connaught and the Duke and Duchess of Teck went to the Haymarket Theatre on Tuesday.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 419; Issue 2135, Col. A) ===28 April 1880, Wednesday=== The first Waverly Tableaux Vivants, <quote>in aid of the Irish Distress Relief Fund</quote> (Waverley Tableaux Vivants. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 523; Issue 2139, Col. C) ===29 April 1880, Thursday=== The second of the Waverly Tableaux Vivants, these first two <quote>in aid of the Irish Distress Relief Fund</quote> (Waverley Tableaux Vivants. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 523; Issue 2139, Col. C) ===30 April 1880. Friday=== ==May 1880== ===1 May 1880, Saturday=== George Augustus Sala says, <blockquote>I went to the last concert for the present season of the People's Entertainment Society at the Lammas Hall, Battersea, last Saturday night. The hall was crammed, and there must have been between five and six hundred people present, mainly belonging to the very poorest classes of working men. Their wives were, in kindness, not allowed to come; it being not thought advisable to interfere with their marketing, and their children-washing and general fixing up duties at home. Admission was altogether free, and the audience behaved themselves as well as though they had been such an audience as one usually finds at morning concerts at Willis's rooms, or at an evening one at St. James's Hall. The entertainment was varied and pleasing. Madame Antoinette Sterling's magnificent contralto voice was heard to great advantage in "Twenty-One," by Mollow; in "Darby and Joan," by the same composer; and two or three fine old English songs, the names of which I forget. A very fine tenor was revealed in Mr. Radland; and Police-Sergeant Marriner, who has a capital baritone voice, sang "Honest Heart," composed by Lady Lindsay (of Balcarres). The Viscountess Folkestone sang with exquisite taste and feeling, and was deservedly encored. There were violin, harp, and piano solos; and the pleasant proceedings were brought to a close by the present of a handsome and tasteful illuminated testimonial address, subscribed for and executed by the working men of Battersea, to Mr. Charles Bethune, the promoter and the indefatigable organiser of these entertainments. (G.A.S. [George Augustus Sala]. Echoes of the Week. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 443; Issue 2136, Col. A)</blockquote> <quote>In the evening the Prince dined with the President (Sir F. Leighton) and the Council of the Royal Academy of Arts and Burlington House, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Christian, the Duke of Teck, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Count Gleichen, and the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh being present.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 446; Issue 2136, Col. B). <quote>Sir Frederick Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, took the chair last Saturday evening at the annual banquet prior to the opening of the exhibition. The company was numerous and distinguished, and amongst the speakers were the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, Admiral Ingelfield, Mr. Gladstone, Sir James Paget, Mr. Bret Harte, the Lord Mayor, and the Archbishop of Canterbury.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 463; Issue 2136, Col. A). <quote>It has always been a matter of surprise that at the Royal Academy banquet, to which are invited the varied and various representatives of art, one of the sisters should have been so [Col A/B] systematically ignored. Painting, music, sculpture, engraving, literature, and many more have invariably been represented, but the Drama has by intention or accident been left out in the cold, or if invited by Proxy, never alluded to in the speech commemorating the combined arts to the goodwill of the company. On one occasion this error was repaired by an invitation to Mr. Henry Irving; but it has been a custom more honoured in the breach than in the observance, although there is and ever has been a strange companionship between painters and the stage, and this friendship has moulted no feather. Artists and actors have ever gone hand-in-hand. At the approaching banquet the "amende honorable" has been made by Sir Frederick Leighton, who, with his fellow-workers in art, has sent an invitation to Mr. John Hare, the manager of the St. James's Theatre and an actor of considerable eminence. Nor would it surprise us if, in the glowing panegyric of the learned President, the Dramatic Muse were lifted by the hand and restored to the niche which she should ever adorn by her beauty, her taste, her influence, and her eloquence.</quote> (Talk of the Week. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 426; Issue 2135, Col. A). From the perspective of Bret Harte: <quote>...he attended the Royal Academy dinner at Burlington House in London on May 1. The painter William Frith had approached Harte while he as in London in January to ask whether he was interested in delivering the reply to the "Toast to Literature" at the Royal Academy dinner that spring, and he accede when Sir Frederick Leighton wrote him in early April with a formal invitation. Such "swells" as Froude, Arthur Sullivan, Robert Browning, T.H. Huxley, Anthony Trollope, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, W.E. Gladstone, the archbishop of Canterbury, and the Prince of Wales "toasted me very kindly," re reported to Anna, and he "made a neat little speech — not bad and not very good" on American humor. In fact he read his "Toast" with his head bent over the manuscript and as usual mumbled his words. The final two pages of his text were not transcribed in news reports of the dinner and, like Harte's lecture on "American humor," they are now lost. Nevertheless, the prince asked to be introduced to him afterwards, and "I've had no end of invitations and a general kind of patronage from every body."</quote> (Scharnhorst, Gary. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000. Page 159). Bret Harte more fully: <quote>I made a neat little speech — not bad adn not very good — the Prince of Wales asked to be introduced to me (he's more like an American than an Englishman), a lot [179/180] of swells were 'glad to make my acquaintance,' etc., etc., and that was about all. It was a good deal of trouble for very little result.</quote> (Axel Nissen, Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 179-180) ===3 May 1880, Monday=== <quote>A conversazione was held on Monday night at the rooms of the Medical Society, when the annual oration marking the close of a session was delivered by Dr. W. H. Broadbest, F.R.C.P. The president of the Society, Mr. Gant, F.R.C.S., presided.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 443; Issue 2136, Col. C) ===4 May 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>The Queen, with Princess Beatrice, will come to Buckingham Palace on Tuesday next. Her Majesty will hold a Drawingroom the same afternoon, and also on the following Thursday.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 446; Issue 2136, Col. A) <quote>The Prince and Princess, accompanied by their sons and daughters, were present at the performance of "The Pirates of Penzance" at the Opéra Comique on Tuesday.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 446; Issue 2136, Col B) ===5 May 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>Somewhat meagre were the reports published in the daily papers of the proceedings at the annual banquet of the Royal Literary Fund, which, under the presidency of Mr. John Everett Millais R.A., took place at Willis's Rooms, on Wednesday, the Fifth. I had just finished my "Echoes" when it was time to dress for dinner. It was close upon eleven p.m. ere the speechmaking was over; and those facts should serve as a partial apology for several errors of omission and commission which may have been noticed in last week's column, of which I was unable to see a complete proof. Editors, sub-editors, printers' readers, and compositors, had all kindly done their very best to decipher my manuscript but there were some words in it which they nor the "Blind clerk" at the Post Office, had he been called in, could have understood. [new paragraph] The most accomplished painter of the age was not supported by nearly so many of his brother Academicians and Associates as I should have liked to see present. I have but the slightest personal acquaintance with any of ces messieurs: — they are too grand for "the likes of me;" but I think that I know Mr. G. D. Leslie, Mr. Sant, and Mr. Briton Rivière by sight; and theirs were the only Academic faces that I recognised at the banquet. Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A., who is one of the most elegant and facile of after-dinner speakers, was the guest, I was told, on the evening in question, of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales at Marlborough House; else he would, doubtless, have been present at Willis's Rooms to respond to the toast of "The Interests of Art," fluently and humorously proposed by Mr. Tom Taylor. [new paragraph] But were you quite right, Mr. T. T., in asserting that the Fine Arts had no special Muse assigned to them, and were fain to be content with the general patronage of the Graces? Did not Urania preside over Geometry; and did not Venus, when she assumed the cognomen of Urania, take Beauty under her protection? Finally, is not Geometry the basis — the immutable basis — of all Fine Art, whether in architecture, sculpture, landscape, or figure-drawing? Art without a mathematical foundation is a body without a skeleton, and must fall. It is true that not many of our modern painters trouble themselves any more about the science of geometry than they do about that of anatomy. [new paragraph] The matter of Mr. Millais' speech in proposing the toast of the evening, "Prosperity to the Royal Literary Fund," was in all respects admirable. In it humour alternated with pathos; and in many passages he rose to true eloquence. He has a rich resonant voice, too, a fine presence, and nearly every attribute of a first-rate public speaker. But he was throughout hampered by the fact not only of having learned his speech by heart, but of having brought the manuscript of his speech with him. That was a mistake. Learn your speeches by heart as much as you like, if you do not possess the gift of extempore speech; ''but never bring your written speech with you''; unless, indeed, you cut it up into small square pieces which you can hold in your hand as though they were a pack of cards, dealing — that is to say, reading — them out, phrase by phrase, with the peroration as the final trump. But beware of that parlous manuscript. To consult it is confusion. Burn your ships; break down your bridges; forget that the parlous manuscript ever existed; look your enemy — I mean your audience — straight in the face; and, my word for it, you will come out "straight."</quote> (Echoes of the Week. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 467; Issue 2137, Col. A) <quote>The annual dinner of the Royal Literary Fund took place at Willlis's Rooms; Mr. Millais, R.A., presided. In proposing the prosperity of the fund the chairman spoke of the close sympathy between artists and literary men. Their tastes and vicissitudes were much the same; they practically belonged to the same company of which Shakespeare was the king — of vagabonds and strolling players. Among the other speakers were Lord Justice James, Mr. Tom Taylor, and the Earl of Derby. The subscriptions and donations for the evening amounted to about £1100, including one hundred guineas from the Queen.</quote> (Anniversaries of Benevolent Societies. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 474; Issue 2137, Col. C) ===6 May 1880, Thursday=== <quote>Her Majesty will hold a Drawingroom ... also on the following Thursday.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 446; Issue 2136, Col. A) ===7 May 1880, Friday=== <quote>At a meeting of the Court of Common Council yesterday week it was resolved, at the instance of the Music Committee, to establish a school of music of a high class in the city of London, and the committee were authorised to take the necessary steps to organise and give publicity to such a school, at an expense not exceeding £350 for the current year.</quote> (Music. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 459; Issue 2136, Col. B) <quote>At the Queen's Levée, held by the Prince of Wales yesterday week at St. James's Palace, on her Majesty's behalf, the presentations numbered upwards of 460. With the Prince of Wales were the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Christian, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Duke of Teck, and Prince Louis of Battenberg.</quote> ("The Court: Court Entertainments." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 474; Issue 2137, Col B) ===8 May 1880, Saturday=== <quote>A new coffee tavern, situated at the junction of the Lambeth and Kennington roads, was opened last Saturday by Mr. H. R. Brand, M.P. It is called the Old Surrey Lodge, commemorative of the building, part of the site of which it occupies.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 471; Issue 2137, Col. C) ===11 May 1880, Tuesday=== <quote>All the tickets for the second series of tableaux vivants at Cromwell House on May 11 and 12 are sold. The proceeds are for the benefit of the Artist' Orphan Fund.</quote> (Metropolitan News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 426; Issue 2135, Col. C) <quote>The Prince and Princess of Wales, with their customary zeal in patronising art in its varied forms, were present at Mr. and Mrs. Freake's residence, Cromwell House, to see the tableaux vivants arranged by several members of the Royal Academy and other artists ....</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 08, 1880; pg. 446; Issue 2136, Col B) <quote>The Queen's Drawingroom, which her Majesty held on Tuesday at Buckingham Palace, was one of the fullest of the year. The wife of the Chinese Minister and the wife of the First Secretary of the Legation were presented, and about 125 other presentations were made. The Royal personages present were the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, Princess Christian, Princess Beatrice, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Leopold, the Duke and Duchess of Teck, and the Hereditary Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. [new paragraph] The Queen wore a dress of black silk, handsomely embroidered with white silk and trimmed with black satin and chenille. Her Majesty also wore a white tulle veil, surmounted by a diadem of diamonds, a necklace and earrings of large diamonds, the koh-i-noor as a brooch, the ribbon and star of the Order of the Garter, the orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, Louis of Prussia, St. Catherine of Russia, St. Isabelle of Portugal, &c., and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order. [new paragraph] The Princess of Wales wore a dress of gold brocade over a jupe of the same shade of satin trimmed in point d'Alençon; corsage to correspond. Head-dress — a tiara of diamonds, feathers and veil; Indian ornaments of emeralds and pearls; Orders — the Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, St. Catherine of Russia, and the Danish family order. [new paragraph] The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz wore a petticoat and body of heliotrope satin and velvet, trimmed with fine Brussels lace; train of heliotrope velvet, with Brussels lace and shaded feathers. Head-dress — plume, veil, tiara of diamonds and pearls; ornaments, diamonds and pearls. [new paragraph] Princess Christian wore a dress and train of black satin de Lyons, handsomely trimmed with jet and tulle. Head-dress — a tiara of diamonds, plumes, and veil, and a diamond butterfly; ornaments, a necklace of diamonds and diamond brooches. Orders — the Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order, the Order of St. Isabelle of Portugal, and the Prussian Order for Care of the Wounded. [new paragraph] Princess Beatrice wore a dress of pale pink satin trimmed with narrow black lace and sprays of blush roses, the train of stamped velvet gauze over pink satin. Head-dress — feathers, veil, and diamond stars. Her Royal Highness also wore a diamond necklace, brooch, and earrings, and the orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order.</quote> ("The Court: Court Entertainments." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 474; Issue 2137, Col B) ===12 May 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>All the tickets for the second series of tableaux vivants at Cromwell House on May 11 and 12 are sold. The proceeds are for the benefit of the Artist' Orphan Fund.</quote> (Metropolitan News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 01, 1880; pg. 426; Issue 2135, Col. C). <quote>Princess Mary Adelaide was present last week at the repetition of the second series of the "Tableaux Vivants" at Cromwell House, and honoured Mr. and Mrs. Freake with her presence at supper afterwards. The proceeds of the two representations on the 11th and 12th realised £600 for the benefit of the Artists' Orphan fund.</quote> (Home News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. B) <quote>The Royal Exchange Restaurant, underneath the Royal Exchange, was opened on Wednesday under the auspices of the Coffee Public-Houses National Society in the presence of a large and influential company. This society was already opened five coffee public-houses in London and three in the country.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 467; Issue 2137, Col. C) ===13 May 1880, Thursday=== <quote>The Queen held another Drawingroom on Thursday.</quote> ("The Court: Court Entertainments." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 474; Issue 2137, Col B) Not positive of date: <quote>At the last Drawingroom held by the Queen the royal persons present were the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Hesse, Princesses Christian and Beatrice, the Dukes of Edinburgh and Cambridge, and the Hereditary Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. The diplomatic and general circles were numerously attended, and a large number of presentations were made to her Majesty. [new paragraph, smaller font for the next 4 paragraphs] The Queen wore a dress and train of black brocaded satin, trimmed with jet embroidery, and a white tulle veil, surmounted by a diadem of diamonds, and fastened with pins of diamonds and amethysts. Her Majesty also wore a necklace, brooch, and earrings of large amethysts and diamonds, the ribbon and star of the Order of the Garter, the orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, Louise of Prussia, St. Katherine of Russia, St. Isabelle of Portugal, &c. and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order. [new paragraph] The Primness of Wales wore a dress of green satin antique, draped in feuille morte velvet and satin, and a train of velvet lined in satin; corsage to correspond, with bouquets of Gloire de Dijon rosebuds. Head-dress — A tiara of diamonds, feathers, and veil. Diamond ornaments. Orders — Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, St. Katherine of Russia, and the Danish family order. [new paragraph] Princess Christian wore a dress and train of black silk, with rich jet embroidery, tulle, and bouquets of poppies. Head-dress — a tiara of diamonds, veil, and plumes. Ornaments— diamonds, pearls, and emeralds. Orders — the Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order, St. Isabelle of Portugal, and the Prussian Order for Care of the Wounded. [new paragraph] Princess Beatrice wore a train and corsage of ivory and gold Irish poplin, bordered with plisses of gold lace, and a petticoat of Oriental silk, richly embroidered in gold and white, and dressed with fringes of fine gold and pearls. Head-dress — feathers, veil, and diadem of Indian rubies. Her Royal Highness also wore a necklace, earrings, and brooch of rubies, and the orders of Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, and the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family order.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 495; Issue 2138, Col. A) <quote>St. James's Hall was crowded on the night of Thursday week with an audience composed almost exclusively of women, who assembled to make what was described as a "National Demonstration of Women" in support of the claim of female ratepayers to the Parliamentary franchise. A small number of men were admitted to the galleries on payment of 2s. 6d. each. Viscountess Harberton presided; there were several ladies of title on the platform, and a large number of delegates came from various parts of the country. The principal speakers were the chairwoman, Miss Helen Taylor, Miss Becker, Mrs. Webster, Mrs. A. Arnold, Miss Tod, and Miss Rhoda Garrett. A resolution in support of the object of the meeting was carried with one dissentient, a man in the gallery, who was received with cries of "Turn him out!" It was also resolved to present a memorial embodying the resolution to the First Lord of the Treasury.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 482; Issue 2137, Col. B) ===14 May 1880, Friday=== <quote>The Princess [Christian] has given her patronage to a private subscription ball in aid of the Home for Incurable Children, Maida-Vale, to be held at Willis's Rooms on May 14.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 24, 1880; pg. 387; Issue 2134, Col. A) Subsequent to the St. James's Hall "National Demonstration of Women" meeting on Thursday, 13 May 1880, <quote>A supplementary meeting was held next day at St. James's Restaurant to consider the best means of bringing the claims of female ratepayers to the Parliamentary franchise before Parliament. The chair was taken by Miss Helen Taylor. Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P. was one of the speakers. Several ladies addressed the meeting.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 482; Issue 2137, Col. B) <quote>His Excellency the Chinese Minister and the Marchioness Tseng had their first reception yesterday week at the Legation, in Portland-place, the wife of the Minster wearing her national costume of exquisitely embroidered silks.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 495; Issue 2138, Col. B) <quote>There was an amusing novelty and curiosity in the way of musical performances, mentioned briefly in our last, at the concert which took place in St. James's Hall on the Friday evening, by the arrangement of Lady Folkestone, for the benefit of the Children's Hospital in Great Ormond-street. It was Romberg's "Toy Symphony," executed by some of our most accomplished musicians with the simplest instruments, different kinds of pipes and whistles being used to imitate the voices of birds, rather as a musical joke than as an exhibition of fine art. Our page of Illustrations shows the appearance of these distinguished performers while engaged in manipulating such unwonted instruments on the platform, very much to the amusement of a crowded and fashionable audience, among whom were the Prince and Princess of Wales. The gentlemen so engaged were Messrs. Arthur Sullivan (cuckoo), Charles Hallé (quail), Joseph Barnby (nightingale), Arthur Chappell (woodpecker), A. Randegger (drum), Blumenthal (rattle), Dr. Stainer and Mr. Kuhe (trumpets), Mr. Engel (triangle), Mr. Manns and Mr. Cusins (first violins), Mr. Carl Rosa and Mr. Santley (second violins), Mr. Ganz (viola), Mr. Daubert (violoncello), Mr. Progatzky (double bass), Messrs. Cowen and J. F. Barnett (pianoforte). Sir Julius Benedict officiated as bellringer, and Mr. Henry Leslie was the conductor. The effect of the performance may be easily imagined. An equally curious feature of the concert was the rendering of the "Soldier's March" from "Faust," conducted by Madame Trebelli, the band consisting, according to the programme, of "a hundred mirlitons." This is the French appellation of an apparatus which is put into the mouth, like Jew's harp, to produce a comical alteration of the voice.</quote> (A Toy Symphony. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 498; Issue 2138, Col. A). <quote>The Prince and Princess [of Wales] were also present at Viscountess Folkestone's concert, at St. James's Hall, in aid of the funds of the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond-street.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 495; Issue 2138, Col. A) <quote>The annual conversazione given by the President and members of Metropolitan Counties Section of the British Medical Association took place yesterday week at the South Kensington Museum, and was attended by a large and brilliant company, including several representatives of the Diplomatic Corps and members of both branches of the Legislature.</quote> (Home News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. B) <quote>Yesterday week the Lady Mayoress (Lady Truscott) gave a Cinderella dance at the Mansion House, the guests numbering over a hundred.</quote> (Home News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. B) ===15 May 1880, Saturday=== <quote>On the 15th inst., at St. John's, Paddington, J. F.De-Gex, Esq., Q.C., of Lincoln's-inn, and 20, hyde Park-square to Alice Emma, eldest daughter of Sir J. H. Briggs.</quote> (Marriages. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 490; Issue 2138, Col. A) ===16 May 1880, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===17 May 1880, Monday=== Bank Holiday. <quote>The weather was all that could be wished. A bright sun, a blue sky, and a cool breeze invited to out-door [lb at hyphen] recreation and shed a charm on whatever is calculated either to refresh or to entertain the citizens of this vast metropolis.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 490; Issue 2138, Col. C) Emma Nevada's debut in London, at Her Majesty's Theatre where she sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' (https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html). <quote>The council of one of the most flourishing temperance organisations in the kingdom, the Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross, has resolved upon holding a demonstration in Hyde Park on Whit Monday for the advocacy of temperance principles. The branches, upwards of thirty in number, headed by their rev. presidents in carriages, with bands and banners, will assemble in Lincoln's-inn-fields at one o'clock, and start thence in procession at two o'clock, via Great Queen-street, Long-acre, Leicester-square, Coventry-street, Regent-street, Oxford-street, and through the Marble Arch into Hyde Park, where addresses will be delivered by the rev. president, members of Parliament, and others. The Cardinal's "League Guards," under the command of Major Pearce, and also the juvenile guards, will be in attendance.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 483; Issue 2137, Col. C) <quote>In Hyde Park there were three "demonstrations." A meeting was held to celebrate the Liberal victory at the general election. Resolutions were passed congratulating the people on the return of Mr. Gladstone to power; in favour of household county franchise, a redistribution of seats, granting the Parliamentary suffrage to women, and radical reforms in the land laws. A "Tichborne" meeting was also held, at which a resolution was passed protesting against the continued imprisonment of the Claimant and the delay in reference to the writ of error. The third meeting was that of the Roman Catholic Temperance League, the members of which were addressed, among others, by Mr. A. M. Sullivan, Mr. O'Connor Power, M.P., and Mr. Finnigan, M.P.</quote> ("The Bank Holiday." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 495; Issue 2138, Col. B) ===9 May 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>I quote from the World the following graceful allusion to a sad event. Mr. Yates's sympathetic lines will be read with melancholy interest by those who remember — and what reader of this journal does not? — the poignant wit, the sound common sense, the polished style so long displayed in the column headed "Nothing in the Papers." "Another link with the recent past is broken by the death of Mrs. Shirley Brooks, widow of the admirable journalist and editor of Punch, which occurred on Friday last. Mrs. Brooks, who possessed much force and originality of character, will be missed by a large circle of friends." The remains of the deceased lady (whom I remember as a pretty laughing girl, having her miniature painted by the late Charl Schiller, whose pupil I was seven-and-thirty years ago) were interred at Kensal-green on Wednesday.</quote> (Echoes of the Week. G. A. S.. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 491; Issue 2138, Col. C) ===20 May 1880, Thursday=== <quote>Miss Ellen Terry announces her benefit at the Lyceum for the evening of Thursday, the 20th inst. "The Merchant of Venice" will, on this occasion, be followed by, for the first time, "Iolanthe," an idyl in one act, adapted and rewritten by Mr. W. G. Wills, from Henrick Herz's poem, "King René's Daughter." Miss Terry will appear as Iolanthe and Mr. H. Irving as Count Tristan.</quote> (Theatres. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 15, 1880; pg. 478; Issue 2137, Col. A) ===21 May 1880, Friday=== <quote>The Prince and Princess of Wales dined with Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, at their residence in Portman-square, after their return from Truro yesterday week.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A) ===22 May 1880, Saturday === <quote>The Coaching Club will meet at the Magazine, Hyde Park, to-day (Saturday) at twelve o'clock, and drive to the Orleans Club for luncheon.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. A). <quote>The members of the Coaching Club — a junior four-in-hand club — met at noon last Saturday at the Magazine in Hyde Park, to open the season. An enormous number of spectators assembled as early as eleven o'clock. Fully thirty coaches met at the rendezvous. About half-past twelve the Duke and Duchess of Connaught drove up, shortly after which the procession filed off, led by Lord Carington — in the absence of the Duke of Beaufort — and, after driving round by Hyde Park-corner, quitted the park at Queen's-gate and proceeded to the Orleans Club at Twickenham to lunch.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 531; Issue 2139, Col. C) <quote>Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein gave a concert last Saturday evening in aid of the funds of the Albert Institute, Windsor, the proceeds of the entertainment being destined to supplement the results of the bazaar which had just been held for a similar purpose, and which was attended by her Royal Highness. Princess Christian, attended by Lady Katharine Coke, arrived at the Albert Institute shortly before eight, and was conducted to the retiring-room, where she remained till the commencement of the entertainment with the ladies and gentlemen engaged in the opening piece. Her Royal Highness ascended the platform, the whole of the audience rising as she took her place on the right of the group of amateur vocalists. The Princess took part in the madrigal, "Charm me asleep," in the pianoforte duet (overture), "The Wood Nymph," with Mr. Otto Goldschmidt; in the barcarole and scherzo, with Mr. J. S. Liddle; performed the pianoforte solo (a) "Melody," Kjerulf, (b) "Nachtstück," Schumann; and joined in the National Anthem. Her Royal Highness, accompanied by M. and Madame Lind-Goldschmidt, left the institute shortly after ten o'clock, and returned to Cumberland Lodge. As a result of the bazaar and concert £1200 has been received by the committee, an amount sufficient to clear the institute entirely of debt, and leaving about £500 in hand towards the library and for other purposes.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. B) <quote>The annual monster meet of bicyclists took place on Saturday last at the usual rendezvous, Bushey Park, when some 1900 riders took part in the procession, which extended from Hampton to the Clarence Arms, Teddington, a complete chain of about two miles.</quote> (National Sports. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 526; Issue 2139, Col. B) ===24 May 1880, Monday=== Queen Victoria's 61st birthday. <quote>The Queen attained her sixty-first year on Monday. the auspicious event was celebrated at Windsor with great loyalty, and in the evening the Mayor and Corporation, with their friends, dined together at the White Hart Hotel in HOnour of the day; her Majesty, according to annual custom, augmenting the entertainment with a fat buck from Windsor Great Park.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A) <quote>The Prince [of Wales] dined with Lord Calthorpe at his residence in Grosvenor-square on Monday evening.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A) <quote>The marriage of Mr. James Hozier, only son of Mr. William Hozier, of Maudslie Castle, Lanarkshire, with the Lady Mary Cecil, second daughter of the Marquis of Exeter, was solemnised on Monday at St. Thomas's Church, Orchard-street, Portman-square. The bridegroom was accompanied by his best man, Lord Cloncurry. The bridesmaids were the Ladies Isabel, Catherine, Frances, and Louisa Cecil, her sisters; and Miss Hozier and Miss May Hozier, sisters of the bridegroom.</quote> (The Court. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. B) ===25 May 1880, Tuesday=== In reference to the tableaux vivants at Cromwell House May 11 and 12: <quote>Next Tuesday, the 25th inst., and on Monday the 31st, a third series of the tableaux will be given, the proceeds of which will be devoted to the Royal Caledonian Asylum.</quote> (Home News. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. B) <quote>On the 25th inst., at St. Mary-in-the-Castle, hastins, by the Rev. D. L. Scott., LL D., assisted by the Rev. H. Stent, M.A., Viar of Fairlight, Samuel Alfred Probart, of Graaff-Reinet, Cape of Good Hope, Esq., J.P., to Isabella Henrietta, eldest daughter of the late Charles Osborne, Esq., of the Exchequer and Audit Office.</quote> (Marriages. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 514; Issue 2139, Col. A) <quote>On Tuesday the Duchess [of Teck] opened at Twickenham St. John's Hospital, which has been built and endowed by Miss Twining. A garden party was afterwards given by Dr. and Mrs. Benthall in the grounds adjoining the hospital.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. B) ===26 May 1880, Wednesday=== Derby Day, the races at Epsom Downs. According to the ''Morning Post'', <quote>Lady Selborne's evening party. / Mrs. Hussey Vivian's reception. Mrs. Charles H. Wilson's first dance, 30, Grosvenor-square. / Epsom Races — Derby Day. / The Royal Horticultural Society's evening conversazione, at nine o'clock. Flower show in the arcades by electric light. Band of the Royal Horse Guards.</quote> ("Fashionable Arrangements for the Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 26 May 1880: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 6A). ===27 May 1880, Thursday=== <quote>The first state ball of the season took place on Thursday at Buckingham Palace.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A). <quote>The first State Ball of the season was, by command of the Queen, given on Thursday week at Buckingham Palace. The Prince and Princess of Wales, with their suite, were escorted from Marlborough House to the Palace by a detachment of the Household Cavalry. The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess Christian, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, the Hereditary Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cambridge, and the Duke and Duchess of Teck were present at the ball. The Prince of Leiningen, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and Countess Dornburg, Prince Louis of Battenberg, the Hereditary Prince of Schaumberg-Lippe, the Maharajah Shuleep Sing and the Maharanee, and Count and Countess Gleichen and the Contess Feodora Gleichen were invited to the ball. Dancing commenced, immediately after the entry of the Prince and Princess of Wales with the Royal guests into the saloon, at a quarter to eleven. The Princess of Wales wore a dress of yellow gauze trimmed with satin and engraffed with châtelaines of Java lilies; corsage to correspond. Head-dress — a tiara of diamonds. Indian ornaments of pearls, emeralds, and diamonds. Orders — Victoria and Albert, the Crown of India, St. Catherine of Russia, and the Danish family order. The principal members of the Diplomatic Corps were presents, with the ladies of their respective families; and invitations were issued to about 2000 persons of distinction.</quote> ("The Court Royal Entertainments." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. A) ===29 May 1880, Saturday=== Official celebration of Queen Victoria's birthday (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A). She was in Balmoral. Sala writes, <quote>Or course I was present at the "inauguration" of the Grand Hotel in Northumberland-avenue on Saturday evening. All the streets in the neighbourhood were blazing with gas-light [lb at hyphen], for her Majesty's birthday was being officially celebrated; and loyalty had broken out most enthusiastically in illuminations, and in crowds who had come to see the same. Everybody in London society who was not at the birthday banquets, or at the theatre, or playing whist, was at the Grand Hotel; and the inaugural ceremony was performed with graceful dignity by the Lord Mayor, who was accompanied by the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, and attended by his Sword Bearer, Mace Bearer, and City Marshal. A comfortable and a comely sight to see. [new paragraph] The new hotel is a sumptuous structure, and the decorations and furniture of the interior are magnificent. With thoroughly good management, the undertaking ought to prove a brilliant success, social as well as commercial. I confess that the splendour of the vast establishment in Northumberland-avenue did not quite take my breath away, because only the other day I was staying at the Grand Pacific Hotel at Chicago, and afterwards at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco, the last of which is, beyond doubt, the most magnificent hotel, with the best cuisine, in the world. And when I saw that it is as admirably managed as the Midland Grand Hotel, St. Pancras, intending visitors to California may gain some definite idea of the accommodation which they may expect at the Palace Hotel at 'Frisco.</quote> (Echoes of the Week. G. A. S.. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 539; Issue 2140, Col. C) <quote>On Saturday last, the movement made by the clergy and the wealthier classes in favour of the establishment of the proposed "Coffee Music-Halls" was advanced another step. A large meeting of bishops, noblemen, gentlemen, and ladies (in number about three hundred) took place at the Master's Lodge, Charter House, under the presidency of Dr. Currie, in order that the objects of the company might be explained. The speakers on the occasion were Dr. Norman Kerr, the Bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Emily Bovell Sturge, Mr. Baron Pollock, the Bishop of Bedford, Mr. Richard E. Webster, Q.C., Mr. Arthur Locker, and Mr. Ernest Hart.</quote> (Theatres. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 551; Issue 2140, Col. A) ===31 May 1880, Monday=== In reference to the tableaux vivants at Cromwell House May 11 and 12: <quote>Next Tuesday, the 25th inst., and on Monday the 31st, a third series of the tableaux will be given, the proceeds of which will be devoted to the Royal Caledonian Asylum.</quote> (Home News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. B) <quote>The Prince of Wales will hold a Levée on her Majesty's behalf next Monday at St. James's Palace.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A). <quote>The Prince of Wales held a Levée on behalf of the Queen on Monday at St. James's Palace, at which were present the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke of Connaught, and the Duke of Cambridge. The usual state ceremonial was observed, and several presentations took place in the diplomatic circle. The general circle was very fully attended, and about 450 presentations were made.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. A) <quote>The Prince and Princess dined with the Earl of Fife on Monday at his residence in Cavendish-square. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught and the Duke and Duchess of Teck were among the guests at a small dance afterwards.</quote> ("The Court: The Prince and Princess of Wales." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. A) ==June 1800== In June? 1880, Robert Milnes married "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 18). ===1 June 1880, Tuesday=== In the paragraph on Princess Christian: <quote>Her Royal Highness, with the Duke of Edinburgh, dined with Earl and Countess Sydney on Tuesday at their residence in Cleveland-square, St. James's.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. A) <quote>The Lady Mayoress held a reception on Tuesday at the Mansion House between three and five o'clock. In the evening the Lord Mayor entertained the Judges. M. Léon Say, the French Ambassador, Sir. W. Harcourt, the Master of the Rolls, and the Solicitor-General were among the speakers.</quote> (Home News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. C) ===2 June 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>The Four-in-Hand Club did not meet on Wednesday, as had been announced, but will turn out at the Magazine, Hyde Park, at twelve o'clock on Wednesday, June 2, to drive to the Crystal Palace for luncheon.</quote> (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 22, 1880; pg. 499; Issue 2138, Col. A). <quote>The first meet of the season of the coaches of the Four-in-Hand Club took place on Wednesday morning.</quote> (Home News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. C) <quote>The first state concert at Buckingham Palace is fixed for Wednesday next.</quote> (The Court. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 519; Issue 2139, Col. A) ===16 June 1880, Wednesday=== <quote>On the 16th inst. the Lord Mayor will give a banquet to the Archbishops and Bishops.</quote> (Home News. illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 05, 1880; pg. 543; Issue 2140, Col. C) ===17 June 1880, Thursday=== <quote>I rejoice to find that a very bright English humourist of our own times, Mr. Frank Burnand, intends to read some selections from his inimitable "Happy Thoughts," in aid of the Catholic Teachers' Fund for the relief of the distress in Ireland. The reading will take place at Steinway Hall on Thursday, June 17, and I hope that Mr. Burnand will have a crowded audience. I notice in the long list of patrons of the entertainment the names of Cardinal Manning, the Lord Mayors of London and Dublin, the Marquis of Ripon, Lord Denbigh, Lord Petre, Monsignore Talbot, and Sir Charles Dilke.</quote> (Echoes of the Week. G. A. S.. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, May 29, 1880; pg. 515; Issue 2139, Col. A) ===1880 June 21, Monday=== On Brett Harte: <quote>His society friends thronged to hear him lecture in Steinway Hall on June 2, 1880. The hall was "crowded with fashionable folk in <ital>full dress</ital>," and the occasion was, in fact, "more like a small reception than an honest lecture," Harte reported to Schneider: "what between rustling silks and laces <ital>inside</ital> and rattling carriages and bawling footmen outside — it wa a most extraordinary and amusing affair. ... [sic] It wanted only the handing around of ices and tea, to have made it perfect."</quote> (Axel Nissen, Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 180) Another version: <quote>On June 21, pausing in London en route to his new post, Harte lectured on the "Argonauts" at Steinway Hall, a charitable event in support of the Victoria Hospital for Children. With "rustling silks and laces inside and rattling carriages and bawling footmen outside ... [sic] I dont [sic] think any one came really to hear me," he admitted. Most of the audience <blockquote>were my "society" friends and they nodded their heads at me and shook their faces and smiled graciously and chatted with each other and came to enjoy apparently "a very good time." I managed finally to frown them into silence, and they all pretended to be vastly interested, and applauded in the wrong places, and said, in loud stage whispers, to each other "O isnt [sic] it perfectly charming! Really, how delicious! You know! The idea! you [sic] know!" At last they got me to laughing too — and so the lecture ended.</blockquote>How peculiar the occasion, the London Daily News commended Harte's "quaint and abundant humour." As if finally to retire the lecture, he published a version of it as the introduction to an edition of his collected writings issued by Chatto and Windus in 1880 and in German translation under the title "Aus Kaliforniens fruhen Tagen" in Deutsche Rundschau later the same year.</quote> (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West. The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 160.) ==July 1880== ===July 21 1880, Wednesday=== A benefit for [J.] Maddison Morton at the Gaiety, reviewed by the Era on 25 July 1880. The concluding performance was of ''Box and Cox''. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]] conducted his own music. Arthur Cecil did Box, George Grossmith did Cox, and the Serjeant Bouncer was performed by "Corney Grain." As Andrew Crowther says, <blockquote>Earlier in the same evening, Morton's two-act farce "Woodcock's Little Game" had been performed — with a certain W.S. Gilbert playing Adolphus Swansdown! This is a minor role, but more than just a walk-on part — a blood-and-thunder character who keeps challenging people to duels (typecasting). The Era reviewer said: "Mr W.S. Gilbert came well through his work as Adolphus Swansdown, and, taking him to the amateur standard, we are disposed to give him great commendation." F.C. Burnand was down on the bill to play a "guest" in this play, but the reviewer notes of him and a few others that "the modesty of these gentlemen seems to have acted as a preventive, as they were conspicuous only by their absence." There was a third play on the bill, "Betsy Baker", with Mr J.L. Toole ("Thespis") as Mr Marmaduke Mouser. He "provoked great merriment, and his ready wit was shown in one or two bits of 'gag' rendered necessary to save a hitch — notably where he had to shut a door himself and then to call upon somebody else to open it." In the same play "Mr Billington made a capital Crummy", but I don't know if this is "our" Fred Billington, a stalwart of the D'Oyly Carte touring companies and the Sergeant of Police at the famous Paignton performance. (Andrew Crowther, posting on Savoynet <savoynet@bridgewater.edu> 3 March 2003.)</blockquote> ==August== ==September== ==October== ==November== ==December 1880== ===8 December 1880, Wednesday=== Disraeli visitor at Windsor, his last visit with Queen Victoria (Monypenny, William Flavelle, and George Earle Buckle. The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Vol. VI, 1876-1881. New York: Macmillan, 1920. Page 621. Google Books, retrieved 11 February 2010.) ===9 December 1880, Thursday=== Disraeli visitor at Windsor, his last visit with Queen Victoria (Monypenny 621). ===10 December 1880, Friday=== Disraeli leaves Windsor for the last time, never to see Queen Victoria again (Monypenny 621). ==Works Cited== *"Dramatic Fine Arts Gallery, The." Morning Post, Monday, 16 February 1880: page 6. (Behind firewall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18800216/028/0006) *"Dramatic Picture Exhibition, The." London Standard, Monday 16 February 1880: page 3. (Behind paywall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18800216/017/0003) *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). *Monypenny, William Flavelle, and George Earle Buckle. The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Vol. VI, 1876-1881. New York: Macmillan, 1920. Page 621. Google Books, retrieved 11 February 2010. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 14 January 1880, p. 9. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 8, col. b. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. a. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 10, col. b. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 21 January 1880, p. 9, col. b. *Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," The World: A Journal for Men and Women, 28 January 1880, p. 9, col. b. ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} jmh3l1rcy5vylcf0rwqv9uioqns6mi3 0 264251 2719076 2715433 2025-06-18T20:17:49Z Scogdill 1331941 2719076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] 1881 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January== "Some time before the last illness he [Disraeli] gathered round him one evening some friends, who may pardon the mention of their names, as a proof that he never permitted politics to interfere with friendships. The Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, Lord and Lady Granville, Lord and Lady Spencer, Lady Chesterfield, Lady Dudley, Lady Lonsdale, Lord and Lady Barrington, Lord and Lady Cadogan, Lord Bradford, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild. Sir Frederick Leighton, and Mr. Henry Manners dined with him." (Ewald, quoting Lady John Manners, p. 581, Col B, fn) ===1 January, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===18 January 1881, Tuesday=== "Tuesday, Jan. 18, will ever be memorable in meteorological annals for the Snow Hurricane with bleached London and England generally" (Penny Illustrated Paper, "Our Illustrations," "The Reign of Jack Frost," p. 4). The Queen was on the Isle of Wight, and "The roads to Ryde and Newport were blocked and impassable. The drifts near Osborne were ten and twelve feet deep. The steamers were unable to cross the Solent; and, as at one period of the day the telegraph-poles were blown down, all communication between the island and the mainland was cut off" (Penny Illustrated Paper, "Our Illustrations," "Royalty in the Snow and on the Ice," p. 4.) In London itself, "By eight in the morning a full gale was blowing, accompanied by sleet, the wind appearing at different times to blow from different quarters. Snow descended to heavily that by eleven the roads and paths were impassable, and the scene generally was of the wildest possible description. The comparatively few persons in the streets had the greatest difficulty in making progress through the blinding snow, now ankle-deep; horses with heavily-laden vehicles could not move; the tram-cars in all parts of the metropolis had to temporarily cease running, and even on some of the railways the snow-drift occasioned by the gale lay so deep – in parts two feet and even three feet – that trains were brought to a stand-still. Added to all this, the force of the 'circular wind' brought additional dangers in the shape of tiles, chimney-pots, &c., from the housetops, and it is computed that at least sixty persons were admitted to the London hospitals, which, since the present severe weather has set in, have had more cases of broken limbs, dislocations, and wounds of various kinds attended within their walls than have been known for some time. "In the City especially, now crossed and recrossed over the housetops by telegraphic wires in every direction, which swayed violently with each rapidly succeeding gust of wind, the danger to pedestrians was greatly increased. Our picture of St. Paul's-churchyard, as viewed from the top of Ludgate-hill, gives a fair idea of the fury of the storm. The snow continued during the whole of the day. Attempts were made in many parts of London to remove it, but they were all futile, and night witnessed the remarkable spectacle of a metropolis comparatively deserted, theatres and other places of amusement being half empty. At the doors of the West-End club-houses commissionaires and porters during the night were constantly blowing their whistles for cabs, but without response. Not until the Wednesday morning could any estimate of the damage be arrived at. The first fact which impressed itself upon business men was the absense of letters either from the Continent or the provinces, not a mail of any description getting through to London in time for the early morning deliveries, which a good portion did not arrive before the Thursday. The breakage of the telegraph wires in many places also causes a serious delay to messages." (p. 5) ===19 January 1881, Wednesday=== Constance (de Rothschild) Battersea, in her Memoirs, says of the wedding between her cousin Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia, the sister of Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, <quote>Many were the messages of congratulation that poured in upon the bridegroom, amongst them a letter from Lord Beaconsfield, who wrote: "I have always been of opinion that there cannot be too many Rothschilds." The marriage took place in 1881, and the day proved a memorable one. It was the 19th of January, following upon a terrific snowstorm and blizzard, which prevented some of the guests from attending the wedding. Amongst those, however, who did was the Prince of Wales, who seemed much impressed with the Jewish marriage ceremony, and had his place, I remember, opposite the Ark between two of my cousins. From this happy marriage sprang three sons: Lionel, Evelyn, and Anthony — the second son, most charming and well-beloved, doomed, alas, to the great grief of his family, to fall in Palestine during the Great War, in November 1917!</quote> (http://books.google.com/books?id=Z0gJAAAAIAAJ, p. 48). ===20 January 1881, Thursday=== The Prince of Wales and Lord Beaconsfield ("Dizzy") dine with Lord Ronald Gower at Stafford House (Gower 5). ===27 January 1881, Thursday=== Lord Ronald Gower has luncheon at Kensington Palace, where William Morris, "poet and paper manufacturer," was one of the speakers (Gower 5). ==February== === 5 February 1881, Saturday === Thomas Carlyle died. ===18 February 1881, Friday=== Bret Harte met the Van de Velde, dining at their house (accompanied by the Trübners?) (Gary Scharnhorst. Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West.The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000. Page 163). ===21 February 1881, Monday=== In her ''Journals'', Lady Knightley says, "I came up [to London] for a lark, combined with G.F.S. Council, spent the whole day on the committee, dined with the old Duchess, and went to a charming party at Nora's" (Journals 346). ===22 February 1881, Tuesday=== In her ''Journals'', Lady Knightley says, "Again spent most of the day at the G.F.S. Council, dined with Lord Leven, and went to parties at Polly Ridley’s and Mrs. Brand’s. I sat between Lord Reay and Sir Stafford Northcote, who was particularly pleasant" (Journals 346). The House of Lords was debating Ireland, and this party and her journal discussed those debates. ==March== Thomas E. Kebbel "saw him [Disraeli] for the last time at a London party one evening in March, and he then seemed to be quite as strong and well as a man of his age could be expected to be" (154). (Kebbel, T. [Thomas] E. [Edward] Life of Lord Beaconsfield. International Statesmen Series. Ed., Lloyd C. Sanders. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1888. Google Books. Retrieved 12 February 2010.) Disraeli's homeopathic physician, Dr. Joseph Kidd, says, “In the spring of 1881 he felt the cold most keenly, and seldom went out for a walk, his only exercise. Yet he could not deny himself the pleasure of going into society in the evening. He thought that with fur coats and shut carriage he might risk it. But on one of the worst nights in March he went out to dinner, and returning / home was caught for a minute by the deadly blast of the north-east wind laden with sleet. Bronchitis developed the next morning with distressing asthma, loss of appetite, fever, and congestion of the kidneys.” (68-69) === 2 March 1881 === Russian Emperor Alexander II was assassinated. ===19 March 1881, Saturday=== Disraeli dined with the Prince of Wales at Marlborough House (the last time Disraeli dined "from home"). ("Edward VII." Dictionary of National Biography. Ed., Sir Sidney Lee. Second Supplement, Vol. 1. London: Smith Elder, 1912. Page 533, Col. B.) ===26 March 1881, Saturday=== Disraeli "took a slight part in a political gathering held at his residence a week later" (Irving, Joseph. Annals of Our Time: A Diurnal of Events, Social and Political Home and Foreign: From February 24, 1871, to the Jubilee, June 20, 1887. London: Macmillan, 1889. Google Books. Retrieved 14 February 2010. [Google citation says Volume 2, but I don’t see it on the title page or anywhere around.]). ===30 March 1881, Wednesday=== First notice to the Times that Disraeli was ill, which begins with this: "It has been known throughout the country that Lord Beaconsfield for some days past was suffering from an attack of asthma, caused by exposure to the prevalent east winds. During the time he had been attended by his medical advisor, Dr. Kidd, who, however, entertained no anxiety. The symptoms of Lord Beaconsfield's indisposition fluctuated to some extent, but it was not thought that he was suffering from anything beyond an ordinary cold, which a few days' confinement to the house would eradicate. Within the last few days, however, symptoms of a graver character manifested themselves, and Dr. Kidd became more concerned on his patient's behalf. He attended him more closely, paying him frequent visits in the course of each day. On Sunday night still graver symptoms appeared, causing the doctor to remain all night. It was found that, in addition to a severe asthmatical cough, Lord Beaconsfield was suffering from an attack of suppressed gout, and the object which Dr. Kidd had in view was to develop the gout, and so relieve the asthma. During Monday Lord Beaconsfield was suffering greatly, and towards evening reports reached the House of Commons and the political clubs of his illness." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Wednesday, March 30, 1881, p. 7. Issue 30155, Col. E. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ==April 1881== ===1 April 1881, Friday=== According to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', <blockquote>Lord Beaconsfield passed a somewhat quieter night, and is said to be a little better to-day. Dr. Quain arrived at Curzon-street about half-past nine and after a consultation with Dr. Kidd had taken place, the following bulletin was issued at a quarter past ten o'clock: — "Lord Beaconsfield has passed the night without any severe attack of spasms. His lordship is weak, but in other respects the symptoms have improved." Dr. Quain, the Central News states, informed their reporter that his lordship has been able to take good nourishment; but though the case is more hopeful the patient will require continued and careful watching. The next bulletin will be issued at nine o'clock this evening, after the usual evening conference between Dr. Kidd and Dr. Quain. The Press Associate is able to state upon authority that, although there is much to contend with in the state of Lord Beaconsfield's health, his medical advisers are of opinion that the crisis has been passed, and that there is every hope for the recovery of the noble earl. The inquiries to-day have already been very numerous. Among the earliest inquirers were the Duke of Cambridge, Lord Lytton, Sir Moses Montefiore, Mr. A. de Rothschild, Mr. Beresford-Hope, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, and the Duchess of Sutherland. Mr. Gladstone has also sent to inquire. It is stated that yesterday Lord Beaconsfield was employed in correcting for Hansard his last speech in the House of Lords. In the course of the afternoon Dr. Kidd superintended the removal of his patient from one room to another, and the change did not seem in any way to cause him distress. Dr. Kidd remained with his lordship again last night, it being deemed necessary that some one should be hourly in attendance. The Lancet says: — "The noble earl suffers from a lack of nerve power — as distinguished from cerebral energy — which is by no means uncommon in men of Lord Beacsonsfield's type. The intensity of his lordship's vital force has for may years been remarkable, but it has been mainly due to mental energy, called forth in response to mental stimuli. With an organism so energetic and thus vitalized, there must needs be a perpetual liability to the suppression or metastasis of diseases which require a somewhat high grade of local disturbance to reach their normal type; meanwhile there are necessarily great irritability and weakness. The difficulties attending the management of such a case are obviously great, and its vicissitudes many and various." (The Pall Mall Gazette 1 April 1881 Issue 5025; page 8)</blockquote> ===2 April 1881, Saturday=== According to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', <blockquote>The improvement in Lord Beaconsfield's condition yesterday morning was not maintained all day. In the evening he was more feverish and restless, and effect possibly due to the occurrene of gout in the foot not previously affected. Dr. Kidd again remained with his patient during the night, and his report htis morning was more favourable. His lordship passed a quiet night and took more nourishment. Dr. Quain arrived about half-past nine o'clock this morning, and after a consultation had taken palce between Dr. Quain and Dr. Kidd, which lasted an hour and ten minutes, the following bulleting was issued:— "10.40 A.M. — Lord Beaconsfield has had some quiet sleep during the night. The gout in the right foot is rather more developed. The spasms have been relieved, but otherwise the chest symptoms continue the same." The anxiety felt as to Lord Beaconsifield's conditions, owing to the somewhat unfavourabloe bulletin of last night, was shown by the large number of inquiries this morning. The central News says that the medical gentlemen in attendance consider his lordship to be better than he wa slast night, but not so well as he was yesterday morning. Rest and quietness are essential to recovery, and strict injunctions have been given that no visitors are to be admitted. Dr.s Quain and Kidd again both saw his lordship after the issue of this morning's bulletin, and they then left Curzon-street. The callers yesterday were as numerous as on Wednesday and Thursday. Prince Leopold and the Duke of Cambridge paid personal visits to the house, and special telgrams were, by request, sent to the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh. A telegram was received by Lord Barrington last evening from Lord Rowton to the effect that he was absolutely detained at Marseilles on account of his sister's illness, and that the doctors forbade him to leave her. </blockquote> ===13 April 1881, Wednesday=== In its daily news item on the crisis in the health of Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, the ''Times'' reported that, after it inquired "shortly before midnight," and was told the following: <quote>Lord Beaconsfield has passed a day of restlessness, followed at 7 o'clock this evening by an attack of difficult respiration. The attack, which created considerable anxiety for a short time, passed over and later on his lordship was able to take some food and rest. It is difficult to suppress the anxiety which these repeated attacks give rise to — for, though the patient rallies from day to day, each successive attack leaves him less equal to resist their recurrence.</quote> ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Wednesday, April 13, 1881, p. 7. Issue 30167, Col. F. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===14 April 1881, Thursday=== People continued to gather in Curzon Street, where Disraeli lived. As always, the ''Times'' also lists who notable inquired or visited. ''The Lancet'' and the ''British Medical Journal'', which had been reporting on Disraeli's illness as well, are quoted. According to the ''Times'' report, the ''British Medical Journal'' says the following: "It is unnecessary to say that every variety of strong and digestible nourishment that can be suggested is at the command of his medical attendants; and it is a fact of the greatest interest and curiosity that from all parts of Europe, as well as of this country, different forms of food, wine, and other stimulants continue to be sent." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Thursday, April 14, 1881, p. 6. Issue 30168, Col. B. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===15 April 1881, Friday=== Good Friday. According to the daily story on Disraeli's illness in the ''Times'', the usual physicians' report was issued at 10:15 a.m., and "Large numbers of persons, including members of the working classes, were assembled when this statement was published. A copy of it was forwarded to Her Majesty and members of the Royal Family." "The profound interest manifested by Her Majesty in the well-being of Lord Beaconsfield has been shared by Her Majesty's subjects of all degrees. The number of letters received offering suggestions or making inquiries of one kind or another would form a most curious volume, whilst the collection of articles of food or diet sent to Curzon-street would constitute a perfect cabinet of hygiene or physic." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Friday, April 15, 1881, p. 7. Issue 30169, Col. F. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===16 April 1881, Saturday=== According to the daily story on Disraeli's illness in the ''Times'', "favourable" reports on his condition were issued at 1:00 a.m., 5:00 a.m., and then it quotes from the 10:15 a.m. report. The story ends with a report from the 11:30 p.m. reponse to inquiries: "Lord Beaconsfield has passed the day in a condition satisfactory to his physicians. He has taken nourishment at longer intervals and readily, on one occasion even expressing a desire to have it. His Lordship's progress must be slow under the most favourable circumstances; but there is nothing in the present aspect of the case to show that it will not be sure." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Saturday, April 16, 1881, p. 5. Issue 30170, Col. F. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===17 April 1881, Sunday=== Easter Sunday. ===18 April 1881, Monday=== The ''Times'' reported "two bulletins" from Saturday that were "favourable" and that Dr. Kidd did not spend Saturday night at Disraeli's house in Curzon Street, for the first time in three weeks, but the story ends with this: <quote>The following detailed account of Lord Beaconsfield's condition during the day was furnished to us in answer to our inquiries at 11 30 last night: — Lord Beaconsfield has been more restless at intervals during the last 24 hours, and he has taken less nourishment. Rest and food being essential elements in the recovery of strength, deficiency in these effects must have an unfavourable effect. His Lordship consequently is found somewhat weaker, though in other respect unchanged to night. A failure of this kind, however slight, which would be immaterial in a younger person, naturally creates anxiety concerning the result in the case of one of advanced years who, like Lord Beaconsfield, as gone through so grave an illness. There is, however, happily, no material retrogression to-night.</quote> ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Monday, April 18, 1881, p. 9. Issue 30171, Col. F. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===19 April 1881, Tuesday=== Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, died. The ''Times'' report, moved up to page 3 from its usual page 6 or so, reports the previous day's events like this: "Our readers will bear with deep concern that, with the return of the east wind, Lord Beaconsfield's condition has materially changed for the worse." "During the day a very large number of persons visited Curzon-street to read the bulletin posted in front of Lord Beaconsfield's house." There was a report at 9:00 p.m.: "Lord Beaconsfield's condition has not been satisfactory during the day. He has been free from urgent symptoms, and taken more nourishment, yet he rather loses strength." Here is the 11:30 report: "The improvement which occurred in Lord Beaconsfield's health during last week is not maintained to-day. He is free from urgent or distressing symptoms, and during the afternoon he has been able to take nourishment sufficiently well. Still, he rather loses than gains strength, and he sleeps heavily at intervals. The physicians see in those symptoms grounds for more grave anxiety as to the result than at any period during his lordship's illness." Then, the next paragraph, which concludes the story, says, "At 1 o'clock this morning Lord Beaconsfield's condition had not changed since the issue of the last bulletin. No improvement was perceptible. Lord Rowton remained in the house." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Tuesday, April 19, 1881, p. 3. Issue 30172, Col. E. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) “William Gladstone was at home in Flintshire, North Wales, when the news came early that morning [at 8:00 a.m.]. Benjamin Disraeli was dead. It was hardly unexpected, but Gladstone immediately recognized the implications for himself and the country. ‘It is a telling, touching event,’ he confided to his diary. ‘There is no more extraordinary man surviving in Englad, perhaps none in Europe. I must not say much, in the presence as it were of his Urn.’” (Aldous, Richard. The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs Disraeli. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. Google Books, retrieved 13 February 2010. Page 1.) "The sad tidings of the great statesman's death did not become generally known in the metropolis until the forenoon of Easter Tuesday, and as the railway trains kept bringing in their carriages full of passengers, returning from their Easter holiday-making in all parts of the country, intense became the excitement at the various metropolitan stations, on their seeing posted up in large letters at the newspaper-stands, 'Death Of Lord Beaconsfield.' Crowds collected, and groups of people of all classes, in grave and often tearful converse, gathered there all throughout the day, evidently absorbed in the one great and mournful subject of so melancholy yet memorable an occasion. And it was much the same in every other place of public resort. The clubs of every character and complexion, political and social, were agitated all day long by the exciting topic. It was one that, in all directions, threw every other into the shade. And it may be said with considerable truth that, with very partial, and by no means very respectable exceptions, the public mind of London — as, indeed, it soon appeared, of every other part of the kingdom — was sincerely and deeply affected by the mournful event" (Kebbel 300). Baron Redesdale says, "day after day the blasts, charged with all the filth of the great city, blew fiercely and yet more fiercely, bringing poison to those parched lungs. On the 19th of April he died, choked by London" (Redesdale 676). ===20 April 1881, Wednesday=== The article announcing Disraeli's death and summarizing his career appears to take up more than one entire page: 6 columns on one page and perhaps 1.25 on the next. Here is the main description of his Jewish heritage, and it begins the second paragraph of the article: "Lord Beaconsfield was of alien, although not obscure, extraction; he came of the separate people which, since it has been scattered from a land of its own, has been persecuted or ostracized by Christian intolerance. His family was ancient; allied, it is said, with that high Hebrew aristocracy of Spain that embraced individuals of the stamp of his own Sidonias, it traced its descent through merchant princes of Venice to a stem that had been transplanted from the East in very early days. But, like other privileges, such claims of blood came under the head of Jewish disabilities, and did less than nothing to help him in the struggle towards a position that seemed practically beyond his dreams. Now that he has pioneered the way for his people, blunting in 50 years the hard fighting the prejudices that every step imposed themselves to his own advance towards power; now that Jews sit as matter of right among the representatives of the country, legislating for interests in which they have a common concern with their fellows — it is difficult to measure the distance that then divided the young aspirant from the Premiership of England." There is another discussion of his "Jewish descent" beginning at the bottom of Column C and continuing at the top of Column D: "We have remarked that, like a man of spirit and shrewdness, in his writings as in his speeches, [Col break] Disraeli boldly prided himself on his Jewish descent and the glories of his race. Jews rich in gifts as in gold are the mythical heroes of the Utopias in his fictions. But the most eloquent defence of his people against the prejudices of Christendom is to be found in that chapter of the 'Political Biography' which precedes the explanation of Lord George Bentinck's conduct with respect to the Jewish disabilities. In ingenious arguments, more sophistical than satisfactory, he seeks to demonstrate that these prejudices are neither historically true nor dogmatically sound, and urges characteristically that we owe the Jews a large debt of gratitude for becoming the instruments to carry out the great doctrine of the Atonement. That he felt more than natural sympathy, that he took a genuine pride in his people, there can be no doubt whatever, and as little that he had no bigoted prejudice against religious emancipation in the abstract. Yet, when Lord George Bentinck resigned the leadership of his party rather than countenance its intolerance on the question of Jewish disabilities; when he not only voted, but exerted himself, under great physical suffering, to address the House on behalf of the Jews, Mr. Disraeli took a different view of his duty. It is impossible not to suspect that here, as elsewhere, he sacrificed conscience and inclination alike to what he considered as the paramount claims of party." ("The Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Wednesday, April 20, 1881, p. 7. Issue 30173, Col. A. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) There is another article addressing his death directly. ("The Death of the Earl of Beaconsfield," The Times. Wednesday, April 20, 1881, p. 9. Issue 30173, Col. E. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===21 April 1881, Thursday=== An article in the ''Times'' directly addresses the questions of the two funerals: "It is as yet undecided whether Lord Beaconsfield is to be buried in Westminster Abbey with a public funeral, or privately by the side of this wife in Hughenden churchyard. We stated yesterday that Mr. Gladstone, on receiving the sad news of Lord Beaconsfield's death, telegraphed at once to Lord Rowton and to the executors, Sir N. M. de Rothschild, M.P., and Sir Philip Rose, offering, on the part of the Government, a public funeral, and we are enabled this morning to give the continuation of the correspondence ...." The article quotes the will, providing for burial in Hughenden and a simple funeral, and says the Queen prefers he be buried in Westminster. It describes his lying in state in the room in which he died, though not on the couch on which he died, which has been removed from the room. There is a description of the moment of his death, when he seemed to the two men in the room to be about to rise to speak in Parliament. More stories from the foreign press are reported, as are descriptions of meetings in which people speak of Disraeli or of meetings that are cancelled. ("The Late Lord Beaconsfield," The Times. Thursday, April 21, 1881, p. 5. Issue 30174, Col. F [and continuing on to p. 6, Cols A-C]. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===22 April 1881, Friday=== The ''Times'' reports that the Queen has decided because of Disraeli's will that the funeral will be in Hughenden and Disraeli interred beside his late wife. The ''Times'' also reports stories from Vienna and ''The Lancet''. ("The Late Lord Beaconsfield," The Times. Friday, April 22, 1881, p. 5. Issue 30175, Col. F. Accessed online 7 February 2010. The Times Digital Archive 1785-1985.) ===23 April 1881, Saturday=== Leonora Braham opens in Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Patience, or Bunthorne's Bride'' (at the Opera Comique) to positive reviews. ===26 April 1881, Tuesday=== Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield's funeral. ===30 April 1881, Saturday=== Annual banquet for the Royal Academy. Gladstone attended: "Staring down at him was a magnificent four-foot oil portrait of Disraeli by the brilliant society artist Sir John Millais. The picture was a work in progress, which gave it an added poignancy. More to the point, it was an obvious partner for a portrait of Gladstone completed two years earlier. Gladstone had been painted in right profile. Now Disraeli, in left profile, would catch his eye in artistic perpetuity. / Speaker after speaker at the dinner referred to Millais’ painting, and to its pair. Gladstone, who often struggled with social off-the-cuff remarks, was not prepared to speak on Disraeli. When he rose, he astonished the audience by remarking coldly of the portrait that ‘it is, indeed an unfinished work. In this sense it was a premature death.’ / ‘Made my speech,’ Gladstone wrote in his diary when he returned home: ‘this year especially difficult.’” (Aldous 5) Also, Victoria went to Hughenden, to the vault where Disraeli was buried, to pay her respects. Here is the ILN's version of it: "Last Saturday her Majesty and Princess Beatrice drove through Rayner's Park, the residence of Sir Philip Rose, to Hughenden church, where they were recieved by Lord Rowton and the Rev. Henry and Mrs. Blagden, who conducted them to the tomb of the late Earl of Beaconsfield, where they placed a wreath and cross of flowers. The Queen afterwards proceeded to Hughenden Manor, and drove back to Windsor through High Wycombe. Princess Louise of Lorne and the Duchess of Connaught arrived at the castle early in the evening; and the Duke of Connaught and Prince Leopold arrived after attending the royal Academy dinner" ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, May 07, 1881; pg. 450; Issue 2190). ==May 1881== ===1 May 1881, Sunday=== In her ''Journals'', Lady Knightley says, "I went to Westminster Abbey, which was crowded with a dense congregation, listening with rapt interest to an intellectual treat — a dissertation by Dean Stanley on Lord Beaconsfield. He selected a curious text: Judg. Xvi. 30: 'So the dead which he slew at his death were more than they which he slew in his life.' All the way through he coupled him with Gladstone, calling them the Great Twin Brethren. And I sat on the altar steps, at the foot of one of the columns, with the statues of the mightier rivals, Pitt and Fox, facing me, and listening to a magnificent anthem on King David, composed by Handel and finished by Goss, which had never been performed since the death of Wellington. …" (Journals 347). “At a packed Westminster Abbey, Gladstone attended Disraeli’s [5] /[6] memorial service. The dean, Arthur Stanley, who had attended the same prep school as Gladstone, gave the address. His text was Judges 16:30: ‘So the dead which he slew at his death were more than they which he slew in his life.’ In the middle of the peroration, the dean unexpectedly combined Disraeli with (the still very much alive) Gladstone. They were, observed Stanley while the prime minister flushed and squirmed, the ‘Great Twin Brothers’ of British political life.” (Aldous 5-6) "So vivid was the impression made on that young mind [of Frederick Bridges, the Permanent Deputy-Organist of Westminster Abbey 1875-1882] by the dirge 'Know ye not that a Prince and a great man is fallen this day in Israel?' that when, twenty-nine years later, he had to prepare the music for the memorial service of Lord Beaconsfield, he suggested this anthem to Dean Stanley. Upon being told for what occasion it had been composed, the Dean observed that the death of Lord Beaconsfield had made a greater impression on the public mind than the death of any great man since Wellington. It is also interesting to record that this most appropriate dirge was sung at the Dean's own funeral in the Abbey, July 25, 1881." ("Sir Frederick Bridge," 514 Col A) ===4 May 1881, Wednesday=== In the 30 April 1881 issue of the ''Illustrated London News'', the "Home News" column says that "Mr. Russell Lowell, the United States Minister, will take the chair at the next anniversary dinner of the Literary Fund, which is to held [sic] at Willis's Rooms next Wednesday," which is probably Wednesday, 4 May 1881 ("Home News." Illustrated London News. Saturday, April 30, 1881; pg. 427; Issue 2189). George Augustus Sala, in his 14 May 1881 column "Echoes of the Week," says this: "I went, on Wednesday, the Fourth of May, to the annual festival, at Willis's Rooms, of the Royal Literary Fund. The American Minister, the Hon. James Russell Lowell, was in the chair. There was a large gathering; and I was glad to notice, among the usual assemblage of Peers, members of Parliament, dignified clerics, medical men, and publishers, a fair springling of working men of letters. Professional literature was represented by Mr. Leslie Stephen, Mr. Justin M'Carthy, Mr. Edund Yates, Mr. Blanchard Jerrold, Mr. Fraser Rae, and a few others; but I should have liked to see a great man more 'live authors' present. The Royal Literary Fund is a most admirable charity, generously, sagaciously, and delicately administered; and it is entitled to the support of every literary man. If he be a prosperous one, to help his less for-fortunate [sic; pb at hyphen] brethren, through the medium of this quietly beneficent institution, becomes a bounden duty. [new paragraph] Mr. James Russell Lowell made several speeches, full of tranquil humour adn refined scholarship. This Excellency, it is true, fathered on Swift a droll anecdote about a charity sermon, which anecdone, I believe, was first narrated in connection with the Rev. Rowland Hill; and again, from his interesting enumeration of American writers Mr. Lowell, oddly enough, omitted the names of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edgar Allan Poe. Whether he mentioned Bret Harte, Mark Twain, adn George W. Curtis, I am not quite certain. If am rather deaf. Sir Garnet Wolseley made a capital speech, delievered with ringing emphasis; Mr. Justin M'Carthy returned thanks with equal elegance and eloquence for English Literature; but the finest oratorical display of the evening was unquestionably that made by Lord Coleridge. It was splendidly polished and sonorous, in matter and in manner alike unimpeachable; and to listen to it was a rich literary treat. [new paragraph] One of the noble speakers at the top table, in responding to the toast of the House of Peers, quoted the names of Lords Bacon, Bolingbroke, Derby, Macaulay, Lytton, adn Beaconsfield as exemplifying the close connection between literature and politics. The noble speaker might have added to his list Lord Shaftesbury of the 'Characteristics,' two Lord Strangfords — the translator of the Lusiad and the accomplished peer but lately among us: Lord Lyttelton, the historian; Lords Brougham, Campbell, Dorset, Roscommon, Stanhope, and Orford. For did not Horace Walpole die an Earl? Finally, the noble speaker might have known that there was never a 'Lord' Bacon. There was a wonderful genius by the name of Sir Francis Bacon, Baron Veralum and Viscount St. Albans. Those who study with love and reverence his immortal works would blush to call him 'Lord' Bacon. They speak of him as 'Bacon,' or as he, with simple dignity, was wont to speak of himsef, 'Francis of Veralum.'" (Sala, George Augustus. "Echoes of the Week." Illustrated London News, Saturday, May 14, 1881; pg. 467; Issue 2191) === 1881 May 10, Tuesday === This is the worst-written description of this kind of event I have read in a 19th-century British newspaper — wordy and bombastic even by Victorian standards. Perhaps a new reporter for this small regional paper? The wedding of Miss Marion Lascelles and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst:<blockquote>NUPTIAL REJOICINGS AT MIDDLETHORPE MANOR. MARRIAGE OF MISS LASCELLES AND LIEUT. BROCKLEHURST. Tuesday last was without doubt a red letter day in the calendar associated with Middlethorpe Manor, the residence of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood|Earl of Harewood]], as on that day Miss Marion Lascelles, his eldest daughter, was united in the holy bands of matrimony to Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield. Before speaking of the marriage ceremonial, which took place at Bishopthorpe Church, we may state that in the immediate vicinity of Middlethorpe Manor bunting was displayed in token of rejoicing at the auspicious event about to take place, and along the approach to the church was a profuse display of national and other flags extending in rows across the road. At the entrance to the church yard was a triumphal arch composed of flowers and evergreens, and on one side was the motto "God bless them," whilst on the other was the inscription "Health and happiness." These mottoes were flanked with the monograms of the bride and bridegroom. The long and straight footpath leading from the archway we have named to the church porch was covered with scarlet cloth, and it was fringed on each side with a bordering of primroses and other flowers now in season. The aisle of the church from the porch to the altar rail was adorned precisely in a similar style, but with a little more elaboration in the details. A collection of beautiful flowering plants was displayed in the chancel, and it may be stated that the immense number of primroses and other flowers were the gift of Miss Steward, Bishopthorpe, and the Hon. and Rev. J. W. Lascelles, Goldsbro'. So much for the preliminaries, and before proceeding with the facts in connection with the marital ceremony to be celebrated in the church we will give a list of the numerous and valuable presents given to Miss Lascelles, as a token of esteem entertained for the young lady, and respect for her parents, the occasion of the marriage being the fitting opportunity for giving a tangible proof of the high regard in which the Lascelles family are held by their numerous friends. The following is a list of the presents, namely:— The Hon. Alfred and Mrs. A. Gathorne Hardy, enamelled dish; Miss Violet Beckett Denison, pearl horseshoe brooch; Sir Frederick Milner, silver necklace; Mr. Walter Forbes, antique silver box; the Hon. and Rev. James Lascelles, set of pearl pins; Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, diamond and pearl pig brooch; Mr. Dudley Milner, gold horse shoe bracelet; Mr. and Mrs. M'Intosh, pair of China plates; Miss Ogilvy, China plaque; Hon. Mrs. Arthur Lascelles, antique silver sugar bowl and sifter; Hon. Robert Lawley, embroidered pin-cushion cover; Servants of the house, stables, garden, and farm, inlaid black marble clock; Lord and Lady George Hamilton, pair of large silver-mounted scent bottles; Lord and Lady Wenlock, pearl and diamond spray brooch; Misses Edith, Rachel, Catharine, Emma, and Mabel Lascelles, pearl and diamond brocch; Hon. Mrs. James Lascelles, gold enamelled thimble; Major and Mrs. Prendergast, looking-glass in antique tortoiseshell frame; Mr. and Mrs. Jervoise Smith, turquoise and diamond ring; Sir Henry and Lady White, diamond daisy; Colonel Fairfax, travelling clock; Mrs. Fairfax, antique silver box; Colonel and Mrs. Malcolm, inlaid mother of pearl fan; Mr. H. O. Brocklehurst, five diamond stars; Miss Mills and Miss Mabel Mills, gold fan brooch; Hon. Hamilton and Lady Margaret Cuffe, Dresden china lamp; Sir Charles and Lady Louisa Mills, diamond bracelet; Miss F. and Miss H. Cole, antique silver pencil-case; the [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood|Countess of Harewood]], gold mounted travelling bag; Miss Milner, table cover; Miss Fairfax and Mr. Bryan Fairfax, pair of glass flower vases; Dowager Lady Middleton, pair of gold mounted scent bottles; Mr. and Mrs. Smallwood, inkstand; Miss Dent and Miss M. Dent, Dresden cup and saucer, mounted on bracket; Misses Winn (2), painted fan, mounted in mother of pearl; the Hon. Egremont and Mrs. Lascelles, dressing-case with gold mounts; Mrs. Oliver, antique silver pincushion; Captain and Miss Robertson, gilt tray; Mrs. W. Wickham, driving whip; Mr. John Malcolm, gold and intaglio bracelet; Mrs. Winn, pearl and diamond pin; Mr. Dudley Smith, scent bottle and vinaigrette; Colonel and Lady Florence Cust, old paste shoe buckles; Miss F. and Miss E. Duncombe, photograph screen; Mrs. Coke, hand-painted photograph frame; Capt. and Mrs. Slingsby, diamond frog brooch; Captain and Mrs. Starkey, plated spoon, fork, and salad bowl; Captain and Mrs. Palairet, antique silver salver; Mrs. Vyner, set of pearl pins; Miss Wickham, looking-glass in antique brass frame; Hon. Frederick and Mrs. Lascelles, umbrella with agate handle; Miss Brockleharst and Mr. E. Brocklehnrst, pair of diamond earrings; Mr. R. C. Vyner, 12 embroidered handkerchiefs; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], old enamelled watch set in pearls; Mrs. Scott, silver sugar basin: Miss M. Brocklehurst, old Flemish carved oak cupboard; Mr. P. Crutchley, six gold and silver bangles; Earl of Feversham, small travelling clock; Mrs. Dent, opal and diamond cross; the Hon. Mrs. Beckett Denison, travelling clock; Mr. Gordon Cunard, old Louis XVI. fan, painted by Boucher; Mr. T., Mr. N., Mr. H., and Miss Malcolm, six cut glass flower vases; Mr. and Mrs. George Thompson, pair of brass candlesticks; Mrs. Fairfax, a newspaper holder; Lady Sheffield, a pearl, diamond and ruby bee; Mr. A. Meysey-Thompson, a silver rose muffonier [sic s/b ''muffinier'']; Mrs. Malcolm, a revolving tea-table; Miss Shiffner, silver-mounted Russian leather card case; Mr. Robett Swann, 8 Worcester cups and saucers; Mr. and Mrs. A. Scott, tortoiseshell paper knife; Hon. Alethea Lawley, picture, copy of Carlo Dolci; Miss Maud White, antique silver buckle; Mr. A. Brocklehurst, pearl Marguerite necklace and earrings; Mr. A. Brocklcharst, pearl and diamond bracelet; Miss Liddell and Miss M. Liddell, brass flower stand; Mrs. Clayton, diamond pendant; the Archbishop of York and Mrs. Thomson, silver inkstand; Mr. Cecil, Walter, and Reginald Lascelles, pair of painted terra-cotta vases; Hon. Algernon Lawley, Indian shawl; Hon. Arthur Lawley, antique Florentine cross; Hon. George and Lady Louisa Lascelles, China tea service and tray; Mr. and Mrs. Hartley, pair of silver pig muffoniers [sic s/b muffiniers?]; Mr. and Mrs. Francis Johnstone, umbrella with silver handle; Mr. and Mrs. Johnson, two velvet tables; Miss Evelyn Lascelles, work basket; Mrs. Hewetson, Dresden cup and saucer; Mr. H. D. Brocklehurst, pearl and diamond ring; Mr. W. B. Denison, leather luncheon bag; Miss Maud Denison, pair brass candlesticks aud inkstand; Lord Burghersh, pair of Carltons; Dowager Lady Wenlock, florentine turquoise necklace; the Hon. Katherine Lawley, three turquoise arrows; the Hon. Caryl and Mrs. Molyneux, old silver etui [case]; the Hon. Gerald and Mrs. Lascelles, two Wedgwood bowls; Mrs. Whiteley and children, two Dresden cups and saucers; Mr. Geor[g]e Lane Fox, silver etui [case]; the Dean of York and Lady Emma Cust, pair of China plaques; Mr. Gerald Leatham, card case; Miss Alexander, letter weighing machine; Miss Clare Lascelles, two silver muffiniers; Miss Clare Lascelles, silver penholder; Mr. John Shafto, silver clothes brush; Lady Caroline Lascelles, black and white pearl brooch; Lady Susan Lascelles, silver clasp; the Earl of Harewood, pearl and diamond locket and earrings; Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Mills, silver cream jug; the Rev. Walter and Mrs. Hudson, Dresden china looking-glass; Lady Louisa Mills, pearl and enamel locket; the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Countess of Mayo]], silver scent bottle; Mr. and Mrs. Worthington, silver tea and coffee set; Mr. Dent, old silver salt cellars, mustard pot, bowl, tankard, tray, and urn; Mr. Cosmo Little, silver claret jug and two silver cups; Mr G. Farquhar, pearl and diamond pin; Mr. and Mrs. Talbot, set of silver dessert spoons; the Countess of Shrewsbury, silver pincushion; Mr. Arthur Brocklehurst, silver tray; Mr. and Mrs. C. Brand, silver claret jug; Lord Burghersh, pearl diamond pin; Mr. Harter, spirit case; Hon. W. S. Hanbury, silver mustard pot; Mr. French, silver cream jug; Mr. Millward, silver salad bowl; Mr. Anstruther Thomson, silver bowl; Mrs. Harford, pair of silver gilt candlesticks; Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Brocklehurst, two florentine chairs; Mr. Spicer, spirit stand; Mr. H. Barclay, set of carvers; Mrs. Rodcliffe, silver teapot; Miss Violet Denison, ivory paper knife; Lady Milner, inkstand; Lord and Lady Downe, pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. Atkinson, two silver muffiniers; Captain Tennant, two silver dishes; Captain and Hon. Mrs. Neild, Dresden inkstand; Mr L. H. Jones, set of gold studs and links; Captain Fife, spirit case; Captain and Mrs. Benyon, silver teapot, cream jug, and sugar basin; Mr T. S. Cunningham, set of silver spoons; Lord G. Cains, silver cup; Mr. Fitz Brocklehurst, silver tankard. Shortly before half-past eleven o'clock the bride and bridegroom, accompanied by the bridesmaids, relatives, and friends, proceeded in carriages from Middlethorpe Manor to Bishopthorpe Church. The day was beautifully fine, and there was a large concourse of spectators on the route, and especially near to the church. The bridal party walked along the footway we have named, first passing under the floral archway, and then entered the church, the bride being conducted by her father. The sacred edifice was crowded. The festal march, by Scotson Clark, was played by Miss Crosby, who presided at the organ, and immediately after the wedding party entered the church the hymn, "Thine for ever, God of love," was sung. The bride and bridegroom went to the front of the alter rail, and the marriage ceremony was commenced. The officiating clergyman was the Hon. and Rev. J. W. Lascelles, Goldsborough, uncle of the bride, and he was assisted by the Rev. Walter Hudson, vicar of Bishopthorpe. The bride was "given away" by her father, the Hon. E. W. Lascelles, and the bridegroom's "best man" was Lord Burghersh, eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Earl of Westmoreland]] [sic]. The young ladies who officiated as bridesmaids were Miss Clara Lascelles, Lady Susan Lascelles, Miss A. Brocklehurst, Miss Edith Lascelles, Miss Rachel Lascelles, and Miss Violet Denison. They were all similarly attired, being habited in cream coloured dresses of gauze de Venise and satin merveilleux trimmed with lace. They had lace bonnets, diamond and pearl brooches, and elegant bouquets, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride was attired in an ivory satin and brocade dress, trimmed with Valenciennes lace. She also wore a lace tulle veil, and had diamond and pearl ornaments, and a large and magnificent wedding bouquet. Amongst those present on the interesting occasion we noticed the Earl Harewood, uncle of the bride; Lord Lascelles, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Lord and Lady Wenlock, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Capt., Mrs., and Miss Starkie, Mr. and Mrs. Worthington, Mr. A. Brocklehurst, Mr. E. Brocklehurst, Mr. F. Brocklehurst, Lord Burghersh, Mr. J. D., Mrs., and the Misses (2), Dent, Ribston Park; Mr. Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. Hewetson, Mrs. Oliver, Mrs. W. Wickham, Colonel and Mrs. Fairfax, Hon. and Rev. James and Mrs. Lascelles, the Misses Lascelles (5), Miss V. and Miss M. Nun Apploton; the Hon. Henry Boyle, Lady Susan Lascelles, Mr. and Mrs. G. S. Thompson, Moorlands; Lady Louisa and Miss Lascelles, Sion Hill, Thirsk; Colonel Cust, Miss Shiffner, Mr. J. Brocklehurst, Rev. Walter and Mrs. Hudson, and Miss Alexander, Miss A. Brocklehurst, Mr. S. Bateman, and Major Malcolm, and many other ladies and gentlemen who are named in the list of presents. At the conclusion of the ceremony the newly married couple walked arm and arm up the church and left the sacred edifice. They were accompanied by the bridesmaids, two and two, and the relatives and friends, Miss Crosby playing Mendellsohn's [sic] Wedding March on the organ. On appearing outside the church the happy pair were most cordially greeted, as the crowd "rent the skies with loud [Col. 3c–4a] applause," whilst the school children strewed before them flowers as they passed along. Having re-entered the carriages, the bridal party returned to Middlethorpe Manor, where an elegant ''dejeuner'' [sic no accent] was served. In the afternoon the bride and bridegroom left Middlethorpe Manor for the railway station ''en route'' for the seat of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, uncle of the bridegroom, Swithamley Park, Macclesfield, where they will pass the honeymoon. We may state that the Archbishop of York and the Very Rev. the Dean were unavoidably prevented from being present the marriage. The employes and others at Middlethorpe Manor were hospitably entertained at Bishopthorpe by the Hon. E. W. Lascelles.<ref>"Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst." ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.</ref> </blockquote> === 23 May 1881, Monday === ==== Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace, 2:00 p.m. ==== The Prince of Wales held a Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace on behalf of Queen Victoria.<ref>"The Queen's Levee." ''Morning Post'' 24 May 1881, Tuesday 5, Col. 6a – 6 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18810524/030/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18810524/030/0006. Same print title, pp. 5-6.</ref> ==June 1881== ===1 June 1881, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>The Marchioness of Salisbury's assembly. Lady Mary Windsor Clive's dance. The Hon. Mrs. Magniac's dance, instead of the 31st inst. Mrs. Millais's dance. Art exhibition at River House, Chelsea Embankment (by kind permission of the Hon. Mrs. John Dundas), in behalf of recreation rooms for working girls in the East of London, and the following day. / Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 1 June 1881: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 6b.</ref></blockquote>In her ''Journals'', Lady Knightley says, "Went to Buckingham Palace to see Princess Christian, and with her and Lady Marian Alford to a Domestic Economy Congress meeting; brought her back to luncheon with Emmy Hamilton, Louisa Gordon, and Mr. Leveson, after which I drove with Nora and took her to a Derby tea at Mrs. Lloyd's. Iroquois, an American horse, won. We dined with Lady Lyveden, and went on to a pleasant party at Lady Salisbury's, where I was introduced to Sir Richard Temple, the author of India in 1880, and about the ugliest man whom I ever saw. But he is clever and agreeable, and I am pleased at the testimony he bears to the success of missions in India, which people are so ready to decry" (Journals 148). ===15 June 1881, Wednesday=== In her Journals, Lady Knightley says she and Sir Knightley "went to a party given by the Spencers at South Kensington Museum, where were all the world and his wife, including the King of the Sandwich Islands, who walked about arm in arm with the Princess of Wales. The courts were lighted with electric light, which has a peculiar and not very becoming effect" (Journals 348-49). ===16 June 1881, Thursday=== In her Journals, Lady Knightley says, "We had a most delightful drive to Wimbledon on Lord Tollemache's coach, taking with us Princess Mary's two nice boys. We came in for the Lords and Commons match, and had tea with 'my beautiful lady,' Lady Brownlow .... We met the Crown Prince of Germany to-night at Ishbel Aberdeen's, and Princess Frederica at Londonderry House. I was presented to her" (Journals 348-49). ==July== ===14 July 1881, Thursday=== Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m., Garden Party at Marlborough House for the Queen; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] is listed as having been invited, as are [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], and a number other familiar names (http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18810716/051/0005). Ronald, Lord Gower says, "A garden party at Marlborough House. The Queen present, evidently suffering from the intense heat. I noticed Her Majesty talking much to John Bright" (8). ===18 July 1881, Monday=== Ronald, Lord Gower says, "I made the acquaintance, at a dinner at the Cardross's, of Howard Vincent, who, although but a little over thirty is already at the head of the detective force, and has published half a dozen books. He works all day, and dances half the night" (8). === 22 July 1881, Friday === An evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales included many familiar names, including many from the family of the Earl of Mayo, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], and so on.<ref>"Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 23 July 1881, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 5a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18810723/058/0005. Print: same title and p.</ref> ===19 July 1881, Tuesday=== Ronald, Lord Gower says, "on waking, one heard the bells of the Abbey tolling, Dean Stanley having died during the night. He is a greater loss to the Queen than to the Church" (8). Ronald, Lord Gower says, "To a fancy dress dance at Lowther Lodge that night. The dance, and Lord Houghton in a skull cap, were both successful and picturesque" (8). ==August 1881== === 29 August 1881, Monday === Summer Bank Holiday. ==September== ==October 1881== ===10 October 1881, Monday=== "Savoy Theatre, erected for Mr. D'Oyly Carte by Mr. C. J. Phipps, opened 10 Oct. 1881" (Hayden's Dictionary 1104). ==November== ==December 1881== ===8 December 1881, Thursday=== ==== Battue at Palmerstown ==== <blockquote>The covers at Palmerstown were shot over on Thursday. The party consisted of Colonel the Hon. Charles Chrichton, Mr. Thomas de Burgh, Mr. Thomas Hendrick, Mr. Fleetwood Rynd, Mr. Wm. Rynd, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], and the Earl of Mayo. The bag was 165 pheasants, 4 hares, 3 rabbits. — Total, 172.<ref>"Battue at Palmerstown." ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 10 December 1881, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18811210/062/0004. Print title: ''The Kildare Observer'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===15 December 1881, Thursday=== The first performance was in the afternoon. The advertisement announcing the performance says this: <quote>THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.— A MORNING PERFORMANCE (for which Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft have given the use of their theatre) will take place on Thursday next, December 15, commencing at 3 o'clock, in AID of the ROYAL GENERAL THEATRICAL FUND, under the patronage of their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales. Goldsmith's comedy of SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER will be played. Mrs. Langtry has kindly consented to take the part of Miss Hardcastle. Messrs. Lionel Brough, Kyrle Bellow, George Barrett, J. Maclean, M. R. Crauford, F. Barsby, A. Bishop, Lestocq, Raiemond, Haines, &c; Mesdames Sophie Larkin, Helen Cresswell, and Mary Brough have generously proffered their valuable services (by permission of their respective managers).</quote> <cite>"The Times may be Purchased in Paris,." Times [London, England] 9 Dec. 1881: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 3 May 2013.</cite> The review, published on the 16th, says this: <quote>When we say that yesterday's representation was eminently successful, we are paying the highest compliment to the performers who principally contributed to this result. Foremost among these was Mrs. Langtry, who, it would be affectation to conceal, was the grand attraction of the piece — the attraction which brought together one of the most distinguished audiences that have recently assembled in a theatre. The house overflowed with rank, fashion, and celebrity, including the Prince and Princess of Wales, who are rarely absent when a praiseworthy purpose is to be forwarded or a kind action to be done. The proceeds of the representation, it will be remembered, were to go in aid of the funds of an excellent institution. High-raised as the general expectations might have been, they were not disappointed.</quote> <cite>"The Haymarket Theatre." Times [London, England] 16 Dec. 1881: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 3 May 2013.</cite>. ==Works Cited== *Ewald, Alexander Charles. The Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, K.G., and His Times. Vol. 2. London: William Mackenzie, 1884. Google Books. Retrieved 13 February 2010. *Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1104. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010. *Irving, Joseph. Annals of Our Time: A Diurnal of Events, Social and Political Home and Foreign: From February 24, 1871, to the Jubilee, June 20, 1887. London: Macmillan, 1889. Google Books. Retrieved 14 February 2010. [Google citation says Volume 2, but I don’t see it on the title page or anywhere around.] *Kebbel, T. [Thomas] E. [Edward] Life of Lord Beaconsfield. International Statesmen Series. Ed., Lloyd C. Sanders. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1888. Google Books. Retrieved 12 February 2010. *Knightly. *“Sir Frederick Bridge.” The Musical Times and Singing-Class Circular. Vol. XXXVIII. London: Novello, Ewer and Co., 1897. JSTOR. Google Books, retrieved 14 February 2010. [Get page numbers: 513 or so -] *Redesdale, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Baron. Memories. Vol. 2. 9th edition. London: Hutchinson, 1916. Google Books, retrieved 15 February 2010. pdkwyhbbycvl4kdd5k3gjmpcp3lrj6t 0 264252 2719077 2708169 2025-06-18T20:18:10Z Scogdill 1331941 2719077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] 1882 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1882== The first production of Wagner's ''The Ring'' occurred in London, 1882; Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, attended. ===1 January 1882, Sunday, New Year's Day=== ===28 January 1882, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Lily Langtry|Lily Langtry]] was appearing<blockquote>in a comedy called ''Ours'' at the Haymarket Theatre. ... Having written to his son Prince George about Mrs. Langtry's successful debut, he [the Prince of Wales] travelled up three times from Sandringham to see her act. The dates, noted punctiliously in his engagement diary, are January 28, February 13 and March 15. The Prince's interest, of course, helped the box office, and when certain of her play's success Mrs. Langtry gave a midnight supper party which the Prince and his cousin the Duke of Cambridge attended.<ref name=":0">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|71}}</blockquote> ==February 1882== ===13 February 1882, Monday=== Lily Langtry was appearing<blockquote>in a comedy called ''Ours'' at the Haymarket Theatre. ... Having written to his son Prince George about Mrs. Langtry's successful debut, he travelled up three times from Sandringham to see her act. The dates, noted punctiliously in his engagement diary, are January 28, February 13 and March 15. The Prince's interest, of course, helped the box office, and when certain of her play's success Mrs. Langtry gave a midnight supper party which the Prince and his cousin the Duke of Cambridge attended.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|71}}</blockquote> ===26 February 1882, Sunday=== James M. Whistler wrote Mary Montgomerie Singleton (Mary Montgomerie Lamb, pseud. Violet Fane), asking her to come to his "little breakfast next Sunday" (Whistler). ===28 February 1882, Tuesday=== "On the 28th of February, 1882, the Prince of Wales presided at a meeting held in the Banqueting Hall, St. James Palace, for the purpose of soliciting public support for founding a 'Royal College of Music.' … Larger meetings the Prince has frequently addressed, but never one more broadly representative of all the most distinguished and influential classes in the kingdom. The Ambassadors and Ministers of most of the Continental Powers were also among the audience." (Macauley 394) ==March 1882== === 7 March 1882, Tuesday === Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison married at a fashionable wedding.<blockquote>Yesterday, at St. George's Church, Hanover-square, London, in the presence of a large and fashionable congregation, the nuptials were celebrated of Mr. Reginald Walkeleyne Chandos-Pole, of Radburne Hall, Derby (master of the Meynell hounds), arid Miss Violet Katherine Denison, daughter of Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. W. Beckett Denison. The bridegroom, attended by his "best man" (his Grace the Duke of Portland), and numerous friends arrived early, and at twenty minutes to twelve the bride was conducted to the steps by her father, who subsequently gave her away. She was attired in a lovely gown of peluche arabesque, the petticoat and train being of white moire and orange blossoms and point ''á laiguille'', with a train of the same costly lace. She also wore a rich tulle veil, and carried a splendid bouquet of orange and other flowers. Her ornaments consisted of a magnificent tiara of diamonds (the gift of Anna Chandos-Pole), fastened with diamond stars (presented by the Hon. Mrs. Denison), and diamond necklace bracelets (the gifts of Mr. Chandos-Pole, Mr. W. B. Denison, and Sir Edmund Beckett.) The bridesmaids were eight in number, viz., Miss Maud Denison (the bride's sister), Miss Chandos-Pole and Miss Alianore Pole (sisters of the bridegroom), Miss Fitzroy and Miss Bethell (cousins of the bride), Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck, Miss Warrender, and Miss Venetia Cavendish-Bentinck, whose costumes were composed of violet velvet, with bonnets of ''violettes de parure'', fastened by brooches of violets enamelled with "V." diamonds. They carried handsome bouquets of the same flowers, the gift of Mrs. Chandos-Pole. The service, which was choral, was most effectively rendered, the officiating minister being his Grace the Archbishop of York, assisted by the Rev. William Chandos-Pole, uncle of the bridegroom. The hymn, "How welcome was the call" was sung before, and "O Jesus I have promised" after the ceremony. The newly-married couple and their immediate friends having first entered the vestry and signed the register, the party, whose departure was witnessed by a large crowd, assembled outside the cnurch, proceeded the town residence of the bride's parents, 138, Piccadilly, where the wedding breakfast took place, and where the happy pair received the hearty congratulations and good wishes of a large circle of relatives and friends. The wedding guests included the Archbishop of York, Mrs. and Mis [sic] Thomson, the Duke of Portland, the Baroness Bolsover, Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck, the Earl and Countess of Galloway, Lady Isabel Stewart, the Ladies Boyle, Elizabeth Countess of Harrington, Lady Anna and Miss Chandos-Pole, Lady Hermione and Miss Graham, Dowager Countess of Rosse, the Countess of Mayo, Lady Eva Bourke, Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Viscount and Viscountess Parker, Lord and Lady Allred S. Churchill and Miss Churchill, Lady Vernon, Miss Vernon, Lady Katharine Lambton, Miss Bampfylde, Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil, Lord and Lady Lyveden, Lord Henry and Lord William Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget, Hon. T. and Lady Augusta Fremantle, Miss Fremantle, Lord W. Nevill, Mr. and Lady Henrietta Turnor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Hon. Fitzroy Stewart, Hon. L. and Mrs. Parsons, Hon. Mrs. and Miss Yarde Butler, Hon. C. and Mrs. Duncombe, Miss Duncombe, Hon. Mrs. W. and Miss Lowther, Admiral Hon. A. and Mrs. Duncombe, Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Colville, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Fitzroy, Misses Fitzroy, Hon. G. Vernon, Hon. Mrs. Stewart, Miss Stewart, Hon. Otway Cuffe, Hon. Arthur Lawley, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hamar Bass, Sir F. and Lady Milner, Sir E. and Lady Beckett, Sir F. and Lady Burdett, Lady Sykes, Lady Stewart, Sir Henry and Lady Wilmot, Sir John, Lady, and Miss Crewe, Sir Hugh and Lady Hume-Campbell and Misses Warrender, Mr. J. Warrender, Lady and Miss Antrobus, Mrs. and Miss Cavendish-Bentinck, Mrs. and Miss Bischoffsheim, Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher, Mr. C. Beckett Denison, Mr. and Mrs. and Miss Bateson De Yarburgh, Mr. and Mrs. Henry West, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Chandos-Pole, Colonel and Mrs. Harford, Mr. and Mrs. H. Brocklehurst, Mrs. and Miss Lindsay Antrobus, Miss Bethell, Mr. G. Bethell, Miss Lascelles, Mrs. and Miss Bagot, Mr. Granville Milner, Mr. Arthur Brand, Mr. Dawson, Mr. Henry Graham, Colonel Eaton, Mr. Edward Stuart Wortley, Major Maude, Captain and Mrs. Lucas, Mr. A. Fitzroy, Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Chapman, Major and Mrs. Anstruther, Mr. Mallock, Mr. F. Cavendish-Bentinck, Colonel and Mrs. F. Manningham Buller, Mr. Harrison, Mr. G. Allsopp, and others. In the afternoon the bride and bridegroom took their departure for Dale Park, Arundel, the seat of Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher, to spend the honeymoon. The wedding presents, which were much admired, numbered about 200, amongst them being a diamond necklace and pendant and dressing-case and travelling-bag from Mr. R. W. Chandos-Pole, diamond pendant, bracelet, and hoop ring from Mr. W. Beckett Denison, diamond star from the Hon. Mrs. Beckett Denison, diamond tiara from Lady Chandos-Pole, diamond bracelet from Sir Edmund Beckett, pink pearl and diamond bracelet from the Earl of Feversham, diamond and ruby ring from Mr. Ernest Denison, diamond and cat's-eye ring from the Misses Denison, pearl and diamond ring from Mr. Gervase and Mr. Rupert Denison, diamond and sapphire brooch from Lady Feversham, diamond and pearl ivy leaf and pink pearl and diamond pin from Sir P. and Lady Milner, pearl spider from Mrs. Adrian Hope, pearl and gold bouquet holder from Lady Lyveden, pearl pin from the Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, turquoise and pearl horse-shoe brooch from the Hon. Mrs. Gerard, horse-shoe pearl and diamond brooch the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Parsons, plain gold bangle from Miss Venetia Cavendish-Bentinck, pearl brooch from Mrs. Walter Forbes, silver necklace from the Hon. Mr and Mrs. C. Duncombe, amethyst and pearl bee from Mr George Faber, Indian silver bangle from Captain and Mrs. Ashton, case of gold spoons from Earl Ferrers, case of gold spoons from Mr. Edmund Faber, silver tankards and bowl from the members of the Meynell Hunt, silver cup from officers of the Grenadier Guards, silver epergne from tenants on the Radburne Mercaston, and Newborough estates, escritoire from the labourers on the Radburne estates, timepiece from the servants at Radburne, silver lamp from the household at Nun-Appleton and Piccadilly, silver hunting-horn from the Duke of Portland, silver hunting-horn from Mr. and Mrs. Meade Wales, oak overmantel and chimney piece from the Countess of Harrington, Bible, Prayer, and Hymn Book, and Church Service from tenants at Radburne, Mercaston, and Newborough; carbuncle and pearl pin from Lady Hermione Duncombe, silver tea-kettle from Mr. W. Beckett Denison, enamelled clock trom Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, Chippendale liquor case from Mr. G. V. Boyle, two old silver vases from Mrs. Warrender, large Japanese screen from Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton, silver tray from Sir Andrew and Lady Fairbairn, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. Chandos-Pole and Miss Violet Denison." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 08 March 1882, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 6 b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18820308/009/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===15 March 1882, Wednesday=== ==== Lily Langtry in Ours at the Haymarket with the Prince of Wales ==== Lily Langtry was appearing<blockquote>in a comedy called ''Ours'' at the Haymarket Theatre. ... Having written to his son Prince George about Mrs. Langtry's successful debut, he [the Prince of Wales] travelled up three times from Sandringham to see her act. The dates, noted punctiliously in his engagement diary, are January 28, February 13 and March 15. The Prince's interest, of course, helped the box office, and when certain of her play's success Mrs. Langtry gave a midnight supper party which the Prince and his cousin the Duke of Cambridge attended.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|71}}</blockquote> ==== The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly ==== The Marchioness's first reception of the season began with a dinner, at which Princess Louise was the central guest, followed by a large reception.<ref>"The Marchioness of Salibury's Assembly." ''Morning Post'' 16 March 1882, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18820316/053/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> ===20 March 1882, Monday=== The Duke of Connaught met with and addressed, with “the Lord Mayor in the Chair,” “Merchants, Bankers, and leading men in the City, at the Mansion House” (Macauley 403). ==April 1882== ===7 April 1882, Friday=== Good Friday. ===9 April 1882, Sunday=== Easter Sunday. ===19 April 1882, Wednesday=== The first anniversary of Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield's death. Lady Knightley reports in her Journals that "Quantities of people are walking about with primrose buttonholes to commemorate the day," primrose being his favorite flower according to the Queen (Journals 350). "But thousands of Lord Beaconsfield's more grateful admirers marked their deep sense of the solemnity of the anniversary and their affectionate interest in its observance, by wearing in their breasts that floral token of reverence and regard he had himself so emblematically adopted — the primrose. The very streets, in Westminster more particularly, were bright with that sweet and graceful flower in all directions; and in the fashionable drives and rides of / the parks it was memorably and significantly conspicuous" (Kebbel 324-325). ==May 1882== ===6 May 1882, Saturday=== Robert Milnes describes Brooks’s Club: "I recall a dramatic moment on May 6th, 1882, when we were lingering on in the dining-room after a pleasant meeting of the Fox Club, and Bill Kensington, our popular Whip, rushed into the room saying, 'They have murdered Freddy Cavendish!' I drove down to 10 Downing Street with another member to hear the story from Edward Hamilton, who told us that Mr. Gladstone had just gone across to Carlton House Terrace to break the news to Lady Frederick" (Pope-Hennessy ''Lord Crewe'' 16). ===11 May 1882, Thursday=== Lady Knightley is presented to the Queen, who gave her a "very cordial reception" (Journals 353). ===21 May 1882, Sunday=== The Bishop of Winchester had a dinner party, which the Knightleys attended, along with Mr. Heywood Sumner, Lord Selborne, Lady Strangford, and "Prince Ghika, the Roumanian Minister, with his wife" (Knightsley's Journals 353). ===24 May 1882, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'', <quote>Dowager Viscountess Downe's dance at 8, Belgrave-square, instead of the 23d. / Lady Brassey's "at home," 24, Park-lane. / Mrs. Bateson de Yarburgh's dance, instead of the 15th inst. / Mr. Charles Halle's third chamber music concert, Grosvenor Gallery, at half-past eight, assisted by Madame Norman-Neruda and Herr Franz Neruda. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges's "at home," at 16, Stratford-place, from four to seven o'clock. / Royal Horticultural Society's great flower show of the season and horticultural implement exhibition, this day and tomorrow. Band of the Royal Horse Guards each day.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 24 May 1882: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 6A). ===28 May 1882, Sunday=== Whit Sunday. ==June 1882== ==July 1882== ===13 July 1882, Thursday=== Garden party at Marlborough House, reported in Lady Knightley's ''Journals'' (355). ==August 1882== ===28 August 1882, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday. ==September 1882== ===4 September 1882, Monday=== The ''Times'' published J.L. Joynes's "A Political Tour of Ireland" on 4 September, in which Joynes described being arrested with Henry George "by a gang of Galway policemen who took him [George] to be a revolutionary Fenian" (Holroyd, vol. 1, p. 127). ===5 September 1882, Tuesday=== American economist Henry George spoke on Land Nationalization to a large crowd, attracted to the talk by J.L. Joynes's 4 September ''Times'' story, that included [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] (Holroyd, vol. 1, p. 127–28). ===7 September 1882, Thursday=== Bret Harte<blockquote>was one of a select group Osgood managed to scare up for a dinner at the Hotel Continental in London on September 7, 1882 — Aldrich, Hay, Howells, Henry James, Clarence King, Moncure Conway, Charles Dudley Warner, and Edwin Booth among them. "It was a most remarkable coincidence to find all these men together in London," he [Harte] reported to Anna; indeed, "it would have been most remarkable for New York or Boston." His most vivid impression of Howells was that he had "grown fat." On his part, Howells remarked later that Harte resembed "a French marquis of the ancien regime" or "an American actor made up" for the role. It was the last time they would meet.<ref>Gary Schamhorst. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. P. 167.</ref></blockquote> === 28 September 1882, Saturday === ==== The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart ==== <blockquote>Marriage in High Life.<p> The marriage of Mr John M'Donald, of Bellmore, of Dumbartonshire, and Miss Georgiana Ross Lambart, daughter of Mr and Lady Fanny Lambart, of Beaupark, county Meath, took place at St George's Church, Hanover-square, London, by special licence, on Saturday afternoon. Those invited to the ceremony assembled at half-past two o'clock. Mr Andrew M'Ewan officiated as best man. The bride was attended by her six sisters. The bride's dress was composed of white satin duchesse, trimmed with lace, and she wore a wreath of orange blossoms and diamond tiara, diamond riviers and pendant en suite, the gifts of the bridegroom. The bridesmaids were dressed alike in costumes of white surah, trimmed with lace, baskets of shamrocks and thistles being fastened to the sides of the dresses; and they carried bouquets of Parma violets and sapano roses. Each wore a massive gold ring with the initials of the bride and bridegroom in rubies, the gift of the latter. The marriage ceremony was performed by the Hon and Rev George Bourke, M A, assisted by the Rev Arthur Newcome, the bride being given away by her father. Mr and Lady Fanny Lambart afterwards entertained the wedding party at their house in Harley street, when the Marquis and Marchioness Conyngham and Ladies Conyngham, the Countess of Winchelsea, Lady Churchill, and Hon Victor Spencer, Sir Theodore Brinckman, Hon and Rev George and Mrs Bourke, the Countess of Mayo and Ladies Bourke, Mr C Combe (Royal Horse Guards), Mr and Lady Constance Combe, Sir Arthur Scott, Lord Langford, Hon W Rowley, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon Algernon Bourke]], Lady Scott and Miss Scott, Captain Pole Carew, Hon Maurice Bourke, and many other relations and friends were present. About five o'clock the newly-married couple started for the Hon Henry Bourke's residence in Surrey to pass the honeymoon. The bride's presents were very numerous. Her Majesty the Queen was graciously pleased to present her with an Indian shawl.<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Freeman's Journal'' 31 October 1882, Tuesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18821031/039/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1882== Sometime in October 1882, Annie Horniman met Moina Bergson at the Slade School of Art, run by Alphone Legros (AEFH memo 14 July 1898, qtd Howe 64). ===31 October 1882, Tuesday=== Halloween. ==November 1882== ===5 November 1882, Sunday=== Guy Fawkes Day. ===25 November 1882, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe, or the Peer and the Peri'', opened at the Savory: "A glittering crowd attended the first night, including Captain (later Captain Sir) Eyre Massey Shaw, head of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, whom the Fairy Queen apostrophizes in the second act ('Oh, Captain Shaw/Type of true love kept under/Could they brigade with cold cascade/Quench my great love, I wonder?'). On the first night, Alice Barnett as the Fairy Queen sang the verses directly to the Captain, to the great delight of the audience" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolanthe). Clement Scott was there? Who wrote reviews and for which performances? ==December 1882== ===9 December 1882, Saturday=== Prime Minister Gladstone attended Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'' with his son, Mr. Herbert Gladstone, M.P., sitting in the 4th row of the orchestra stalls. (The Era 1882 December 9 45(2307): 7, col. 3 [unsigned news item]. Rpt online Savoy Operas http://savoyoperas.org.uk/iolanthe/iomiscell.html.) Or did they attend on the 4th? ===25 December 1882, Monday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1882, Tuesday=== Boxing day ==Works Cited== *Knightly. *Macaulay, James, Ed. Speeches and Addresses of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales: 1863–1888. London: J. Murray, 1889. Google Books, retrieved 22 February 2010. Actually, “Founding the Royal College of Music”: 394-403. *Whistler, James McNeill. Letter to Mary Montgomerie Singleton (Mary Montgomerie Lamb, pseud. Violet Fane). 22 February 1882. The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler. System Number: 11133. http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/display/?rs=4&nameid=Fane_V&sr=1&initial=F (accessed November 2016). == References == {{reflist}} ca7z0tz0802sl9efxjs5xpkg3a50ed7 0 264253 2719078 2714583 2025-06-18T20:18:33Z Scogdill 1331941 2719078 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] 1883 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1883== ===1 January, Monday, New Year's Day=== ==February 1883== ===21 February 1883, Wednesday=== A story (with no byline) on 3 March 1883, the ''Illustrated London'' News reports the following:<blockquote>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, accompanied by General Hamley, General Willis, Lord Henry Lennox, and Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke, on Wednesday eveing, Feb. 21, paid a visit to the Savage Club, and presided over a most entertaining soirée. The Savage Club Saturday evenings, in the rooms at Lancaster House, Savoy, are about the most pleasant reunions in town; and it was doubtless with agreeable recollections of the night on which he was enrolled a member that the Prince accepted the invitation to take the chair at the soirée in question. H.R.H. was received by the following members of the Committee of the Savage Club: — Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, Mr. Charles Kelly, Mr. P. T. Duffy, Mr. Herbert Johnson, Mr. J. Somers Vine, Sir Phlip Cunliffe Owen, and Mr. Goodman, the honorary secretary. [new paragraph] The Lecture by Mr. Melton Prior on the War in Egypt was the first item in the programme. It was listened to with unabated attention throughout; and the vivid battle scenes thrown by the lime-light on the screen presented a most interesting panorama of the naval and military operations of Lord Alcester and Lord Wolseley. Mr. Prior was well qualified for his task. Beginning with the Ashantee Expedition, Mr. Prior has during the past decade depicted some ten campiagns as Special War Artist of The Illustrated London News, comprising the Kaffir, Basuto, Zulu, and Boer Wars in South Africa, and the Herzegovinian, Servian, and Russo-Turkish Wars in the East. It was in a happy, colloquial manner that Mr. Prior at the outset of his lecture at the Savage Club told how Mr. William Ingram in the summer of last year dispatched him, almost at a moment's notice, to Egypt in the service of this Journal. The active Special Artist arrived in time to see and sketch the Bombardment of Alexandria; and the great value of the cartoons shown in Mr. Prior's lecture on the naval and military operations is that they are nearly all enlarged from the original sketches made by him under fire in Egypt. These were clearly thrown on the screen by Mr. E. Marshall, of Queen Victoria-street; and each tableau was so bold and effective as to lend force to the illusion that Mr. Prior was describing the stirring events as they happened before the spectators. The salient features of the Bombardment — a general view of Sir Beauchamp Seymour's Fleet shelling the forts, Bluejackets at their guns and Nordenfeldt, Commander Hoskins's narrow escape, and animated tableaux of Alexandria in flames, and Lord Charles Beresford putting marital law in force against incendiaries. An excellent general view of the British position face to face with Arabi's intrenchments at Kafr Dowar, and spirited sketches of the reconnaissances with Captain Fisher's Ironclad train, and the Mounted Infantry, were succeeded by Illustrations of Sir Garnet Wolseley's strategic move by sea from Alexandria to Port Said and Ismailia. Life-like portraits of Sir Garnet and H.R.J. the Duke of Connaught (both warmly applauded when exhibited) introduced the advance to Cairo; and the interest was increased as Mr. Prior succinctly pointed out the familiar incidents of the NIght Charge of Sir Drury Lowe at Kassassin, and the dashing episodes of the capture of Tel-el-Kebir. The lecturer, who well deserved the appluase freely given him by the Savages, was honoured by the Prince of Wales with a graceful compliment. H.R.H. said, "Everybody has known for years thar Mr. Melton Prior is a clever Artist; but few probably were aware before that he is so graphic a lecturer. I have just been told this very interesting lecture has lasted an hour; but it seemed to me only ten minutes. [new paragraph] The Prince was then presented by Sir Cunliffe Owen with a handsome album, containing the portraits of the members of the Savage Club, that of H.R.H. having been taken by the Van der Weyde light, and several photographs being from the studio of Mr. Fradelle. A reference by Sir Cunliffe Owen to the Royal College of Muisc induced the Prince to suggest that the Club should give an entertainment in order to form a Savage Club scholarship for the College. On the motion of Mr. John Radcliffe, the eminent flautist, the suggestion was at once adopted. How rich the Savage Club is in entertainers was amply shown after supper at the Smoking Concert, at which the Prince took the chair. No other club in London could have presented so varied and good a programme as was supplied by Mr. Lionel Brough, Mr. George Grossmith, Mr. C. T. Townley, Mr. Maybrick, Mr. Henry Walsham, Mr. Harry Paulton, Mr. John Maclean, Mr. Edward Terry, and Jr. James Fernandez, whose recital of Mr. G. R. Sims's poem of "The Life-boat" was excpetionally powerful. As the genial pianist to the Savage Club, Mr. Theodore Drew skilfully accompanied each song. [new paragraph] We may add that Mr. Prior is to deliver his Lecgture on the War in Egypt for the first time in public at the Crystal Palace on the current Friday afternoon; and will repeat it at Tunbridge Wells on Saturday afternoon; at St. Leonard's next Monday; in St. George's Hall, London, on Tuesday; at Southampton on Wednesday; at Bournemouth on Thursday, Bath on Friday, and Clifton on Saturday next."<ref>"Mr. Melton Prior's Lecture on the War in Egypt." ''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, March 03, 1883; pg. 219; Issue 2289, Col. 2.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1883== ===23 March 1883, Friday=== Good Friday ===25 March 1883, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==April 1883== ===4 April 1883, Wednesday=== The column "Music" in the ''Illustrated London News'', accompanied by an illustration, reports the following: ... the London Sunday School Choir gave a concert at the Royal Albert Hall, in aid of the Royal College of Music."<ref>"Music." ''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, April 07, 1883; pg. 335; Issue 2294, Col 1.</ref> Here is the story:<blockquote>The London Sunday School Choir, of which Sir Andrew Lusk, Bart., M.P., is President, was founded in 1871 for the objects, more especially, of promoting and improving the practice of part-singing, and generally cultivating a spirit of Christian unity, amongst Sunday School teachers, scholars, superintendents, and visitors, of different religious denominations. Mr. Luther Hinton, one of the Council for musical instruction and practice, has formed an advanced choir, which he has trained to a high degree of efficiency. At the annual Festival of the London Sunday School Choir, which was held on Wednesday week in the Royal Albert Hall, a concert was given in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music; and the singing, performed by about 1600 selected voices, conducted by Mr. Luther Hinton, was very creditable to them and to their instructors. Among the audience were their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, in honour of whom one of the pieces chosen for this performance was the Russian National Anthem. The organ was played by Mr. W. G. Horncastle. We give an Illustration of the scene, which was a pleasant one for the eye to dwell upon. Following some anthems came Sterndale Bennett's charming quartet, "God is a Spirit" ("Woman of Samaria"), so admirably rendered that an encore was peremptorily insisted upon. The next prominent feature in the programme was the "Ave Maria" ("Meditation on a Prelude by Bach"), in which the soprano part was exquisitely rendered by Senorita Lucia Carrerras; Miss Marie Schumann skilfully executing the violin obbligato, Miss Louisa Schumann accompanying on the pianoforte. This performance is shown in our minor Illustration, and we must not omit to mention Mr. David Davies presiding at the organ. A quartet and chorus, specially composed by the last-named gentleman for this choir, entitled "Magnificat." was also received with great favour. The other pieces of sacred music comprised Richard Farrant's "Lord, for They tender mercy's sake"; Sir John Goss's "Oh, taste and see"; an anthem written by Dr. Hopkins, "Lift up your heads"; a [Col. 1–2] "Magnificat," and one or two more, all of which were enthusiastically applauded. The secular pieces included a selection from "Il Trovatotore," played on the violin by Miss Marie Schumann, and some glees, part-songs, and choruses, from the works of Webbe, Auber, Stevens, Root, Sullivan, Benedict, and Pinsuti, with the national song, "Rule Britannia," admirably harmonised by Mr. G. Oakey. Scarecely any amount of praise is too high to bestow upon the manner in which the children of the London Sunday School Choirs have been trained."<ref>''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, April 14, 1883; pg. 364; Issue 229, Cols. 1–2.</ref></blockquote> ===26 April 1883, Thursday=== In the 3 March 1883 column "The Court," the ''Illustrated London News'' reports the following about the activities of the Prince and Princess of Wales:<blockquote>The Prince and Princess have promised to preside at the opening of the new galleries of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Piccadilly, on April 26. After the ceremony there will be a concert, to which the charge for admission will be one guinea, the receipts to go to the Royal College of Music.<ref>"The Court." ''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, March 03, 1883; pg. 219; Issue 2289, Col. 1.</ref></blockquote>On 5 May 1883, the ''Illustrated London News'' reported this event, which was part of the development and founding of the Royal College of Music:<blockquote>Yesterday week the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princess Christian were present at a concert given in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music in Prince's Hall, Piccadilly, and aferwards opened the exhibition of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours in the galleries of the hall."<ref>"The Court." ''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, May 05, 1883; pg. 439; Issue 2298, Col. 1.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1883== ===7 May 1883, Monday=== The Prince of Wales opened the Royal College of Music; Prime Minister Gladstone was there (Campbell 15). ===8 May 1883, Tuesday=== “On May 8th, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales gave what may be almost called a Royal College of Music dinner party, the guests including the following musical men: Prof. G. A. Macfarren, Sir J. Benedict, Dr. J. Stainer, Dr. Sullivan, Mr. J. Barnby, Herr Otto Goldschmidt, Mr. George Mount, Mr. W. G. Cusins, Mr. Mackenzie, Mr. T. Chappell. Dr. George Grove, Mr. C. Morley, and Mr. Kellow Pye.” (“Opening of the Royal College of Music.” Vol. XXIV, No. 980 (12 May 1883). 296. The Musical Standard: A Newspaper for Musicians, Professional and Amateur. Vol. XXIV. New Series, January to June, 1883. 294–296.) Here is the description in the Illustrated London News: "The Prince gave a dinner party on Thesday at Marlborough House to thirty-four gentlement chiefly interested in the furtherance of the science of music. The Duke of Edinburgh dined with him" ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, May 12, 1883; pg. 463; Issue 2299, Col. A). ===13 May 1883, Sunday=== Whit Sunday. Arthur "Sullivan [had had a telephone installed], and on 13 May 1883, at a party to celebrate the composer's 41st birthday, the guests, including the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), heard a direct relay of parts of Iolanthe from the Savoy. This was probably the first live 'broadcast' of an opera" ("Gilbert and Sullivan." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan, retrieved 21 January 2010. Citing Ian Bradley, The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: 176). ===23 May 1883, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs. According to the Morning Post, <quote>Lady Wlmborne's evening party at Hamilton House. / Mrs. Naylor Leyland's first dance (Derby Day). / Mrs. Foster's evening party, Belgrave-square. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges's "at home," at 16, Stratford-place, from four to seven, No cards.</quote> ("Arrangements for the Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 23 May 1883: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 7B). ===24 May 1883, Thursday=== Arthur Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria during the run of ''Iolanthe''. George Grove and George Macferren, Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, were knighted in the same ceremony. Sullivan's diary seems to say Victoria did it, but other sources say it was Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales. ===26 May 1883, Saturday=== The column "The Court" in the 19 May 1883 ILN reports the following: "Princess Christian has consented to perform at the two concerts which are to be given in aid of the Royal College of Music, at the Albert Institute, Windsor, on the 26th inst." ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, May 19, 1883; pg. 495; Issue 2300, Col. A). ==June 1883== ===14 June 1883, Thursday=== In a brief mention in on 23 June 1883, the ''Illustrated London News'' reports the following: "The morning performance at the Lyceum Theatre on the 14th inst., in aid of the Royal College of Music, resulted in a gain to the funds of £1000" (Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 23, 1883; pg. 623; Issue 2305, Col. A). "The Court" mentions the performance as well: "The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by the Hereditary Prince and Hereditary Pricess of Saxe-Meiningen and Prince Albert Victor, were present at the performance at the Lyceum Theatre in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music" ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 23, 1883; pg. 626; Issue 2305, Col. C). Here is the story and review of the performance, by Sala: "The sum of one thousand pounds was the outcome of the remarkable afternoon performance given under the special patronage of their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales at the Lyceum on Thursday, June 14, in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music. The Prince and Princess were present, and the house, so liberally devoted by Mr. Henry Irving to the furtherance of a worthy object, was crowded by a fashionable audience, undismayed at such phenomenal prices as ten-guinea private boxes and stalls, and the front seats in the dress circle at two guineas each. The pit was five shillings. An entertainment of exceptional attractiveness had been provided, comprising a scene from Lord Lytton's comedy of "Money," admirably interpreted by Mr. Arthur Cecil as Mr. Graves, by Mr. Brookfield as the servant, and by Mrs. Bancroft as Lady Franklin; and, as a finale, a selection from the fairy-opera of "Iolanthe," rendered by Mr. George Grossmith, Mr. Charles Manners, Mr. Rutland Barrington, Mr. Durward Lely, and Miss Leonora Braham, with the skilful Mr. F. Cellier as conductor; but, of course, the "sensational" feature of the programme was the revival of the old melodrama of "Robert Macaire; or, the Roadside Inn" — a version (by the late Mr. Charles Selby, I should say) of the too-celebrated French peice, "L'Auberge des Adrets," in which Frédéric Lemaître "created" — with a vengeance — the part of the felonious hero. "Robert Macaire," as a melodrama, is scarcely so powerful as our very old English friends, "Jonathan Bradford" and "Ambrose Gwynett"; indeed, the "Roadside Inn" has been not inappropriately likened to a piece originally framed as a ballet pantomime, with a murder interpolted at the last moment, to give a little serious interest to an otherwise frivolous production. Without the assassination of M. Germeuil, Robert Macaire and Jacques Strop might be merely two very diverting vagabonds of a purely pantomimic type; Macaire is clown and Jacques Strop pantaloon to Charles's harlequin and Clementine's columbine, while Loupy, the sergeant of gendarmes, may be taken to correspond with the pantomimic policeman, and Pierre, the innkeeper, answers well enough to the respectable tradesman of pantomime so repeatedly robbed, swindled, buffeted, and otherwise maltreated by clown and pantaloon; but a combination of circumstances has rendered it indispensable that Robert Macaire should be played only by an actor possessing in an equal and in the very highest degree tragic an dcomic powers. These powers were possessed by teh Frenchman Frédéric Lemaître; and with them the Englishman, Henry Irving, is as fully and as highly endowed. I have seen both Frédéric (at the French plays in London, for "L'Auberge des Adrets" was a prohibited play in Paris for many years) and the late Charles Fechter in the part of the cynical convict and assassin. Memaître was in his décadence when I saw him. His teeth were nearly gone, and his utterances did not extend beyond a shrill piping; but his by-play was superb. The excellence of Fechter's performance was impaired by the musical tones of his voice, which he did not sufficiently vary, and by his apparent reluctance franky to accept the comic side of the character. He was more Don Caesar de Bazan arrayed as a French instead of a Spanish tatterdemalion than the Robert Macaire of the Porte St. Martin. Mr. Irving appears to me to have grasped the character in its entirety. He has combined with amazing skill and acumen of conception the attributes of the ragged and dirty dandy, and scurril jester, the inveterate thief and swindler, and the cold-blooded villain who will not stop short of murder in the pursuit of plunder; but with this warp of ruffianism and ribaldry he mingles just one thread of natural pathos. He is not altogether a wild beast in human form — the laughing hyaena of the bagne. He is a father; and he can feel some emotion when he recognises his son. And in his last moments he repents of his cruelty to the wife whom he has abandoned, and dies, forgiven, in her arms. When we remember that while Macaire — shot, when attempting to escape, by the gendarmes — is expiring, the corpse of the murdered M. Germeuil is weltering in his blood up stairs, we ought properly to feel only horror and disguist for the dying assassin on the stage; but the consummate skill with which Mr. Irving, by a few words and a few gestures, has emphasised the truth that a touch of human feeling may be linked with a thousand crimes, mitigates the aversion we feel for so hideous a character as Macaire. Until the murder takes place he is merely a buffoon, at whose antics we can impartially laugh. But with his hands freshly stained with human blood, an ordinary actor who still continued his buffoonery would become unutterably repulsive. A great master of his art only can, as Henry Irving does, contine to be wildly comic, and move us to merriment as wild long after he has confessed to Bertrand the doing of that gory deed up stairs. We almost forget the slain Germeuil till Nemesis arriveds, and all at once the buffoon disappears and we are contronted by the desperate but ultimately reprentant criminal. If the character of Macaire as drawn by Mr. Irving be scouted as wholly unnatural, look, I say, at the character of that horrible robber and murderer Charles Peace. He was the merriest of burglars and blood-spillers. He played on the accordion, he sang comic ditties at music-halls afer he had killed people; at his last examination before the magistrates he put his feet on the justice-room table and made jocular remarks; but when Nemesis came and the rope was tightening round his neck he did at least one human act, in declaring the innocence of the poor young Irish labourers whom, in the days of his rollicking Macairdom, he had unconcernedly seen condemned to death for a murder which he had himself committed. Fortunately, the doom of the Habrons had been commuted to penal servitude for life; and through Peace's tardy revelations they were restored to liberty. I may add that the character of Rebert Macaire is not wholly an imaginary one. It seems to have been founded on a real scoundrel — one Coignard — who, shortly after the Restoration of 1815, escaped from the bagne of Toulon, and, after assuming a number of disguises, passed himself off as the Comte Pontis de Ste. Hélène. He actually rose to the rank of Commander of the National Guard of Paris; when he was arrested at a review on the denunciation of an ex-comrade at the galleys whose silence he had stupidly refused to purchase. Coignard was a dandy, even when clad in the hideous livery of the prison, and was known as "le beau du bagne." As for the name of Macaire, it has long been typical in France for villany, as the name of the assassin who murdered Aubry de Montdidier in the Forest of Bondy in 1371, and whose crime was discovered through the sagacity of Aubry's faithful dog. Mr. Irving had a wonderflly droll foil in the Jacques Strop of Mr. J. L. Toole, whose exhibition of pusillanimity was simply marvelous, and whose "make up" vied in drollery of effect with that of the not-to-be-forgotten Robson in the "Wandering Minstrel." As for Mr. Irving's facial and sartorial equipments, they were really artistic triumphs. You had before you not only the Robert Macaire of Lemaître, but the even more raggedly picturesque incarnation of the rascal created (after the play itself had been forbidden) by the French caricaturist Henri Daumeri, in the wonderful series of pictorial satires called "Les Cent et un Robert Macaire." One great charm of the performance was the complete harmony with which Mr. Toole and Mr. [Col B/C] Irving played into each other's hands. Each seemed perfectly to comprehend the idiosyncrasies and divine the intent of his other; and there was not a false note in their whole artistic duet. The charming Miss Ellen Terry accepted with graceful condescension the trifling part of Clémentine, Miss Ada Cavendish threw much pathos into the part of the ill-used wife Marie; Mr. Fernandez was an impressive M. Dumont, and Mr. Howe a genial M. Germeuil — I mean, genial till he was murdered. Mr. Terriss was a manly Charles, Mr. Thomas Thorne an amusingly stolid innkeeper, and Mr. Bancroft a duly suspicious sergeant of gendarmes. That all these clever ladies and gentlemen should have refrained from shrieking and rolling about the stage in ecstasies of laughter while Mr. Toole and Mr. Irving were on the stage reflects the highest credit on their command over their risible muscles. A memorable afternoon." (G.A.S. [Sala, George Augustus.] "The Playhouses." Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 23, 1883; pg. 622; Issue 2305, Cols B-C). ===25 June 1883, Monday=== "Guildhall Concert for Royal College of Music" ("Calendar for the Week Ending June 30." Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 23, 1883; pg. 618; Issue 2305, Col. A). Monday, 25 June 1883: meeting at Prince's Hall, London, in honor of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Stanton says, "At a grand reception, given in our honor by the National Central Committee, in Princess' Hall, Jacob Bright, M.P., presided and made an admirable opening speech, followed by his sister, Mrs. McLaren, with a highly complimentary address of welcome. By particular request Miss Anthony explained the industrial, legal, and political status of American women, while I set forth their educational, social, and religious condition. John P. Thomasson, M.P., made the closing address, expressing his satisfaction with our addresses and the progress made in both countries." (http://www.fullbooks.com/Eighty-Years-And-More-Reminiscences-18156.html; book is elsewhere on the web as well) ===30 June 1883, Saturday=== Not sure of date, though the implication is that the date is Saturday because of these sentences occur at the beginning of the column, between a mention of other events on Saturday and the royal family's attendance at "divine services" on Sunday. The column "The Court" in the 7 July 1883 ILN says the following: "Princess Beatrice was present at a concert given at the Albert Institute, Windsor, on behalf of the Royal College of Music, Princess Christian being one of the performers, her Royal Highness also taking part at a second concert in the evening. Prince Christian and Princesses Victoria and Franciska of Schleswig-Holstein, and the Prince and Princess of Saxe-Meiningen were of the audience." ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, July 07, 1883; pg. 10; Issue 2307, Col. C) ==July 1883== ===9 July 1883, Monday=== "Royal College of Music, concert, Guildhall, 3.30 p.m." ("Calendar for the Week Ending July 14." Illustrated London News, Saturday, July 07, 1883; pg. 2; Issue 2307, Col. A). The "Music" column from the same issue of the ILN says the following: "The Guildhall concert in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music takes place next Monday afternoon, when the Prince and Princess of Wales, and other members of the Royal family, are expected to be present. Madame Adelina Patti, and other eminent artists are named in the programme." ("Music." Illustrated London News, Saturday, July 07, 1883; pg. 6; Issue 2307, Col. B). The "Music" column in the 14 July ILN says this: "A concert was given at the Guildhall on Monday afternoon in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music in whose behalf so many public appeals have been, and are being, made, under the stimulating influence of Royal and noble patronage. The performances call for no critical comment, the programme having consisted of familiar pieces. Madame Albani was prevented, by hoarseness, from being present, but Madame Adelina Patti appeared and sang "Kathleen Mavourneen," and (for the encore) "Within a mile of Edinbro' town," with her usual perfection. Other vocal pieces were contributed by Madame Antionette Sterling, Mrs. Hutchinson, Mdlle, Tremelli, Miss Hope Glenn, Signor Marconi, Mr. Maas, and Signor Battistini. Pianoforte, violin, and violoncelo solos were effectively rendered, respectively, by Madame Frickenhaus, Mr. Carrodus, and Herr Holmann — some very light music having been played by Kalozdy's Hungarian band. Signori Bevignani and Bisaccia conducted. The Prince and Princess of Wales and other Royal visitors, and the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, were present. It is said that about £1000 was realised." ("Music." Illustrated London News, Saturday, July 14, 1883; pg. 30; Issue 2308, Col. C). Regarding this concert, the column "The Court" of the 14 July 1883 ILN says this: "The Prince and Princess, accompanied by the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the Hereditary Prince and Princess of Saxe-Meiningen, attended a concert at the Guildhall on Monday given by the Lord Mayor on behalf of the funds of the Royal College of Music" ("The Court." Illustrated London News, Saturday, July 14, 1883; pg. 35; Issue 2308, Col. A.). ===11 July 1883, Wednesday=== The "Playhouses" column of the 2 Jun 1883 issue of the ILN reports the following: "A brilliant day and night festival is, by the gracious permission of the Prince of Wales, to add to the gaiety of the Albert Hall next month. His Royal Highness and the Princess have promised to attend the Dramatic and Musical Fancy Fair and Fancy-Dress Ball to be given there by the Savage Club, on Wednesday, July 11, for the purpose of founding a scholarship in connection with the Royal College of Music. The Savage Club has for a long time now numbered among its members some of the liveliest and most accomplished entertainers in town. Over twenty-three years ago — on March 7, 1860 — her Majesty and the late Prince Consort, with some members of the Royal family, honoured by their attendance the theatrical performances of the Savage Club at the Lyceum Theatre for a charitable purpose. Some of the performers on that occasion survive to devise an abundance of diversion for the Royal party and the public on July 11." (The Playhouses. Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 02, 1883; pg. 542; Issue 2302, Col. C). There are two classified advertisements for the Savage Club entertainment in the 23 June 1883 ILN: "SAVAGE CLUB ENTERTAINMENT and COSTUME BALL. Object: the Founding of a Club Scholarship in the Royal College of Music. [new paragraph] The EXECUTIVE COMMITEE of the SAVAGE CLUB have the honour to announce tht a GRAND MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT and COSTUME BALL will be given by Members of the Club in the ROYAL ALBERT HALL, on WEDNESDAY, JULY 11, with the immediate Patronage and Presence of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G. (Honorary Life Member of the Club), and her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, and other Members of the Royal Family. [next ad] SAVAGE CLUB ENTERTAINMENT and COSTUME BALL. WEDNESDAY, JULY 11, the PRICE of TICKETS of ADMISSION will be as follows: — Gentlemen, Two Guineas; Ladies, One Guinea and a Half (inclusive of Champagne Supper, Wine, and Refreshments). [new paragraph] The Boxes will be appropriated for visitors who may prefer not to join in the Ball. Balcony seats, Five Shillings each. [new paragraph] Application for Tickets (and for prices of Special Boxes) may be made to the Executive Committee, Savage Club, Lancaster House, Savoy-place, Strand, W.C.; at the Royal Albert Hall; and at all the Libraries. [new paragraph] Under no circumstances will tickets be granted without the production of a voucher properly filled in and signed by Barry Sullivan, chairman of the Executive Committee, and one or other of the Vouching Sub-Committee, composed as follows: — Sir P. Cunliffe Owen, J. R. Somers Vine, Edgar Bruce, Herbert Johnson, Thomas W. Cutler, Augustus Harris, and A. Gwyllym Crowe. The vouchers having been obtained, may then be sent to E. J. Goodman, hon. secretary, Savage Club, together with a cheque or post-office order for the number of tickets required; or they may be exchanged (on payment), for tickets, at the Albert Hall or the Libraries. [new paragraph] The doors of teh Hall will be open at 7.30 p.m. The Entertainment will commence at 8.30 p.m., and the Costume Ball at about Eleven p.m. [new paragraph] The Metropolitan and District Railways will run Special Trains from South Kensington to Aldgate and Mansion House (calling at all stations) at and after One a.m." (Multiple Classified Advertising Items. Illustrated London News, Saturday, June 23, 1883; pg. 618; Issue 2305, Col. A). The 30 June 1883 ILN has further details: <blockquote>SAVAGE CLUB COSTUME BALL. Under the Immediate Patronage of His Royal Highness the PRINCE OF WALES, K.G. (Hon. Life Member of the Club). Her Royal Highness the PRINCESS OF WALES (who will be present). [then a 2-column table, reading down the left column and then down the right] H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. [lb] H.R. & I.H. the Duchess of Edinburgh. [lb] H.R.G. the Duke of Albany, K.G. [second column] H.R.H. the Duchess of Albany [lb] H.R.H. the Prince Christian, K.G. [lb] H.R.H. the Princess Christian [lb and then across the bottom] &c., &c., &c. ... SAVABE CLUB COSTUME BALL. — The Boxes and Amphitheatre Stalls will be available for visitors who may prefer not to join us in the Costume Ball. [lb] Private Boxes from Ten Guineas; Balcony Seats (to view the Entertainment and Ball), Five Shillings each. Vouchers and Costume not required for Balcony Seats."<ref>"Multiple Classified Advertising Items." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, June 30, 1883; pg. 658; Issue 2306, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote>Here is the story after the event, in the 21 July 1883 ILN:<blockquote>The entertainment and costume ball given by the Savage Club last week at the Royal Albert Hall, in aid of the funds of the Royal College of Music, was a great and, in some respects, unique success. From four to five thousand persons were present in different parts of the hall; and the proceeds of the night from various sources will probably suffice to carry out the object of the Club — that is, the founding of a scholarship in connection with the Royal College of Music. Many causes conducted to this success. The countenance and presence of the Prince of Wales, honorary life member of the Club, the Princess of Wales, and other members of the Royal family, led on many people of rank and fashion. The entertaining resources — artistic, literary, musical, and mimetic — of the Club, which were known to be exceptionally great and varied, though very rarely displayed in public, were largely drawn upon. Novel artistic devices by Messrs. H. Furniss and Herbert Johnson illustrated the programmes and cards for the evening. Music, also, specially composed for the occasion, by Messrs. D. J. Hargitt, F. H. Cowen, and Eaton Faning, was provided — the last-named composer we have portrayed as he appeared conducting his "Savage Dance." And, in addition, a chosen band of over thirty "Savages," in the garb and war-paint of North American Indians, supplied an appropriate element of wild barbaric picturesqueness. The Albert Hall itself — for capacity, grandeur of line, and beauty of proportion — is unrivalled in the world for the purposes of a fancy ball. When the dancing commenced in the spacious arena, and while the spectators in costume lingered about the sweeping rows of amphitheatre, stalls, and tiers of boxes, and those in mufti still filled every seat of the vast balcony, the coup-d'oeil was magnificent, and decidedly surpassed that of a Bal de l'Opéra at Paris, even in the days of Napoleon III. The Prince and Princess of Wales and other Royal personages arrived about nine o'clock, and wer received by Sir Philip Cunliffe-Owen, Mr. Woodall, M.P., and other members of the Committee. They were attended by the "Savages" in Indian costume, who were marshalled by their chief as a Guard of Honour. The entertainment of songs, recitations, &c, then took place — among the gentlement who assisted therein being Messrs. Charles Warner, J. H. Brockbank, Theodore Drew, Bernard [Col. 1–2] Lane, G. Jacobi, G. W. Anson, J. E. Soden, W. H. Pyatt, Fleming Norton, J. G. Taylor, E. Terry, Harry Paulton, C. Bernard, J. Procter, Oswald, Maybrick, E. Bending, Brandon Thomas, and E. J. Odell. The voices, however, of some of the members, though ample to fill the modest "wigwam" or "lodge" in the Savoy, at the Saturday dinners, proved comparatively ineffective in the vast arena of the Albert Hall; and the vacant whitened floor of the arena presented a rather cheerless aspect. The livelier portion of the proceedings commenced at half-past eleven with the opening of the ball by the procession of the Red Skins, who, with savage disregard of the time of Mr. Cowen's admirable "Barbaric March," shuffled in true "Indian file" and gait, or gambols, across the arena, and, forming a semicircle about the Chief and Medicine Men, smoke the pipe of peace, duly offering it, in dumb show, to their "Great Father" the Prince of Wales. The general dancing then began. But the Procession of Savages should have been immediately followed (according to the programme) by their "Buffalo Dance," to which the smoking of the calumet would have been a fitting prelude, as well as accompaniment. The Buffalo Dance was, however, deferred by the executive committee till the hour for supper — when it formed the most striking and laughable incident of the night's entertainment. Of this famourite medicine rite to "make buffalo come," and the muster of the tribe to winess it, we have given an Illustration. In this we have been much assisted by the photographs of single figures and groups, taken instantaneously by the Van der Weyde Light. Mr. Van der Weyde, who is a member of the Savage Club, devoted the proceeds to the funds of the Royal College of Music. [Col. 2–3] The costumes at the ball were probably the most varied ever seen together, and many were remarkably artistic, accurate, and splendid. Our Sketches of some of these can give but a limited idea of the extraordinary variety of the impersonations. The relations of this country with all parts of the world doubtless led to a wider diversity in the dresses than would be found in any Continental display of a like kind. Thus there were, besides the Savages proper, a Japanese prince, a Chinese mandarin, an Afghan chief, a nigger from the Gold Coast, a Californian gold-digger, Turks, Greeks, Albanians, and semi-barbarians from all parts of the globe; as well as Pierros, Figaros, Mephistopheles, and Punchinellos, nuns, fishwives, and vivandières, matadors, cooks, and cardinals, and a thousand historic and histrionic personages. To the revived interest in art (and therefore costume) we should attribute the remarkable accuracy that distinguished the "get up" of many of the motley throng. In this respect the Red Indian savages were specially noteworthy. Their stalwart chief, Mr. T. J. Gullick, the artist and art-critic, spared no pains to organise an exact representation. Catlin's "North American Indians" and more learned authorities were consulted; members of the club, such as Mr. Sydney Hall, who had visited the tribes of the Far West, were taken into council; the collections of the British and South Kensington Museums and in Victoria-street (Christy's) were examined; and loans of Indian clothing, ornaments, and arms were invited from and kindly granted by Lord Dunraven (a member of the club), Lord Castletown, and others. The result was that the garb of many if not most of the members who took part in the Barbaric Procession and Buffalo Dance were either genuinely Indian, or as close an imitation as could be desired. The dress of the Chief (who appears in our engraving of the Buffalo Dance) was, in the words of a contemporary, "a marvel of barbaric design," yet, with one trifling exception, strictly authentic, and deserves description. The head-dress, then, was a silver band (Catlin, Plate 130), with a border above of zigzag beadwork, or wampum, that might suggest the fleurons of a crown; from which sprang plumes of an American eagle. The buckskin jerkin, secured at the waist by a genuine wampum belt, from which hung a "medicine-bag" and fan of crimson feathers, was fringed by thongs, thimbles, gingles, and fleeces of black wool, to stand for scalp-locks, and decorated on the back and short sleeves with "picture writings," recording the military and hunting exploits of the chief — the whole exactly copied from the very curious and amusing fac-simile in Catlin's book. Round the neck was a gorget of wapiti teeth, and beneath a large necklace of grizzly bears' claws, and tusks and teeth of animals of the chase. Intermediate, next the gorget, was a silvered relief of George III. (improvised from an old snuff-box) representing one of the silver medals given to the tribes who fought as our allies against the United States, and which are still preserved by many Indians. Below this, from a string of beads, shells, and red berries, hung, at alternate intervals, guineas (electrotyped) of George II., and S-shaped brass ornaments. This little license represented, as the Chief pretended, the insignia of the Savages, and a primitive form of the Collar of Esses. The leggings of dark red cloth were decorated at the outer seams with straw or purcupine-quill plaiting, hair trophies, and feathers; and the moccasins were embellished with beadwork. A small looking-glass to enable the chief to pluck out the (much-neglected) hair of his face, earrings, bracelets, and a buffalo-hide painted shield, and feathered spear, completed the chief's equipment. Seriously, we hope the Savage Club will help to restore the former union of art and merry-making in what was once the "Merrie England" of masks and mummings, revels and pageantry; and we trust that, encouraged by its greatly successful début, it will, like the artistic clubs of many Continental cities, afford the public the pleasure of a similar fête annually."<ref>"The Savage Club at the Royal Albert Hall." ''Illustrated London News'', Saturday, July 21, 1883; pg. 67; Issue 2309, Cols. 1–3.</ref></blockquote> === 1883 July 23, Monday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a garden party at Marlborough House.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 24 July 1883, Tuesday: 5, Col. 7a – 6 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18830724/060/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18830724/060/0006. Same print title, pp. 6–7.</ref> (The copy of the ''Morning Post'' with this story is in very poor condition.) ==August 1883== ===27 August 1883, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1883== === 5 September 1883, Wednesday === The "Hon. Mr. Bourke" cannot be Algernon Bourke, who was not a Member of Parliament.<blockquote>An interesting meeting is reported as having taken place in the Corn Exchange of Haddington, where the Countess of Wemyss presented their prizes to the successful competitors at the recent meeting of the East Lothian Rifle Association, and made a capital speech on the occasion to the assembled Volunteers. The Hon. Mr. Bourke, M.P., Lady Susan Bourke, Sir Algernon Borthwick, and other well-known ladies and gentlemen were present.<ref>"Table Talk." ''Evening News'' (London) 5 September 1883, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003282/18830905/018/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1883== ===31 October 1883, Wednesday=== Halloween ==== Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe ==== Lady Cecelia Hay received gifts from some in the Royal Family, including Queen Victoria, although not the Prince and Princess of Wales.<blockquote>The marriage of Captain George Allen Webbe (15th Hussars) and the Lady Cecelia Hay, eldest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Erroll, took place yesterday at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. The wedding party assembled shortly after eleven o'clock. Captain Webbe was attended by Captain J. B. Symes-Bullen, 15th Hussars, as his best man. The six bridesmaids were Lady Florence Hay, sister of the bride; Lady Agnes Noel, Lady Mary Gore, and Miss Sibyl Legh of Lyme, cousins of the bride; Miss Webbe, sister of the bridegroom; and Miss Minnie Cochrane. The bride, who was accompanied by the Countess of Erroll, was received on her arrival by her brother, Lord Kilmarnock, and her bridesmaids. The Rev. Arthur H. Stanton, M.A., of St. Alban's, Holborn, officiated at the ceremony; the bride, in the absence of the Earl of Erroll, being given away by her brother. Afterwards the Countess of Erroll received the wedding party at breakfast at her relatives' (General and Mrs. Rich) house in Onslow-square, when the following guests, who were also present at the church, atte[nded?] — The Earl and Countess of Arran and Lady Mary Gore, the Earl and Countess of Gainsborough and Lady Agnes Noel, Elizabeth Countess of Harrington, the Countess of Lovelace, Lord Kilmarnock, Lady Florence Hay, Lord and Lady Edward Somerset, Lady Cochrane and Misses Cochrane, Mr. and Lady Constance Bellingham, Mr. and Lady Catherine Vane, Colonel Hon. Caryl and Mrs. Molyneux, Colonel Hon. H. Fraser, Hon. Victor Spencer, Hon. Michael Sandys, Major Hon. J. Scott Napier, Hon. Arthur Hay (Scots Guards), Hon. Francis Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Field-Marshal Sir Patrick and Hon. Lady Grant, General Sir Frederick and Lady FitzWygram and Miss FitzWygram, Sir Douglas and Lady Forsyth, General Dillon, C.B., General and Mrs. Rich and Miss Randolph, Colonel Luck (15th Hussars) and Mrs. Luck, Colonel Frederick Gore, Colonel Antrobus, Colonel G. W. Knox, Major Verelst, and Captain Bullen. At two o'clock the newly-married couple took leave of their friends and started for Folkestone, on their way to Paris for their honeymoon. Lady Cecelia received a large number of presents. Her Majesty the Queen was graciously pleased to present her with an Indian shawl and a gold brooch, set with pearls. Princess Beatrice's present was a gold peacock's feather brooch, with sapphire and diamond eye. The Duchess of Connaught sent her a ruby glass flower bowl, and the Duke of Albany a pair of silver candlesticks. Among other presents were those from the Marchioness of Salisbury, the Earl and Countess of Erroll, the Earl of Fife, the Countess Dowager of Glasgow, the Earl and Countess of Arran, and the Marchioness of Exeter. The bride also received presents from the Earl of Erroll's tenants, the Erroll fishermen, and the Slains Castle servants. Captain Webbe's brother officers of the 15th Hussars presented him with four massive silver candlesticks and a claret jug.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." ''Morning Post'' 1 November 1883, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18831101/052/0005. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote> ==November 1883== ===5 November 1883, Monday=== Guy Fawkes Day ==December 1883== ===25 December 1883, Tuesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1883, Wednesday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *"Gilbert and Sullivan." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan, retrieved 21 January 2010. Citing Ian Bradley, The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: 176. *“Opening of the Royal College of Music.” Vol. XXIV, No. 980 (12 May 1883). 296. The Musical Standard: A Newspaper for Musicians, Professional and Amateur. Vol. XXIV. New Series, January to June, 1883. 294–296. 95hgespms3k988w377kwt5crxoh8ov1 0 264254 2719079 2714589 2025-06-18T20:18:57Z Scogdill 1331941 2719079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] 1884 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1884== ===1 January 1884, Tuesday, New Year's Day=== ===5 January 1884, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' opens at the Savoy. ==February 1884== === 16 February 1884, Saturday === Funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times''.<blockquote>Untimely as the close of Mr. Chenery's busy life was, and quiet, unpretending, and retiring as his habits were, he had, in the comparatively short period during which he filled the post of Editor of ''The Times'' largely increased the number of friends whom his genial, kindly nature, and unassuming knowledge attracted in the literary circles where he was best known; and these amiable characteristics of his were, perhaps, most generally in the remembrance of those who met on Saturday at the house in Sarjeants'-inn, where he died, as also of the more numerous gathering at Brampton Cemetery, where his remains were buried. The coffin of polished oak with brass mountings, and without pall, but covered with memorial wreaths of flowers sent by friends, was borne in an open funeral car. The first of the eight mourning coaches which followed was occupied by Mr. J. McMillan, Mr. J. C. MacDonald, Mr. R. F. McMillan, and Mr. D. McMillan, and in others there were Mr. Walter, M.P., Mr. A. F. Walter, Mr. Frederick Clifford, the Rev. Dr. Ginsburg, the Rev. Dr. Aldis Wright, Professor Stanley Leathes, Mr. T. Woolner, R.A., Mr. De la Pryme, the Rev. Dr. Wace, the Rev. R. J. Simpson, Mr. N. McColl, Mr. E. L. Brandreth, besides almost all Mr. Chenery's colleagues and assistants at ''The Times'' Office. Many friends had, however, assembled at the cemetery, and among these were Sir Henry Sumner Maine, Sir Owen Tudor Burne, Sir George Birdwood, the Right Hon. G. J. Shaw-Lefevre, M.P., Mr. Courtney, M.P., Sir R. Blennerbassett, M.P., Mr. Ralls, M.P., Mr. Joseph Cowen, M.P., Mr. Justin M'Carthy, M.P., Sir George Dasent, Mr. J. R. Dasent, Dr. Gilbert, Professor Sylvester, Mr. James Payn, Mr. Charles Shaw, Dr. Lightner, Mr. Hyde Clarke, Dr. Quain, Mr. Frank Hill, Mr. G. Barnett Smith, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Knollys, Captain Hozier, Mr. R. Giffen, Mr. T. W. Snagge, Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson, Mr. D. C. Boulger, Mr. O'Hara, Dr. Hueffer, Mr. Davidson, Mr. Eaton (secretary of the Royal Academy, representing Sir Frederick Leighton, who was unavoidably prevented from attending the funeral), and Mr. Scharf, Director of the National Portrait Gallery. There were also present many members of the Parliamentary corps, of the Law reporting staff, and literary contributors to the columns of this journal, and representatives of the printing and publishing departments of ''The Times''. The funeral service was read by the Rev. A. J. D. D'Orsey, assisted by the Dean of Westminster, who read the lesson in the cemetery chapel, where the first part of the service was held, and pronounced the benediction at the grave side. The plate on the coffin bore the inscription, THOMAS CHENERY. Died 11th February, 1884. Aged 57 years. Among those friends who sent funeral wreaths were Mrs. Walter, Lady John Manners, Miss Delane, Mrs. E. Lennox Boyd (a cushion of violets), Mrs. McMillan, and her four daughters, Mrs. A. Symes Shand, Mr. J. Brinsley Richards, Mrs. E. L. Brandreth and her daughter Mrs. J. E. H. Gordon, Sir J. Whittaker and Lady Ellis, Mrs. Batt, Mrs. Locking, and Mrs. Fielder. The Rev. Dr. Herman Adler would have attended the funeral, but was unable to be present, as it took place during the time of Divine Service at his synagogue. Lord Randolph Churchill, M.P., Profaner Bryce, M.P., and others wrote expressing regret at being unable to attend. The grave, it may be mentioned, in which Mr. Chenery was laid, is next to that in which the remains of his mother and her two sisters were interred.<ref>"Funeral of Mr. Chenery." ''Evening Mail'' 18 February 1884, Monday: 1 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18840218/011/0001. Print: title ''The'' ''Mail'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1884== The relationship between the Prince of Wales and Lord Randolph Churchill:<blockquote>It would be eight years before the Prince [of Wales] spoke to the Churchills again. Then, in March 1884, pressed by the Queen and well aware of Lord Randolph's rising reputation in the House of Commons, His royal Highness consented to attend a dinner given by the Attorney General where the guests included a Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone and Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill. The meeting passed off well, but another two years elapsed and Lord Randolph had become Secretary for India before the Prince could bring himself to enter the Churchill home. <cite>(Leslie 66)</cite>.</blockquote> ===28 March 1884, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]] died, his wife Helen pregnant with their second child. He was 30. ==April 1884== === 5 April 1884, Saturday === The funeral of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor. ===7 April 1884, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] comes to London from Paris, "arriving unexpectedly on the evening of a meeting of the 'London Lodge,'" and then returns a week later.<ref>Sinnett, A. P. Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky. P. 110 of this pdf; p. 214 in the edition they digitized: http://www.theosophical.ca/books/IncidentsInTheLifeOfMadameBlavatsky_APSinnett.pdf.</ref> ===9 April 1884, Wednesday, through 20 April, Sunday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Henry Steel Olcott|Henry Steel Olcott]] and perhaps [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Blavatsky]] attended<blockquote>Almost nightly meetings aid receptions at the Sinnetts. [Olcott] Meets Edwin Arnold, F. W. H. Myers, William Stead, Camille Flammarion, Oscar Wilde, Prof. Adams, discoverer of Neptune, the Varleys, the Crookes, Robert Browning, Sir Oliver Lodge, Matthew Arnold, Lord and Lady Borthwick, C. C. Massey, Stainton Moses ('M. A. Oxon.') (Diaries).<ref>"Chronological Survey of the Chief Events in the Life of H. P. Blavatsky and Henry S. Olcott, December, 1883, to December, 1885 Inclusive." (http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/misc/cs_06.htm)</ref>{{rp|xxviii–xxix}}</blockquote> ===13 April 1884, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===14 April 1884, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] returns to Paris from London, having been there a week. === 26 April 1884, Saturday === Dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote:<blockquote>The Lord Mayor, M.P., gave a dinner party at the Mansion House, on Saturday evening, to meet Sir Stafford Northcote. The guests, 250 in number, included a considerable number of the Conservative party in the House of Commons and of selected Conservative candidates at the next general election. The company included the Marquis of Exeter, Earl De La Warr, Earl Percy, M.P., Visoount Midleton, Mr. Walpole, Sir Richard Cross, M.P., Lord John Manners, M.P., Mr. Robert Bourke, M.P., Lord Eustace Cecil, M.P., Viscount Cole, M.P., Viscount Galway, M.P., Lord Henry Lennox, M.P., Hon. Edward Stanhope, M.P., Viscount Stopford, Lord Henry Bruce, Lord Charles Beresford, Colonel Burnaby, Lord Muncaster, Lord Arthur Somerset, Mr. Alderman Cotton, M.P., Sir Robert Carden, M.P., Sir John Hay, M.P., Mr. Hubbard, M.P., Sir Massey Lopes, M.P., Sir Matthew White Ridley, M.P., Mr. J. G. Talbot, M.P., Mr. Rowland Winn, M.P., Mr. Marriott, M.P., Mr. Frederick Greenwood, Sir Reginald Hanson, Baron H. de Worms, M.P., Sir J. Whittaker Ellis, Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott, Sir Henry A. Hoare, Dr. Tristram, Q.C., Mr. Scoble, Q.C., Mr. Morgan Howard, Q.C., Sir Lewis Pelly, Mr. Sheriff Cowan, Sir John Monckton, Hon. J. S. Gathorne-Hardy, Sir George Douglas, Lord Francis Hervey, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Sir George Russell, Vicount Valentia, the Hon. Humphry Sturt, and others. The gathering was of a private nature.<ref>"Dinner to Sir Stafford Northcote." ''Globe'' 28 April 1884, Monday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18840428/035/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1884== ===16 May 1884, Friday=== Meeting of the Fabian Society, the first meeting [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] attended (Holroyd, vol. 1, p. 131). ===28 May 1884, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>Mrs. Warner Hyde's first reception at 24, Grosvenor-place. Mrs. W. H. Smith's evening party, 3, Grosvenor-place. Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, four till seven. No cards. The New Club Dance. ... Royal College of Music, annual meeting, Albert Hall, 4. ... Royal Society of Literature, meeting, 8.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' 28 May 1884, Wednesday: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 7].</ref></blockquote> ==June 1884== ===1 June 1884, Sunday=== Whit Sunday === 18 June 1884, Wednesday === A "thought-reading" experiment, based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere, was performed with some <blockquote>Mr. Irving Bishop last evening gave a "Thought-Reading" ''séance'' in the drawing-room of the Westminster Palace Hotel, in the presence of a large and fashionable audience, which included some twenty or thirty members of both Houses of Parliament. The Committee selected to watch the experiments, with Mr. Edward Stanhope, M.P., in the chair, were: — Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Canon Wilberforce, Mr. Henry Hermann, Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., Dr. Cameron, M.P., Mr. Clement Scott, Lord Mount-Temple, Mr. M'Lagan, M.P., Mr. Millais, R.A., Lord Mayo, and Mr. Cross. Before commencing the task of trying to read the number of a bank note sealed in an envelope, in accordance with the conditions of Mr. Labouchere's challange of a year ago, Mr. Bishop succeeded in finding a, pin hidden by Mr. M'Lagan, M.P, but failed in attempts to discover one concealed by Mr. Millais, or to locate a supposed pain in the body of Mr. Healy, M.P. Mr. Bishop's first attempt with a bank-note, with Sir Henry Holland, M.P., as the subject, was wrong, and then Mr. Bishop claimed that he ought to be allowed to select his subject from one of the fifty gentlemen whose names were chosen by Mr. Labouchere. After much discussion, this was agreed to, and the experimenter selected Mr. M'Lagan and Mr. Stanhope as his subjects, they being furnished with a fresh bank-note by Sir H. Holland. On their return to the room, Mr. Bishop put the figures 33425 on the board, but they were declared by Sir H. Holland, who held the note, to be wrong. Mr. Bishop then tried with Mr. Stanhope, when he made it out to be 33,245, which was announced to be correct. The cheers greeting the announcement were renewed as Mr. M'Lagan stated that he had made a mistake in the number, and was really thinking of 33,425. Mr. Bishop said he thought Mr. Laboucheie owed him an apology for what he had written about him, and also 1000/. to the Children's Hospital.— On the motion of Mr. Stanhope, seconded by Mr. M'Lagan, a vote of thanks was accorded the performer!<ref>"Thought-Reading." ''London Evening Standard'' 19 June 1884, Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18840619/026/0003. Print title: The ''Standard''; p. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===29 June 1884, Sunday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] returned to London:<blockquote>She came over to London again on the 29th of June, and stayed with friends [the Arundales, I think] in Elgin Crescent, Notting Hill, where she remained till early in August, going over then to Germany with a party of Theosophists on a visit to friends in Elberfeld. Her presence in London during the period referred to became rather widely known, and large numbers of people contrived to make her acquaintance. Streams of visitors were constantly pouring in to see her, and with her usual abandon of manner she would receive her callers in any costume, in any room which happened to be convenient to her for the moment — in her bedroom, which she also made her writing-room and study, or in her friends' drawing-room thick with the smoke of her innumerable cigarettes, and of those which she hospitably offered to all who cared to accept them.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> ==July 1884== ===3 July 1884, Thursday=== Bret Harte met [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] "for the first time at an 'at home' at the Lawrence Barretts."<ref>Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper''. University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|216}} === 1884 July 25, Friday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House Hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales ==== In the afternoon, the Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a Garden Party at Marlborough House.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 26 July 1884, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 1a–5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18840726/010/0003. Same print title and p.</ref> The copy of the ''Morning Post'' with the article about the party is in very poor condition. ==August 1884== "Early in August," [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] left London.<ref name=":0">Sinnett, A. P. "Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky." P. 111 of this pdf; p. 215 in the edition they digitized: http://www.theosophical.ca/books/IncidentsInTheLifeOfMadameBlavatsky_APSinnett.pdf</ref> ===25 August 1884, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1884== ==October 1884== ===31 October 1884, Friday=== Halloween ==November 1884== ===5 November 1884, Wednesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ==December 1884== ===25 December 1884, Thursday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1884, Friday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== gc2baxdr9tw2cer0pvxgt7zr8kxhzji 0 264255 2719080 2715621 2025-06-18T20:19:23Z Scogdill 1331941 2719080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] 1885 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "In 1885 the Queen conferred a peerage on Nathaniel Rothschild, and against much opposition from the landed aristocracy the Prince of Wales had become intimate with the [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild family]] and admitted them into his circle" (Baring-Gould II 568, n. 20). ==January 1885== [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and Annie Besant met at a meeting of the Dialectical Society in January 1885 (Holroyd, vol. 1, p. 140). ===1 January 1885, Thursday, New Year's Day=== === 22 January 1885, Thursday === ==== Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn. ==== <blockquote>On Jan. 22, at St. Saviour’s, Paddington, by the Rev. Prebendary Buckle, Rector of Weston-super-Mare, father of the bridegroom, assisted by the Rev. Harry Jones, Vicar of Great Barton, Bury St. Edmunds, George Earle Buckle, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford, and of Lincoln’s-inn, barrister-at-law, was united in the bonds of matrimony to Alicia Isobel, third daughter of James Payn, of 43, Warrington-crescent, Maida-vale. The bride's toilette was a white plush petticoat, with embroidered crêpe de chine drapery trimmed with white fox fur; and she wore a wreath of orange blossom and tulle veil, and carried a lovely bouquet. The bridesmaids were the Misses Madeline, Jessie, and Lilian Payn, sisters of the bride, and Miss Earle and Miss Beatrice Earle, cousins of the bridegroom, and their dresses were of yellow silk, with cream lace fronts looped with dark brown ribbon, and brown velvet beefeater hats with yellow-shaded plume; bouquets of white and yellow with brown leaves and buckles and pearl brooches, the gift of the bridegroom. The best man was Mr. Edmund Buckle, brother of the bridegroom. Among the guests were the Earl of Rosebery, Sir William Anson, Col. Sir Edmund and Lady Du Cane, Sir Charles and Lady Locock, Sir Edwin and Lady Saunders, the Assistant-Judge (uncle of the bride), General and Mrs. Payn, Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Stephen, Mr. Fred Lehmann, Mr. William Black, Mr. Henry James, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier, Mrs. Alexander Goschen, Mr. MacDonald, Mr. J. R. Robinson, Mr. George Smith, and Miss Isabel Smith, Mr. and Mrs. E. D. J. Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Thursfield, Mr. and Mrs. Chadwyck Healey, Mr. and Mrs. Humphry Ward, Mr. Anstey Guthrie, and Mr. John Roget. The wedding presents were very numerous, including four silver tea services, the gifts of Mr. and Mrs. Walter, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Lehmann, Mr. and Mrs. George Smith, and Mr. and Mrs. Buckle; a large pen and bistre drawing by Rubens, the gift of the Assistant-Judge; a diamond ring, Mr. Alex. Shand; a ruby and diamond ring, Mr. and Mrs, Oswald Wrigley; a jewelled necklace from the sisters of the bride; a travelling clock, Lord Rosebery; a diamond bracelet, Mr. and Mrs. Bompas; a handsome Japanese screen, Mr. and Mrs. William Black; some point lace, Mrs. Leslie Stephen; silver dessert knives and forks and antique spoons[,] Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Carr; a travelling clock, Mr. and Mrs. Ascherson; a Japanese screen, Mr. Raleigh; a lace fan, Mrs. Cashel Hoey; handsome silver candlesticks, from Mr. and Miss Lethbridge, Mr. Brett, Mr. and Mrs. Chadwyck Healey; portfolio from Mr. J. R. Robinson; antique cabinet, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]]; and many other handsome presents. The bride went away in a green travelling dress, trimmed with grey astrachan, and felt hat to match, with grey feathers.<ref>"Buckle — Payn." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 31 January 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 30], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18850131/021/0009. Same print title, p. 103.</ref></blockquote> ===26 January 1885, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] meets Bret Harte "at the home of Lord Alfred Paget" (http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC, p. 240). ==February 1885== ==March 1885== ===14 March 1885, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Mikado, Or the Town of Titipu'' opened at the Savoy. ==April 1885== ===3 April 1885, Friday=== Good Friday ===5 April 1885, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===6 April 1885, Monday=== On 10 April 1885, the ILN says this: "An excellent variety entertainment was prepared at the Royal Victoria Hall and Coffee Tavern, Waterloo-road, for Easter week, including the "Night Watch in Egypt" — the usual science lecture and ballad concert being discontinued in its favour. These will, however, be resumed next week, and be continued during the rest of the season." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 11, 1885; pg. 373; Issue 2399, Col. C) ===18 April 1885, Saturday=== "The remains of the late Lord Mayor Nottage were placed in St. Paul's Cathedral last Saturday after a very impressive service, at which a large congregation attended. The present Lord Mayor and Sheriffs went in their state coaches, accompanied by a procession of City officials, and all the way from the Mansion House the streets were densely thronged by spectators. The coffin, which was covered with flowers, was placed on a catafalque beneath the dome until the conclusion of the service, when it was removed to the crypt." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 25, 1885; pg. 440; Issue 2401, Col. C; Royal Visit to Ireland (Supplement)). "Primrose Day, in memory of the late Lord Beaconsfield, was celebrated last Saturday in London and throughout the country even more generally than on any former occasion. On Sunday, the anniversary of his Lordship's death, a wreath of primroses sent by the Queen was placed on his grave at Hughenden. Lord John Manners presided on Saturday evening over a Primrose League banquet, in St. James's Hall, at which upwards of 600 gentlemen were present. The toast of the evening, "The Primrose League," was proposed by Lord Randolph Churchill. Viscount Bury, Sir H. Hoare, M.P., Mr. Sclater-Booth, M.P., and other well-known Conservatives also spoke to toasts." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 25, 1885; pg. 440; Issue 2401, Col. C; Royal Visit to Ireland (Supplement)) ==May 1885== ===24 May 1885, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ==June 1885== ===3 June 1885, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>New Club Dance. / Chevalier L. Desanges and Mrs. Desanges' at home at 16, Stratford-place, four till seven. No cards. / Royal College of Music 10th annual pupils' concert, West Theatre of the Royal Albert Hall.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 3 June 1885: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5B). ===26 June 1885, Friday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1885== ===7 July 1885, Tuesday=== Wedding between Lady Eva Bourke and Windham Wyndham-Quin:<blockquote>The marriage of Lady Eva Bourke, sister to the Earl of Mayo, with Mr. Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin, 16th (Queen’s) Lancers, eldest son of the late Hon. Wyndham Henry Wyndham-Quin, second son of Wyndham Henry, second Earl of Dunraven, was solemnised on Tuesday morning at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington. There was a large attendance of friends of the two families present, and amongst those who occupied the principle pews were — The Duke and Duchess of Leinster and the Ladies Fitzgerald. Marquis of Headfort and Lady Adelaide Taylour, Earl and Countess Spencer, Earl and Countess of Dunraven, Earl and Countess of Bandon, Earl and Countess of Caledon, Earl of Mayo, Lord and Lady Harlech, Lord and Lady Charles Lennox-Kerr, Lord Emly, the Hon and Rev. and Mrs George Bourke, Major and Hon Mrs Edward Bourke, Hon Robert and Lady Susan Bourke, Hon Mr and Mrs Henry Bourke, Hon [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Hon Terence Bourke, Mr and Lady Fanny Lambart, the Hon Mr Montgomery, Mr and Lady Jane Vivian, Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, Major and Hon Mrs Barton, Mr and Miss Vivian, Mr and Mrs Forbes, Mr and Mrs More O’Ferrall, &c., &c. Shortly before 11 the bride arrived. She was accompanied by her mother, and was conducted to the altar by her brother, the Earl of Mayo. She wore a magnificent costume of stamped broche silk, trimmed with Brussels lace, and veil of the same material to match, fastened with diamond stars and wreath of real orange blossoms. Her bouquet was composed of very beautiful white flowers. Her long train was borne by two pages — the Hons Reginald and Hugh Wyndham, who wore very effective white satin suits slashed with yellow, and turban hats to match. The bridesmaids, mostly children, were Lady Florence Bourke, Lady Rachel Wyndham-Quin, Lady Eneid Wyndham-Quin, Lady Edith Douglas, Miss Anne Bourke, Miss Madeline Wyndham, Miss Edith Forbes, and Miss Smith-Barry. They wore dresses of white Swiss embroidered muslin, with broad sashes of yellow[,?] silk hose and straw hats, covered with muslin and trimmed with yellow ribbons and white feathers with aigrettes. Each carried a large bouquet of yellow roses, tied with a bunch of ribbons, and wore a diamond harp-shaped brooch entwined with shamrocks, the gift of the bridegroom. The Honourable Margaret Wyndham, who was to have been a bridesmaid, was prevented attending by illness. Captain Chetwynd, 16th Lancers, acted in the capacity of best man. The ceremony was performed by the Honourable Rev George Bourke, uncle to the bride, Rector of Pulbaraugh, and Chaplain to the Queen, assisted by the Rev Edward Tyler, uncle to the bridegroom. The wedding breakfast was served at the town residence of the bride’s mother, in Palace Gate, Hyde Park. Late in the afternoon the new-married couple left town for Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire, where they intend spending their honeymoon. The bride’s going-away dress was of brown canvas, with hat ''en suite''. The wedding presents numbered nearly three hundred, and included the following: — The Duchess of Leinster, Irish lace collar and cuffs; Miss Taylor, majolica jug; Mrs Forbes, pearl and coral brooch and earrings; Lady Eva FitzGerald, hunting sandwich case; Miss Gertrude de Robeck, brown and white chi[na te]a service; Mrs Emily Ormsby Gore, diamond fly pin; Major J H Garrett, American fishing rod; Rev James and Mrs Adams, green satin basket work table; the Hon Terence Bourke, eastern yellow silk quilt; the Church Choir at Kill, Church hymnal; the children of the Kill school, the daily round prayerbook; the Misses Kate and Bride Donnelly, satin pincushion, embroidered with silver and pearls; Mr George Finch, silver-mounted hand mirror; Miss Eleanor Scott, silver-gilt sugar basin and spoon; Mr and Mrs Langrishe, silver sugar-tongs; Miss Florence Sartoris, red Russia leather purse; Miss Rosa Lawless, four brass photo frames; the Duchess of Marlborough, two silver-gilt match vases; Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, silver pen and pencil, in case; Mr Robt Kennedy, two gold bangles, engraved inside "Palmerstown”; Mr and Mrs Maurice de Burgho, Dresden China cup and saucer; Mrs Queener, five volumes of Beethoven's works; Mrs Stewart Duckett, silver-mounted cut-glass scent bottle; Colonel and Mrs Lawless, silver cruet-stand; Lady Castletown, silver flsh pepper-castor; Lady Cochrane, a pair of silver boxes, with trays; the Misses Louisa and Nunne Cochrane, ivory paper knife, with silver handle; Lady Margaret Bourke, diamond kitten brooch; Col. the Hon. Charles Crichton, silver Queen Anne sugar basin, with spoon; Julia, Marchioness of Tweeddale, silver inkstand; Lady Fanny Lambart, glass bowl for flowers; Mr. George Finch, silver sugar bowl and tongs and cream jug, Cupid pattern; Captain Chetwynd, silver cream jug and sugar basin; Mr. Stuart Wortley, small heart-shaped silver tray; Baron de Robeck, clock and barometer; Miss Hilda Graham, 4 shamrock salt cellars; Mr. T. Ritchie, 2 cedar photo frames; Lady Margaret Hamilton, antique silver purse; Mr. J. Surviton, mahogany work table; Captain de Robeck, Swiss bookstand; Lord Leconfield, cheque for £500; Lady Margaret Bourke, Brussels lace wedding veil and old Brussels lace flounce; Major and Mrs. St. Leger Moore, Lanterne clock and barometer; Miss Mary Ellis, pair of brass candlesticks; Hon. Robert Bourke, diamond bee brooch; the Misses Isabel and Mabel Mills, two scent bottles in case; Lady Susan Bourke, diamond star brooch; the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, Wedgewood and brass inkstand and candlestick; Lady Emily Wyndham-Quin, Doulton ware biscuit box; Mrs. Davis, silk pockethandkerchiefs [sic]; the Countess of Wicklow, china snuffbox; Lady Maurice Fitzgerald, blue bird china tea service; the Countess of Bective, Spanish bee mantilla; the Hon. Dick Dawson, 2 china flowerpots; Mr. and Mrs. H. Brocklehurst, octagon Sheridan table; Mrs. Rowland Winn, calendar in silver frame; the Ladies Alice and Albreda Fitzwilliam, silver oval box; Mrs. Bishop, sarin sachuet, shells embroidered; Miss Bishop, brass pincushion; Miss Montgomery, silver punch ladle; Lady May Jones Lloyd, 6 little silver boxes; Mrs W Kennedy, 2 hunting-sketched photo frames; Mrs Kenyon Slaney, 2 oval lamps; the Hon Harry and Mrs Bourke, a brougham; Mr C Brinsley Marlay, lacquer card case; Major and the Hon Mrs Barton, pearl and diamond crescent and star brooch; the Hon Guy Dawnay, silver paper knife; Lord and Lady Harewood, glass screen; Lady Leslie, egg and claw seal; Mr Jones Lloyd, antique workbox; Lady Edith Maull, photograph screen; Miss Weyland, silver pincushion; Lady Catherine Weyland, Sheridan tea tray; Lady Rachel Saunderson, yellow china flower jar; the Marchioness of Queensberry, diamond and sapphire bangle; Lord Emly, pearl brooch; Lady Susan Sutton, gold and turquoise thimble; Mr Henry Doyle, Worcester tea service; the Hon Mr de la Poer, two silver dessert spoons case; the Earl and Countess of Bandon, green scent bottle; Mr and Mrs Dawson Danver, gold and pearl horseshoe bangle; Mr and Mrs T Fowler, silver casket; Mr and Mrs Hugh Wyndham, Egyptian screen; Miss Peggy Finch, oak table; Mr and Mrs Hugh Seymour, gold mounted umbrella; Mr Walter Bourke, despatch box; Lady Maude Conyngham, white china ornament; Lady Blanche Conyngham, red and green feather fan; Lady George Hamilton, green china vase; Lady Margaret Bourke, diamond bracelet; Lord and Lady Harleach, silver paper cutter, with agate handle; Captain Greville, grandfather’s clock; Mrs Arbuthnot, silver tea caddy; Mrs Montgomery, brass candlesticks; Miss Dida Paget, silver button hook; Sir Owen Burne, gold Roman necklace; Mrs Hamlocke, china and gold inkstand; Viscountess de Vesci, silver goblet; Earl and Countess of Roden, two scent bottles, in velvet case; Lady Gertrude Astley, square silver pin tray; Colonel Kingscote, little silver saucepan and lamp; Lady Constance Coombe, white china bowl, ornamented with cupids; Mr and Lady Jane Vivian, white glass scent bottle, with silver top; Sir Astley Eden, silver-mounted Russia leather blotting book; General Dickson, salad bowl, spoon, and fork[;] Sir Seymour Blane, grandfather’s clock; Colonel and Mrs. Patrick Boyle, long silver scent bottle; Mr. Robert O'Hara, gilt goblet; Countess of Mayo, four of Sir J. Reynolds’ prints, piece of Irish lace, a diamond ring, ruby ring, and an emerald ring; Miss Sibyl Capel, umbrella, with whistle handle; Lady Florence Bourke, gold heart bangle; Hon. R. Grosvenor, "The Earthly Paradise;” Lady Maud Seymour, "Wise, Witty, and Tender Sayings" of George Elliot; Mr. and Mrs. George Baird, small silver teapot; the Misses Barton, plush photo frame screen; Captain and Lady Cecilia Webbe, old silver cremler; Sir Edward and Lady Guinness, diamond and pearl comb; the Misses Perry, opal flower vases; the Hons. Mande and Jessy Wyndham, pair of silver-backed brushes; the Hon. Edward Wyndham, three bamboo trays; Captain Warren Peacock; Mrs More O’Farrell, white mother of pearl and ostrich feather fan; Lady Selby Smyth, old silver sugar tongs; Miss Beresford Hope, ivory and silver paper knife; Earl of Dunraven, diamond lily brooch; Miss May Leslie, white painted heart shaped box; Lady Leconfield, diamond and pearl necklace; the Hon Terence Bourke, diamond and pearl crescent; Mrs Wynne, horseshoe bangle; Lord Headford, two silver egg cups, [sic] Lord and Lady Cloncurry, diamond star; Sir Albert Sassoon. [sic] Mr and Mrs John Follet, oval china bowl; the Hon Terence Bourke, diamond stud earrings; Captain Alfred Byng, diamond daisy spray; Mrs Wyndham-Quin, pony, cart, and harness, pearl and diamond ring, ruby and diamond ring, antique pearl and enamel watch, walking stick, silver match box, pearl heart bangle, gold and silver seals, and diamond heart pin; the Earl of Mayo, cat's-eye locket; the Earl of Clonmel, silver handbell; General Fraser, silver sugar sifter; and Lady Florence Bourke, embroidered white satin toilet set. A sumptuous feast of tea and cake was given by order of Lady Eva Bourke, at Palmerston, to about 160 of the children of the district schools. Several kinds of amusement were enjoyed throughout the afternoon, and before the children separated three hearty cheers were given for the generous donor. The catering was most satisfactorily carried out by Mrs. Walsh, Naas.<ref>"Marriage of Lady Eva Bourke." ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 11 July 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18850711/059/0005. Print title ''Kildare Observer'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote> ===9 July 1885, Thursday=== The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]] was rededicated "to focus on the relations between the two sexes."<ref>Gillham, Nicholas Wright. ''A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics''. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. P. 274.</ref> The inaugural address was given by Karl Pearson, his paper "The Woman's Question" (Walkowitz 145); members included Pearson, Robert Parker, Ralph Thicknesse, Bryan Donkin ("doctor" of Eleanor Marx Aveling), Olive Schreiner, and the Sharpe sisters (Elizabeth, Maria and Loetita), plus enough to make 14 members when the club began; there were more women than men at first. Also present seem to have been a Mrs. Brown, a Miss Mills, and Emma Brooke; they corresponded with Elizabeth Cobb about the paper (Walkowitz 150). Charlotte Wilson read it and critiqued it in an essay of her own; she was not a member (Walkowitz 150-51). Henrietta Muller read her own paper to the club "The Other Side of the Question," at the next meeting, October 1885 (Walkowitz 151). === 13 July 1885, Monday === ==== Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt ==== <blockquote>Lord Wolseley, with his staff, arrived in London on Monday afternoon from Egypt. A distinguished company had come down to the Victoria Station of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway to meet him, and warmly greeted the General as he alighted from the train, while crowds which can be roundly estimated only by thousands that filled the station yard and stretched far beyond, taking up the welcome, hailed him with outbursts of acclamation. Summoned by the new Government in order "to confer as to any further orders which it may be advisable to give for the adequate defence of the frontier of Egypt" — that is to say, in addition to completing the railway from Wady Haifa, to Ferket — Lord Wolseley left Cairo on tho evening of Monday, July 6. He was accompanied by General Buller, Colonel Grove, Lord C. Beresford, Major Cremeagh, and Lieuutenant Childers. They embarked, with the exception of Lieutenant Childers, who proceeded by mail, on board Majesty's despatch vessel Iris, which steamed out of Alexandria harbour at daybreak on Tuesday. Venice was reached on Saturday morning, and Lord Wolseley hastened on the same day for London. It may be noticed that the despatch of the Secretary of State for War expressing the desire of the Government that the General should return to this country as soon as his duties in Egypt would permit was dated July 2; he left on the 6th, having in the interval completed the necessary arrangements, including the transfer of the chief command of the British force in Egypt to Lieutenant-General Sir F. Stephenson. The gallant party left Paris at an early hour on Monday morning, and on arriving at Calais a special steamer, the Breeze, awaited them to convey them across the Channel. The arrival of Lord Wolseley and staff at Dover was marked by a most enthusiastic reception. Many hundreds of persons assembled on the Admiralty Pier to witness the return of the gallant officers from the Soudan campaign and to give them a welcome on their setting foot upon English soil again. The weather was beautifully fine. The special mail packet Breeze (Captain Bennett) left Calais at 12 50, but owing to a slight haze in the Channel was not sighted by those awaiting her arrival until about 2 o'clock. The lower part of the pier was reserved for the friends and relatives of Lord Wolseley and his brother officers, and for those who had been fortunate enough to obtain the necessary order. Among those assembled on the pier were Lady Wolseley and her daughter, who arrived by the early morning boat from Calais and had been staying at the Lord Warden Hotel. There were also among those on the landing Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Henry Beresford, Major-General Fielding, C.B. (commanding the South-Eastern District), and the following members of his staff, Colonel Goodenough, C.B., R.A., Major Newcomb, R.A., Major Gunter, Captain the Hon. P. Sidney (aide-de-camp), Sir Thomas Brace, R.N. (Admiralty Superintendent), Mr. Mortimer Harris, and Captain Morgan, R.N., representing the London and Chatham Company. As the boat put alongside the pier at 20 minutes to 3 the gallant officers were quickly distinguished, and a cheer was given. Recognitions between those on the boat and these on the landing were both cordial and frequent, and the spectacle was altogether a most interesting one. Lord Wolseley by no means escaped the attention of the spectators, but Lord Charles Beresford seemed to attract the most attention. His lordship, as he stood on the bridge between Lord Wolseley and Sir Redvers Buller, with a long Inverness cape hanging carelessly over his shoulders and a countenance which was the very picture of cheerfulness, conveyed at once the idea of a man capable of doing the plucky deeds he accomplished in the campaign. Lord Wolseley, although looking cheerful, appeared to be somewhat fatigued and careworn. On the gangway being fixed Major-General Fielding went on board at once, followed by Lady Beresford, Lord Henry Beresford, and the rest of those standing on the landing, among them being several ladies. Lady Wolseley and her daughter did not go on board, but met Lord Wolseley as he crossed the gangway and reached the landing. A cheer was given for the gallant officers as they stepped on shore. The party at once proceeded to the special London and Chatham train awaiting them. The train left the pier at eight minutes to 3 o'clock and proceeded direct to Victoria, which was reached at 4 43 p.m. For a considerable time before that groups of persons had began to congregate about the precincts of the station, the news having got noised abroad that the commander of the Egyptian expedition was about to arrive. Inside the station and on the main platform, where the arrangements were under the charge of Mr. Matthews, the station superintendent, many brother officers and other friends also assembled betimes. The Prince and Princess of Wales had left the station only about half an hour before in order to open a convalescent home at Swanley. The Commander-in-Chief was also unable to be present. Ministers having at that particular hour to be in their places in the Houses of Parliament to answer questions, were likewise conspicuous by their absence. Still a very large company crowded the platform, among whom were noticed Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Duke of Teck, the Marchioness of Waterford, Lord Marcus Beresford, Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, Lord Alcester, the Earl of Minto, Lord Airlie, Mr. Childers, M.P., and Mrs. Childers, Mr. Goschen, M.P., and Mrs. Goschen, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Sir Archibald Alison, Sir Owen Lanyon, General Newdigate, Sir Arthur Herbert, Major Blade, Major Dickson.[sic] M.P., Surgeon-Major Fergusson, Major Adye, R.A., Colonel Hale, General Bulwer, General Fraser, Colonel Bushby, General Ewart, R.E., Major Rhodes, Lord Algernon Fitzgerald, Lady Sykes, Lady Humphrey, General Riley, Major Rose, Colonel Swaine, Lord Arthur Russell, Major Keller, Colonel Ness, Mr. [Rain?], M.P., Lieutenant-Colonel Morey, Sir John St. Aubyn, M.P., Admiral Garcia, Lady Leslie, Major Hutton, General Sir F. W. Hamilton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Captain Doherty, R.A., Colonel Blundell, Colonel W. Butler, Lieutenant-Colonel Alleyne, Sir Charles Hutton Gregory, Sir Allen Young, Colonel Griffin Voyse, Colonel Malleson, Sir Charles and Lady Saul, Captain Rhodes, Admiral Fremantle, Colonel Le Measurier [?], Sir Z. Sullivan, Colonel Lindsay, Colonel Blood, Colonel Foster, Colonel Butler, Colonel Sir Cromer Ashburnham, Commissary-General Sir E. Morris, K.C.B., and Lieutenent-General Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, the Rey. Henry White, &c. As the — special train drew up at the platform the crowd pressed towards the saloon carriage in which the General sat with Lady Wolseley and Miss Wolseley. Hats were lifted and some cheering broke out as the congested mass of people caught sight of the distinguished soldier. Dressed in a modest Tweed suit, with low felt hat, looking well, if a little jaded and tanned by the broiling sun of the Soudan, his eyes beaming with gladness as they lit once more upon familiar faces, Lord Wolseley was literally dragged along by the process of hand-shaking. In the excitement and confusion it was impossible to see who was the first to welcome him, but at all events among the first was his old colleague in the very beginning of the Egyptian imbroglio, Lord Alcester, who gave a vigorous seamanlike shake of the arm to his former associate in the bombardment of Alexandria. Quite ten minutes elapsed before Lord Wolseley could get through the narrow living avenue that pressed upon him from either side their greetings. At length his lordship and his wife and daughter were enabled to reach their carnage, and this was the signal for the much vaster crowd outside the elation to take up the welcome by giving vent to rounds of cheering and by the of hats and handkerchiefs. The ovation, which Lord Wolseley acknowledged by bowing with uncovered head, continued till the carriage rolled away in the distance.<ref>"Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London." ''Evening Mail'' 15 July 1885, Wednesday: 1 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18850715/017/0001. Print title: ''The Mail'', p. [1].</ref></blockquote> === 24 July 1885, Friday === ==== Ball at Marlborough House ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]]. ==August 1885== ===11 August 1885, Tuesday=== Lord Houghton (Richart Monckton Milnes) died of a heart attack at Vichy (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 23). The funeral was "in the little marshy churchyard of Ferry Fryston in the West Riding" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 24). There must have been a number of social events around this funeral. Richard Milnes then became Lord Houghton. ===31 August 1885, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1885== ===10 September 1885, Thursday=== Farewell banquet for The Right Hon. Charles Robert Carington, third Baron Carrington:<blockquote>Lord Carrington, the newly appointed Governor of New South Wales, was entertained at a farewell banquet by the county of Bucks at Beaconsfield on the 10th inst., Mr. E. Lawson, the lord of the manor, being the host. The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos occupied the chair, and Mr. Lawson the vice-chair. Lord Carrington's health was cordially drunk, and his Lordship replied in an interesting speech, speaking of the extent of our colonies and the importance of the mother country cultivating close relations with them. Lord Rosebery, proposing "The Empire," dwelt on the importance of a closer [Col 1–2] union between the mother country and the colonies. He proposed the health of the Agents-General for the several Governments of '''teh''' Colonies, those present being Sir Saul Samuel, Agent for New South Wales; Sir Arthur Blyth, Agent for South Australia; Sir Charles Mills, Agent for Cape Colony; Mr. R. Murray Smith, Agent for Victoria; the Hon. J. F. Garrick, Agent for Queensland. The toast was responded to by Sir Saul Samuel, who expressed teh ardent feeling of loyalty entertained amongst the people of Australia for the mother country. He was convinced that no fear of separation need be harboured so long as England continued to respect the rights and privileges of the colonies. He [Col 2–3] greeted Lord Carrington inthe name of the colony over whose government he was about to preside, and predicted for him a pleasant sojourn at the Antipodes. We give an Illustration of the scene at this farewell banquet. The Right Hon. Charles Robert Carington, third Baron Carrington (the title is thus spelt differently from the family name), was born May 16, 1843, was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1863, and was a Captain in the Royal Horse Guards. In 1868 he succeeded his father in the peerage, which was created in 1797, the first Lord Carrington being Mr. Robert Smith, M.P. for Nottingham, whose son, the second Peer, in 1839, [301, Col. 3 – 302, Col. 1] assumed the name of Carington, by Royal license, instead of Smith, and married a daughter of Lord Willoughby D'Eresby. The present Lord Carrington, during three years before his elevation to the Upper House, was M.P. for High Wycombe, and is attached to the Liberal Party. He holds, in right of his maternal ancestors, the office of Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain. He accompanied, as Aide-de-Camp, the Prince of Wales in his visit to India ten years ago, and has since 1881 been Captain of the Queen's Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms; he is Lieutenant-Colonel of the third battalion of Oxfordshire Light Infantry Volunteers. Lord Carrington married, in 1878, the Hon. Cecilia Margaret Harbord, daughter of Lord Suffield, and has children. He seat is Wycombe Abbey, Buckinghamshire.<ref>Dinner to Lord Carrington. ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, September 19, 1885; pp. 301-302; Issue 2422, p. 301, Col. 2 – 302, Col. 1.</ref></blockquote> === 26 September 1885, Saturday === Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting supporting Salisbury's government and condemning "the dictates of one man" — Gladstone — for Gordon's death:<blockquote>Visitors to the Albert palace on Saturday had the opportunity of sharing in a fete given under the auspices of the Ealing Conservative club, in which the Lord Mayor, Mr. Ashmead Bartlett, Mr. W. E. M. Tomlinson, M.P., Mr. F. D. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., Sir Robert Carden, M.P., and the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] took part. The following resolutions were passed at a meeting held in the afternoon:— "That this meeting admires and approves of the courage, the devotion, and the patriotism of the present Government in accepting office under circumstances of grave political difficulties, and records a hearty vote of thanks to the Marquis of Salisbury and his colleagues for the good already done during their short tenure of office; and this meeting expresses confidence in the ability of the present Cabinet to govern the country, and pledges the Government a united and hearty support at the coming election;" [?] and "That this meeting views with horror and disgust the loss of life and the useless shedding of blood, and the heavy taxation caused by the reckless policy of the late Government in Egypt and elsewhere, and desires to place upon record a protest against the system pursued by the Liberal party in Parliament, of yielding up individual opinion and blindly following the dictates of one man — a policy which led to the desertion and death of General Gordon, the indelible disgrace of the late Cabinet, placed England on the brink of a huge and expensive war, and is the cause of all the depression in trade and of distress and want amongst the poor classes."<ref>"Pleasure and Politics." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 27 September 1885, Sunday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000079/18850927/032/0007. Print title ''Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper'', p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1885== The second meeting of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]]; Henrietta Muller responded to Pearson's paper of 9 July 1885 with "The Other Side of the Question" (Bland 12). ===1 October 1885, Thursday=== Emma Nevada and Raymond Palmer married in Paris.<ref>"Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010).</ref> Here is the article published in the New York Times: "Marriage of Miss Nevada. Paris, Oct. 1. — Mlle. Emma Nevada was married to-day to Dr. Raymond Palmer, of Birmingham, England. The civil service took place at the English Embassy and the religious ceremonies at the Church of the Passionist Fathers. The bridesmaids were Misses Morris, Johnston, Everest, and Tift, of America. Signor Salvini, the Italian tragedian was the 'best man.' The attendance was large, American, English, and Parisian fashionable society being well represented. The occasion was marked by much enthusiasm, and the display of flowers and elegant costumes lent an air of gayety to the scene. The whole of the American colony and a large number of notabilities attended the ceremonies. The Rev. Father Michael Watts-Russell, of the Passionate Order, Rector of St. Joseph's Retreat, Highgate Hil, London, delivered an eloquent oration. A string band furnished music for the occasion, Miss Laura Moore sang a solo, with harp accompaniment. The wedding breakfast was served at the Hotel Athenee to the bridal party and guests. Signor Salvini placed a diamond bracelet upon the bride's wrist, and many eulogistic speeches were made."<ref>New York Times. 2 October 1885, Online: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E01E5D8153FE533A25751C0A9669D94649FD7CF.</ref> ===31 October 1885, Saturday=== Halloween ==November 1885== There was a meeting of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]] in November 1885. === 3 November 1885, Tuesday === [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|The Earl of Mayo and Miss Geraldine Ponsonby married]]. ===5 November 1885, Thursday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 27 November 1885, Friday === Election day. ==December 1885== "At the December meeting [of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Men and Women's Club|Men and Women's Club]]], club member Dr. Reginald Ryle" gave a paper, on "some physiological facts which bear upon the relations of the sexes" (Bland 15). === 19 December 1885, Saturday === ==== Sneyd-Ellis Wedding ==== <blockquote>The Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne) and the Marquis of Lorne were present at the marriage of Mr. Ralph Sneyd, of Keele-hall, Staffordshire, and Miss Mary Ellis, eldest daughter of Colonel Arthur Ellis, C.S.I., Equerry to the Prince of Wales, at St. Peter's Chapel, Vere-street, Cavendish-square, on the 19th inst. Mr. Albert Baillie was the best man, and the two youngest sisters of the bride, Misses Evelyn and Dorothy Ellis, and two Misses Ponsonby, all children, were the bridesmaids. Colonel Ellis gave his daughter away. Immediately after the ceremony the young married couple left the chapel, and shortly afterwards the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh, attended by the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson and Captain the Hon. D. J. Monson, and the Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne quitted the chapel and drove off to Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Ellis's residence, Portland-place, where the majority of the wedding party reassembled. Among the guests were the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Karolyi, Lord Arran and Lady Alice Gore, Lord Kenmare and Lady Margaret Browne, the Dowager Lady Mayo and Lady Florence Bourke, and many others.<ref>"The Court." "Home Intelligence." ''London and China Express'' 25 December 1885, Friday: 6 [of 28], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003527/18851225/030/0006. Same print title, p. 1259.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1885, Friday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1885, Saturday=== Boxing Day ==References== hskwqxt01z3f32g6go3zz9xof844y3v 0 264256 2719081 2717254 2025-06-18T20:19:44Z Scogdill 1331941 2719081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] 1886 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] Mary Cora (Urquhart) Brown-Potter and her husband (and daughter?) visited England in 1886 and met the Prince of Wales, who invited them to spend a weekend. (Wikipedia: Brown-Potter). The Shelley Society mounted a production of ''The Cenci'', which lasted four hours. According to Neil Fraistat, "Wilde, Shaw, and Browning were all in the audience. It was a hard ticket to get. The audience gave it a rapturous reception. The newspaper critics, not so much. Wilde was wild about it. Shaw had reservations."<ref>Freistat, Neil. ''Twitter''. 14 October 2022 https://twitter.com/fraistat/status/1578404994021310465 (Retrieved 2022-10-14). In a comment that follows this tweet, Freistat says, "The Shelley Society Notebooks have great descriptions, but for an excellent overview, see Curran, Shelley’s Cenci, 183–92."</ref> ==January 1886== Annie Eastty and Isabella Clemes gave their papers at the Men and Women's Club regular January meeting, talking about morality; Henrietta Muller and Mrs. Walters were not present at this meeting (Bland 22). ===1 January 1886, Friday, New Year's Day=== ===5 January 1886, Tuesday=== ==== Twelfth Night ==== A big event for theatre people and friends took place every 5 January, on Twelfth Night, apparently, at the Drury Lane, funded by a bequest from 1794. Hosted by Augustus Harris, perhaps 1,000 people were invited to this one, although the weather was bad enough to influence attendance. All of the men's names are accompanied by the honorific ''Esq.'' unless they have another title, like ''Duke'', ''Col.'' and so on. The article, which is transcribed below, is from a copy of ''The Sportsman'' that is in very poor condition.<blockquote>Mr Augustus Harris may frankly and fairly be congratulated upon the hospitable manner in which he is carrying out the time-honoured traditions of the National Theatre, over whose destinies he now for some years has held supreme control. Ages ago it was the function of the Church to celebrate the feasts which in some esoteric or exoteric manner recalled kindly memories of the bygone, and brought the present into happy communion with recollections of the past. The theatre is apparently, however, taking up, as far as Drury Lane goes, the greater duties of remembrance and celebration in this respect. Could old and vanished Baddeley once more revisit these mundane glimpses of the moon, he would certainly have felt last night his heart warmed by the multitudinousness of the company assembled on the stage of the Drury Lane Theatre to the number of close upon a thousand visitors, although the sudden inclemency of the weather must have prevented many of the invites from being accepted. When, in the dim and distant days of 1794, days which saw the Habeas Corpus Act suspended, the hurrahs at Howe's naval victory, and the marriage of the then Prince of Wales to the Princess Caroline of Brunswick, Baddeley made his bequest, the original sum of money left, only one poor "one hundred pounds three per cent. Consolidated Bank Annuities,” and it was specified that the interest of the sum was for the “Purchase of a Twelfth Cake with Wine and Punch which the Ladies and Gentlemen of Drury Lane are requested to partake every Twelfth Night in the Great Green Room.” Nearly a century has passed since the witnesses of Baddeley's will subscribed their hands and seals to this friendly desire to keep and perpetuate a festival which has long been historical in England, and with it make his own name''',''' too, pleasantly and seasonably memorable. Mr Augustus Harris, however, has not failed to honour the dead with such hospitable conference of innumerable friends that the Great Green Room has for sometime past been found all too small for the purpose of cutting the Twelfth Cake, bought by the Baddeley bequest. Last night again, therefore, the stage was utilised as a large reception room where the lessee of the national theatre received his guests in a pleasantly Bohemian and Informal style. The late, or rather early hour, at which the proceedings commenced, immediately, of course after the fall of the curtain upon the close of the gorgeous pantomime "Aladdin,” prevents us noticing the proceedings at length, or giving an account of the ceremony of cutting the Baddeley cake, which was, of course, performed in the usual appropriate and solemn way. We may, however, append a list of a few of the more noticeable of the invited guests, premising that the list must not in any sense be considered a full or complete one: <p>Duke of Beaufort, Duke of Marlborough, Prince Soltykoff, Earl Dunraven, Earl of Fife, Lord Londesborough, Lord Beaumont, Viscount Mandeville, Lord Alfred Paget, Viscount Pollington, Lord Rendlesham, Lord Henry Somerset, Lord Suffield, Viscount Skelmersdale, Baron Henry De Worms, Viscount Wolseley, Lord and Lady Mayoress Staples, Sir John Whittaker, Sir R. Hanson, Mr Alderman Metcalf, Mr Alderman A. H. Stone, Mr Alderman De Keyser, Mr Alderman Joseph Savory, Mr Alderman Cotton, Mr Alderman H. J. Waterlow, Mr Alderman E. J. Grey, Mr Alderman Whitehead, Mr Alderman D. Evans, Mr Alderman R. W. Fowler, the Hon. Cochrane Baillie, Sir H. P. de Bathe, Alderman Sir Robert Carden, Sir B. S. Phillips, Sir Anthony Gabriel, Sir J. C. Lawrence, Sir Thomas Dakin, Sir Andrew Lusk, Sir T. W. Truscott, Sir William M'Arthur, Hon. Spencer Ponsonby Fane, Col. Arthur Paget, Major Pierson, Major Pigott, L. D. Powles, Esq., A. Gibbons, Esq., Sir B. Seton, Hon. Stewart [sic] Fitzroy, Col. Napier Sturt, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Sir A. Sullivan]], Sir Francis Seymour, Col Hon. Kenneth Howard, Gen. Hammond, Admiral Sir Edward Inglesfield, Joseph Knight, Esq., Col. Knox, Sir H. Bright, John Latey, jun., Esq., Sir Edward Lee, J. Le Sage, Esq., Horace Lennard [Leonard?], Esq., T. F. Nesbit, Esq., Col. Sir Henry Ewart, T. S. Escott, Esq., G. Manville Fenn, Esq., Col. Fraser, H. F. Frost, Esq., Harry Furniss, Esq., Gen. Grahame, Sir John Gorst, Capt. Gordon, Col. Henderson, Capt. Hood, Col. Shadwell Clarke, J. H. Cobbe, Esq., A. Clements, Esq., Capt. H. Crawford, Sir Oscar Clayton, W. E. Chaplin, Esq., Baron Alfred de Rothschild, Charles Dickens, Esq., Major Dixon, M.P., Capt. Drummond, P. J. Duffy, Esq., Lieut.-Co. Eaton, Oscar Barrett, Esq., Sir John Bennett, Percy Betts, Esq., E. L. Blanchard, Esq., Austin Brereton, Esq., T. H. Bolton, Esq., M.P., F. C. Burnand, Esq., R. Butler, Esq., A. M. Broadney, Esq., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Major Campbell, T. Captain, Esq., Arthur A'Beckett, Esq., Gabriel A'Becket, Esq., Ernest Bendall, Esq., B. Bertram, Esq., W.C. Tegetmeir [?], Esq., Moy Thomas Esq., Col. Vivian, Byron Webber, Esq., Major-Gen. Warden, Col. Ward, Sir Richard Webster, Hon. Col. Wellesley, Hon. Tyrwhitt Wilson, Sir G. Wombwell, Col. Wortham, C. D. Yates, Esq., J. L. Toole, Esq., J. Billington, Esq., John Clayton, Esq., Arthur Cecil, Esq., J. R. Rogers, Esq., Herbert Standing, Esq., Philip Beck, Esq., Leonard Boyne, Esq., R. Buchanan, Esq., William Duck, Esq., W. Greet, Esq., W. Edouin, Esq., L. Brough, Esq., C. De Chastelain, Esq., J. L. Shine, Esq., Charles Wilmot, Esq., H. A. Freeman, Esq., George Conquest, Esq., George Conquest, jun., Esq., M. L. Mayer, Mons. Bauier [?], Mons. S[?]hey, Mons. Dalbert, Mons. Petit, Mons. Audral, Mons. Recquier, Mons. Medany, Mons. Fournier, Mons. Very, Richard Douglass, Esq., John Douglass, Esq., Charles Dillon, Esq., J. A. Cave, Esq., D. De Pinna, Esq., William Holland, Esq., Douglas Cos, Esq., Dr. Murray, [Rex?] Greet, Esq., Edgar Bruce, Esq., Mons. Marius, Miss Minnie Mario, Miss Dot Mario, Miss Clo [?] Graves, H. J. Turner, jun., Esq., E. D. Lyons, Esq., Fred Storey, Esq., Miss Cissy St. George, Miss Nicholls, F. Fenton, Esq., Miss Lilian Francis, John D'Aubon, Esq., Fred Thorne, Esq., Miss M. A. Gifford, Miss Kate Wortham, Miss Cissy Grahame, Mrs A. Maddick, Miss Alice Esden, Miss Spry, Miss Annie Wakeman, W. H. Griffiths, Michael Gunn [?], Paul Martinetti, Alfred Martinetti, Miss Constance Gilchrist, J. Hurst, Esq., A. Gatti, Esq., S. Gatti, Esq., William Terriss, Esq., J. D. Beveridge, Esq., R [?]. W. Garden, Esq., John Maclean, Esq., Howard Russell, Esq., H. Wyatt, Esq., John Hollingshead, Esq., James Davis, Esq., — [sic] Odell, Esq., F. Leslie, Esq., Thomas Thorne, Esq., Walter Everard, Esq., [[Social Victorians/People/Carte|R. D'Oyly Carte]], Esq., G. Grossmith, Esq., R. Barrington, Esq., R. Temple, Esq., Charles Wyndham, Esq., H. St. Maur, Esq., G. Giddens, Esq., L. Sothern, Esq., Harry Paulton, Esq., Henry Bracy, Esq., Gilbert Tate. Esq., C. H, Hawtrey, Esq., O. Beaumont, Esq., W. S. Penley, Esq., W. J. Hill. Esq., Alexander Henderson, Esq., R. D'Albertson, Esq., Arthur Roberts, Esq., J. J. Dallas, Esq., Miss Maggie Rayson, Miss Julia Rivers, Miss Emmeline Ormsby, Miss Amy M'Neill, Miss lllington, Miss Maude Fisher, Miss Gertrude Fisher, Miss Lizzie Claremont, Miss Katie Barry, Miss Isabel Bateman, Miss Goldney, Miss Filippi, Miss Annie Hughes, Miss Fane Featherstone, Mrs Stephend, Mrs Leigh Murray, Mrs Marie Tempest, Miss Amalia, Miss Otway, Miss M. A. Victor, Miss Kate Munroe, Miss Melnotte, Miss Ro[ ]e [Rose?] Saker, Miss Mary Moore, Miss J. Evesson, Miss E. Vining, Miss Emma Broughton, Miss Fanny Wentworth, Miss Marie de Braham, Miss Phyllis Broughton, Miss Laura Linden, Miss Kate James, Miss Violet Cameron, Miss Marie Linden, Miss Florrie [?] Melville, Miss Eliza Johnstone, Miss Emily Thorne, Miss John Wood, Miss Norreys, Miss Marion Terry, Miss Minnie Palmer, Miss Harriet Jay, Mrs Conover, Miss E. Laurence, Miss Harriet Vernon, Miss Kate Bellingham [?], Mrs Emma Graham, Mdlle de Laporte, Miss Emily Miller, Miss Agnes Oliver, Miss Dietz, Mrs Murray, Mdlle Spiney, Mdlle Tholer, Mdlle Santa, Miss Pinson, Miss Audral, Miss Kate Chard, Miss Ella Chapman, Miss Marie Williams, Miss Alice Leamar, Miss J. Rogers, Miss Kate Tayne, Miss Grace Huntley, Mrs S. Lane, Mdme Oceana, Miss Edith Vane, Miss M. Leamar, Miss K. Leamar, Miss N. Bennett, Miss Delphine, Miss Katti Lanner, Miss Clara Graham, Mdlle F. Zanfretta, Miss Lydia Foote, Miss E. Rigl [?], Miss Eastlake, [[Social Victorians/People/Ellen Terry|Miss Ellen Terry]], Mrs Stirling, Miss L. Payne, Miss Barnett, Miss Coleridge, Miss Millward, Miss Mary Rorke, Mrs H. Leigh, Miss Maude Brennan, Mrs John Carter, Miss L. Nelson, Miss S [?]. Farren, Miss Ross, Miss Handley, Miss Grey, Miss Marion Hood, Miss Vance, Miss Lila Clay, Miss Emily Duncan, Miss H. Covenoy, Miss Robins, Miss Wadman, Miss Maude Millett, Miss Kate Rorke, Miss Lavis, Miss Jessie Bond, Miss R. Brandram, [[Social Victorians/People/Carte#Helen Lenoir|Miss Lenoir]], Miss Compton, Miss Clara Jecks, Miss F. Coleman, Charles Morton, Esq., Oscar Barrett, Esq., J. Johnstone, Esq., W. R. Beverley, Esq., William Perkins, Esq., Henry Emden, Esq., Mons. Wilhelm, Harry Nicholls, Esq., Herbert Campbell, Esq., C. Lavri, jun., Esq., Harry Payne, Esq., Reuben Inch, Esq., — Bashford, Esq., — Russell, Esq., Maurice Barrymore, Esq., H. Beerbohm Tree, Esq., R. Paleman [?], Esq., — Mackintosh, Esq., — Maurice, Esq., Wilson Barrett., Esq., E. F. Willard, Esq., C. Cooper, Esq., George Barrett, Esq., C. Knox Furtada, Esq., Bram Stoker, Esq., [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]], Esq., M. B. Conway, Esq., J. Alexander, Esq., His Excellency the Persian Ambassador and suite, His Excellency the Turkish Ambassador and suite, Charles Goss, Esq., A. Van Wagner, Esq., H. S. Welcome, Esq., M. S. Bathe, Esq., A. Nagle, Esq., Ed. Winder, Esq., Hugh Weguelin, Esq., J. Isaacs, Esq., R. H. Warren-Wright, Esq., Lieut. Robt. Finnie, Col. Stracey, A. Mitchell, Esq., C. Odiler [Olliver?], Esq., R. Olliver, Esq., A. Hayes, Esq., J. Innes, Esq., T. D. Edwards., Esq., Rev. R. [?] Moore, F. Knox-Holmes, Esq., R[?]. Vaughan Richards, Esq., M. Palladine and Mdlle Palladine, Mdme Pertoldi, Walter [?] Gooch[,] Esq., and Mrs Gooch, C. Sugden, Esq., H. J. Smith, Esq., and Friend, S. Coleman, Esq., R. P. Noah, Esq., Princess Lili Dolgurouki, T. Burnside, Esq., and Mrs Burnside, Miss Florence Maryatt, Miss Margaret de vane, Miss Lottie Coleman, Miss Arenie [?] Hartley, Miss Amy Levine, Miss Franc Garcia, Henry May, Esq., H. Dodsworth, Esq., A. Allison, Esq., W. J. A. Knowles, Esq., Mrs M'Allister Gordon and Miss Lizzie Wilson, W. T. Purkiss, Esq., Edwin Villiers, Esq., Col. Hy. Mapleson, W. Forster, Esq., P. C. Javal, Esq., F. Leon, Esq.,, F. Splera [Spiders?], Esq., W. Whiteley, Esq., A. Stopford, Esq., Miss Kate Vaughan, Miss Florence St. John, Miss Nelly Lennox, Miss Fanny Herbert, Miss Kate Raleigh, Miss Elsie Ward, Miss B. Jennings, Miss M. Brandon, Miss Emily Clare, Miss Ada Mackie, Miss Mabel Coats [?], Miss Alice Corrie, Miss Margaret Etoile, Miss Maggie Jennings, Miss Flora Wilmot, Miss Minnie Sterling, J. S. Fleming, Esq., Miss Annie Mills, Miss Emily Campbell, Miss Milly Brooking, Miss Flo O'Keefe, Miss Clara Ambrose, Miss Nellie Bennett, Miss Nellie Brooking, Miss Mabel Ansell, F. Parker, Esq., Miss Lilley Marion, Miss Maggie Dickson, Miss Amy Stirling, J. Ben Brockbank, Esq., Capt. Bainbridge, Charles Cartwright, Esq., Mark Quinton, Esq., Frank Wyatt, Esq., A. Henry, Esq., Charles Bertram, Esq., Miss Eva Southern, Spencer Browne, Esq., J. P. Bigelow, Esq., Archibald M'Neill, Esq., Mrs Blanchard, Hector Tennant, Esq., Miss Julia Gwynne, Hon. Algernon Bourke [sic duplication], Miss Madge Shirley, Gordon Balziell, Esq., Dr. Mills.<ref>"The Baddeley Cake Guest Night at Drury Lane." ''The Sportsman'' 7 January 1886, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18860107/011/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===15 January 1886, Friday=== Reading of ''A Doll's House'' "in a Bloomsbury drawing room in which all the participant were not only associated with the feminist cause but had achieved or would achieve prominence in the British socialist movment: Eleanor Marx, the daughter of Karl, in the role of Nora; her common-law husband Edward Aveling, who played Helmer; William Morris's daughter May, portraying Mrs Linde; and, as Krogstad, none other than [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]]." (McFarlane 89) "'I feel I must do something to make people understand our Ibsen a little more than they do,' wrote Eleanor Marx to Havelock Ellis in Late December 1885.1 [fn 1] So invitations went out to a 'few people worth reading Nora to'; and on 15 January 1886, in their flat in Great Russell Street, Karl Marx's youngest daughter and her common-law husband, Edward Aveling, played host to one of the first readings in England of an Ibsen play — A Doll's House in the Henrietta Frances Lord translation. Bernard Shaw was a favoured invitee, playing the part of Krogstad to the Mrs Linde of William Morris's daughter, May." (McFarlane 233) [McFarlane, James Walter. The Cambridge companion to Ibsen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.] ==February 1886== Robert Parker gave a paper on "Sexual Relations among the Greeks of the Periclean Era" at the regular February 1886 meeting of the Men and Women's Club (Bland 31). ==March 1886== ==April 1886== === 15 April 1886, Thursday === Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Charles W. Mills]] and Hon. Alice Marion Harbord married:<blockquote>The marriage of the Hon. Charles W. Mills, M.P., eldest son of Lord Hillingdon, with the Hon. Alice Marion Harbord, second daughter of Lord Suffield, took place yesterday afternoon at St Peter's Chapel, Vere-street. Among the relatives and friends who assembled were the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Harriet Godolphin Osborne, the Dowager Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Emily Fitzmaurice, the Earl and Countess of Wharnciiife, the Earl of Arran and Lady Alice Gore, Lord and Lady Suffield, [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lord and Lady Hillingdon]], Viscountess Bury and Hon. Misses Keppel, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lord and Lady Hastings and Hon. Miss Astley, Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord and Lady Revelstoke, Viscountess Downe, Sir E. and Hon. Lady Birkbeck, Captain and Lady Agneta Moutagu, Colonel Hon. C. Edgoumbe [sic], Hon. Assheton E. Harbord, Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Ellis, and Mrs. Windham Baring. Mr. Adolphus Liddell was the bridegroom's best man, and the eight bridesmaids were the Hon. Winifred, Hon. Eleanor, and Hon. Bridget Harbord, sisters of the bride; the Hon. Isabel, Hon. Mabel, and Hon. Violet Mills, sisters of the bridegroom; the Hon. Elizabeth Baring, and Miss Alexandra Ellis. The Hon. and Rev. James W. Lascelles, rector of Goldsborough, Yorkshire, uncle of the bridegroom, officiated, assisted by the Rev. P. Roberts, M.A., Lord Suffield giving his daughter away. After the ceremony Lord and Lady Suffield received the friends present at the wedding at their residence in Grosvenor-street. Early in the evening the bride and bridegroom left for Queen's Mede, near Windsor, lent to them by Colonel the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Talbot for the honeymoon.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." ''Morning Post'' 16 April 1886 Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860416/041/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===23 April 1886, Friday=== Good Friday ===25 April 1886, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==May 1886== ===7 May 1886, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] taking part in the program for a benefit. Mr. Clive Wilson was a "sable attendant," probably in racist blackface. The copy of the newspaper the British Library digitized is sometimes quite difficult to read. <blockquote>At the Anlaby Room on Friday evening, an entertainment, provided by Mrs Arthur Wilson of Tranby Croft, and house [?] party, was successfully presented. The performance was given in aid of the School Building Fund, which, as the room was crowded to excess, will materially benefited. The first part of the programme consisted of a concert, in which every item was encored, the quaint trio, "Three little maids from school," sang [sic?] by Miss Wilson, Mrs Travers, Messrs Whiting and Mahoney, and the recital of "The Stowaway" by Mr F. W. Wood, deservedly drawing forth hearty approval, the recitation being given with good dramatic feeling. A right merry finale was furnished in the exhibition of Mr Wood's famous “Waxworks," the figures in which included the "Grand Old Man” (Mr Reginald Voase), "Laughing Girl" (Miss Wilson), "The Walking Doll" (Miss Muriel Wilson), "The Duchess of Devonshire" (Mrs Reynard), "The Babes [?] in the Wood" (Miss Mabel Wilkinson and Mr Harry Sykes), and "Alonzo the Brave and the fair Imogene” (Lady Boynton and Mr Reynard). The showman found his humour heightened the able assistance rendered by Mr R. Hxxyard [?] as clown, and Master Clive Wilson as a picturesquely-attired sable attendant with a passion for the drum. The whole affair was in every way a complete success. (“Entertainment at Anlaby.” Hull Daily Mail 10 May 1886, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. [of ]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019).</blockquote> ===16 May 1886, Sunday=== Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, recovering from his conflict with Randolph Churchill in 1876, agreed to attend a dinner party hosted by Jennie Churchill. Bertie had attended a dinner in March 1884 that included the Gladstones and Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, his first meeting with them since 1876. <quote>...another two years elapsed and Lord Randolph had become Secretary for India before the Prince could bring himself to enter the Churchill home. On this occasion Blandford also attended, and Jennie, the bewitching Jennie, was thirty-two — approaching the age at which the Prince really appreciated his lady friends. The date was May 16, 1886, and it proved her most successful dinner party because so much was at stake</quote><cite>(Leslie 66)</cite>. ===26 May 1886, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'', <quote>The Derby Day. / The Countess of Dalhousie's reception. / Mrs. Smith's second evening party. / Mrs. Charles Mills's dance, instead of Friday, ths 28th inst. / Mrs. Burton's first dance, at 6, Chesterfield-gardens. / Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, from four to seven. No cards. / New Club Dance.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 26 May 1886: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 7B). ==June 1886== ===13 June 1886, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===26 June 1886, Saturday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ===28 June 1886, Monday=== George, Duke of Cambridge: "Went to Kneller Hall. There met Sir Arthur Sullivan who had come down from London in my waggonette. Heard the band in the Chapel first and then a fine and powerful band, and was very much satisfied with the whole condition of things, as was Sullivan, who said he had no sort of suggestions to offer for improvements." (Sheppard, Edgar. George, Duke of Cambridge: a memoir of his private life based on the journals and correspondence of His Royal Highness. Volume 2. London: Longmans, Green, 1906: 153. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010.) ==July 1886== === 10 July 1886, Saturday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen ==== The beginning of the article in the ''Morning Post'' about this event is followed by a long list of people invited:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House on Saturday afternoon to the Queen. Her Majesty was accompanied by her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice (Princess Henry of Battenberg), his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Battenberg, and her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, and was attended by the Dowager Duchess of Athole, the Hon. Harriet Phipps, Miss Perceval, Colonel Sir Henry Ewart and Major Bigge. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, their Royal Highnesses the Comte and Comtesse de Paris, his Royal Highness the Duc d'Orleans and her Royal Highness Princess Hélène d'Orleans, attended by the Vicomtesse de Butler, Marquis d'Harcourt, the Marquis d'Audiffret Pasquier, M. Dupuy, Madlle. Levavasseur, M. Froment, and M. le Docteur and Madame de Mussy; her Royal Highness the Princess Mary Adelaide (Duchess of Teck), his Serene Highness the Duke of Teck, the Princess Victoria of Teck, and Prince Adolphus of Teck; his Highness the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg; Vice-Admiral his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen and her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess of Leiningen; his Imperial Highness Prince Fushumi of Japan, their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Victor of Hoheulohe, the Countesses Gleichen and Count A. E. Gleichen.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 12 July 1886, Monday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2a–6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860712/019/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 12 July 1886, Monday === Bret "Harte became an official member" of the Beefsteak Club "on July 12, 1886."<ref>Axel Nissen. ''Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper''. U Press of Mississippi: 2000.</ref>{{rp|300; from personal correspondence to Nissen by the Beefsteak Club}} === 21 July 1886, Wednesday === The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]]. ==August 1886== === 23 August 1886 === From the 28 August 1886 ''Vanity Fair'':<blockquote>THINGS IN HOMBURG H<small>OMBURG</small>, 23rd August. MY DEAR VANITY,— Here I am once more in Homburg, and it seems hard to realise that it is a full year ago that I wrote to you from this place. Everything goes on just as when I left in August, 1885. The band plays the same music, nearly all the same people walk up and down the avenue of the springs, the water is served out by the same young women, the same "watery" shop is talked all over the place, and the restaurants have the same bills of fare. In fact, had I, like Rip Van Winkle, fallen asleep in August, 1885, and been suddenly awakened in August, 1886, I should have noticed no change to tell me that twelve months had elapsed. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales arrived about ten days ago, and whilst going steadily through the cure, seems to be enjoying himself with occasional visits to the Frankfort Opera and little picnics in the woods. The Prince's kind and genial manner makes him popular wherever he goes, and one hears nothing but words of praise about him from both English and Germans here. Princess Christian and the blind Grand Duke of Mecklenburg are also here, so that we have a fair share of Royalty in the town. Frankfort Races, which came off on Sunday and Monday, the 15th and 16th, were very amusing, and drew many people away from Homburg. On the second day, Monday, the Prince of Wales went over with a small party of friends, and was met by his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Hesse. The Stand and Paddock are very prettily situated in the middle of a pine wood; and as the day was hot, the shade was delicious. Betting is strictly forbidden now in Germany, but in spite of this, a little wagering was done when an English bookmaker put in an appearance; for, although he could not shout out the odds, / yet he was quite willing to walk to the wood with any would be backer for a few minutes' conversation, and once safely there, would explain what he could do on the next race. The last event on the card, a steeplechase, was great fun. Two German officers rode in uniform, and went very well indeed, although it must have been a severe trial for both horses and riders in this almost tropical heat. Lord Rendlesham gave a charming little dance on Wednesday evening to about forty friends. The Prince of Wales was present, and everyone enjoyed it. Dancing, which began at half-past nine, was stopped at half-past eleven. Then came a small supper, and to bed soon afterwards, for in Homburg no one dreams of sitting up late. On Monday afternoon all the ''beau monde'' here were at a concert, at which Herr Hollman, violoncellist to the King of Holland, played most beautifully. Mrs. Burrowes sang divinely, and Mr. Alexander Yorke gave his impersonation of actors and actresses. The whole performance was so good that, in spite of the intense heat, everybody stayed till the end. A good many people have left during the last two or three days, but fresh arrivals still pour in to take their places, so that it is difficult to find rooms, unless they are engaged a few days beforehand. Homburg is quite celebrated for its lovely roses, and this year they seem to be finer than ever. One of the great occupations at the Elizabeth spring in the morning is to "bunch” the fair sex with bouquets and sprays. When leaving Homburg, the popularity of a fair lady may always be guessed by the amount of flowers which are sent by friends to the station. A certain beautiful and popular Countess left a morning or two ago, and her carriage looked like a florist's shop, in such numbers did her many friends come to wish her God speed. Never have I seen a finer August in Homburg. The result is that picnics are quite the order of the day. Last week the Prince of Wales gave a charming one in the Taunus Woods, and ordered a photographer there, who did some groups of the party. Mr. Hargreaves also got up a most successful picnic, at which every pretty face in Homburg was to be seen, and the lunch being quite excellent was most thoroughly enjoyed. Amongst the many well-known English who are here just now are the Duke of Manchester, Lord and Lady Erne, Lord Rendlesham, Lady Shrewsbury, Lady Conyers and Miss Lane-Fox, Mrs. and the Miss Verschoyles, Lord Dartmouth, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]], Colonel Larking, Mrs. and Miss Legh of Lyme, Lady Headfort, Mrs. Dixon, Mr. and Mrs. Cunard, Mr. and Miss Clarke Thornhill, Mrs. Francis Slone Stanley, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Campbell, the Hon. Mrs. Candy and Major Westenra, Lady and Miss De Bathe, Mrs. Rochford and Miss Crabbe, Colonel Colville, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Lord and Lady Cork, Mrs. Keith Fraser, Miss Ethel Cadogan, Mr. Alfred Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. Ker Seymer, Mr. and Mrs. Hare, Mr. and Mrs. Grossmith, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Maxey, Countess Tolstoi and Miss Helen Henniker, Mr. Alexander Yorke, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Mr. and Mrs. Powell, Mr. Hargreaves, Mr. Percy Barker, the Hon. Mrs. Roche and Miss Werke, Lady Macpherson Grant, Mrs. and the Miss Shaws, Admiral, Mrs., and the Miss Cochranes, and a heap more whose names do not come to me just now.<ref>"Things in Homburg." ''Vanity Fair'' 28 August 1886 (Vol. 36): 123–124. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=MGtHAQAAMAAJ.</ref></blockquote> ===30 August 1886, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1886== "... in September 1886, the decision was taken to move [the head-centre organization of the Liberal party] to London, with the proviso that its annual meetings were always to be held in some provincial centre" (Spender 12). Robert Hudson, who was Assistant Secretary to Schnadhorst, moved to Palace Chambers, where he lived until May 1888 (Spender 15). === 2 September 1886, Wednesday === ==== Augustus Harris's ''A Run of Luck'' ==== The dates of Harris's ''A Run of Luck'' are still not clear; perhaps the play opened on 28 August 1866, or perhaps the Saturday after, on 4 September 1886. Similarly, perhaps the "trial-rehearsal" was 2 September 1886, before the 4 September opening. The ''Salisbury and Winchester Journal, and General Advertiser'' of 4 September says,<blockquote> Mr. Augustus Harris has produced a new sensational and sporting play at Drury Lane Theatre. In a production of "a Run of Luck" he has received the advice and assistance of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, Prince Soltykoff, "Mr Manton," the Duke of Portman, Mr. Chaplin, and the Duke of Beaufort, who lent him their colours to be used in the race on the stage. Last week the Duke of Beaufort went to town expressly from Badminton to officiate as the foreman of a critical jury of sportsmen. Sir John Willoughby, Lord Baring, Colonel Vivian, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Hume Webster, Captain Thurton, Mr. James Selby, and the proprietor of Kempton, were all among the empanelled; the trial-rehearsal lasted for more than four hours. The play was produced for the first time last Saturday and is having a great success.<ref>"Political Items." ''Salisbury and Winchester Journal'' 4 September 1886, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000361/18860904/029/0002. Print title: ''Salisbury and Winchester Journal, and General Advertiser'', p. 2.</ref></blockquote> The ''Taunton Courier'' reprinted this article, which may have come from the ''World''. The Saturday of the production that Rosebery, Chetwynd and the Comptroller of the Household attended may have been 4 September 1886.<blockquote>Mr Augustus Harris has abundant reason to be satisfied with the advice and assistance he has received in the production of "A Run of Luck." Mr Leopold de Rothschild, Prince Soltykoff, "Mr Manton," the Duke of Portland, Mr Chaplin, and the Duke of Beaufort all lent him their colours to be used in his race, and on Thursday his Grace of Beaufort came up expressly from Badmintont officiate as the foreman of a critical jury of sportsmen. Sir John Willoughby, Lord Baring (who missed a division in consequence), Colonel Vivian, Mr Algernon Bourke, Mr Hume Webster, Captain Thurton, Mr James Selby (no relation to the squire of that ilk), and the proprietor of Kempton were all amongst the empanelled; the trial-rehearsal lasted for more than five hours, and the final verdict was pronounced in the small hours of Friday morning. At the production on Saturday Lord Rosebery and Sir George Chetwynd were both present, the Comptroller of the Household dropped in on his way back from Covent Garden, and Sir John Gorst mused on the mysteries of the marriage-laws in the stalls. — ''The World''.<ref>"Drury Lane Theatre." ''Taunton Courier and Western Advertiser'' 08 September 1886, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000526/18860908/026/0007. Print title ''Taunton Courier''; print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1886== === 11 October 1886, Monday === ==== Performance of ''Run of Luck'' ==== ''A Run of Luck'' had been at the Drury Lane and was going to move to the Empire Theatre?<blockquote>There was fun to be had on Monday, but I was having another "Run of Good Luck" that night. I discovered a "Good Luck" party in the great box at Old Drury on Monday night. There were Ministers of the Government, Admirals of the Fleet, distinguished soldiers, Kentish M.P.s, and young men of the period, and the great "Atlas" himself, looking gay, gay. The young men wandered behind the stage, among racehorses and hunters and huntsmen and hounds and wicked villains and virtuous maidens and the comic man of Drury Lane. Druriolanus did not have much space at the disposal of his guests in the front of the house on Monday night. But the younger members of the party preferred the seamy side of the great sporting drama. The Admiral and the Under-Secretary for India and Mr. Yates were content to look on from a box. But wandering on the course at Goodwood were to be seen Dr. Robson Roose and Colonel Hughes-Hallett and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]] and Mr. Fitz-Roy Stewart, and, of course, the beaming Pacha Broadley. Two days later Sir John Gorst was to leave for foreign parts, and many of his friends bade him good-bye that night.<ref>"The Man About Town." ''Sporting Gazette'' 16 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 41], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18861016/047/0008. Print title: ''The Country Gentleman'', p. 1324.</ref></blockquote> === 23 October 1886, Saturday === ==== Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife ==== According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'',<blockquote>Lady Tavistock, Miss Gurney, Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord Stanhope, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Mills, have been among the guests staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife, N.B.</blockquote> === 28 October 1886, Thursday === In New York City, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated. ==November 1886== ===5 November 1886, Friday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===16 November 1886, Tuesday=== "On the 16th inst., at St. George's, Hanover-square, by the Rev. E. W. Pownall, M.A., Emslie John, only son of F. J. Horniman, Esq., of Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, to Laura Isabel, only daughter of Colonel A. G. Plomer, of 7, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair. (No cards.)" ("Marriages." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, November 20, 1886; pg. 544; Issue 2483, Col. B) ==December 1886== ===25 December 1886, Saturday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1886, Sunday=== Boxing Day === 1886 December 30, Thursday === ==== Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves ==== On 30 December 1886, the Newcastle ''Evening Chronicle'' reprinted a story from the ''World'' about ''The Forty Thieves'' pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre. This account contains essentializing generalizations about Asian people and cultures.<blockquote>THE DRURY LANE PANTOMIME. (From ''The World''.) Mr. August Harris has actually accomplished the apparently impossible task of eclipsing the pantomimes which year after year have been in turn pronounced unsurpassable. It seems almost as if Aladdin had left his lamp behind him at Drury Lane, to call forth, as if by magic, the marvellous magnificence which forms so sumptuous a setting for the frolic, fun, and drollery of this latest and most diverting edition of "The Forty Thieves." The time-honoured story is clearly and tersely told, and certainly loses none of its original interest by its skilful adaptation to the most absorbing topics of the day. Mr. Harris may well be somewhat embarrassed by the strength of the company he has collected. Miss Constance Gilchrist makes a charming and most ideal Morgiana; the unctuous humour of Mr. Harry Nicholls as a sort of Persian "Eccles," and of Mr. Herbert Campbell as a tradesman's wife, savouring equally of Ispahan and our own East-end; the mirth-provoking antics of Mr. Ali Sloper-Stevens, and the aggressive juvenility of Miss M. A. Victor as the elderly Mrs. Cassim (an Orientalised Miss Minnie Palmer), are simply irresistible. The go and vivacity of Miss Dot Marie and her sister; the dash of Miss Brereton; the graceful dancing of the D'Aubans; the delectable cheekiness of Miss Edith Bruce as Ganem; the brightness of Miss Marie Williams, and the amusing earnestness of Mr. Pateman as Cassim and Cassim's ghost, are one and all deftly used in giving new life to the old legend, in the picturesque treatment of which Paul Martinetti as the most agile of monkeys, Charles Laurie as the sagest of donkeys, and Madame Ænea with her daring flights (all of them great Continental stars), each play an important part. The costumes, the scenery, and the processions of "The Forty Thieves" mark an epoch in the history of pantomimic production. Mr. Harris has ransacked all London, all Paris, and all Bohemia for his matchless old brocades, his armour, his banners, and his gems. India and South Kensington have alike been laid under contribution, and in the great spectacle of the robbers' cave the poetry of Mr. Beverly's brush has, perhaps, at last found its limits. The realism of Mr. Emden in dealing with Eastern subjects, the good taste of Mr. Ryan, and the power of Mr. Telbin all find adequate expression in Ali Baba's courtyard, the New Club (which everybody would like to belong to), and the Jubilee Temple of Fame, in which patriotic playgoers will be perplexed and dazzled by the fanciful conception of the inventor and the artist, the glittering splendour of the details, and the rare beauty of the fair representatives of the various jewels of the British Crown. Madame Katti Lanner brings her usual artistic contribution to the delights of Boxing Night. The opening ballet of houris puts everybody at once in the best of humour; the dance of monkeys is very well done indeed, and so are the capers of the nimble little sailors, who, of course, appear in the final apotheosis of British loyalty. Signora Zanfretta and Signora Bettina de Sortis both distinguished themselves as ''premieres danseuses''; Harry Payne put his boys and policemen in quaint and characteristic masks; and amongst the comic "properties" the famous boots and shoes which drove Paris wild over ''Le Petit Poucci'' are introduced effectively as a subordinate incident. The singing of Mr. Scott's Jubilee Ode and the National Anthem, as beautiful Britannia and her comely companions defile majestically before Miss Telbin's statue of the Queen, is well calculated to provoke a display of enthusiasm which will not easily be forgotten by those who witnessed it. In the glories of "The Forty Thieves" the ex-Khedive Ismail Pasha and his sons might almost forget the grandeur of Aida, and amongst the audience on this memorable night were [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Duchess of Montrose]] and Sir George Arthur, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lord and Lady Londesborough]], Lord and Lady De La Warr, Lord Cantelupe and the Ladies Sackville, Lord Alfred Paget, Sir John Gorst and Mr. T. P. O'Connor (if I am not mistaken, in one box), Colonel Herbert Eaton (who finds London much pleasanter than Richmond Barracks), Lord and Lady de Clifford, Lords Truro, Cairns, and Lurgan, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Ralph Vivian, Sir George Chetwynd, Mr. Carl Rosa, Mr. Alfred Cooper and Lady Agnes Cooper, and Mr. Michael Sandys, while the 10th Hussars sent up their contingent from Aldershot.<ref>"The Drury Lane Pantomime." ''Newcastle Evening Chronicle'' 30 December 1886, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000726/18861230/092/0004. Print: The ''Evening Chronicle'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote>On 4 January 1887, the ''Bury and Norwich Post and Suffolk Herald'' also reported on Augustus Harris's new production of ''The Forty Thieves'' at the Drury Lane, apparently also reprinting the story from ''The World'':<blockquote>Mr. Augustus Harris has actually accomplished the apparently impossible task of eclipsing the pantomimes which year after year have been in turn pronounced unsurpassable. It seems almost as if Aladdin had left his lamp behind him at Drury-lane, to call forth, as if by magic, the marvellous magnificence which forms so sumptuous a setting for the frolic, fun, and drollery of this latest and most diverting edition of ''The Forty Thieves''. The time-honoured story is clearly and tersely told, and certainly loses none of its original interest by its skilful adaptation to the most absorbing topics of the day. The daily afternoon performances will prove a attraction to those of my readers who are in the habit of visiting town to see the Pantomimes. Mr. Harris may well be somewhat embarrassed by the strength of the company he has collected, Miss Constance Gilchrist makes a charming and almost ideal Morgiana; the unctuous humour of Mr. Harry Nicholls as a sort of Persian "Eccles," and of Mr. Herbert Campbell as a tradesman's wife, savouring equally of Ispahan and our own East-end; the mirth-provoking antics of Mr. Ali Sloper-Stevens, and the aggressive juvenility of Miss M. A. Victor as the elderly Mrs. Cassim (an Orientalised Miss Minnie Palmer), are simply irresistible. The go and vivacity of Miss Dot Mario and her sister; the dash of Miss Brereton; the graceful dancing of the D'Aubans; the delectable cheekiness of Miss Edith Bruce as Ganem; the brightness of Miss Marie Williams, and the amusing earnestness of Mr. Pateman as Cassim and Cassim's ghost, are one and all deftly used in giving new life to the old legend, in the the [sic] picturesque treatment of which Paul Martinetti as the most agile of monkeys, Charles Laurie as the sagest of donkeys, and Madame AEnea with her daring flights (all of them great Continental stars), each play an important part. In the glories of ''The Forty Thieves'' the ex- Khedive Ismail Pasha and his sons might almost forget the grandeur of Aïda, and amongst the audience on the opening night were Caroline Duchess of Montrose and Sir George Arthur, Lord and Lady Londesborough, Lord and Lady De La Warr, Lord Cantelupe and the Ladies Sackville, Lord Alfred Paget, Sir John Gorst and Mr. T. P. O'Connor (if I am not mistaken, in one [Col. 5c–6a] box), Colonel Herbert Eaton (who finds London much pleasanter than Richmond Barracks), Lord and Lady de Clifford, Lords Truro, Cairns, and Lurgan, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Ralph Vivian, Sir George Chetwynd, Mr. Carl Rosa, Mr. Alfred Cooper and Lady Agnes Cooper, and Mr. Michael Sandys, while the 10th Hussars sent up their contingent from Aldershot.<ref>"Odds and Ends." ''Bury and Norwich Post'' 4 January 1887, Tuesday: 4 [of 9], Col. 5c–6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000156/18870104/024/0004. Print title: ''Bury and Norwich Post and Suffolk Herald'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ==Works Cited== *Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." Emma Nevada: An American Diva. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010). *Sheppard, Edgar. George, Duke of Cambridge: a memoir of his private life based on the journals and correspondence of His Royal Highness. Volume 2, 1871-1904. London: Longmans, Green, 1906. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010. *Spender, J. A. Sir Robert Hudson: A Memoir. London: Cassell, 1930. t06eg0n5gz7wnwryicbx6af1xzdcwhn 0 264257 2719082 2717451 2025-06-18T20:20:05Z Scogdill 1331941 2719082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] 1887 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] "Bloody Sunday": protest march on Trafalgar Square. Annie Besant was there, as was G. B. Shaw, who "skedaddled." Queen Victoria's Jubilee year, along with 1897. That summer, in some way as part of it, there was a "Congress" at the Empress Theatre, in which a number of people (mostly but not exclusively women) read papers on the progress made in women's education. Those papers were collected in a volume by the Lady Warwick (Frances Evelyn Warwick, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]]) in 1898; the "Sub-Editor" was Edith Bradley.<ref>Warwick, [Lady] Frances Evelyn, Countess of. ''Progress in Women's Education in the British Empire, Being the Report of the Education Section, Victorian Era Exhibit, 1897''. London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Google Books, retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref> ==January 1887== Annie Besant spoke at the January 1887 meeting of the Men and Women's Club; her paper was "The State and Sexual Relations," or "preventive checks," or contraception (Bland 19). ===1 January 1887, Thursday, New Year's Day=== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|Augustus Harris's ''The Forty Thieves'']] continued its run at the Drury Lane Theatre. === 5 January 1887, Wednesday === ==== Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke ==== The ''Irish Times'' published this story, which was reprinted by the ''Drogheda Conservative'' 2 days later.<ref>"Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke." ''Drogheda Conservative'' 8 January 1887, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000792/18870108/047/0005. Same print title and p.</ref><blockquote>The remains of this much-lamented lady were interred on Wednesday in the family vault at Painestown Church, County Meath. The suite of coffins containing the remains arrived from London at Hayes, the family seat, on the previous day, and were placed on a catafalque in one of the drawing-rooms, which had been suitably arranged for the occasion. The shield on the outer coffin bore the following inscription — LADY MARGARET HARRIETT BOURKE, <br>Daughter of Robert, Fifth Earl of Mayo. <br>Born 14th April, 1825, <br>Died 29th Docember, 1886. The scroll at foot contained the text — "The dead in Christ shall rise first. Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and so shall we ever be with the Lord." — I Thess., 5, 27. Numerous wreaths of the most exquisite design were laid on and around the coffin, prominent among which was one from her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica of Hanover. Other wreaths were from the Countess Dowager of Donoughmore, the Lady Fanny Lambert, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, the Countess (Dowager) of Mayo, Lady Susan Bourke, Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin, also from each member of her Ladyship's family and many other friends. It had been intended that the body should be conveyed by hearse to the churchyard, about two miles distant, but on the previous day a deputation from the tenantry on the estate requested that they might be allowed to carry it on their shoulders, and this request, evincing as it did the affectionate esteem in which her Ladyship and family have always been held, was at once acceded to. The chief mourners, who walked immediately behind the toffin were — General the Hon John J Bourke, the Hon and Rev George Bourke, the Hon Charles F Bourke, C B; Major the Hon E R Bourke, the Hon H Bourke, D L, brothers; and the Earl of Mayo, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon Algernon]] and Walter Bourke, nephews of the deceased lady. Among the ladies present were —The Dowager Lady Cloncurry, the Lady Fanny Lambert, the Hon Mrs Henry Bourke, the Misses Lambert, &c. The funeral service was read by the Rev Richard Beresford. curate of Pulborough, a cousin of the deceased. Among those who attended, or sent their carriages, were the following — The Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Athlumney, General Fraser, V C; Mr R G Dunville, Mr John D Dunville, Colonel Smyth, Mr William Jameson, Rev Mr Brownlow, Mr L Thunder, Mr J O Trotter, Mr Francis Lambart, Mr Cyril Lambart, Mr Robert Fowler, Mr R Kennedy, Capt H Fowler, Mr C W Osborne, Mr Rynd, Messrs Fowler, Mr H R Perry, Mr Henry P Perry, Rev P La Touche, Mr La Touche, Miss Bentley, Messrs Murray, P Sharpe, G Sharpe, F Sharpe, Henry Courtenay, E Latimer, J Abraham, T Abraham, Sheils, O'Brien Hamilton, M'Knight, White, Daly, Owens, J Reilly, M'Allen, Clark, Farrell, Macken, Logan, M'Grane, Ogle, Holmes, N Kelly, &c, &c. Very great sorrow was shown by all the residents on the estate and the surrounding neighbourhood, among whom Lady Margaret had always been regarded with much affection, and a very sad and striking feature in the funeral procession was a number of elderly women clad in white caps and long black cloaks, who were members of her ladyship's clothing club. Since the death of her brother, the Viceroy of India, Lady Margaret Bourke, through the gracious favour of her Majesty the Queen, had resided at Hampton Court Palace, and her Majesty has been pleased to convey her condolence through Sir Henry Ponsonby to the bereaved family.<ref>"Funeral of the Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke." ''Irish Times'' 6 January 1887, Thursday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001683/18870106/099/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===11 January 1887, Tuesday=== Joseph Gancher defended Louis Pasteur's treatment of rabies.<ref>Gelfand, Toby. "11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' Vol. 76, no. 4 (Winter 2002).</ref> ===22 January 1887, Saturday=== ''Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse'', opened at the Savoy Theatre. The reviews were not all positive; according to the ''Wikipedia'' article on Ruddigore, the Illustrated London News reviewed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddigore; accessed 12 February 2010). See "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera" [http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/ruddigore/rud1.html], The Monthly Musical Record, 1 February 1887, 17, pp. 41–42, Retrieved on 17 June 2008," from the footnotes to this article. ===29 January 1887, Saturday=== ==== Ruddygore Opens at the Savoy ==== Review in the ''Illustrated London News'' of the opening of Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Ruddygore'' at the Savoy. Here is the review: <blockquote>MUSIC THE NEW COMIC OPERA AT THE SAVOY The specialty of last week was the new comic opera written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert, and composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan - a piece from their associated genius being an event of equal dramatic and musical interest; the great and deserved success of their several previous works of the kind having induced eager expectation for any new essay. The co-operation of the two gentlemen referred to has been a happy coincidence, similar to that of the united labours of Scribe and Auber in their delightful works of the opera-comique class. The production of "Ruddygore, or the Witch's Curse" is noticed in the theatrical column of this week, and it is, therefore, only necessary here to refer briefly to the musical interest of the piece, which is quite equal to that of its predecessors from the same hands. The vocal score will not be published for some weeks to come, when we shall be able to refer again to its merits; meantime, we may point to some of the pieces that proved attractive in performance, and will doubtless be permanently popular. Rose Maybud's expressive ballad, "If somebody there chance to be"; the piquant duet, "I know a youth", for her and Robin Oakapple; Richard Dauntless's robust nautical ballad, "I've shipped, d'ye see, in a Revenue sloop" (with its capital hornpipe climax); the suave love duet, "The battle's roar is over", for this character and Rose; the spirited trio, "In sailing o'er life's ocean", for the personages already named; Mad Margaret's scena, and ballad, "To a garden"; Sir Despard Murgatroyd's sententious solo, "Oh, why am I moody" (with its interspersed choral comments); the impulsive duet, "You understand" for him and Richard, the beautiful madrigal, and the several movements which close the first act are all effective in their respective styles. In the second (and last) act, the music in the scene of the animation of the portraits in the picture gallery is highly dramatic in its appropriate sombreness of style and impressive orchestral effects. This is preceded by a pretty duet (with chorus), "Happily coupled" - for Rose and Richard; and a refined ballad, "In bygone days", for the former. Sir Roderic Murgatroyd's sombre song, "When the night-wind howls" - with the surrounding choral and orchestral accessories - rises to a dramatic and musical height worthy of grand opera; and throws into strong relief the exquisitely quaint music of the subsequent duet, "I once was a very abandoned person", for Sir Despard and Margaret in their ludicrously altered aspects. The patter trio for these two and Robin; Hannah's sentimental ballad, "There grew a little flower"; and a well-contrasted finale are prominent features of the closing division of the work. The principal performers have been as well fitted with their music as with their dramatic characters, the performance of which is noted in our article, "The Playhouses"; and it must here be said that Misses Braham, Bond, and Brandram, and Messrs. G. Grossmith, D. Lely, R. Barrington, R. Temple, and others, worthily fulfilled the vocal requirements. There is some bright and tuneful music for female chorus in each act; and the orchestral details, throughout, are rich in colouring and variety of detail. As in his other productions of the same class, Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour. In the former respect, the charm of graceful melody prevails; while, in the latter, the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun, without the slightest approach to vulgarity or coarseness - in this latter respect, how unlike some of the French buffo music of the day! The composer conducted the performance on the first night, using, in the scene of darkness (in the second act), a baton illuminated by the electric light.<ref>Gareth Jacobs, "Ruddygore and the British Library (long)," posting on ''Savoynet'' savoynet@bridgewater.edu 5 July 2003.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1887== ==March 1887== "In March 1887 [Bret Harte] joined the Kinsmen Social Club, whose members included William Black, Edmund Gosse, and Henry James, and over the next few months he accepted invitations to become a member of the New American Club and an honorary member of both the British Authors Association and the Devonshire Club."<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. The Oklahoma Western Biographies. Vol. 17. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 2000.</ref> (189) === 1 March 1887, 2:00 p.m. === ==== Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace ==== <blockquote>By command of the Queen, a Levee was held yesterday afternoon at St. James's Palace by his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales on behalf of her Majesty.<ref>"The Queen's Levee." ''Morning Post'' 2 March 1887, Wednesday: Saturday 7, Col. 7 – 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18870302/065/0007 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870302/065/0008. Same print title, pp. 7–8.</ref></blockquote> ===8 March 1887, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilson and Mr. J. G. Menzies. <blockquote>The marriage of Miss Susan West (Tottie) Wilton eldest daughter of Mr. A. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Master of the Holderness Hounds, and one of the partners in the firm of Messrs. Thos. Wilson, Sons, and Co., owners of the Wilson line of steamers, Hull, to Mr. J. G. Menzies, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon at the village church of Anlaby by the Rev. J. Foord, assisted by the Rev. E. Lambert, cousin of the bride. The day being fine, hundreds of persons went out from Hull and assembled from the surrounding districts. The admission to the church was by ticket, and the edifice was crowded in every part. Flags were plentifully displayed along the route from Tranby Croft to Anlaby, and the ships of the Wilson line lying in the Hall docks, as well as other vessels, were gaily decorated with flags. <p>The bridal procession left Tranby Croft Lodge at a quarter-past two o'clock, and the carriages passed between a large concourse of persons, who thickly lined each side of the road. Anlaby Church was soon reached. The bridegroom, with his best man, Mr. Stuart Menzies, M.P., had already arrived, and as the bride was escorted into the sacred edifice by her father the organ, at which Captain Hallett presided, commenced playing, and the processional hymn, "Saviour, Blessed Saviour," was sung. The bride wore a very long rich white satin train, the front draped a la grecque, bordered with rich pearl and silver embroidery, a bouquet of white liliums, the ribbons of which were tied with orange blossom; her ornaments were a large diamond star, presented to her by the bridegroom, a diamond necklace presented by her father and mother, with spray given by the tradespeople of Hull, and a diamond bangle by her uncle, Mr. David Wilson. The bridesmaids were Miss Muriel Wilson, sister of the bride, Misses Enid, Joan, and Gwladys Wilson, cousins; Hon. Rosamond Tufton, and Miss Boynton. Each wore cream brocade skirts, with grey overskirts and coats of cream satin merveilleux, pink rose bouquets, and brooches with "8th February, 1887," in diamonds, these being the gifts of the bridegroom. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] wore a brown velvet and faille, trimmed with black jet, Mrs. Lycett [?] Green, green skirt, with cream cloth under-skirt. Mrs. Charles Wilson, heliotrope velvet, with waistcoat of gold embroidery. Lady Julia Wombwell wore a plum-coloured satin and velvet dress. Lady Norreys, a heliotrope faille. Mrs Hungerford, a pretty costume of grey cloth; and Lady Hothfield [? R? B?], green velvet. The service was full choral; the responses of the bride were given in a firm and audible tone, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the wedding party adjourned to the rectory, where the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom and other interested parties. On the return of the bridal party to Tranby Croft, a luncheon followed, and later in the afternoon the happy pair left for the South, en routefor Paris. The bride's travelling dress was a skirt of white cloth edged with brown fur, a polonnaise of pale grey cloth, trimmed with brown fur, with hat to match.<ref>“Fashionable Marriage near Hull.” ''York Herald'' 12 February 1887, Saturday: 14 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18870212/149/0014 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===15 March 1887, Tuesday=== There was a heavy snowstorm in London; 5 to 6 inches fell in N.W. London (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===17 March 1887, Thursday=== A light, half-inch, snowfall added to the snow on the ground from two days earlier. There was a sharp frost Thursday night (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ===18 March 1887, Friday=== Friday was sunny: "[o]ver six hours' sunshine" (Baring-Gould II 282, n. 1). ==April 1887== In the May issue of ''London Society'', Mrs. Humphry says, "At a recent 'afternoon' there was much to delight the gossip-lover. Almost every one there had been 'talked of' in one sense or other. One had written a 'risky' book; another had most innocently committed bigamy, and did not at the moment know with any degree of exactitude who was the lady whom he really was bound to love and cherish, owing to the suspected existence of a previous husband of one of his two wives. This was all very interesting indeed. Quite as much so was the fact that two deadly enemies had accidentally met on this occasion. The few words they exchanged when they unluckily encountered each other in a blocked doorway were of a forcible description, both belligerents being men. There must have been extraordinary vitality about these short speeches, for in the course of ten minutes they had increased from a dozen words into a dialogue that would 'play' for quite ten minutes at the Court Theatre. A very vivid imagination on the part of the various raconteurs may possibly have accounted for some of this gourd-like growth."<ref>Humphry, Mrs. "Social Echoes." ''London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for Hours of Relaxation''. May 1887. Vol. LI (January–June 1887): 685.</ref> ===16 April 1887, Saturday=== Emma Nevada sang Amina in ''La Sonnambula'' at Covert Garden.<ref name=":1">Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." ''Emma Nevada: An American Diva''. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010).</ref> ===29 April 1887, Friday=== Emma Nevada sang Gonoud's Mirella at Covent Garden.<ref name=":1" /> ==May 1887== The papers delived at the Men and Women's Club meeting for May 1887 were by Henrietta Muller and Kate Mills and were on the subject of "family limitation" (Bland 17). The [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition|American Exhibition]] opened in May. A "signalling incident" in 1907 caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event that had occurred in 1887:<blockquote>The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment. During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from Lord Charles's ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the "Times," and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.<ref>"Signalling Incident." ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1887, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's dance, at 13, Carlton-house-terrace.<br>Lady Goldsmid's first evening party.<br>Mrs. Charles Waring's ball.<br>Chevalier and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, 4 to 7.<br>New Club Dance.<br>The '''giand[?]''' [grand] pianoforte designed by L. Alma Tadema, R.A., with paintings by E. J. Poynter, R.A., on view at Johnstone, Norman, and Co.'s Galleries, 67, New Bond-street. Admission on presentation of card.<br>Epsom Races: Derby Day.<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 25 May 1887: p. 5 [of 8], Col. 5b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===28 May 1887, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/1887 American Exhibition/Indigenous People Visit the Savage Club|Red Shirt and other native performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West visit the Savage Club]] at the Savoy. ===29 May 1887, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===30 May 1887, Monday=== "Taking advantage of the Bank Holiday, nearly 100,000 persons on Monday visited the American Exhibition, where Buffalo Bill gave three performances."<ref>''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, June 04, 1887; pg. 632; Issue 2511, Col. 2.</ref> ==June 1887== === 15 June 1887, Wednesday === The Marchioness of Salisbury hosted a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee at the Foreign Office]]. === 26 June 1887, Sunday === There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare.<ref name=":0">Axel Nissen, ''Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper''. U P of Mississippi, 2000. http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC.</ref>{{rp|239}} Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1887== ===7 July 1887, Thursday=== "Wilde is known to have dined at Upper Hamilton Terace," where the Van der Veldes lived (actually, they lived at 15 Upper Hamilton Terrace).<ref name=":0" />{{rp|216}} ===13 July 1887, Wednesday=== (Six days after July 7): Oscar Wilde "entertained [Bret] Harte and the Van de Veldes at an "at home" that also featured Buffalo Bill Cody, Lady Wilde, Lady Neville, and Lady Monckton."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|216}} ===23 July 1887, Saturday=== ==== Exhibition of the Royal Academy Ending ==== <blockquote>At this late period of the London season, it frequently becomes the duty of families residing in town, before their own departure for change of scene or change of air, to receive the visits of friends from the country, and sometimes to conduct them to the sights and amusements which have already been made familiar to themselves in preceding months. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of last year, and those of former years at South Kensington, which remained open till October, were naturally thronged by provincial visitors during the late summer and autumn; and it will probably be the same with the American Exhibition, including the romantic "Wild West" and the performances of "Buffalo Bill." There is, however, one important annual feature of the metropolitan attractions, for people of a certain degree of social and intellectual pretensions, which disappears at the end of July; the pictures at the Royal Academy, the merits of which were abundantly discussed here in May, are to be viewed yet another week, before their dispersal to the ends of the kingdom. Many ladies and gentlemen with a taste for art, or with an idea that they are bound to qualify themselves for remarks upon this safe topic in the social convese that may await them, make a point of coming to London almost for the purpose of seeing the Academy Exhibiton. Their frank and eager curiosity, with their warmly expressed admiration of favourite works, affords a refreshing contrast to the fatigued indifference of Londoners, who have endured the toils of a variety of private and public entertainments, not to speak of business, professional work, and politics, since the beginning of February, and who are now craving repose. The latter may undeservedly get the discredit of a nil admirari temperament, and of insensibility to the sublime and beautiful, when they are only physically and mentally tired.<ref>"Country Cousins at the Exhibition." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, July 23, 1887; pg. 103; Issue 2518, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===30 July 1887, Saturday=== ==== The Welcome Club at the American Exhibition ==== On Saturday 30 July 1887, the ILN reports the following about an event the prior week:<blockquote>The new Welcome Club, in the grounds of the popular American Exhibition, was opened last week. Within sight of the switch-back railway, and within sound of the music of the band, a picturesque little club-house has been erected, furnished and provided with every comfort, and, as its name implies, offering a hearty welcome to its guests. Only gentlemen are admitted as members of the club, but each member may bring with him a lady guest; one part of the building has been set apart for their sole use, and is called the Ladies' Pavilion. The inviting entrance-hall, approached from the garden by a flight of steps and a covered verandah, is delightfully cool and shady, even in the hottest weather. Here is an attractive buffet, draped with electric-blue plush and Oriental fringes, where American iced drinks may be obtained in endless variety. It is furnished with the deep saddle-bag settees, and is decorated with a pretty terra-cotta wall-paper; an electric lamp of beaten brass is in the centre of the ceiling, and there are artistic wall-lights, in ormolu, with plaques of blue and white enamel. To the left of the entrance-hall is a cool and spacious dining-room, where an excellent menu is served by a competent chef, from five in the evening till half-past eight. On the opposite side of the entrance-hall is the smoking-room, where all the furniture is of American walnut wood, used in combination with dark green morocco. A soft Axminster carpet covers the floor, and the walls are decorated with works of art, including water-colour drawings by Mr. T. B. Hardy and Mr. Dudley Hardy. Here, too, is a paino, for those who care to divert the intervals of smoking by musical interludes. The Royal Pavilion, intended specially for the use of the Royal Princes and Princesses, is a charming little place, effectively decorated, in the Louis XVI. style, with white carved-wood furniture, covered with satin and brocade. The colouring here is highly artistic. The arrangement of the satin portière which drapes the door is particularly noticeable, harmonising with the tapestry wall-covering, the dark dado, the cabinets of satin-wood [lb at hyphen], and the mirrors, with their white carved frames. Passing across a wide, shady terrace, which is bright with flower-beds, and is amply furnished with tempting seats, the visitor reaches the Ladies' Pavilion, which forms a separate bulding. It is a very pretty room, tastefully furnished, with the dainty accessories befitting the use of ladies. A piano fills one corner, in another is a Chippendale writing-table. Glass bowls of roses are placed here and there, while engravings from Tadema and Millais look well upon the pale-blue wall-paper, above a dado of silk tapestry. In fact nothing has been forgotten, and the lady visitors may well look forward to spending many pleasant hours in their Welcome Club pavilion. The whole of the furnishing has been designed and executed by Messrs. Oetzmann, of Hampstead-road, in a manner doing great credit to the artistic taste and workmanship of that firm. The members of the Welcome Club gave a very successful garden-party to their friends one day last week, when numerous distinguished guess were present; among others were Lord and Lady Lamington, Lord Northbrook, Lady Dorothy and Miss Neville, the Countess of Scarborough, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord Ronald Gower, Lady McPherson Grant, Lady Louisa Cunningham, and Sir Philip and Lady Cunliffe-Owen.<ref>"The Welcome Club." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, July 30, 1887; pg. 131; Issue 2519, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1887== ===29 August 1887, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1887== "In September of the same year Lady Houghton and her children were staying at Crewe Hall, with 'Uncle Crewe.' The children were convalescing from the bouts of scarlet fever they had had at Fryston. At Crewe their mother suddenly contracted the same disease. Within a few days she was dead" (Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe 26). ==October 1887== ===31 October 1887, Monday=== ==== Halloween ==== ==== End of the American Exhibition ==== "The American Exhibition, which attracted all the town to West Brompton the last few months, was brought on Monday to a dignified close. A meeting of representative Englishmen and Americans was held in the Trophy Room, under the presidency of Lord Lorne, in support of the movement for establishing a Court of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes between this country and the United States. Resolutions in favour of the principle of international artibration were adopted. Mr. Bright, Lord Granville, Lord Wolseley, and other distinguished public men wrote expressing sympathy with the cause."<ref>''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, November 05, 1887; pg. 537; Issue 2533, Col. 3.</ref> ==November 1887== ===5 November 1887, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===8 November 1887, Tuesday=== The next-to-the-last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November.<ref>"At the Play." ''The Observer'', 6 November 1887, p. 2 and ''The Times'', 8 November 1887, p. 1.</ref> ===9 November 1887, Wednesday=== The last performance of the original run of ''Ruddigore'' was done at the Crystal Palace, as was the last, on 9 November. ===13 November 1887, Sunday=== ==== Bloody Sunday ==== Bloody Sunday was "the name given to a demonstration against coercion in Ireland and to demand the release from prison of MP William O'Brien, who was imprisoned for incitement as a result of an incident in the Irish Land War. The demonstration was organized by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)) "Then, on 13 November 1887, although a meeting called by the Metropolitan Radical Association in protest against the government's failure to tackle unemployment is banned, a mass demonstration in Trafalgar Square goes ahead anyway. This leads to a riot in which one person dies, 200 are hurt and 400 arrested. The event is named 'Bloody Sunday'." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide19/part04.html). In his ''My Life and Loves'', Frank Norris describes it, though he has the wrong date?: <blockquote>All this while the discontent of the working classes in Great Britain, as in Ireland, grew steadily and increased in bitterness. In London it found determined defenders in the Social Democratic Federation. Mr. H. W. Hyndman had started this association a couple of years or so before as a follower more or less convinced of Karl Marx. The first time I heard Bernard Shaw speak was at a meeting of the Federation, but I had left it before he joined and he left it soon afterwards. On a Monday early in February, 1886, the Federation called a meeting in Trafalgar Square which ended in a riot. The mob got out of hand and marched to attack the clubs in Pall Mall and soon proceeded to loot shops in Piccadilly and hold another meeting at Hyde Park Corner. The ringleaders were arrested and tried: they were Hyndman, Williams, Burns and Champion. Williams and Burns, both workingmen, were bailed out by William Morris, the poet. Hyndman seemed to me an ordinary English bourgeois with a smattering of German reading: he was above middle height, burly and bearded; Champion, the thin, well-bred officer type with good heart and scant reading; Williams, the ordinary workingman full of class prejudices; and John Burns, also a workingman, but really intelligent and thoughtful, who afterwards proved himself an excellent minister and resigned with Lord Morley rather than accept the world war. In spite of deficient education, Burns was even then a most interesting man; though hardly middle height, he was sturdy and exceedingly strong and brave. He had read from boyhood and we became great friends about the beginning of the century through the South African War. Burns was an early lover of Carlyle, and the experiences of a workingman's life had not blinded him to the value of individual merit. In many respects he stood on the forehead of the time to come, and if his education had been equal to his desire for knowledge, he would have been among the choicest spirits of the age. Even in 1886 I'm glad to say I rated him far above most of the politicians, though he never reached any originality of thought." (Vol. 2, p. 387)</blockquote> ==December 1887== ===12 December 1887, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). === 15 December 1887, Thursday === ==== Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley ==== The ''Morning Post'' announced on Friday, 11 November 1887, that "The marriage arranged between Mr. Algernon Bourke and Miss Guendolen [sic] Hans Sloans Stanley will not take place."<ref>"Arrangements for This Day." ''Morning Post'' 11 November 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871111/083/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> Because of the bereavement? From ''The Queen'':<blockquote> Bourke—Stanley. — The marriage of the Hon. Algernon Rourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and brother of the present peer, with Miss Gwendolin Sloane Stanley, daughter of Mr and Mrs Hans Sloane Stanley took place in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Thursday morning. Owing to recent mourning in the bride's family, no invitations were issued for the wedding, which was quite private. The bridegroom was attended by Mr Sandys as best man, and there were four bridesmaids. They were dressed in deep vieux rose cashmere, with moiré sashes of the same colour, and their hats to match, were turned up with velvet, trimmed with cock's feathers. Each wore a pretty brooch, the bridegroom's gift, and carried a bouquet of white flowers, tied with broad white satin ribbon. The bride arrived shortly after half-past eleven, accompanied by her father, who afterwards give her away. Her dress of white satin was richly worked in silver, and was draped In front with old-silver embroidery. She wore orange blossoms on the bodice and in her hair, and a tulle veil. Among the relatives and friends present, we noticed the Earl of Mayo, the Dowager Countess of Mayo, and Lady Florence Bourke, Major-Gen. the Hon. John Bourke, the Hon. Edward and Mrs Bourke, and Miss Nora Bourke, Countess Lützow, Miss Eleanor Ewart, Miss Violet Edwards, Mrs Verschoyle and the Misses Verschoyle. The Hon. and Rev. George Wingfield Bourke, rector of Pulborough, Sussex, uncle of the bridegroom, officiated, assisted by the Rev. G. Baden Powell, M.A., of St. Paul's. The bride and bridegroom afterwards drove to Mr and Mrs Hans Sloane Stanley's residence in Cadogan-square, and after breakfast, started on their wedding tour, the bride travelling in a pale grey dress, with hat to match.<ref>"Fashionable Marriages." ''The Queen'' 17 December 1887, Saturday: 47 [of 96], Col. 1b [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18871217/347/0047. Print title: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 800.</ref></blockquote> From the ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'':<blockquote>The marriage of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the late Lord Mayo, and brother of the present peer, to Miss Gwendolen Sloane Stanley, daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, was solemnised on Thursday at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge. Owing to a recent family bereavement no invitations were issued, the wedding parly being restricted to members of the two families. The ceremony was performed by the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke, uncle of the bridegroom. The bride was given away by her father, and was followed to the altar by four bridesmaids: — Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart. The Hon. Michael Sandys attended the bridegroom as beet man. After the ceremony the bride and bridegroom left town for Lord Henry Paulet's place near Rugby.<ref>"Court and Personal." ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'' 17 December 1887, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18871217/018/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>Gwendolen's father died a year later; who died in late 1887? ===25 December 1887, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1887, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== 8eyarxtjkytmihtul0pddsnsrbzrxvc 0 264258 2719083 2717448 2025-06-18T20:20:22Z Scogdill 1331941 2719083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]] 1888 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889 | 1889]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1888== ===1 January, Sunday, New Year's Day=== ===9 January, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Robert J. Parker read his paper, "The Contagious Diseases Act," again (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). === 21 January 1888, Saturday === ==== Hamilton-Ewart Wedding ==== <blockquote>On Saturday afternoon in All Saints' Church, Margaret-street, was solemnised the marriage of Lieut.-Colonel Henry Blackburne Hamilton (14th King's Hussars) with Florence Emily, eldest daughter of Lieut.-General C. Brisbane Ewart, C.B., R.E., Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey. The wedding party, which had assembled at the church by two o'clock, included Mrs. Charles Ewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. M. Stapleton (20th Hussars), Mr. and Lady Lavinia Bickersteth, General Sir John Ewart, Sir Thomas and Lady Dyer, Sir Henry and Lady Bates, General Meade Hamilton, C.B.; Colonel and Mrs. Salisbury Ewart and Miss Bulkeley, Colonel Symes, Colonel and Mrs. Henderson, Colonel and Mrs. Bosanquet, Colonel and Mrs. Sussex Lennox, Colonel Abadie (9th Lancers), Major Napier, Major English (14th Hussars), Mr. Alan M'Kinnon, Mr. D. M. Millar (14th Hussars), Mr. Hans Bloane Stanley, Mrs. Charles Harvey and Mr. Guy Harvey, Mr. Jeaffreson [sic], Mrs. Fletcher, Mrs. Burleigh Baxendale, Mr. and Mrs. Fergusson, Mrs. and Miss Bacon, and many more. The bridegroom was attended by Captain H. W. Mitchell (14th Hut ears) as best man. The five bridesmaids were Miss Eleanor Ewart, Miss Florence and Miss Kathleen Sydney-Hankey, Miss Beatrice Bacon, and Miss Ethel Buchanan. They wore dresses of white vigogne with silver embroidered vests and cuffs and white felt hats trimmed with white wings and ribbon. Each wore a gold bangle with spinet and diamond trefoil, and carried a bouquet of lilies of the valley tied with white moiré ribbon, the gifts of the bridegroom. The bride was attired in rich ivory white faille, the front being trimmed with flounces of beautiful old lace and bunches of orange blossoms; she wore a cluster of the same flowers in her hair, and a tulle veil fastened with diamonds. The service being fully choral, the clergy aad choir met the bridal procession at the church door, and preceded it to the chancel singing a nuptial hymn. The Rev. John Coxe Edghill, D.D., Chaplain-General to the Forces, performed the marriage rite, assisted by the Rev. Mr. St. Aubyn. The ceremony over the wedding party proceeded to the residence of Mrs. Baxendale, 35, Portman-square, where refreshments were served. Between four and five o'clock the gallant Colonel and his bride started for St. Leonards-on-Sea, where they will spend a few days before prooeeding to the Riviera on their wedding tour.<ref>"On Saturday afternoon." ''York Herald'' 23 January 1888, 4 [of 7], Col. 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18880123/014/0004. Same print title, p. 5.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1888== ===11 February, Saturday=== Henry Fawcett was expelled from the Ad Eundem Club based on charges against him brought by his sister-in-law and suffragist Mrs Ashton Dikle. (According to Nicholls, ''The Lost Prime Minister'', "Dikle’s recent biographers conclude that he was probably innocent of the charges made against him," charges of sexual impropriety (this quotation is n. 91, p. 107, of June Purvis and Sandra Stanley Holton, ''Votes for Women''.) ===12 February, Sunday=== The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn "came into being in the material world on 12 February 1888" (Gilbert 86 1). ===13 February, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Ralph Thicknesse read his paper, "Some Social Aspects of the Regulation of Prostitution" (Walkowitz 292, n. 88). ==March 1888== === 1888 March 7, Wednesday === Assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a notable "at home":<blockquote>Lady Charles Beresford's "at home" on Wednesday was very largely attended. A bijou orchestra played during the greater part of the evening. The ex-naval Lord was chiefly occupied in talking to minor Ministers who gathered round him in great force or looking for a Deptford telegram which never came. At one time the rooms were almost inconveniently crowded. The hostess looked remarkably well in black velvet and pink satin. The Duchess of Manchester in dull pink was accompanied by her daughter in white. The charms of Lady Arthur Butler excited considerable admiration. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] in white and the Ladies Duncomb in black must also be mentioned among the beautiful present. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Awfa [Hwfa] Williams]] looked her best in a dress of dead white satin with a long train. The [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marchesa de Santurce]] was in pale blue. Ladies Salisbury, Headport, Hood, Filmer and Cottrell — the first-named almost as impatient about the Deptford message as Lord Charles himself — all brought their daughters. Every other gentleman present seemed to be an M.P.<ref>"Popular Lord Charlie." ''Toronto Daily Mail'' 08 March 1888, Thursday: 1 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002933/18880308/008/0001. Print n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===12 March, Monday=== The Men and Women's Club met and Loetitia Sharpe, Annie Eastty, Maria Sharpe, and Lina Echenstein read their paper, "Notes" (Walkowitz 292, n. 87). ===14 March, Wednesday=== Theresa J. O'Connell admitted to the 0=0 grade of the Golden Dawn on 14 March 1888 (Gilbert 86 11-12). ===30 March, Friday=== Good Friday ==April 1888== ===1 April 1888, Sunday=== Easter Sunday === 6 April 1888, Friday === Hunt Ball at Lyndhurst:<blockquote>The New Forest United Hunt ball was held at the New Forest Hall on Friday night last, and pronounced by all concerned to be a most unqualified success. Mr. W Gerrard, the proprietor of the hall, was highly complimented by Lord Londesborough, Lady Montagu, and others on the appearance of the hall, and generally upon the efficient manner in which everything, so far as he was was concerned, was carried out. The ball-room was very tastefully decorated, the walls being hung with light green muslin, covered with gilt sprays and flowers, the large panels at the sides being draped with crimson end gold stamped imitation leather, and the two panels at the end being filled with large mirrors, with six smaller ones at the sides. The ceiling was draped in bright orange festoons, with orange bows, the whole producing in combination a most pleasing effect when lit up by over 200 candles in bright brass pendants. Both ball-room and the anterooms were also most beautifully decorated with banks of flowers, under the superintendence of Messrs. Macpherson, King, and Grigg (head gardeners to Lord Londesborough, Major Macleay, and Mr. R. Hargreaves). Mr. Gerrard has made a great improvement since last season, having cut away the end of the room and built a band platform independent of it, so that the whole area of the room itself is now available for dancing. The floor was in first rate condition. Mr. F. Targett's celebrated band was in attendance, and played in excellent style.<p> The catering was under direction of Mr. T. Dartnall, of Southampton, who gave every satisfaction, a ''recherché'' bill of fare being provided. The company began to arrive at 9.30, and comprised about 200 of the ''élite'' of the neighbourhood. Dancing was kept up with much spirit until 3.30, when the most enjoyable night of the season was brought to a close. The following were among those present:— Earl and Countess of Londesborough, Lord and Lady Montagu, the Duchess of Leeds, the Countess of Abingdon, Lady and the Misses Meyrick, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lady L. Denison, Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Francis, Mr. R. Levison, Mr. Russell, the Hon. W. Walsh, the Hon. John Scott Montagu, the Hon. R. Scott Montagu, the Hon. Rachel Scott Montagu, Mr. and Mrs. W. Blaker, Mr. C. L. A. Kennett, Mr. Rawnsley, Miss E. Walls, Dr. Childs, Lieutenant-Colonel W. S. and Mrs. Sinkins, Mr. and Mrs. R. Hargreaves, the Misses F. F. and C. Liddell, Mrs. and Miss Fyler, Mrs. Burrows, Mr. and Mrs. Stevenson, Miss Assheton, Mr. H. T. Timson, Mrs. and Miss Timson, Mr. F. A., Miss and Miss V. Lushington, Mr. E. Greathead, Mr. E. Mordaunt, Major and Mrs. Ward Jackson, Mr. W. R. Ward Jackson and Miss Ward Jackson, Mr. Mrs. and the Misses (2) Courtenay Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. J. Stewart Oxley, Misses Oldham, Dr. and Mrs. Nunn, Mrs. and the Misses Compton (2), Miss M. Granville, Miss Paulet, Miss Burrard, Lieutenant C. Granville, R.N., Mr. Cyril and Mr. H. Kindersley, Mr. and Mrs. Howard, Mr. H. Stevenson, Miss Anna Fellows, Lieutenant H. Fyler, R.N., Mrs. and Mecleay, Captain Porcelli, Mr. and the Misses Wingrove (3), Captain Aitchison, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. W. Bowden Smith, Mr. H. Bowden Smith, Mr. and Miss David Jones, Mr. D. Ardern, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. A. Bourke]], the Hon. C. and A. Thelluson, Mr. R. Stewart Menzies, Mr. R. Portal, Misses Rhoda and Violet Liddell, Mrs. and Mr. R. Henderson, Mr. G. Tennant, Mr. Benett, Mr. Mangin, Mrs. and Miss Allen, Mr. and Mrs. Bradburn, Mr. H. Bradburn (3rd Hants Regiment), Mr. H. Walter (3rd Hants Regiment), Miss R. and Miss H. Lovell, Mr. R. Charteris, the Hon. Granviile Somerset, Captain Alfrey (60th Rifles), the Hon. H. Wood, Mr. Engleheart, Mr. and Mrs. H. Bedlon, Mr. Bedlon John, Colonel and Mrs. Hace, Mrs. George Harrison, Miss Charlton, Miss and Miss Cissy Preston, Miss and Miss K. Verschoyle, Captain Gurney, Major and Mr. C. B. Dowman, Mr. Duncombe, Major, Mrs., and Miss Talbot, Miss Bruce, Captain Tagart, Major Parry Okeden, Mr. Jemmett Brown, Lady Alice Osborne, Miss W. Drummond, Miss Jenkinson, the Hon. Percy Wyndham, Sir John Stirling Maxwell, Captain Mildmay, Mrs. Adcane, Lieut., Mrs., and Miss Lillingston, Miss Lillingston Johnson, Lieut. A. Dodger, R.N., Commander Chisholme Batter, R.N., Commander R. Humphreys, Mr. G. Menzies (South Lancaster Regiment), Col. Martin Powell, Mr. H. Martin Powell, Mr. and Mrs. Meyrick, Mr. S. Jackson, Miss Fulford, Capt. Godsal, R.E., Dr. E. Roe, Mrs. Mair, Mr. Hammets, Mr. J. MacCall Maxwell, R.A.<ref>"Hunt Ball at Lyndhurst." ''Hampshire Independent'' 11 April 1888, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002941/18880411/057/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===12 April 1888, Thursday=== "The [[Social Victorians/People/Westcott|Dr. Wynn Westcott]] Doppelganger":<blockquote>On April 12 1888, in the British Museum of London, a doppelganger report created quite a stir with local patrons of the museum. Dr. Wynn Wescott and Reverend W.T. Lemon were scheduled to meet in the reading room of the museum. Reverend Lemon arrived a few minutes late and noticed Dr. Wescott involved in a deep conversation with a common friend, Mrs. Salmon. Mrs. Salmon politely excused herself and walked over to the good Reverend to greet him. She turned and pointed back at Dr. Wescott, indicating his presence to the Reverend when she was astounded to see that he had vanished. She and the Reverend inquired at the receptionist desk by the door of the library room, where they were told that yes, Dr. Wescott had entered the room but had not left. The room had only a single entrance – there was no other way out of the room. Puzzled, Mrs. Salmon and Reverend Lemon asked several other persons in the room and received the same inscrutable response – they had all seen him but nobody had seen him leave the room. Stunned and a bit worried, they trekked to the Doctors home to see if his family knew where he had gone. They were surprised to find that the Doctor had been in bed all day, sick and ill with a fever, and had not left the house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altereddimensions.net|title=Home - Altered Dimensions Paranormal|date=2020-01-12|language=en-US|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref></blockquote> ==May 1888== === 2 May 1888, Wednesday === ==== The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception ==== <blockquote>Last night the Marchioness of Salisbury gave the first of a series of three evening parties at her residence in Arlington-street. Previously Lord and Lady Salisbury gave a dinner, at which were present the Duke and Duchess of Rutland, the Marquis and Marchioness of Lothian, Lord De Ros, Lord and Lady Rayleigh, Lord and Lady George Campbell, Madame de Falbe, Baron Ruhthofer, Hon. Sidney Greville, Mr. and Mrs. Hughes, Mr. Portal, Mr. Sans Leroy, and Lady Guendolen Cecil.<p> There were present at the reception, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Karolyi, the Russian Ambassador, the French Ambassador, the Turkish Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister and Madame d'Antas, the Spanish Ambassador, the Brazilian Minister, the Persian Minister and Princess Sultana Malcom, the Chinese Minister, the Netherlands Minister, the Argentine Minister and Madame Dominguez, the Siamese Minister and Secretary, the Uruguayan Minister, Count de Kuefstein, the Greek Chargé d'Affaires, the United States Chargé d'Affaires and Mrs. H. White, the Hawaiian Chargé d'Affaires and Mrs. Hoffnung, Mrs. Phelps and Mrs. Loomis, Count Van der Steen, M. S. T. Chang, M. B. de Montenegro, Count H. Lützow, Prince L. Esterhazy, Mr. and Mrs. de Guillaume, Mr. Desmet M. G. de Kamensky and Mesdlles. de Kamensky, Count and Countess de Morella, Count and Countess Lützow, Count St. Genys, Count Koziebrodski, Commander and Mrs. Chadwick, Count de Florian, Baroness de Brienen, Mr. C. P. Phelps, M. Jordan, Baron Gevers, M. Reynosa, Count de Torre Diaz, M. and Madame Dupuy de Lome, M. Sapté, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duchess of Bedford and Miss Bannerman, the Duchess of Westminster, the Marquis of Granby, Earl and Countess Beauchamp and Ladies Lygon, the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe and Ladi[es] Albertha and Edith Edgcumbe, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, Earl and Countess Bathurst, the Earl of Denbigh, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, Earl and Countess Cairns, the Earl of Darnley and Ladies Bligh, the Earl of Kintore, the Earl of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, the Dowager Countess of Airlie and Lady Griselda Ogilvy, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, Count de Salis and Miss de Salis, Countess Grosvenor and Mr. Wyndham, Viscount Cranbrcok and Hon. Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount and Viscountess Cross and Hon. Misses Cross (2), Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Dowager Viscountess Galway, Viscountess Newry and Lady Mary Needham, Viscount and Viscountess Bangor, Viscount Barrington, Viscountess Stormont and Hon. Marjory Murray, Lord and Lady Lamington and Hon. Miss Cochrane Baillie, Lady M'Clintock and Miss Dunlop, Lady Walker of Sand, '''Lady Magheramorne''', Lady Mary Campbell, Lady Frances Balfour, Lady Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Lady Ellice and Miss Ellice, Lady Margaret Levett, Lady Mildred Ashley, Lord Sudeley, Lady Frere and Miss Frere, Lord and Lady Auckland and Hon. Miss Eden, Lady Knutsford and Miss Hewett, Lord and Lady Henry Bruce, Lord Basing and Hon. Miss Sclater-Booth, Lady Hilda Brodrick, Lady Brydges Henniker and Miss Henniker, Lady Conyers and Hon. Violet Lane Fox, Lady Montagu and Hon. Miss Scott Montagu, Lady Elizabeth Cust, Lady Emma Talbot and Miss Talbot, Lady Addington and Hon. Miss Hubbard, Lord and Lady Esher, Lord Skelmersdale, Lady Manners and Miss Manners, Lady Dorothy Nevill and Miss Nevill, Lady Cecelia Webbe and Lady Mary Gore, Dowager Lady Westbury, Lady Alice des Voeux [Vœux] and Misses des Voeux [Vœux], Lord Justice Lopes and Misses Lopes, the Lord Advocate, Lady Emily Wyndham Quin, Hon. Miss Stanley, Hon. Mrs. Reginald Yorke, Hon. Sir St. George and Lady Foley, Hon. Mrs. Nevill and Miss Mary Nevill, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. William Ashburnham, Hon. Colonel and Mrs. Lyttelton and Miss Stuart-Wortley, Captain Hon. Randolph Stewart, Hon. FitzRoy Stewart, Hon. L. Carnegie, Lady Charlotte and Lady Octavia Legge, Lord and Lady Addington, Lady Pauncefote and Miss Pauncefote, Lord and Lady Colchester, Lady Katharine Evans Freke and Miss Evans Freke, Lady Walker of Sand Hutton and Mr. and Miss Mildred Walker, Lady Lucy Hicks Beach, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lady Tenterden, Lady Boston and Hon. Miss Irby, Lord and Lady Edward Pelham Clinton, Lord and Lady William Cecil, Lord and Lady Elcho, Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hanbury Lennox and Miss Cuninghame, Hon. A. and Mrs. Saumarez, Hon. Mrs. Sanderson and Miss Sanderson, Hon. R. W. Chetwynd and Hon. Misses Chetwynd (2), Hon. Mrs. W. Lowther, Hon. Wallace Cochrane Baillie, M.P., Hon. Reginald Villiers, Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, Hon. Mr. M'Garel Hogg, Hon. G. Waldegrave Leslie, Hon. Tatton Egerton, M.P., General Hon. Sir St. George and Lady Foley, Hon. Lewis and Mrs. Greville, Hon. Hallyburton and Mrs. Campbell and Miss Campbell, Hon. Francis and Mrs. Pakenham, Hon. Louisa and Hon. Gertrude Douglas Pennant, Hon. Captain Dawson, Major Hon. Frank Colborne, Hon. Mrs. Percy Mitford, Hon. J. S. Gathorne-Hardy, and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Hon. St. John Brodrick, M.P., Hon. George Curzon, M.P., Hon. R. Jervis, Hon. Richard Somerset, Hon. Eric Barrington and Miss Dallas Yorke, Hon. Harold Finch-Hatton, Mr. and Lady Mary Hozier, Mr. and Lady Kathleen Gaussen, Mr. and Lady Beatrice Lister Kaye, Baroness Dimsdale and Miss Dimsdale, Baron H. de Worms, M.P., and Baroness Henry de Worms, Captain and Lady Katherine Loftus, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., the Right Hon. George Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck. the Right Hon. E. and Mrs. Stanhope, the Right Hon. Sir J. Mowbray, M.P., and Miss Mowbray, the Right Hon. H. Cecil Raikes, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Raikes, the Right Hon. Sir Henry and Lady Elliot and Miss Elliot, the Right Hon. Sir Frederick and Lady Peel, the Right Hon. Henry Plunket, Mr. Justice Grantham and Lady and Miss Grantham, General Sir Archibald and Lady Alison and Miss Alison, Sir Arthur and Lady Hayter, Sir George Errington, General Sir Edward Bulwer and Miss Bulwer, Sir Stafford Northcote, M.P., and Lady Northcote, Sir F. and Lady Alston and Miss Alston, Lady Duncombe and Miss Duncombe, Sir George Warrender and Miss Warrender, Sir Frederick and Lady FitzWygram, Sir John Lubbock, M.P., Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Gerald and Lady Fitzgerald, Sir Whittaker and Lady Ellis, Lady Hardman, Sir Victor and Lady Houlten, Sir W. and Lady Barttelot, Sir Charles Newton, Sir Massey and Lady Lopes, Sir Henry James and Miss James, Sir West Ridegway, Sir Edward Hertslet, Sir George Baden-Powell, M.P. , Sir Daniel and Lady Lysons, Sir Percy Anderson, Sir Rainald Knightley, M.P, Sir A. and Lady Hood and Misses Hood, Sir Thomas Fielden, M.P., Sir Spencer and Lady Lyttelton, Sir Augustus and Lady Stephenson, Sir Edmund and Lady Henderson and Miss Henderson, Sir R. Dalyell, Sir Charles and Lady Warren and Miss Warren, Sir Henry and Lady Chamberlain, Sir Philip Currie, General Sir Francis and Lady Seymour, Sir Villiers and Lady Lister and Miss Lister, Sir E. Birkbeck, M.P., Sir John Fowler, Sir Halliday Macartney, General and Mrs. Milles and Miss Milles, Admiral Field, M.P., and Mrs. Field, Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Newdegate, Colonel Suanderson [Saunderson], M.P., and Mrs. Saunderson, Colonel Gore, Colonel Larking, Colonel Frank Russell, Colonel Collins, Major and Mrs. Dundas and Miss Portal, Major Yatt, Captain Colomb, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Colomb, Colonel and Mrs. Pearson, Captain Bethell, Colonel Lloyd Anstruther, M.P., and Mrs. Anstruther, Captain and Mrs. Conyers Surtees, Captain Codrington, Sir George Arthur, Mr. Halsey, M.P., and Mrs. Halsey, Mr. A. Forwood M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Forwood, Mr. W. Craik, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Bruce and Miss Lizzie Bruce, Mr. Spencer Stanhope and Misses Stanhope, Mr. E. Stanhope, Mr. George Forbes, Mr. S. Cross, M.P., and Mrs. Cross, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Campbell, Mr. Meux, Mr. and Mrs. Justice Cunningham, Mr. and Mrs. Haulet Riley, Mr. George Byron, Mr. Tyssen Amherst, M.P, and Miss Tyssen Amherst, Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Mr. J. W. Lowther, M.P., and Mrs. Lowther, Mr. Elton, M.P., and Mrs. Elton, Mr. and Mrs. Manners and Miss Gilstrap, Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Alderson, Mrs. Adrian Hope and Miss Hope, Mrs. Graham, Mr. Akers-Douglas, M.P., Mr. Jackson and Misses Jackson (2), Mr. Richmond, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. and Mrs. John Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm, Mr. J. Russell Villiers and Miss Villiers, Mr. Bernard Malet, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bateman, the Misses Colebrooke, Mrs. and Miss Clifton, Mrs. Clive and Miss O'Neill, Mr. Marlay, the Rev. Henry White, Mr. and Mrs. Donkin, Mr. Douro, Mr. and Mrs. Baird, Mr. Bonsor, M.P, and Mrs. Bonsor, Mrs. and Miss Benyon, Mr. and Mrs. Alwyne Fellowes, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Durnford, Mr. Addison, M.P., and Mrs. Addison, Mrs. F. Gaussen and Miss Gaussen, Mr. William Gaussen, Mr. Barclay, Mr. and Mrs. Marwood Tucker, Mrs. Capel Cure, Miss Ponsonby, Mr. L. Blake, Mr. F. Harford and Miss C. and Miss A. Harford, Mr. G. Webb, Mr. Goring Thomas, Mr. and Mrs. Bosanquet and Miss Bosanquet, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier and Misses Du Maurier (2), Mr. and Misses Bateson de Yarburgh, Dr. Daly, Mr. and Mrs. Daring, Mr. Verney, Mr. Hamilton Hoare, Mr. George Hill, Mr. G. St. J. Mildmay, Mr. Ford, Miss Thynne, Mr[.] F. G. Walpole, Mrs. Gerald Goodlake, Mr. Charles Thornton, Miss Balfour, Mr. and Miss Wegg Prosser, Mr. Wainwright, M.P., Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett, M.P., Mr. Algernon Stanley, Mr. Combe Tennant, Mrs. Jervis, Mr. Campbell Monro, Mr. Agg Gardner, M.P., Mr. Paget and Miss Olivia Paget, Mr. A. Hare, Mr. Child Pemberton, Mrs. and Miss Sandford, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grimshaw and Miss Talbot, Mr. W. J. Beadel and Miss Chalk, Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Kennedy, Mr. Hugh Munro, Mr. Harold Lowther, Mr. and Mrs. B. Taylor, Mr. H. J. Raikes, Miss Wilson Patten, Mr. Davidson, Mr. L. Cust, Mr. and Mrs.Kenneth Mackenzie and Miss Mackenzie, Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Hobart, Mrs. Legh of Lyme and Misses Legh (2), Mr. Guy Repton, Mr. and Mrs. Lascelles, Mr. Maxwell, Mr. and Mrs. R. Synge, Mr. Oscar Stephens, Mr. and Mrs. A. West, Mr. J. Dugdale, Mrs. Taylor and Misses Taylor, Mr. Henry Close, Mr. and Mrs. Disraeli, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Wyndham and Miss Wyndham, Mr. Venables, Mr. Brookfield, Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Lyte, Mr. W. H. Grenfell, the Misses Monk, Mr. James Knowles, Mrs. and Miss Woodford, Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Johnson, Mrs. and Miss Marshall, Mr. and Mrs. Madden, Mr. and Mrs. Smith Bosanquet and Miss Smith Bosanquet, Mr. Penrose FitzGerald, M.P., and Mrs. FitzGerald, Mr. Rodd, Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Cox, Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Farrer and Miss Farrer, Mr. and Mrs. Pember and Miss Pember, Mr. and Mrs. Beer, Mr. and Mrs. Le Strange, Mr. Bence Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. Spottiswoode and Miss Spottiswoode, Mr. A. Spottiswoode, Mr. and Mrs. Surtees, Mr. Henry Loyd and Miss Loyd, Mrs. Ridley, Miss Ridley, and Miss Davenport, Mr. and Mrs. John Thynne, Mr. Willoughby Maycock, and others.<ref>"The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception." ''Morning Post'' 3 May 1888, Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18880503/030/0003.</ref></blockquote> === 22 May 1888, Tuesday === ==== Queen's Drawing Room ==== The ''London Evening Standard'' lists who attended and describes the dresses worn by the Royal women.<ref>"The Drawing Room." ''London Evening Standard'' 17 May 1888, Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18880517/021/0003. Print title: ''The Standard'', p. 3.</ref> The people were presented to the Princess of Wales, who was acting on behalf of the Queen. Some women wore red. What was at the time the ''Local Journal'' reported on some dresses worn at a drawing-room:<blockquote>(From the Court Journal.) Countess of Portsmouth. Court train of rick black Pekin brocade, lined with black satin and trimmed with cascades of fine old lace and passementerie; petticoat of duchesse black satin, the front draped with velvet embroidered with jet; corsage of duchesse satin, trimmed with lace and diamonds and sapphires. Headdress, feathers and lace lappets; ornaments, diamonds snd amethysts. Lady Swinnerton Dyer. Robe de cour. Train and corsage of rich olive Lyons velvet and pink moiré; garniture, shower of pale crushed roses trailing from shoulder, artistically looping petticoat of handsome white antique brocade, gracefully draped with rich Brussels lace and clusters of roses. Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds and rubies; bouquet, blush roses, carnations, and green feathers. Lady Leconfield. Train and body of rich heliotrope velvet, lined with satin same colour, and trimmed with fine Brussels point and ostrich tips; ball skirt of pale heliotrope and gold stripe moiré, trimmed with the same exquisite lace, and a deep fringe at foot. Headdress, plumes and veil; ornaments, diamonds. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]. Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds. Hon. Mrs. Albert Brassey. Corsage and petticoat of pale bark green poult de soie, trimmed with fine old Brussels lace; train from shoulder of a rich pearly celadon jardinière broché satin, lined with satin to match. Headdress, plume and veil; ornaments, diamonds. Hon. Isabel Mills. Train of rich salmon-coloured moiré, lined with satin merveilleux; corsage to correspond, trimmed with tulle and bouquet of roses and leaves; jupe of salmon coloured satin duchesse, veiled in tulle, with wide sash of moiré and garlands of roses. Headdress, tulle veil and feathers; ornaments, pearis and diamonds. Mrs. Loder. Costume de cour, composed of a train and corsage of shaded moiré, striped in green satin, lined with satin, very ¢legantly trimmed with agraffes of shaded roses, the train being draped over a skirt of rich green satin, superbly embroidered in shaded roses, and trimmed with very fine point à Paiguille lace. Coiffure of ostrich feathers, tulle veil and diamonds. Mrs. Cosmo Bonsor. Robe de Cour of pale green chêne striped satin and roses, lined with rich pink poult de soie festoomed [sic] with crêpe; the underdress of green poult de soie, veiled with an exquisiie lace flounce, wreathed with roses to match the flowers on train; corsage ornamented with diamonds and exquisite lace. Headdress, plume, veil, and diamonds. Miss Beatrice Bonsor. Presentation court train of rich white moiré antique, lined with satin, and bordered with festoons of crépe; underdress of striped moiré, trimmed with magnificent lace, festooned with bunches of white roses, the bodice ornamented with diamonds and lace. Headdress, feathers, veil, and diamonds. Miss Daphne Rendel. Costume de cour de presentation composed of a train of pure white faille française, charmingly trimmed with tulle and bouquets of primevéres [?], draped over a dress of clouds of tulle over silk, with bouquets of primevéres and echapes of pure white faille française. Headdress, ostrich feathers and tulle veil. Miss Thorne. Presentation dress; train of rich faille française, lined with satin merveilleux, and trimmed full length of train on one side with nests of tulle, in which were placed large full-blown loose roses alternately with feathers; on the other side a bandsome ruche, turning back the train in revers, and fastened with roses and exquisite foliage; petticoat of satin, draped with areophane, the front having alternate stripes of areophane and satin, on the right side an immense bouquet of roses, and trails of roses and foliage from the waist to the bottom of skirt, train fastened on right shoulder with bouquet of roses. Headdress, Court plume snd tulle veil; handsome bouquet of white flowers. Miss May Thorne. Presentation dress. Train of rich faille française, lined with satin merveilleux, and trimmed all down one side with large loose bows of tulle, in which were placed bouquets of carnations and feathers, the other side turned back and trimmed with handsome ruche of areophane and tulle, finishing at the corner with an immense plume of feathers; petticoat of rich pearl white satin, with deep border of unique silver and crystal embroidery, and ornamented with trails of carnations and foliage, almost covering the side of skirt; train fastened on right shoulder with feathers. Headdress, Court plume and tulle veil; handsome bouquet of white flowers.<ref>"Dresses at the Drawing-Room." ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.</ref> </blockquote>From the ''Boston Spa News'':<blockquote>At last week's Drawing Room Lady Cranborne wore a skirt of white brocaded moire, draped, and almost veiled, by a soft, mist-like arrangement of ''mousseline de soie'', studded closely over with tiny tassels of crystal and silver. The bodice and train were of purely white satin, the bodice having a folded berthe of ''mousseline de soie'', sparkling with crystal and silver. The Countess of Harrington's dress was a harmony in silver-grey and sun-set pink. The train was of brocade, with an unusual and striking design of large rings, lne set one linked in the other, in stripes all down it. It was lined with satin of a soft shade of pink. The dress was of pink satin draped with ''mousseline de chiffon'', the same shade, and with net over which was a delicate tracery in floss silk, and which was studded with loops of ''vieux rose'' bead-work. Lady Faulkland's train was of mirror-grey satin with palm leaves brocaded upon it. It was lined with pale grey satin and bordered all round with feathers in graduated tones of grey. The dress was of white satin, with embroidery in crystal and silver thread. Two costumes were particularly noticeable. Of one the train was velvet of the shade of burnished brown as is the chestnut when it first breaks from its green covering. It was lined with satin, looking still more burnished, and worn over a dress of absinthe-green satin brocaded with flowers and hovering birds in silver. Down one side of the skirt tassels of green and silver were placed, and at the other a trail of Maréchal Niel roses fell, surrounded by their own delicate foliage, which accorded admirably with the green of the brocade. The velvet train of the other resembled the bloom on black Hamburgh grapes lined with a pale shade of petunia-coloured satin. The dress was of lotus-leaf brocade, in which the tones of both train and fining were repeated. It had a lovely front of white-striped satin and velvet, each stripe edged with gold, and the whole embroidered with flowers raised in silk and seed pearls, and silver and gold thread from the surface of the satin, the silken flowers still reproducing the dominant tones of the dress. The Countess of Mexborough's train was black velvet, lined with pink, worn over a dress of white satin veiled with black, steel-spangled lisse, with three rows of steel embroidered insertion round the edge. On the skirt was a broad sash of black silk lined with pink, the ends turned over and forming almost the entire back. Lady Ann Savile wore a white moire skirt veiled with tulle, caught with trails of rose and ivy leaves. Her train was of white brocade lined with green. She also wore a broad sash of white moire, and on her brocade bodice had a prettily-arranged ''berthe'' of silver-flecked tulle. Lady Burghley's train made a delightful bit of brilliant colour. It was of rich, deep red velvet, bordered by a thick ruche of crêpe the same colour and lined with red ottoman. It was worn over a dress of pompadour brocade, the ground pearl-grey, flecked over with tiny rosy sprigs, and with clusters of different-coloured roses in broad rich stripes. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]'s train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses. Another dress, of white satin draped with lovely Brussels point lace, was worn with a train of chené moire; on it were stripes of roses intercepted by lines of turquoise blue, with which coloured satin the train was lined. Mrs. Cosmo Bonsor's train was really lovely, being of chené moire of a bright tender green with a floral design in stripes looking delightfully old world. The dress of white faille was draped with lovely ''point de gaze'' lace, held with large pink Tosca roses. There was another charming example of an Empire dress. It was of pearl embroidery on net, falling in straight folds from the waist, round which was a Josephine sash of yellow satin, tied at the side and falling to the feet in long ends, finished with beautiful embroidery. The train of thickly-corded silk of a good shade of golden-brown was lined with ''crépe de Chine'' the same colour, and owed Its chief charm to the absolute simplicity with which it was made, and to the grace with which it was worn. [Col. 1c–2a] One lady made quite a departure in Court trains. Hers was of white striped moire, and right down the centre, from the left shoulder, hung a thick trail of mignonette with humming birds hovering over it and entangled in its foliage. Her dress of green tulle had a thick ruche and a broad panel up either side of mignonette and birds, and the bodice was trimmed in the same way, a tiny covey of humming birds hovering round each shoulder. A particularly noticeable dress was a very lovely white-and-silver one. The train of brocade was bordered down one side and at the end with ostrich feather tips foaming one over the other in pretty profusion. At the other side there was a revers of very fine Honiton lace laid flatly over the brocade, so that the silver glinted through. Here and there large irregular groups of ostrich feathers were placed, with flowers and barley-ears stimulated [sic] in silver filigree in the middle of each group. The skirt was finished with a thick ruche of feathers and flowers surmounted by a band of delicate silver tracery, a panel of which sparkled at one side. The bodice was trimmed in the same way. A Court dress, beautiful in its simplicity, was made entirely of white corded silk, it was innocent of all ornament save its own folds, and on the train were two large groups of white lilac and arum lillies tied up with broad white-corded ribbon. A skirt made entirely of large white silk poppy petals placed one over the other, with white buds hanging from grey-green stems and apparently about to burst from rough grey-green cups, was a pretty novelty. The train was of white ottoman lined with satin. Lady Grace White's dress was in exquisite taste; it was of brocade, in which ground and design were of a delicately pale shade of primrose. This was veiled with some Brussels lace, mellow in tone and fine in texture. Her train, of deep sapphire-blue velvet, was lined with primrose satin, and the blue velvet bodice was finished with a gracefully contrived berthe of Brusssels lace. Lady Alice Leslie wore a dress of yellow satin, the front draped with effective embroidery in pearls and gold on cream-coloured net. Her bodice and train of reseda moire, the train coming from the left shoulder, made a pleasing contrast to the yellow. Some folds of reseda tulle were laid across the bodice in one direction, and a band of the gold and pearl embroidery in the other, the two meeting in a pretty point at the waist. Mrs. Lidstone Leslie was costumed in a harmonious blending of bronze-green and prawn-pink. The train of green velvet was lined with pink satin, and the dress, entirely pink, was trimmed with lovely Oriental embroidery, in which many delicate shades were subtly mingled. At one side of the skirt was a Prince of Wales's plume of pink feathers, tied with pink ribbons, which fell in long ends to the wearer's feet. The Countess of Malmesbury wore a crimson velvet dress, with a Terry-velvet train of the same colour, bordered with a crimson crêpe ruche. Lady Malmesbury wore splendid diamonds, looking most effective against the crimson background. Some diamond buttons and buckles fastened the draped folds of the skirt. Countess Howe's train of cream satin brocaded with a floral stripe looked very lovely over a dress of ''bois de rose'' velvet. The cream coloured bodice had pretty lapels back and front, turned over and faced with the darker hued velvet. Ladies Evelyn and Edith Curzon-Howe, dressed both alike, in white tulle and moire, were a charming couplet of sister ''débutantes''.<ref>"Gossip on Dress." ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===30 May 1888, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>Epsom Races — Derby Day. / Lady Goldsmid's first evening party. / The Hon. Mrs. Henry Forester's ball at 17, Grosvenor-place. / Chevalier L. Desanges and Mrs. Desanges' at home, at 16, Stratford-place, from 4 to 7. No cards. New Club dance. ...<ref>"Arrangements for the Day." The ''Morning Post'' Wednesday, 30 May 1888: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b.</ref></blockquote> ==June 1888== Very difficult to identify date, but possibly around the time of June 1888, which would mean 26 June 1888 if the year and month are right, John Hare says the following:<blockquote>At that time, too, I have recollections of charming little dinners given by my old friend Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], and one in particular which took place on an anniversary of his birthday, when Sir Arthur Bigger, Bret Harte, and I were the only guests. [new paragraph] Bret Harte was a very abstracted and reserved man until was drawn out of himself. He sat very quietly until the dinner was half over, when his geniality got the better of him, and he blossomed forth as a brilliant conversationalist, delighting everybody by his graphic descriptions of things he had seen. I remember very vividly his description of a scene he had witnessed in his younger days when a journalist or tax-collector out in the Far West. Although nearly twenty years have passed, I still recall that vivid story, though it would require a better pen than mine to do justice to the dramatic powers of Bret Harte as displayed in his terse and telling recital of a tragic incident of which he had once been an eye-witness. It is impossible to imitate successfully his own eloquent phraseology and the [Col. A / Col. B] staccato simplicity of his style, but here is the gist of a story which I have never since heard, and have often wondered why that past-master of the art of short stories has not himself reproduced it in his own inimitable fashion.<ref>John Hare. "Reminiscences and Recollections." ''The Strand'' 36 (August 1908): 11–21. P. 20, Cols. 1 and 2. http://books.google.com/books?id=ehgDAAAAYAAJ</ref></blockquote> ===2 June 1888, Saturday=== William Kingsland meets Helena Blavatsky at 17, Landsdowne Road, Notting Hill, where she was living at that time.<ref>http://www.theosophical.org/online-resources/1722</ref> === 8 June 1888, Friday === ==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House ==== <blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein dined with Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House, Arlington-street, yesterday evening. There were present at dinner to meet their Royal Highnesses the Duke of St. Albans and Lady Louise Beauclerk, the Duke and Duchess of Athole and Lady Dorothea Murray, the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Aline Vane Tempest, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough and Hon. Violet Lane Fox, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Clarendon, the Countess of Bective and Lady Olivia Taylour, Lord Henry FitzGerald, Lord Apsley, Lord William Nevill, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lord and Lady de Ramsay, Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. Fitzroy Stewart, Hon. Alan Charteris, Hon. Mr. Hardinge, Hon. Roland Winn, the Right Hon. H. Chaplin, the Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Mr. and Mrs. G. Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Loyd, Mr. Mason, Mrs. Taylor and the Misses Taylor and Miss Alderson. Lady Wimborne afterwards had a ball, at which the King of Sweden and Norway and their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters, the Duke and Duchess Paul of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and a numerous company were present.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 9 June 1888, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18880609/056/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 19 June 1888, Tuesday === The wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|Captain Philip Green]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]]. The standard one-paragraph description, published in a number of newspapers, looks like this one, from the ''Globe'':<blockquote> The marriage of Captain Philip Green with Mabel Emile, eldest daughter of Lady Scott and the late Sir Edward Henry Scott, Bart., took place in St. Mark’s Church, North Audley-street, yesterday afternoon. Colonel A. Fife was Captain Green’s best man, and the six bridesmaids were Miss Anne and Miss Mary Scott, sisters of the bride; Lady Clementine Pratt, Hon. Julia Stonor, Hon. Violet Lane-Fox, and Miss M. Buckworth. In the bridal train were two pages, the Hon. Sydney Marsham, youngest son of the Earl and Countess of Romney, and the Hon. C. Fellowes, son Lord and Lady De Ramsey.<ref>"Court and Personal News." ''Globe'' 20 June 1888 Wednesday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18880620/009/0002.</ref></blockquote> A more detailed account was published by the ''Morning Post''.<ref>"The marriage of Captain Philip Green." ''Morning Post'' 20 June 1888, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18880620/086/0007. Same print title and p.</ref> The longest and most detailed article seems to be in the Kent & Sussex ''Courier'':<blockquote>The marriage, which was solemnised in town on Tuesday last, of Capt. Philip Green, J.P., and Miss Mabel Emllie, eldest daughter of Lady Scott and the late Sir Edward Scott, Bart., of 7, Grosvenor Square, and the Island of North Harris, Scotland, was one the most brilliant events of the fashionable season. Not only on the Bayham Estate, but throughout the two counties of Kent and Sussex and in the social and political world, Capt. Green has a deserved popularity. A distinguished career at Eton and Oxford (where the gallant Captain took his B.A. degree), twelve years’ service in the 9th, and afterwards the 5th, Lancers, which Capt. Philip Green left with the honourable reputation of being one of the smartest officers in Her Majesty’s service, are incidents not so familiar perhaps as the ties connecting him with the Bayham Estate, and which have won him the sincere respect of all who come in contact with him. Agriculture has found in Capt. Philip Green one always anxious to improve the Sussex stock, and many prizes have fallen to his lot, while at polo, or with the gun, or in the field, few men can better hold their own. His name has, in fact, become synonymous with those attributes which go to make up the rare qualities of a true English gentleman. It may not be inappropriate to introduce the subject of politics, for no one has worked more zealously or ably for the Conservative cause, and the high and honourable position Capt. Philip Green holds on that important organization the Primrose League, attests to the appreciation in which his undoubted administrative ability is held. We trust that before long Capt. Philip Green may be prevailed upon to become a candidate for Parliamentary honours, and nowhere will his career be more sympathetically watched than in this neighbourhood, where his genial manner and unaffected kindliness of heart have endeared him to all who have been brought in contact with him. Miss Scott, who is the proprietress of the Island of North Harris, in Scotland, and other estates, is equally well esteemed by her tenantry, and the union solemnised on Tuesday last was celebrated under the happiest auspices. However, it is our province to quote testimonies far more eloquently forcible than our own of the feeling entertained towards the newly united couple. Any visitor to Lady Scott’s house who was privileged to inspect the presents could not fail to have been struck with the large number of congratulatory addresses which, from servants, tenantry, and all classes, poured in on the happy pair, and which were couched in language of the warmest esteem and respect. The presents, many of which were of a most costly character, were nicely arranged in the handsome ball room. Altogether they numbered some two hundred and fifty, varying from some peculiar looking old pottery dug up on the Island of North Harris, to a magnificent diamond tiara. The inkstand presented by the servants of Bayham was a very massive and beautiful gift, bearing the following inscription: “presented to Captain Philip Green on his marriage, by the servants at Bayham; 19th June, 1888.” It was accompanied by the following congratulatory address:— TO CAPT. PHILIP GREEN. Sir, —We, the undersigned, humbly beg your acceptance of the accompanying silver inkstand, upon the occasion of your marriage with Miss Scott, small proof of the esteem in which you are held by us, and as an earnest token of our sincere good wishes for your future happiness. We have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servants, E. Hill, T. Johnstone, W. Fowler, M. Holt, M. Braxton, S. Dunk, E. Tarry, A. Pilbeam, C. Dunk, W. Tolburst, A. Doust, W. Turner, A. Boorman, G. Huntley, W. Waite, E. Pomfret, W. Cane, J. Akehurst, D. Tolhurst, W. Latter, W. Sivyer, H. Barham, T. Bayham, W. Killick, W. E. Guest, H. Downer, E. Kent, C. Rhodes, J. Cawdery, R. Tomes, E. Buttle, W. Bridger, A. Bat[?]o, A. Turner, M. Lambert, G. Greengs, W. Killick, F. Latter, W. Boorman, G. Huntley, J. Fuller, J. Duff, W. Prickett, J. Akehurst, jun., E. Ingerfield, H. Swift, B. Cheeseman, J. Scrice, G. Barham, W. Baker, T. Bassett, E. Machin, E. Woodfield, F. Bashford, F. Glover, L. Ferris, L. Squire, E. Bashford, J. Kenward, W. Johnstone, J. Baldock, A. Boorman, T. Killick, J. Onions, G. Tolhurst, J. Welfare, W. Fuller, J. Cane, R. Towner, C. Lucas, H. Ingerfield, H. Bennett, Z. Pullinger, N. Barham, G. Hayler, S. Leveret, and J. Clewitt. The children of the Hook Green School sent a neat silver case for cedar pencils, and the tenants of Bayham, a very handsome chased silver cigarette case, bearing the following inscription: "Presented by the tenants of the Bayham Estate to Capt. Philip Green on his marriage with Miss Scott, June 1888.” This was accompanied by a letter from Mr George Ware, who, on behalf of the tenants, wrote that the present was sent “as a token of their regard and best wishes for the health and happiness of yourself and bride.” The tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells and Lamberhurst sent a pair of ivory and silver mounted meat and poultry carvers (supplied by Mr Ninnes), in a neat polished oak case, accompanied by the following: TO CAPT. PHILIP GREEN. D<small>EAR</small> S<small>IR</small>. —We, the undersigned tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells and Lamberhurst, desire on the occasion of your marriage to present you with this token of our esteem and respect, at the same time wishing you every happiness. We are, dear Sir, Yours obediently, A. E. Smith, J. R. Padgham, J. Humphrey, J. Peerless, T. White and Son, E. Noakes, Tolson and Co., W. Arnold, W. H. Wallis, A. Winder, G. S. Reeve, C. Prickett, G. Carey. Amongst the novelties was a portable electric reading lamp. The lamp, or rather the battery, appears very much like an ordinary travelling clock in leather case, which can be placed on or under the seat of a railway or ordinary carriage, and instantly on the turning of a button there is a capital magnetic light. Another novelty which attracted much attention was a mechanical silver Dog Toby clock. At each revolution of the lever wheel the dog wagged his tail and threw out his tongue. There was a regular plethora of paper knives, handsome mirrors, tea sets, costly leather goods, and an infinite variety of useful things, even down to a trout spinning rod, with accessories. Accompanying a very beautiful fire screen was a congratulatory address in the following terms from the tradesmen of Bromley: Bromley, Jane 18,1888. Presented by the undersigned tradesmen of Bromley to Miss Mabel Scott on her marriage, with best wishes for future happiness and welfare. — E. Dann, R. H. Cooper, H. G. Cooper, H. Lukey, T. Wood, G. Weeks, W. S. Wood, M. Strong, J. H. Sanders, J. How, J. Sanders, D. Harris, G. Fendt, W. Blundell, M. J. Dickens, D. Grinsted. The household servants of Lady Scott sent to the bride a silver biscuit box, the names appended being as follows:— Mrs Morton, Mrs Mackay, Miss Allen, Mrs Long, Mrs Collins, Mrs Poxton, Miss Chapman, Mrs Kent, E. Sitch, C. Haggard, E. Knott, Smith, M. Ede, C. Candler, K. McKenzie, W. G. Hobbs, J. Keefe, W. Kent, W. Waters, J. Burge, H. Froud, T. Martin, J. Webber, J. Williamson, A. Catt, T. Bunting, C. Bevidell, E. Price. About 250 of the inhabitants of Tarberth, North Harris, an island of Scotland, entirely owned by Lady Scott, including the Rev. John Maclean, Dr. James Stewart, R. F. Matheson, and Donald Bethune, who signed "For the people of North Harris,” sent a very handsome present, accompanied by the following warm-hearted address:— Tarberth, June 13th, 1888. M<small>ISS</small> S<small>COTT</small> — Dear Madam,— We, the inhabitants of North Harris, respectfully beg to convey to you our hearty congratulations and best wishes on the occasion of your marriage, and cannot allow such an auspicious event to pass without some slight mark of our regard and the high esteem which we bear to yourself and family. The past acts of kindness which we have experienced at the hands of your family are appreciated and shall never be forgotten, but wish it to be distinctly understood that on the present occasion we are prompted by the great regard and high esteem which we have for yourself personally for your many estimable and good qualities. We therefore respectfully beg your acceptance of a silver afternoon tea service as small token of our friendly feeling and good wishes. It is our heartfelt wish that you and your gallant husband may be long spared in the constant enjoyment of every happiness and prosperity, and rest assured that wherever you may you will always be remembered with feelings of kindness by the people of North Harris.— [Col. 2c/3a ] With hearty congratulations and every good wish, we remain, dear Madam, your most obedient Servants. The servants on the Sundridge Park Estate sent a very handsome chased silver card case and pocket book, and a purse ''en suite''. These were accompanied by the following:— We, the undersigned tenants and servants on Sandridge Park Estate, have the honour of presenting the enclosed present to Miss Scott on the occasion of her marriage with Capt. Green. Trusting the same will be accepted with our united best wishes.—F. Peil, M. Beck, L. and C. Summers, S. and J. Cockerell, J. and C. Perry, W. and H. Essam, F. and S. Lewis, M. Morrison, M. Sanders, R. Kendall, A. Hockley, D. Gurr, T. Jones, A. Knight, W. Christerson, D. McMillan, G. Lush, A. Hoskins, J. Kingsnorth, J. Cronk, A. Winterman, A. and H. Bennett, J. Barrett, J. Giles, sen., W. Bryant, J. Monckton, J. Giles, jun., J. and G. Hodskin, T. Marshall, W. Winterman, A. Kennard, and E. Cooper. During the morning a large number of persons, including a considerable number of servants from Bayham, Sundridge, and the Scotch seat, inspected the presents, Capt. Philip Green evincing the greatest interest in showing round the employés and explaining to them the several presents, prior to their being liberally entertained, with a number of their friends, in the servants’ hall. At two o’clock the doors of St. Mark’s, North Audley-street, where the interesting ceremony took place, were thrown open and very quickly the spacious edifice was crowded with a fashionable audience, comprising the wealth and beauty of London. The church had been very beautifully decorated. The chancel was a mass of marguerites, liliums, orange blossoms, and other white blooms, while in front, extending the whole length of the chancel rail, were some magnificent tree ferns. The scene presented on entering the church was most effective. Punctually at half-past two o’clock the bride, accompanied by her mother, Lady Scott, entered the church, preceded by Captain Philip Green and his best man, Colonel A. Fife. The bride wore a very handsome petticoat of white duchesse satin, lightly veiled with soft ivory crêpe, the front, covered with trellis-work of white heath, ending at the feet with tiny bouquets of orange blossom, tied down with satin bows. The train and bodice, in one, was of the richest white faille, lined with the same material, bordered with bows and puffs of crepe to match the petticoat. The corsage was cut in small V in front, and draped ''en'' stomacher with lovely old lace edged with heath. She carried in her hand a magnificent bouquet of choice white roses, tied with white ribbons. Her veil was of white tulle, with diamond tiara and star, and a lovely display of orange blossoms. Lady Scott, who also carried a magnificent bouquet of white roses, wore a dress, with demi-train of rich soft shade of heliotrope satin duchesse very simply made, with corsage opening ''en revers'' over a white mousselin de soie and costly old lace. The bride’s train was borne by two handsome curly-locked pages, dressed in cavalier costume of light blue velvet and silver, white satin waistcoats, white silk stockings, bronze shoes with buckles. They were the Hon. Sydney Marsham, youngest son of the Earl and Countess of Romney, and the Hon. Colstan Fellowes, son of Lord and Lady de Ramsey. The bridesmaids were Miss Annie and Miss Mary Scott, sisters of the bride, Lady Clementine Pratt, Hon. Julia Stonor, Hon. Violet Lane Fox, and Miss M. Buckworth, cousins of the bride. They wore gowns of real crêpe dechine [sic] and white moire, petticoats of white moire, made in long simple folds, the front almost covered with soft draperies of crêpe, terminating at the back in small pointed ends. The bodices were draped with scarves of crêpe, alternately crossed from side to side, held in at the waist with broad sashes tied on the left hip, falling with long ends to edge of skirt. They wore hats of white tulle with broad brims. As the bridal party entered the church, they were met by the officiating clergymen and the surpliced choir, the hymn "How welcome was the call, and sweet the festal lay" being sung as they proceeded to the altar, several voluntaries being played on the magnificent organ by Mr E. P. Croager, the talented organist. The bride was given away by her mother, and the officiating clergymen were the Hon. and Rev. Adalbert J. R. Anson, rector of Longford, uncle of the bride, the Rev. F. W. Champneys, chaplain of Bayham Abbey, the Rev. Wm. Hodgson, M.A., vicar of St. Mary’s, Plaistow, Bromley, and the Rev? [sic] J. W. Ayre, vicar of St. Mark’s. The hymn "Thine for ever, God of love" was sung, and the interesting ceremony over, the party adjourned to the vestry, the register being signed by Lord Camden (who, with Sir Samuel Scott, the bride’s eldest brother, had journeyed up from Eton, where they are pursuing their studies together), Emilie Lady Scott, Mr Horace Farquarhar [sic], and Mr Edward Packe. The Wedding March was magnificently played by Mr Croager, and the now united couple walked up the aisle receiving the congratulations of numerous relatives and friends. The wedding party proceeded to Lady Scott’s residence, where there was a brilliant reception, the guests numbering about 500. Amongst the principal guests were:— Madame de Falbe, the Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marquis Camden and Lady Clementine Pratt, the Marquess and Marchioness of Abergavenny and Lady Idina Nevill, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Earl and Countess of Romney and Lady Florence Marsham, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl and Countess of Clanwilliam and Lady Elizabeth Meade, the Earl of Fife, Countess Stanhope and Lady Emily Stanhope, the Countess Cairns, the Countess of Roden, the Dowager Countess of Airlie and Lady Griselda Ogilvie, the Countess of Warwick and Lady Eva Greville, Lady Coke, Isabella Countess Wilton, the Countess of Lindsey and Ladies Bertie, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr Brandling, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscountess Lewisham and Lady Evelyn Murray, Viscount de Stern, Lord and Lady Dorchester, Lady Conyers and Hon. Violet Lane Fox, Lord and Lady George Nevill, Lord and Lady George Pratt, and Hon. Frances Eaton, Lord Henry Nevill, Lord William Nevill, Lady Frances Pratt, Lady Eleanor Pratt, and Miss Stewart, Lord and Lady Wynford, Lady Hothfield, Lord Greenock, Lord Cheylesmore, Lady Suffield and Hon. Miss Harbord, Lady Heathcote Amory and Miss Heathcote, Lady Duncombe and Miss Duncombe, Lady Borthwick, Lord and Lady Burton, Lord and Lady Lamington and Hon. Winifred Cochrane Baillie, Hon. Lady Filmer and Miss Filmer, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Henry and Lady Aline Vane Tempest, Lord Wimborne and Hon. Frances Guest, Lady Brougham and Miss Musgrave, Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Hon. Lady Cotterell and Misses Cotterell [sic] the Right Hon. W. E. and Mrs Gladstone, Hon. William Maxwell, Captain Hon. E. Dawson, Hon. Mrs Thomas Bruce and the Misses Hankey, Hon. Mrs Pereira and Miss Pereira, Hon. Helen Henniker, Hon. Mr Eaton, Hon. G. Browne Guthrie, Hon. Henry Stonor, Hon. Mrs Halford and Miss Halford, Colonel Hon. C. and Lady Cecil Gathorne Hardy, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Hon. Mrs Richard Moreton, Hon. Richard Somerset, Hon. Mrs & Miss Hallyburton Campbell, Sir R. and Lady Abercromby, Sir F. and Lady Milner, Sir F. Vincent, Sir Francis and Lady Winnington and the Misses Spencer, [sic] Churchill, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey Thompson, Sir Charles Forbes, Sir Ralph Hare, Mr and Lady Alice Packe, Mr and Lady Ida Leigh Hare, General Stevenson, General and Mrs Stewart, Colonel H. D. Streatfeild, Colonel and Mrs Murray, Colonel Rich, Colonel Wynne Finch, Colonel and Mrs Cheyne, Captain and Mrs Sparkes, and Miss Markham, Captain Somerset, Captain Myers and Miss Myers, Captain Britton, Captain and Mrs Lloyd, Mr Hulse M.P., Mrs Birch Reynardson, Mr Glyn, Mr Charles Halford, Mr Rawson, the Rev J. Ayre, Mr Leo Schuster, Mr and Mrs Streatfeild and Miss Spiers, Mr W. Green, Mrs Ham Sloane Stanley, Mr and Miss Packe, Mr George Dennen and Mrs Dennen, Mr and Mrs Cramer Roberts and Miss Champneys, Mr E. Packe, Mrs Lee Warner, Mrs Ronalds, Mrs and Miss Vyner, Mrs and Miss Streatfeild, Mrs Blundell Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mrs H. Lubbock and Miss Lubbock, Mr and Mrs A. Colville, Mr and Mrs Dick Russell and Miss Scott, Mrs and Miss Berens, Mr Ralli, Mr Claude Hay, Mr A. Stewart of Ards, and Mr F. Hoare, Mr and Mrs Sassoon, Mr and Mrs Hwfa Williams, Mr and Mrs Kay. Shortly after four o’clock, Captain and Mrs Green went to his residence at Eaton Square, and proceeded in a carriage with a pair of greys and postillion to Sundridge Park, where they will remain until Saturday, and then proceed to Paris for the honeymoon. At Bromley and Sundridge great preparations had been made to receive the happy couple, triumphal arches and decorations being on a most magnificent scale. Lady Scott’s house, in Grosvenor Square, had been very handsomely decorated for the occasion by Mr Robert Green, and our account of the auspicious event would be incomplete were we not to give a meed of praise to W. G. Hibbs, the butler, who bad the sole charge all the [Col. 3c/4a] arrangements, and which formidable task he carried out without the slightest hitch, and to whose courtesy and kindness we are indebted for many of the particulars which on these occasions are very difficult to obtain. He was assisted by Mr H. Downer, Captain Philip Green’s butler, in whom he found a valuable ally. [This next list is not set as an unordered list in the article, but each list item here is on a separate line in the article.] * Capt. Philip Green—Diamond rivieré, diamond ring, and diamond and sapphire ring * Lady Scott—Diamond tiara, Iarge diamond star, and red feather fan * Marquis Camden and Lady Clementine Pratt— Black pearl and diamond spray * Lady Clementine Pratt—Grey mother of pearl fan and sapphire brooch * Miss Annie Ssott—Double violet brooch * Miss Annie Scott and Miss Mary Ssott—Silver looking glass * Sir C. and Mies Forbes—Diamond brooch (M) * Mr Herbert Praed— Pearl and catseye brooch * Hon. A. Hood— Diamond and pearl crescent brooch * Mr R. Moncriff — Diamond 1888 brooch * Mrs Campbell of Craigie—Pearl and diamond bracelet * Lord and Lady Hillingdon—Diamond brooch * Miss M. Edith Scott—Diamond and sapphire ring * Mr and Mrs C. Norman—Diamond and blue enamel brooch * Earl and Countess of Romney—Diamond and sapphire bracelet * Mr and Mrs A. Hamond—Diamond and pearl double crescent brooch * Capt. R. Packe—Pearl bracelet * Hon. J. Stonor—Pearl and diamond bracelet * Capt. W. Sparkes—Small gold brooch * Earl of Fife, K.T.—Diamond and sapphire bracelet * Mr H. Farquhar—Diamond and pearl bracelet * Capt. Myers—Diamond crescent brooch * Mr H. Riddell—Diamond hair pin * Lady Brougham and Vaux and Miss Musgrave —Two silver boxes * Hon. H. and Mrs Campbell—Two silver salt cellars * Mr Newton Ogle—Diamond collar stud * Mr C. Walford —Diamond frog * Colonel A. Fife—Diamond, ruby and pearl brooch * Mr H. F. Lennard—Sapphire, diamond and moonstone bangle * Mrs and Miss Buckworth—Diamond and moonstone bangles * Miss Evelyn Green —Diamond bar * Mr William James—Pearl and diamond bangle * Mr Alfred Montgomery—Old silver basket * Mr Charles Cleeve—Silver box * Mr E. Lee Warner—Two silver flower vases * Miss Bruce— Silver and tortoise shell paper knife * Sir Ralph Ware—Old silver box * Mr Ralli —Large silver bowl * Mr and Mrs Hohler—Silver magnifying glass * Mrs Buckworth—Silver scent bottle * Mr Charles Bruce—Silver topped scent bottle * Mr Wilson Patten—Silver box * Major S. Wynn Finch (1st Life Guards)— Silver bell * Mr W. Warden —Silver inkstand * Lady Rose Leigh—Two silver dishes * Mr E. and Mr M. Torrens—Silver tray * Mr Charles Drummond —Silver bell * Honble. G. Brown Guthrie—Silver cow * Mr R. Rawson (Ist Life Guards) —Silver vases * Mrs Devas —Silver box * Lord and Lady de Ramsey—Pair of silver gilt candlesticks * Mr and Mrs S. Gurney—Old silver box * Honble. Violet Lane Fox—Silver and ivory paper knife * Ellen, Lady St. John—Silver photograph frame * Lady Muriel Ivay—Silver photograph frame * Servants of 7, Grosvenor-square—Silver inkstand and candlesticks * Lord and Lady Burton —Silver box * Mr C. Sinclair —Silver button hook and shoe horn * Hon. E. St. Aubyn—Silver topped scent bottle * Mr and Ida Leigh Hare —Silver mirror * Mrs Henry Facke —Silver teapot, cream jug, and sugar basin * Capt. and Mrs Torrens—Silver brushes and looking glass * Lady Forbes—Silver looking glass * Lady Conyers—Silver looking glass * Mr and Mrs Sparke—Silver looking glass * Mr E. Hulse, M.P. —Silver looking glass * Mr Edward Packe—Silver brushes, looking glass and pin cushion * Mr and Mrs Cramer Roberts—Pair of silver candlesticks * Mr and Mrs Hutchinson—Silver and tortoise shell bowl * Miss Haliburton Campbell—Silver photograph frame * Miss Torrens —Silver brush * Duchess of Manchester—Lace and tortoise shell fan * Lord and Lady Claud Hamilton—Silver tray * Mr and Mrs Cator —Silver box * Lady Alan S. Churchill—Large Japanese glove box * Lady Florence Astley—Photograph screen * Miss Ida Forbes—Silver button book * Marchioness of Abergavenny—White china lamp * Mrs William Pack —Picture * Mrs Allen—Framed photograph of North Harris * Honble. H. Stonor —Silver topped claret jogs * Honble Lady Cotterell—Blue morocco blotting book and paper case * Mr and Mrs Tyssen Amherst — Embroidered blotting book * Hoble. T. Dundas—Grandfather’s clock * Honble. Mrs and Miss Pereira —White feather fan * Mr and Mrs Francis Hoare—lvory vase * Mr and Mrs H. Lubbock—Fan * Lady Sarah S. Churchill —Card case with clock * Honble. Wm. Eaton—China coffee service * Honble. Wm, [sic] Maxwell—White mother of pearl fan * Hon. E. Stanley—Grandfather’s clock * Countess of Clanwilliam —China bell * Lady Clayton East—Gauze fan * Duchess of Marlborough—Tortoise shell and silver paper knife * Mr and Mrs Wm. Hoare—Silk embroidered coverlet * Hon. R. and Mrs Dawson—Mother of pearl and gold fan * Sir Francis and Lady Winnington—Blue china clock * Miss Fuller —Two small china figures * General Barnard Hankey — Silver topped parasol * Rev. A. and Mrs Anson—Pair of china cups and saucers * General Hope Crealock, C.B.—Painted bellows and paper knife * Miss M. Anson—Bine china vase * Miss Hohler—Work basket * Mr Russell Buckworth—Sealskin carriage rug * Miss Myers—China flower * Mr and Mrs Frazer (North Harris) —Set of old Harris pottery * Viscount and Viscountess Curzon — White carved stand * Lord W. and Lord R. Nevill —Silver strong box * Miss Marcon —Silver box * Miss Packe—Old lace * Misses Caldwell—Pair of silver topped bottles * Capt. Hon. E. Dawson —White fan * Mrs Cook—Photograph screen * Mr J. Forbes —Silver box * Mrs Berens—Pair of china boxes * Mr Ernest James —Silver and tortoise-shell paper knife * Mr Arthur Hay—Silver gilt pin tray * Mrs Wilks—Potograph screen * Mr Geoffrey Glyn—Gilt snuff box * Mrs Townley—Silver engagement tablet * Mrs Bird Reynardson—Silver match box * Hon. Sybil Capel—lvory and silver seal * Lady Hindlip—White carved screen * Lady Amory—Prayer book with antique oilver mountings * Earl of Sandwich—Old silver box * Sir H. and Lady Meysey Thompson—Case of silver salt cellars * Miss Maxwell—Silver candlestick * Mr G. Tredcroft—Silver bell * Captain H. Packe—Leather bag * Sir Alien Young—Large damask screen * Capt. Arthur Campbell—Gold-topped umbrella * Miss Halford—White china vase * Mr John Cator—White fan * Miss Packe—Pair of red shafts * Mrs J. Murray—Silver box * Rev W. Peele— Small china tray * Lady Margaret Browne—Silver book marker * Mrs Howard—Handkerchief sachet * Lady Stapleton—Silver-mounted paper knife * Lady Alice Packe—Silver paper knife * Mr Boughton Knight—Silver pin cushion * Lady Pauncefort Duncombe—Silver photograph frame * Mr and Mrs Magniac—Silver butter dish * Lord and Lady Wimborne—Set of silver brushes and glass * Marchioness of Tweeddale — Silver cow cream jug * Inhabitants of North Harris—Silver afternoon tea service * Miss L. Packe—Glass flower vase * Mr Reuben Sassoon—Silver-gilt-topped smelling bottle * Lady Borthwick—White painted fan * Mr Gwynne Holford—Pair of silver-topped scent bottles * Mr F. de Marietta—Silver lamp * Colonel Hon H. Eaton—Small silver box * Mr F. Vincent—Silver-mounted paper knife * Tenants and Servants at Sundridge Park—Silver embossed card case and purse * Sir John Lennard, Bart—Gold and silver embroidery * Mrs Legh of Lynne—Embroidered Prayer Book * Rev W. Hodgson—Prayer Book * Sir C. and Lady Isham—Silver box on feet * Earl of Chesterfield—Silver inkstand * Honble. Alistair Hay—Silver paper knife and stand * Lady and Miss Filmer—Silver tray * Mrs Fred Streatfeild—Fine old point lace * Miss Adamson—China vase * Sir Charles Hartopp, Bart.—Old silk screen * Tradesmen of Bromley—Painted screen * Mr Charles Orde—Pair of gold horseshoe pins * Mr and Mrs Coles Child—Silver and ivory paper knife [Col. 4c/5a] * Ml F. Vincent—Scent bottle *Mr W. H. Green—Pair of silver flower vases *Honble. F. and Lady Isabel Stewart —Dresden and ormolu box *Mr Hobler and Duchess of Newcastle — Silver gilt tray *Isabella Countess of Wilton —Silver frame for tablets *Mr H. C. Hay—Silver frame for almanack *Honble. Mrs Mills—Silver candlestick. *Miss Scott— Diamond and black pearl centre stud *Lady Scott—Brown leather travelling bag *Miss Annie and Miss Mary Scott —Walking stick with watch *Marquis Camden and Lady Clementine Pratt— Diamond and moonstone pin *Capt. Britten, R.N.—Pair of old silver bowls *Lord Brougham and Vaux—Old silver casket *Earl of Yarborough—Tea table and china tea service *Mr Caulfield — "Rag picker" waste paper basket *Mr and Mrs F. Kay—Silver candlesticks and inkstand *Countess of Roden—Silver cigarette box *Mrs Streatfeild—lvory paper knife *Mrs Spender Clay—Silver spirit lamp *Earl Amherst—Old silver embossed ring *Mr and the Hon. Mrs Hussey—Gilt flower stand *Mr Lambert Ward—Dresden teapot *Hon. R. and Mrs Moreton—Old silver and ivory snuff box *Mr Arthur Prideanx—Old glass decanter *Mr R. Norton, M.P,—Doulton ware flower vase *Mr and Mrs Soanes—Silver cigarette case *Mr Edward Paoke —Silver spirit lamp *Lady Hothfield —Silver bowl *Mrs Schenley—Silver mounted blotting book *Rev. F. W., Mrs and Miss Champneys—Silver photograph frame *Mr Capron—Silver gilt candlestick *Lord Capell—Silver match box with watch *Mr Percy Gregory, V.S. —Silver light box *Bayham Church Choir—lllustrated hymn book *Mr Winden—Silver mounted whip *Lord Dorchester—Silver gilt mounted claret jug *Colonel J. Murray—Silver-mounted paper knife *Sir Frederick Milner. Bart. —Diamond and moonstone pin *Mrs Lloyd—Silk embroidered blotting book *Capt. Hon. H. Hardinge—Plush blotting book, with brass mounts *Lord and Lady George Nevill—Silver knife *Lord Henry Nevill —Silver match box, with clock *Mr and Mrs Fred. Streatfeild —Large old silver bread basket *Mr Soden Smith—Old silver sauce boat *Hon. J. Asbburnham —Trout rod *Mr W. H. Green—Large silver bowl *Mr and Mrs Beresford Hope —Silver fruit basket on stand *Marquess of Abergavenny, K.G. —Silver and ivory sporting paper knife *Colonel the Hon. and Lady Cecily G. Hardy — Silver paper knife *Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham—Silver and tortoiseshell paper knife *Mr W. Mallock—Mounted photograph of Villa Clémentine, Garden and group *Duke of Montrose, K.T.—Electric lamp for travelling *Lord Hothfield —Silver gilt inkstand *Mr Gwynne Holford —Silver and ivory paper knife *Lord and Lady George Pratt —Silver frame for tablets *Messrs. Gilbert —Silver coffee pot *Servants at Bayham Abbey—Massive silver inkstand *Mr and Mrs C. Ridley—Silver and ivory paper knife *Colonel and Mrs Claime—Silver frame for tablets *Viconate de Janzé—Silver light box *Tenants of Bayham—Silver cigar case *School Children of Bayham—Silver pencil case *Earl Rosslyn—Venetian glass vase *Tradesmen of Tunbridge Wells and Lamberhurst —Set of carvers and forks *Mrs Vyner—Silver box *Messrs Cork —Travelling rug *Mr and Mrs Pryce Hamilton —Cigarette box *Colonel C. D. Rich —Picture of 9th Lancers, 1819 *Marchioness of Blanford—Silver and ebony toasting fork *Colonel Streatfeild —Silver sauce boat *Sir Francis Winnington, Bt. —Silver dish *Honble. William Eaton —Set of old silver cups *Colonel C. Larking—Silver and ivory paper knife *General Stewart—Silver box *Earl of Stradbroke—Silver set of spoons *Caroline, Duchess of Montrose—Silver vase *Mr and Mrs G. Forbes—Old silver teapot *Mrs and Miss Leigh—lllustrated book *[[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs Ronald]] [sic] —Old silver cup *Estate and Household Servants of North Harris — Silver biscuit box *North Harris Crofters and Tenants—Silver tea service, silver shoe horn and button hook *Earl of Dudley— One large and two small silver boxes *Colonel Inigo Jones—Silver box *Miss Wilson [could this be [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]? Mrs. Charles Wilson is just below.] — Silver glove stretcher *Mr Leo Schiester—Mother of pearl box *Mr Arthur Hay—Silver tray *Mrs Chas. Wilson —Silver box *Mr Richard Somerset—Pair of silver boxes *Mrs Hwfa Williams —Screen *Mr Granville Farquhar—Pair silver and tortoise shell boxes *Capt. A. Somerset —Silver work box *Mr Edward Milner—China looking glass *Mr and Mrs Arthur Walters —Clock *Viscount de Stern —Ormolu candlesticks *Mr and Lady Isabel Stewart —Dresden bonbonniere<ref>"Marriage of Capt. Philip Green and Miss Scott." Kent & Sussex ''Courier'' 22 June 1888 Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000481/18880622/110/0005#.</ref> </blockquote> ===26 June 1888, Tuesday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1888== Sometime in July 1888, W. A. Ayton and Anne Ayton were initiated into the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 140). === 15 July 1888 === The guest book for the Lizard Hotel, Lizard Point, Cornwall was filled up on 15 July 1888 (Cornwell 282). ===24 July 1888, Tuesday=== Fifth Annual Meeting of the Corporation for the Royal College of Music.<blockquote>Prince Christian, K.G., one of the Vice-Presidents, in the chair, There was a very large attendance of the Council, members of the Corporation, teachers and pupils of the College. … The Examiners, Mr. W. G. Cusins, Sir Charles Hallé, Mr. C. H. Lloyd, Mr. A Randegger, Mr. Carl Rosa, and Mr. Prosper Sainton” reported on the progress and quality of the students.<ref>Macaulay, James, Ed. ''Speeches and Addresses of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales: 1863–1888''. London: J. Murray, 1889. Google Books, retrieved 22 February 2010.</ref> (416)</blockquote> ==August 1888== ===6 August 1888, Monday=== Bank holiday. ===27 August 1888, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ===31 August 1888, Friday=== The body of Mary Ann Nichells, the first of Jack the Ripper's victims, was found murdered in London's East End.<ref>Boston ''Globe'' 31 August 1991.</ref> ==September 1888== ==October 1888== October 1888, Helena Blavatsky forms the Esoteric Section of the Theosophical Society in London. ===3 October 1888, Wednesday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Yeomen of the Guard, Or A Merryman and His Maid'' opens at the Savoy. ===31 October 1888, Wednesday=== Halloween. ==November 1888== ===5 November 1888, Monday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===9 November 1888, Friday=== Jack the Ripper's last victim was found. ===24 November 1888, Saturday=== Regarding the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs/Savage Club|Savage Club]]: According to "Tittle Tattle for the Tea Table" in the 4 December 1888 ''Pall Mall Gazette'':<blockquote>"Who Killed Cock Warren?" is the title of a song which has the greatest possible vogue at most of the metropolitan music-halls at the present moment. The writer, Mr. Charley Townley, the author of "Hoop la!" "Aaron and Moses," and other popular songs, has sung it with tremendous success at the Savage Club Saturday night entertainment two weeks in succession; and no song, it is said, has attained to so great a popularity within so short a time. Here is a verse of the popular song, so far as I can recall it from memory:— <poem>:"Who will dig his grave?" :"I," said the Ripper, :"For I've been his Tripper; :"I'll dig his grave." :And the chorus is something like this — :And the "cops" in the square, :Fell a-sighing and a-sobbing, :When they heard of the death :Of poor Cock Warren!</poem> Anybody who ventures to hiss this song when sung at the music-halls, it would appear, is speedily "mobbed," and runs great risk of the major excommunication — the "chuck-out."<ref>"Tittle Tattle for the Tea Table." The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 December 1888 (No. 7400, Vol. XLVIII): 7. </ref></blockquote> ==December 1888== ===1 December 1888, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/London Clubs/Savage Club|Savage Club]], see 24 November 1888. ===3 December 1888, Monday=== The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' reports:<blockquote>Mr. R. C. Campbell, described as a retired army officer, was charged at the Marlborough-street police-court yesterday, with stealing an overcoat from the Junior Carlton Club. The coat was found at his lodgings, together with a number of pawntickets relating to other coats supposed to have been stolen and it was stated that a coat had been recently missed from the Constitutional Club. He was remanded."<ref>"At Home and Abroad." The ''Pall Mall Gazette''. 4 December 1888 (No. 7400, Vol. XLVIII), p. 6.</ref></blockquote>In "A Spiritualism and Lunacy Case" in the ''Pall Mall Gazette'':<blockquote>An inquiry, ordered by the Lord Chancellor, ws opened yesterday afternoon, before Mr. Nicholson, a Master in Lunacy, and a special jury, into the alleged lunacy of Major Richard Samuel John Own, late of the Indian Army, described as formerly residing at Mount Zion, Ventnor, and also at Flanders-road, Chiswick. The petitioners were two sons of Major Own. Mr. Candy opened the case for the petitioners. He said Major Owen served with distinction in the Indian Army during the Mutiny, and on retiring went to live at Ventnor. The facts more especially requiring attention arose principally out of the relationship subsisting during the past two years between Major Own and Mary Marley, whose maiden name was Mary Johnston. The Major many years ago made the aquaintance of the lady who was now hs wife, and she was a Spiritualist. Subsequently the Major took to Spiritualistic-studies, and believed now that he was in constant communication with the unseen world. In his house at Ventnor, called Mount Zion, he had a room called the Holy of Holies. On August 29 Mrs. Marley was delivered of a child in the chamber of Holy of Holies. She had separated from her husband shortly after marriage. The Major accompanied Mr. and Mrs. Marley on their honeymoon, and afterwards took the lady abroad. Several witnesses were called in support of counsel's statement, and their evidence revealed some extraordinary hallucinations. The inquiry was adjourned."<ref>"A Spiritualism and Lunacy Case." The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 December 1888 (No. 7400, Vol. XLVIII), p. 9.</ref></blockquote> ===20 December 1888, Thursday=== The funeral of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley. The date of 20 December is probably correct, as the 27th is a long time to wait for a funeral with a death on the 15th. The first mourner listed is a Mr. Bontein, whom Emilie Sloane Stanley married almost exactly a year later.<blockquote>The funeral of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, J.P., whose death from acute bronchitis occurred on the 15th instant, at his London residence (49, Cadogan-square), took place on Thursday afternoon, his remains being interred amidst every mark of respect in the family vault in Copythorne Churchyard, and where rest the remains of his grandfather, his grandmother, and his father (Mr. William Hans Sloane Stanley), who died in 1879, aged 69 years. The coffin containing the remains of the deceased was brought from London by the train which arrived at Totton Station soon after 11 o'clock, and there to receive it was in waiting a hearse with glass panels, and also three mourning coaches for the mourners and others who had travelled by the same train from Waterloo. The hearse and coaches proceeded to the mansion at Paultons, where the procession was formed, consisting of the hearse and the three coaches, and also the private carriage of Captain H. Timeon. It arrived at Copythome Church soon after 1 o'clock, and there a large number had assembled to take part in the mournful ceremony. The coffin was borne by eight of the oldest labourers on the estate, and the chief mourners were Mrs. Stanley (the widow), Master Cyril Stanley (deceased's only surviving son), and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] (his daughter), the Hon. Algernon Bourke being prevented from attending through illness. Among the mourners were Mr. Bontein, Colonel Needham, Mr. Francis Sloane Stanley, Mr. G. Stanley, Messrs. L. Hines (the estate steward), Alfred Fane (coachman), Paine (valet), Saunders (head gardener), W. Gates (hall porter), Captain Pooley (master of deceased's yacht, the Star of the West), &c. In the church were a number of the tenants and cottagers on the estate, altogether about one hundred. Amongst those standing around the grave we noticed the Hon. Gerald Lascelles, Mr. F. Bradburne (master of the New Forest Foxhounds), Lieutenant-Colonel W. Martin Powell, J.P., Captain H. Timson, Mr. R. S. C. Pearce, Mr. H. F. Wingrove, Mr. G. B. Footner (Romsey), Mr. C. H. Dyett (vice-chairman New Forest Board of Guardians), Mr. C. Staines (Totton); Messrs. S. Wright, Bennett, and Davey, Fawley; Mr. D. Way, Isle of Wight; Messrs. W. Roles, Romsey; J. B. Wright, Bramshaw; Feltham, parish warden of North Eling; Gradidge, Gear, Wallis, Furzley; Drake (2), Bright, and Frost, Ower; Mansbridge, Newbridge; Kitcat, Copythorne; &c. The service was impressively performed by the Rev. A. M. Walker (Vicar of North Eling). The coffin was of polished oak, with massive brass furniture and inscription plate, on which was the following:— HANS SLOANE STANLEY<br> Born 11th April, 1840<br> Died 15th December, 1888.<br> The coffin was covered with many splendid wreaths and crosses, several being placed thereon by Mrs. Stanley and her son and daughter; and among other contributors were the Hon Algernon Bourke, the Duchess of St. Albans (deceased's aunt), Baron and Lady Diana Huddlestone, Mr. L. Hines, Major and Mrs. Gubbins, Mr. Manley Sims (from his aunt Madge), Mrs. Alfred Light, Grosvenor-square, London, Mr. Busick [?] E. Pemberton, 44, Lincoln's Inn [?] [London?], &c. The undertaker was Mr. John Morris, of Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London; and the hearse and mourning carriages were supplied by Mr. Wallace, of the Bedford Mews, Southampton.<ref>"The Romsey Register." ''Romsey Register and General News Gazette'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 1 [of 4], Col. 5c–6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004084/18881227/014/0001. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1888, Tuesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1888, Wednesday=== Boxing Day ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} qgh4hrba8c43c63tsgt9e8bb9uo6rst 0 264274 2719084 2716011 2025-06-18T20:20:39Z Scogdill 1331941 2719084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] ||[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880 | 1880]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881 | 1881]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882 | 1882]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883 | 1883]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884 | 1884]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885 | 1885]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886 | 1886]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887 | 1887]][[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888 | 1888]] 1889 || [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1889== A. H. Macmurdo purchased 20 Fitzroy, London, and redecorated it memorably. From the 1 January 1890 ''Morning Post'': <blockquote>Equally the attempt of Mr. Gladstone to invent a brand new system of "electoral statistics," directed to the conclusion that he had in the minority the leadership of the only true majority, with the implication that the Unionists, if honest men, would immediately resign their trust, has been received with good-humoured incredulity.<ref>''Morning Post'' 1 January 1890, Wednesday (No. 36,675): p. 4, Col. 7. '''British Newspaper Archive'''.</ref></blockquote> ==January 1889== ===1 January 1889, Tuesday, New Year's Day=== === 16 January 1889 === A Jack the Ripper letter "refers to 'my trip to Bradford'" (Cornwell 296). === 22 January 1889, Tuesday === ==== Wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil ==== The [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert Cecil]] took place at 2:30, St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London. ==February 1889== ==March 1889== ===6 March 1889, Wednesday=== Ash Wednesday. ==April 1889== ===10 April 1889, Wednesday=== According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, there was "intense darkness from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m." "The Weather of 1889."<ref>''The Morning Post'', 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): p. 6, Col. 3.</ref> ===11 April 1889, Thursday=== According to the summary of the weather in the 1 January 1890 Morning Post, the "intense darkness" of the day before returned "for a short time next day" <cite>"The Weather of 1889." The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.</cite> ===12 April 1889, Friday=== Amy Levy and Elizabeth Pennell both attended what Pennell called a "converzazione" at the Fabian Society in the Bloomsbury Town Hall. Pennell says, "We went to the Converzazione of the Fabian Society in Bloomsbury Town Hall. A collection of cranks, native and foreign: young women in extraordinary costumes, one a perfect Burne-Jones, played the violin; young men with long hair and velvet coats. Most people were in evening dress so that a conspicuous figure was [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] in grey Jaeger get-up, flirting outrageously with all the girls in the room" (Linda Hunt Beckman, Amy Levy: Life and Letters, p. 179; posting on victoria@listserv.indiana.edu Linda Hunt Beckman <beckman@temple.edu>, 20 October 2003, "Re: conversaziones at Berkeley Galleries; mourning customs"). ===19 April 1889, Friday=== Good Friday. ===21 April 1889, Sunday=== Easter Sunday. ===28 April 1889, Sunday=== Jack Yeats <quote>attended the funeral of the Duchess of Cambridge, whose husband was Queen Victoria's uncle, and commander-in-chief of the British Army. She was a very popular woman; Jack described the event as 'more like a race meeting than a funeral'. Street touts sold 'memorium cards of the dear old Dutchie', and charged fourpence for standing room at the curbside. Griffin was with Jack</quote> (Bruce Arnold. Jack Yeats. p. 46) ==May 1889== Sometime in May 1889 the The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at the offices of The Sanitary Wood Wool Co. (Howe 85 31). Dinner planned in honor of James Whistler, with a long list of celebrities invited, including [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], Equerry to the Queen, William Christian Symons, the recipient of a letter from Whistler's son,<blockquote>Sir Coutts Lindsay (1824-1913), Bart., co-founder of the Grosvenor Gallery ..., and Edmond, Prince de Polignac (1834-1901), composer ...; diplomats, such as James Rennell Rodd (1858-1941), 1st Baron Rennell, poet and diplomat ...; lawyers, including Sir John Charles Sigismund Day (1826-1908), QC, collector ..., and Sir George Henry Lewis (1833-1911), society lawyer ...; and scientists, including Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929), Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy .... There are several men involved with drama and music, such as John Hollingshead (1827-1904), journalist and manager of the Gaiety Theatre ..., Richard D'Oyly Carte (1844-1901), impresario and property developer ..., and Pablo de Sarasate y Navascues (1844-1908), violinist ...; writers, such as Sheridan Ford (1860-1922), poet, critic, politician and writer on art ..., Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898), Symbolist writer and poet ..., and Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1855-1921), Symbolist writer and poet, and collector [more]. Art critics and editors include Theodore Child (1846-1892), journalist and art critic ..., Théodore Duret (1838-1927), art critic and collector ..., Henry Du Pré Labouchère (1831-1912), journalist and Liberal MP ...,William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), civil servant and critic ..., and George Augustus Sala (1828-1895), artist, journalist and critic .... Nor surprisingly, there are many patrons and collectors, such as Alexander ('Aleco') Ionides (1840-1898), businessman ..., Alfred Chapman (1839-1917), engineer and collector ..., and Wickham Flower (b. ca 1836), solicitor and collector ...; some art dealers, such as Charles William Deschamps (1848-1908), art dealer ...; and, of course, many artists, including Joseph Edgar Boehm (1834-1890), sculptor ..., Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas (1834-1917), artist ..., John Lavery (1856-1941), painter ..., William Quiller Orchardson (1832-1910), genre and portrait painter ..., Théodore Roussel (1847-1926), painter and print-maker ..., Walter Richard Sickert (1860-1942), artist and writer on art ..., Francis ('Frank') Job Short (1857-1945), printer and print-maker ..., and John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), artist .... Finally, there are a few family members, such as Hon Charles Ernest Thynne (1849-1906), solicitor, husband of JW's niece Annie Haden ..., and William McNeill Whistler (1836-1900), physician, JW's brother .... (http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/display/?cid=5635&nameid=Collins_A&sr=0&surname=Collins&firstname=Arthur&rs=1#ms05635)</blockquote> === 18 May 1889, Saturday === The Italian Opera season opened at Covent Garden with Bizet's ''I Pescatori di Perle'' (which isn't Italian). The reporting is not perfectly clear, but the Princess of Wales, her daughters and the Duchess of Edinburgh do not seem to have been present in 1889, but they were in 1887 for the Italian Opera's first season at Covent Garden.<blockquote>Covent Garden Theatre, on Saturday, when the Italian Opera season was inaugurated by a performance of Bizet's early opera "I Pescatori de Perle," presented the most brilliant appearance imaginable, and being even more noteworthy that the first season's assemblage which Mr. Harris brought together two years ago, The Princess of Wales and the three young Princesses, together with the Duchess of Edinburgh, occupied the Royal box. Among the host of fashionabie people present were Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, the Duke of Portland, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Rosebery, the Duchess of Marlborough, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Mr. Harry H. Marks, Lord Wolverton, Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Mrs. Vanderbilt, the Hon. F. E Allsopp, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. H. L W. Lawson, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Windsor, Mrs. Lawrence, Lady Dudley, the Duchess of Montrose, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Sir Charles Tennant, Sir Phillip Currie, Mr. Arthur Cohen, Mr. Critchett. Mr. Poland, the Hon. G. Curzon, Mr. Seager Hunt, M.P., the Duchess of Leinster, Lord Latham, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Raphael, and Mr. Corney Grain.<ref>"Royal Italian Opera. A Brilliant Assemblage at the First Night at Covent Garden." ''Evening News'' (London) 20 May 1889, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003283/18890520/026/0002. Same title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 27 May 1889, Monday, 11 p.m. === ==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ==== It seems to have been hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales and a number of their children. Queen Victoria was not present. The dancing began at 11 p.m., after the Prince and Princess of Wales and their family and attendants arrived.<ref>"The Queen's State Ball." ''Morning Post'' 28 May 1889, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890528/048/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> ==June 1889== The last meeting of the Men and Women's Club was held in June 1889 (Bland 41). The "initial London performance of 'A Doll's House' was in June 1889 and was attended by Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, and Amy Levy (Bernstein paragraph 12). Then Walter Besant wrote "The Doll's House -- And After," attacking Nora for the destruction of her family twenty years later. G. B. Shaw wrote another version in 1890, a sequel to the original as well, "Still After the Doll's House," attacking Besant's vision (Time [February 1890]: 197–208). Eleanor Marx and Israel Zangwill then wrote "A Doll's House Repaired," in which the door slamming is the one that locks Nora in (Time [March 1891]: 239–253). ===5 June 1889, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs. According to the ''Morning Post'', <quote>The Derby Day. / Lady George Hamilton's second evening party, at the Admiralty. / Lady Trevelyan's dance, instead of the 27th of May. / Lady Jane Lindsay's first dance. / The Hon. Mrs. Greville Vernon's dance.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 5 June 1889: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6B). ===6 June 1889, Thursday=== According to the year-end summary of the weather in the 1 Janaury 1890 ''Morning Post'', there was a "grand display of lightning during the violent thunderstorm of June 6" <cite>"The Weather of 1889." The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.</cite> === 8 June 1889, Saturday === The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours opened an exhibition of "the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'"<blockquote>The members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, Piccadilly, W., through their president, Sir James D. Linton, and Mr. James Orrock, R.I., have made arrangements for a representative exhibition of the works of the "English Humourists in Art." The scope will be a wide one, from Hogarth, Rowlandson, etc., through the successive stages of humorous graphic art to its present development, as exemplified in the members of the artistic staff of ''Punch'' and contemporary pictorial humourists. The exhibition opens on the 8th of June, and is under distinguished patronage. The Queen will exhibit original drawings by Rowlandson, etc., from the royal collection; the Duchess of St. Albans, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Michael Sandys, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]], and other fortunate possessors of original treasures of the requisite kind will contribute to the collection. The leading features of the Exhibition will be the gathering of original works by Rowlandson, an assemblage of the original illustrations designed from the works of Charles Dickens, including the series by George Cruikshank, H. K. Browne (“ Phiz ”), John Leech, Fred Barnard, Charles Green, R.I., etc. A most important series of water-colour drawings by the last-named artist, illustrating episodes from Dickens on a more ambitious scale than has been previously attempted, will be contributed by Mr. William Lockwood, who commissioned Mr. Charles Green to undertake this ''tour de force''. Nearly all the original works in oils by Mr. Fred Barnard will be exhibited. Randolph Caldecott will also be well represented. There will likewise be numerous specimens of Messrs. John Tenniel, R.I., Charles Keene, George Du Maurier, R.W.S., Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Gordon Thompson, Alfred Bryan, J. F. Sullivan; and others. Mr. Gilbert Dalziel is sending a selection from the best examples of the late W. G. Baxter.<ref>"An Exhibition of Humourists." ''St James's Gazette'' 22 May 1889, Wednesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18890522/041/0008. Print p. 8.</ref></blockquote> ===26 June 1889, Wednesday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1889== === 2 July 1889, Tuesday === ==== The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance ==== These two articles are reportage, written in a personal, 1st-person style.<blockquote>The "Arabian Nights" at Covent Garden. I. — By Our Operatic Special. Truly a great function! Worthy of the occasion, and worthy of everybody concerned! Such was the verdict passed upon last night's show at Covent Carden by those who were lucky enough to be present at what was practically a unique performance. State visits to the opera are few and far between, and we must carry our memories back some sixteen years in order to recall a similar combination of royalty, aristocracy, millinery, and jewellery. No one has a better recollection of the operatic past than Mr. Edward Hall, the ''doyen'' of the Covent Garden box-office, who has been connected with the establishmient for over forty years. This veteran told me last night, when all was over, that the brilliancy of the occasion fully equalled, if not surpassed, both the Shah's visit to Bow-street (the theatre, not the police- court), in 1873, and also the Sultan of Turkey's entertainment at the same house in 1867. At any rate the vast majority of us had never seen anything quite like it before, and consequently we were duly astonished and delighted. Arriving at the opera-house shortly before eight o'clock, I devoted myself immediately to making a short tour of inspection of all the arrangements. The entrance-hall was judiciously ornamented with strange and prickly shrubs, and had quite the appearance of a tropical jungle tempered with an allowance of red cloth. Turning to the grand staircase, which was covered with a carpet of peacock-blue, I made my way through leafy masses and nodding blossoms to the crush-room. Here all was cool and inviting. Huge blocks of ice, rendered translucent by artfully concealed coloured lights, filled every corner, mirrors reflected palms of all sorts and sizes, and comfortable lounges were scattered about for the benefit of the Royalties. This "elegant apartment" adjoined the Royal box, and was of course inaccessible to outsiders. The smoking balcony over the portico was also reserved for the various "highnesses," and a long table covered with light refreshments looked quite tempting with its glittering array of glass and plate. However, it was now time to seek the auditorium, and accordingly I hurried downstairs again and entered the stalls. As I gazed round the house a perfect "Arabian Nights" vision burst upon me. Imagine Covent Garden Theatre with every circle lined with bouquets, and every chair decked with a satin programme pinned to it, antirnaccassar fashion! The effect was one to be seen in order to be fully realized. Goodness only knows where the florists found material for all these bunches of roses and carnations, and for the substantial button-holes which were placed at the disposal of the gentlemen; one would almost expect a flower-ramine [?] in the adjacent market as the natural result. The audience was coming in slowly and sedately, and I had ample time and opportunity to look round me and take note of a few well-known faces. Lord and Lady Rothschild were among the earliest arrivals — he in a scarlet coat, and she in white and diamonds; Lady Mandeville took up her position early in Mrs. William Carrington's box. Lord and Lady Charles Beresford and Lord and Lady de Grey had deserted their usual quarters and occupied the Prince of Wales's box, which of course was not required by Royalty. Lady de Grey had on her lovely diamond tiara. Indeed, all over the theatre it positively rained precious stones, and there was hardly a lady on the grand or pit tiers who did not "sport" something magnificent in the way of a "head-piece." Mr. Edward Lawson, and Mr. Augustus Spalding each wandered about the stalls in the red coat of a deputy lieutenant; Mr. Reuben Sassoon wore black court dress, and so did Dr. Pavey, of "Guy's." Mr. Higgins hovered between the stalls and one of the omnibus boxes; Lady Dudley divided herself between her own domain, where she was accompanied by Miss Mordaunt, and the Beresford box; and Mr. Potter, Q.C., wore "common or garden" evening clothes. Others who came in good time were the Danish Minister (in gorgeous array) and Madame De Falbe, wearing her wonderful emeralds; Mr. De Murietta, Lord and Lady Will[i]am Nevill, the latter wearing diamonds, pearls, and sapphires; Miss Murietta, in white, and Mr. Van Raalte, who brought his wife in a charming light blue gown. But stay! Here is Signor Mancinelli in his place, just ready to begin. The Royal party is not expected until nine o'clock, and so the first few items will be got through in their absence. The orchestra plays the overture to "William Tell" splendidly, and then Mdme. Melba comes on to sing the mad scene from "Lucia," under the baton of Signor Randegger. Next Signor Arditi takes his turn with the "stick," and Beethoven's immortal "Leonora No. 3' is given. After this there is a pause; Signor Mancinelli resumes his comnand, and stands, waiting for his signal. It is past nine o'clock, and the Royalties are already overdue. A few minutes of anxious expectation, and then distant cheers are heard by those in the corridors. The audience rise as one being, the conductor's stick makes a significant movement, there is a mighty roll of drums leading into the National Anthem, and then his Majesty the Shah enters the Royal box with the Princess of Wales on his arm. The Prince of Wales follows with Princess Louise, and then come Prince Albert Victor and Princess Victoria of Wales; Prince George and Princess Beatrice; the Earl of Fife, escorting his fiancée, Princess Louise of Wales; and Prince Henry of Battenberg with Princess Maud. The Princess of Wales wears a magnificent flame-coloured brocade, and her famous diamond tiara; Princess Beatrice is in black, and Princess Louise and the three young Princesses are all in white. In attendance on the Royal party are the Persian Minister and several members of the Shah's suite, the Duke of Portland, Lord Radnor, Lord Lathom, Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Spencer Ponsonby, Lady Sophia Macnamara, Lady Emily Kingscote, and Miss Cochrane. Every one has a good stare at the Shah while "God save the Queen" and the Persian National Anthem are being played, and then the Royalties settle down in their charming white and yellow ''loge'', and begin to turn over the books of the words, which have been elaborately bound in crimson watered silk. The curtain rises almost immediately on the fourth act of "Faust," which is sung by Mdrne. Albani, Mdme. Scalchi, the Brothers de Reszke, and M. Lassalle. His Oriental Majesty appears to enjoy the music, and waves his right band vigorously, while the Soldiers' Chorus is being sung. Then there is a brief interval, during which I perambulate the house and make up the following "little iist" of notabilities. Lord Limerick; Mrs. Edward Lawson, in white; Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson; Mr. Maximilian de Bathe; Mr. and Mrs. Hulse; Mr. George Curzon, M.P., who is in Lord Windsor's box; Lady Colin Campbell, with a lovely feather fan; Mrs. Labouchere, in pink; the Duchess of Newcastle, with her daughter, the Duchesse d'Avigliano; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in the Murietta's [sic] box; Mrs. Arthur Wilson, in black, who manages to drop her banquet onto someone's head; Lady Zetland, in white; the Duchess of Portland, also in white; the Duchess of Marlborough; Lady Lucas; Lord and Lady Windsor; Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe and her daughters; Mrs. Lawrence, in black and white; Mr. Charles Lucas; Mrs. Edward Sassoon, in white; Mr. "Arthur Roberts" Nugent, in a bear-skin; Sir Morell Mackenzie, with his German star; Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C.; the Duchess of Manchester, Mr. Arthur Chappell, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Lady Mary Mills, who looks lovely in grey velvet and a diamond tiara; Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, in red; Lady Rosebery, with Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild; Lord Abington; Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury; Lady Broome, in terra cotta; and Colonel and Mrs. William Carington. In the "omnibus" boxes are Lord Calthorpe, Lord Chesterfield, Mr. Chaplin, Colonel Oliver Montague, Lord Henry Paulet, Mr. Baring, Mr. Williams, and Mr. C. de Murietta. Mrs. Arthur Sassoon is with Lady Forbes; Mrs. McEwan has brought Lady Jane Taylour, and Lady Howe, in white, has come with Lady Hindlip. Amongst others present I see Lady Randolph Churchill; Lady de Trafford, in brown satin, with pale pink, roses; the Spanish Ambassador; Mrs. Albert Brassey; Mrs. Adrian Hope, in white satin; Lady Curzon; Lady Claude Hamilton, in salmon pink; Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, in black and gold; Mrs. Tatton Egerton, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild; and a heap of others. The Guards about the theatre make a particularly brilliant show, and the twenty-four Beefeaters, who have been sent over from St. James's Palace, remind one of the "Yeomen of the Guard." The second Part of the programme goes quite as well as the first, and Mdme. Melba makes an especial hit in the valse from "Romeo et Juliette." When all is over the Royal party passes down the staircase and gradually disperses.Then the "Wales" family departs for Marlborough House, and Lord Fife is left to take care of Princess Beatrice instead of his ''fiancée''. When all the Royalties have finally gone every one, [sic] else slowly leaves the big opera house, and I myself, turning my steps southward, run against a little fair man, and have the pleasure of congratulating Mr. Clarkson on having "wigged" three operas in one evening. So ends a memorable function. A Display of Unparalleled Magnificence. II. — By Our Own Visitor. The gala performance at the Covent Garden Theatre last night, on the occasion of the "State Visit to the Opera, by command of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, in honour of his Majesty the Shah, K.G.," presented a spectacle of altogether unprecedented brilliancy. Nothing even approaching it has ever before been seen in England, and we must go back to the days of the French Empire to find a similar entertainment that could in any sense be compared with it for splendour. I arrived somewhat early and found that the ordinary drive under the portico of the theatre had been transformed into a fine and spacious vestibule [Col. 2c-3a] by reason of much bunting — above, around, and under foot — while the gas chandeliers were decorated with flowers. Entering the ordinary vestibule of the theatre I found myself in a charming ante-chamber, in which the military had already taken up their position, and in which a great number of officers, military, naval, civil, and diplomatic, were promenading. Then on through the passages into the body of the theatre, and a wonderful spectacle presented itself. The house was alive with flowers — magnificent bouquets, huge and tasteful nosegays of roses for the ladies and buttonholes for the gentlemen, rested between every alternate stall, and traced the outline of the rows of boxes on every tier in splendid profusion, and imparted a semblance of fairy-land to the interior. Of the large bouquets it was said that no fewer than seven hundred had been provided by Messrs. Wells and Segar, and that the supply in the market round the corner was suffering severely through the contract. On the back of each seat was pinned a gorgeous programme printed in blue upon a sheet of white satin twelve inches by eighteen. And now the fortunate holders of seats began to pour in — all that was most beautiful, most aristocratic, and most wealthy in London. But it was noticeable that very, very few of the well known faces in artistic, literary, or scientific circles were present. I have seen many an important function and ceremonial, but never have I seen so many beautiful women together, or such a wonderful display of diamonds and jewels. "I should like to have the chance," whispered a Bond-street gentleman in front of me to his friend, after the Princess had arrived, "I should like to have the chance of buying all the stones in this house for a million sterling. I'd put up with the balance." He was apparently "in the trade." Never has the Princess of Wales looked more beautiful than last night, as, in her deep red dress, her neck smothered in necklaces and rivières of diamonds, and a dazzling diamond coronet on her head — by the side of which all other tiaras and jewels seemed to pale — she stood in front of the box, biting her lips with what appeared to be suppressed amusement. The Royal party, all in full uniform, sat thus:— </blockquote> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Princess Victoria of Wales !Prince Henry of Battenberg !Princess Maud of Wales !Prince Albert Victor !Princess of Wales !S<small>HAH</small> !Prince of Wales !Princess Beatrice !Prince George of Wales !Princess Louise of Wales !Earl of Fife (apparently: he was behind a column) |} <blockquote> During the last interval, the Guest [the Shah] did not wait for the Princess, but left his seat and she quietly followed him out. I also left the body of the theatre, and, making my way to the vestibule, where the band of the Royal Artillery was playing and a strong guard of the same regiment was mounted, I thought I had never beheld a more picturesque or dazzling a scene. Military men in their uniforms, Life Guards in their clanking steel, Hussars with their clicking spurs, Doctors of Law in their gowns, men in Court dress, Highlanders, Volunteer officers, officers of regiments of the line, gorgeous in lace and brave in buttons, all hemmed in by a hollow square of the heavily gold-laced Queen's servants, formed a scene of brilliancy, tempered by the presence of ladies. Such was the gala night of the Covent Garden Theatre, and if the sight of it had not impressed itself for good on the heart of the Shah as he drove away in the magnificent gold carriage (for all the world like that in which the Prince and Princess drive round the ring at the Christmas circus), he must at least have felt grateful for the most superb society reunion that has ever taken place in London since London began.<ref>"The Shah at the Opera." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1889, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18890703/012/0004. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ===27 July 1889, Saturday=== Wedding between Princess Louise of Wales and the Duke of Fife at Buckingham Palace (http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25962/pages/4311/page.pdf). ==== Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris ==== The Mr. Charles Dickens who attended cannot be the novelist, but he could be his son, Charles Dickens, Jr., who died in 1896.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-24|title=Charles Dickens Jr.|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr.|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Who Lord and Lady Greville are requires confirmation, as [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess Warwick]] might have been called Lord and Lady Greville; calling [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Algernon Fulke]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] Lord and Lady would be incorrect but not a big stretch. The Dowager Duchess of Newcastle in 1889 was Henrietta, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]], who married Thomas Theobald Hohler in 1880.<blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris gave a very successful garden party on Saturday, 27th ult., at The Elms, Avenue-road, when the beautiful grounds were filled with a brilliant and fashionable assemblage. The approach to the house is through a long avenue of elms, and once inside the gates one might be far away in the depths of the country. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harris stood near the entrance to welcome the guests; Mrs, Harris wearing a beautiful toilette of eau de nil silk, with a becoming French hat, with long streamers at the back. Tents were erected on the lawns, and little tables were dotted about the grass, where the guests might discuss the huge peaches at their ease. The band of the Scots Guards discoursed sweet music on the lawn, and the extremely beautiful toilettes worn by the ladies enhanced the charm of the scene. The beautiful Lady de Grey came in on her way from the Royal wedding, looking lovely in an exquisite toilette of soft white mousseline de soie, with a pointed vest of gold passementerie, and a becoming little bonnet of the same material; she wore very fine diamond earrings, which paled beside the brilliancy of her eyes. Mrs. Baskcomb had also come on from the wedding, and looked charming in a dress of white and blue mousseline de laine, with a vest and sash of dark blue silk, and a bonnet made entirely of cornflowers. Mrs. Baskcomb wore the favour from the Royal wedding (a pretty spray of orange-blossom and white heather); and round her neck was a Royal gift, consisting of a pendant with the Prince of Wales's feathers on a raised gold ground. Mrs. Phillips also wore an exquisite toilette which had figured on the same occasion. The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle]] wore an artistic costume of bronze and green. Mrs. Heywood attracted a good deal of attention in a bright red silk dress, with a sunshade to match, having a spray of pink may at the top, and a diamond collar necklace. Mrs. Sam Lewls looked particularly striking in a green dress slightly figured with black, a grass-green mantle trimmed with bands of black passementerie, and a pretty bonnet made entirely of grass with a coronet of yellow buttercups. Mrs. Alfred Caldicott looked very elegant in a successful combination of bronze and green, with a bonnet of salmon-pink roses. Mrs. Henry Wylde looked well in white silk striped with black velvet, and a large hat covered with white ostrich feathers; and Mrs. Philip Falk was in sapphire-blue silk and velvet. A very ''chic'' toilette was worn by Mrs. Skirrow, who wore a very pretty green hat with a turned-up brim, trimmed with Japanese chrysanthemums in mauve, pink, and cream. Mrs. Maxse looked very pretty in silver-grey silk, with a long black lace mantle with winged sleeves, and a black lace hat wreathed with pink and crimson roses. The most ''récherché'' toilette of the occasion was worn by Mrs. Randegger, who looked very pretty in salmon-pink silk shot with fawn, with a bonnet of roses of the same colour. Nearly all Mr. Harris's ''prima donnas'' were present, and each formed a separate centre of attraction. Mdme. Ella Russell wore a charming Empire dress of eau de nil crêpe de chine with a coral-pink sash, & bonnet of coral-pink roses, and a diamond star at the throat. The sunshade which accompanied this fresh and dainty toilette was of white silk edged with real Brussels lace. Mdme. Valda looked very handsome in a dress of ivory silk covered with Italian lace, with a cuirass of gold passementerie, and a white tulle bonnet trimmed with gold-coloured velvet. Mdme. Marie Roze wore a fancy striped mousseline de laine, with a straw hat lined with sky-blue silk and trimmed with pink roses, the écru lace vest crossed by the large diamond stars belonging to the tiara presented to her by the people of Liverpool. Pretty Mdme. Nordica wore a Directoire dress in white-and-fawn striped silk, and a white bonnet trimmed with amber. Mrs. Bernard Beere looked very picturesque in pearl white brocade with a white lace front, a white chip hat trimmed with Boulanger carnations, a nosegay of the same in the bodice, and one of the flowers tucked into the throat under the high collar. Buttons of star sapphires were the only touch of colour in the dress. Celebrities of every description were to be seen among the guests. Mons. Max O'Rell discoursed art with Mons. Jean de Paléologue and Mons. Raphael. Mons. Ed. Lantéri was also present (professor of sculpture at South Kensington, and the designer of the medals which Mr. Harris has lately presented to his artists in commemoration of his successful operatic season) and Mons. Bertrand, who has taught the Duchess of Fife to fence, and speaks greatly of her proficiency in the graceful art. A great many of Mr. Harris's colleagues on the County Council were present, amongst whom may be mentioned Colonel Edis, Captain Probyn, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., Colonel Rotton, Mr. Beechcroft, Mr. Beaufoy, Mr. J. F. Beck, Mr. Carter, Mr. Carr-Gomm, Mr. Frank Debenham, Mr. Lye, Mr. A. Bassett-Hopkins, Mr. Lemon, Mr. Torr, Mr. Rhodes, Captain Verney, Mr. Walter Wren, and Mr. F. A. Ford. The rain luckily kept off until quite the end of the party, when the remaining guests adjourned to the house and examined the beautiful silver salver and marble gilt photograph stand which was presented to the popular manager last week by the principal members of the Royal Italian Opera Company, whose portraits, with autographs attached, give additional value to the graceful gift. Among the guests were:— The [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Dowager Duchess of Newcastle and Mr. Hohler]], the Earl and Lady Cairns, Lord de I'lsle, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Sir Edmund and Lady Lechmere, Sir Arthur Birch, Lord Hay, '''Lord and Lady Greville''', Sir Charles and Lady Tupper, Lord and LadyHobhouse, Lady Fanny Fitzwygram, Sir Albert Rollit, M.P., Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Mr. John Aird, M.P., and Mrs. Aird, Sir Richard and Lady Wood, Mr. H. De Stern, Sir Francis and Lady Truscott, Mr. and Mrs. Ellicott, Mr. Hume Spry; Sir F. Perkins, Lady Colin Campbell, Sir Thomas and Lady Gabriel, Mr. Henry Tracy, Lady and Miss Pauncefote, Colonel Sir Robert Harley, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Vincent and Lady Barrington, Sir W. and Lady Hardman, Mr. and Lady Agnes Cooper, Sir James and Lady Linton, Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, Sir Oscar Clayton, Mr. J. F. Firth, M.P., and Mrs. Firth, Sir F. and Lady Alston, Mdme. Roze and Col. Mapleson, Mr. T. Thorne, Alderman and Mrs. Savory, Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Kynaston, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. L. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Frith, Mr. Seymour Lucas, Mr. Woodall, M.P., Sir George Grove, Mr. L. Jennings, M.P., Col. E. Hughes, M.P., and Mrs. Hughes, Dr. W. H. Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Hoffnung[,] Mr. Pope, Q.C, Miss Bury, Dr. and Mrs. Robson Roose, Mr. H. Poland, Q.C., Sir S and Lady Gabriel, Mr. C. Whitmore, M.P., Alderman and Lady Isaacs, Sir T. and Lady Lucas, Sir R. Fowler, M.P., and Miss Fowler, Alderman Sir John and Lady Ellis, Lady Monckton, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Parkinson, '''Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dickens''', Mr. and Mrs. Harry Furniss, Mr. G. A. Sala, Mr. and Mrs. Pinero, Mdme. Valia, Alderman and Mrs. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Caldicott, Mr. Harry Marks, Mons. Castelmary, Mons. and Mdme. Paul Blouet, Mdme. Fursch-Madi, Mr. and Mr. [sic] Charles Wyndham, Col. R. W. Edis, Alderman and Mrs. Tyler, Mr. E. Boulnois, M.P., and Mrs. Boulnois, Mr. and Mrs. Terris, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. J. Fernandez, Mr. Phil Morris, A R.A., Alderman, Mrs., and the Misses Faudel Philips, Sir W. and Miss Charley, Mr. Bidney Brough, Le Comte Ostrorog, Captain and Mr. [sic] Cdfford [Clifford?] Probyn, Mr. Under-Sheriff Clarence Halse and Mrs. Halse, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Sassoon, Le Comte and Comtesse Dillon, Mr. and Mrs. Folk, Captain Henshaw Russell, Mrs. Adair, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain and Mrs. Lathom Fox, Colonel and Mrs. Rotton, Signor Mancinelli, Rev. Henry White, Captain Chetwynd, Mr. and Mrs. Hume Webster, Mons. Gennadino, Alderman and Mrs. Renals, Major-General Hales Wortham, Signor and Mdme. Arditi, Rev. Canon and Mrs. Barker, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Debenham, Mrs. Gabrielli, Dr. and Mrs. Scott Gatty.<ref>"In Society." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 03 August 1889, Saturday: 62 [of 82], Col. 3a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18890803/425/0062. Same print title, p. 174.</ref></blockquote> === 1889 July 31, Wednesday === ==== Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League ==== <blockquote>A fête, held under the auspices of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League, took place on Wednesday afternoon last in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court, kindly lent by the Hon. Algernon Mills, and the evert may be described as in every way a success. A more charming spot for holding a fête of this kind could scarely be selected, and the weather was brilliant. It transpired that the arrangements for the afternoon's programme had been in a great measure suggested and carried out by Lady Mary Mills, and this being the case it was satisfactory for the large company who assembled at the meeting that was called together towards the close of the proceedings, to hear graceful compliments paid to Lady Mary, not only by Mr. C. Roberts, the Deputy Ruling Counciller of the Habitation, but by Lord Claud Hamilton, for the kind and active interest she had evinced in the event. Other necessary arrangements were very ably superintended by officers of the Habitation, aided by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. B. T. Gales. The company present included the Hon. Algernon Mills, Ruling Councillor of the Habitation, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Claud Hamilton, Lord Chesterfield, the Countess Stradbroke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir Charles and Lady Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Wemyss, Mr. H. R. Cos, Mr. F. H. Deane and the Misses Deane, Mr. and Mrs. B. H. W. Way and Miss Way, General and the Misses Swanston, General Stanton, Mrs. B. C. Stephenson and party, Miss Clarke (Swakeleys), Mrs. C Grenfell, Mr. and Miss Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Hibbert, Mrs. Wakefield, Dr. and Mrs. Ferris, Mr. H. Bird, Mr. W. Avery Bird, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Phillips and party, the Misses Duncombe, Mr. and the Misses Grimsdale, Mr. W. B. Harman [Herman?], Mr. G. Woolls, the Rev. J. H. Thomas, T. W. James, and T. M Everett. The amusements provided during the afternoon included selections of music by members of the Uxbridge and Hillingdon Band, a very interesting entertainment of performing dogs, under the direction of Mr. Hotime, pleasing vocal and instrumental performances by the Meier Family, and several selections of comic melodies by experienced artistes, the latter of whom appeared upon a prettily decorated stage. The piano, by the way, which was used in the accompaniments, was supplied by Mrs. Willis, of Uxbridge. Tea and other refreshments were provided, and the majority of the company availed themselves of the opportunity of partaking of the refreshing beverage. Satislaction was expressed on all sides with the general success of the occasion, which certainly passed off in a manner which could not fail to please everyone present. Shortly after five o'clock the company assembled in front of a platform or stage to hear some brief addresses on political subjects. The chair was taken by the Hon. Algernon Mills, who was accompanied by Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P., and Mr. C. Roberts, and, before the meeting closed, he was joined by Mr. F. D. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., whose arrival was greeted with cheers. Lord Claud Hamilton, who was briefly introduced by the Chairman, congratulated the Habitation, first upon the successful appearance of the meeting, and next upon the great addition to their ranks which had occurred within the past few days. He thought that although Uxbridge in past days was not distinguished for its Conservatism, there had been a marked change for the better during the past few years, and he thought that when the time once more arrived the voters of Uxbridge would again be found polling in the right direction. At the same time that be congratulated the people of that district upon what he found to be their efficient local organisation, he thought they might, as a party, congratulate themselves on the present position of the Unionist Government in Parliament. This was the close of the third Session of the present Government, and although there had been one or two bye-elections, on personal and other grounds, and they had lost a few seats, yet no impartial man could deny that at the present moment the Government of Lord Salisbury was far stronger in Parliament and in the estimation of the country at large than it had been at any time during the past three years, and there was throughout the Kingdom a firm and solemn determination on the part of most electors to support end to cement the union between the Conservative party and the section of the Liberal party called Liberal Unionists. While such a feeling existed he thought that the present Government might certainly be regarded as strong. He must confess, however, that he felt sorry on taking up the morning paper that day to see that an old and personal friend, and one whom he admired, had been once again coming forward somewhat in the nature of a disturber of the public peace. He had read two speeches in the paper that day, one by Mr. A. Balfour, the other by the great politician, Lord Randolph Churchill, and in regard to the latter he was at first really unable to define what he was driving at in the remarks he made, and the policy which he attempted to unfold to his Birmingham audience, for he did not commence with a straight hit, but by side-hitting and numerous other modes of attack endeavoured to make out to his hearers that nearly everything connected with the foreign policy of Lord Salisbury was wrong, and that a great deal of the policy of Mr. Balfour in Ireland was also wrong. Having reviewed and criticised Lord Randolph's remarks in reference to foreign policy, he proceeded to deal with his observations having reference to the action of the Government in regard to Ireland, and, in this matter, confessed that he was always sorry when he heard an old friend talk undignified nonsense on a public platform, for although his lordship said a good deal that was wise and sensible, he showed his total ignorance of the present circumstances existing in regard to Ireland, and, above all, his ignorance of the Irish character. Then Lord Randolph Churchill also appeared to feel that he ought to have seat in Birmingham. Now, his hearers were doubtless very well acquainted with an interesting suburban town called Brentford. He did not think that a town like Brentford was large enough for two kings, and Birmingham was not large enough for two kings; and if two men of the calibre of Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Randolph Churchill both occupied seats for Birmingham, he did not think that it could be done without some trouble occurring in the future. After some further remarks on general political policy, his lordship concluded by once more congratulating the local Habitation of the Primrose League on the success of that day's proceedings. Mr. Dixon-Hartland, M.P., who was received with much applause, remarked, at the outset, having reference to the observations he had heard made by Lord Claud Hamilton, that he regretted Lord Randolph Churchill had spoken as he had done during the last few days. He was one or those who had watched Lord Randolph Churchill's career with great interest for a long time, and he felt that the Conservative party owed much to him. In 1880, when the fortunes of the party seemed at a low ebb, a force and courage was given to it by the way in which Lord Randolph Churchill attacked the Radical ministry that were then in power. He did good work for the Party, and that way one of the causes why Lord Salisbury was in power at the present time. However, much as he (the speaker) admired his lordship's courage and valuable work in the past, that did not blind him to what the noble lord was doing now, and the doctrines which he had recently been preaching at Walsall and at Birmingham were not Tory but socialistic doctrines. The question of doing away with rents wherever they existed, without compensation, was one that would never be accepted by the Tory party, and if Lord Randolph Churchill was going to pin his faith to a flag of that kind he would have to join the other side, for the Conservatives would not consent to it. The speaker then remarked upon the progress of the measure in reference to the Royal Grants. He remarked that last week there were few people whose hearts were not moved with the idea of the marriage of the daughter of our future king. There could be no doubt that the marriage was a thoroughly popular one with the English people, for it reminded us of the olden times, when our Kings came forward and gave their daughters in marriage to English noblemen; and the majority of people in England to-day thought our noblemen were quite as good as German princelings. (Loud applause.) English people were glad to see a return to the old state of things, for it was a custom which created another tie between the people and the Throne of England. (Hear, hear.) In Parliament most unworthy, ungenerous, and he might say, improper means had been taken to try and divide the vote for sums of money necessary to keep up the dignity of the Royal Family. For his own part he did not think that if England were polled the people of this country would be so mean as not to keep up the dignity of their Royal Family. It was a question which concerned the country more than was generally contemplated, for, in his opinion, anything that we paid to the Queen and for properly maintaining the Royal dignity was small, considering the great benefits that we received. The benefits he referred to had been bestowed upon the English people by the very constitutional way in which the queen had performed the duties of her high office, and had that not been the case we in England would not have been in the state of prosperity which might now be ascribed to us as a country, and that would have affected every man, woman and child he then saw before hm. We were told we were being unduly taxed, but, after all, what was it that was paid for the Royal Family. He submitted that at the present moment the whole of the sum annually paid amounted to rather less than one penny per head of the whole population, and it would be somewhere about one penny if the proposed grant were made. We were better off in this respect than the people of America, who paid a vast amount of money annually to Congressmen and Senators — a great deal more than we paid our queen, while, it must be remembered, the services of members of the House of Lords and House of Commons were gratuitous. We must look at the details of these things, view the question in a general, and at the same time in a common sense, way, and it would be seen that in these matters we were more lightly taxed than any country in Europe or any couuntry in the New World. Referring to the past Session of Parliament, the speaker said it had been remarkable for the breaking-up, so to speak, of the power of Mr. Gladstone over the Radical portion of his supporters; and in this respect it might be mentioned that Mr. Gladstone had come forward to say he would do what was right in regard to the royal grants. Then there was another point that might be referred to, and that was the breaking up of the Irish party, who not only felt that Mr. Bal- '''[Col. 1c–2a]''' four's government was enticing the ground from under their feet, but were also becoming aware of the fact that money was not coming in in the way it used to do. Mr. Diller had been making a tour in Australian colonies; and the general conclusion to be arrived at was that all these showed how strong and good was the government of Lord Salisbury. (Hear, hear.) The speaker then proceeded to remark that while the effect of Lord Salisbury's government was manifestly beneficial, there were apart from the influence of our own administration, signs of trouble among foreign nations, and that all this should cause the fact to be more firmly impressed upon the English mind that we should have a strong and stable government, and it behoved all in this country to do everything in their power to support the same. In conclusion, he wished to say that he was very pleased they had had such a pleasant afternoon, and he was sure they must one and all feel indebted to the Hon. Algernon Mills for the use of his grounds on the occasion. (Hear, hear.) He must remember, however, that on such occasions as that they did not assemble for the sole purpose of hearing speeches, and certainly not long speeches, and he would therefore conclude his remarks, but before doing so he wished to say that he hoped that year by year Primrose gatherings would be held in the neighbourhood of Uxbridge, and that that Habitation, and others, would continue to prosper, for there was no doubt that such societies brought all classes together, they were cemented in one bond, and where that was the case there was very little chance of the Radicals gaining any power. There was yet one other matter which he wished very briefly to refer to before he resumed his seat. He had been told lately that there had been a report in circulation to the effect that he had some thought of relinquishing his seat in Parliament as a representative of that Division. All he could say was that he considered it the greatest honour to represent a Division in the county of Middlesex, and that be was quite content with the Division he had the great honour to represent at the present time. So long as they in that Division were willing to have him, he was most willing to stick to them, and he hoped that he might be their member for many years to come, and have the pleasure of continuing to come amongst them, knowing that he was in the midst of friends. (Loud and continued cheering.) Mr. C. Roberts, who was greeted with every manifestation of popularity, then came forward for the purpose of proposing a vote of thanks to the Hon. Algernon Mills and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in allowing the fête to take place in the beautiful grounds of Hillingdon Court. It was evident that they had the good of the cause at heart, and the fact of such support brought a great many recruits under the Primrose League standard. It was satisfactory for him to be able to state that during a very short period they had received the names of 100 recruits. Such rapid strides as that would not be made but for gatherings of that kind, which benefitted the Primrose League movement very much throughout the country; and it was undoubtedly productive of a great deal of good when the gentry opened their parks in this way, as had been the case during late years, for it brought all classes of society together, and refuted the argument that the Tories were composed of the "swells" of society, and would have nothing whatever to do with those who occupied a more humble position in life. (Hear, hear.) Such a statement as that was, of course, a great error, and they of the Primrose League, whether they belonged to the upper or the middle class, knew full well that so long as people conducted themselves the League was open to all who were of that political opinion, and that whenever there was a fête of that kind there was no distinction of persons whatever, all were perfectly free to attend the meeting, and there was certainly no idea of setting class against class. He could not help remarking that the Primrose League in that district had a most able representative in Lady Mary Mills. The whole of the entertainments on that occasion had been organised by her, and, the event having taken place in such fine weather, and those present having been so extremely well entertained, the entire proceedings might be fittingly described as a great success, and he thought it would for a fitting close to such an enjoyable occasion if a hearty vote of thanks were passed to the Hon. Algernon MiIls and Lady Mary Mills for their kindness in entertaining such a large company that afternoon. (Applause.) He did not think that such a proposal needed a seconder, and therefore he called upon all who approved of it to signify the same in the usual way. Prolonged applause was the answer to this invitation for an expression of opinion, and one enthusiastic visitor called for cheers for Lady Mary Mills, which were promptly given. The Hon. Algernon Mills replied in appropriate terms, and remarked that whatever gratification had been derived from the proceedings of that afternoon was due to the arrangements which had been entirely carried out by his wife, for he, owing to having been engaged in business matters, had been unable to devote much attention to it. All he could say was that he hoped it would not be the last meeting of the kind that would take place there. (Loud applause.)<ref>"Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League. Fete at Hillingdon Court." ''Uxbridge & W. Drayton Gazette'' 3 August 1889, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002284/18890803/126/0008. Print: ''Buckinghamshire Advertiser, Uxbridge, Harrow and Watford Journal'', p. 8.<blockquote></blockquote></ref> </blockquote> ==August 1889== ===6 August 1889, Tuesday=== "The Savoy Hotel on the Thames Embankment opened by a company, 6 August 1889; the directors included the earl of Lathom, Mr. R. D'Oyly Carte, and sir Arthur Sullivan" (Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1105. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010.) ===26 August 1889, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday. ===30 August 1889, Friday=== "The American house of Lippincott's, based in Philadelphia, had sent one of their men, J.M. Stoddart, over to England to search out some new talent. Lippincott's published a monthly magazine in both countries, and their policy was to include a complete story in each number. Stoddart called upon James Payn, editor of The Cornhill, and Payn recommended him to try Dr. Conan Doyle of Southsea. The result was the celebrated dinner for four at the Langham Hotel, Portland Place with Stoddart, Doyle, Oscar Wilde, and an Irish MP called Gill. ... Dr Doyle has left on record his impressions of Wilde" (Stavert 148). For Lippincott's Doyle wrote A Study in Scarlet, which has "a character patterned after Oscar Wilde, and the Langdon Hotel gets a mention" (Stavert 149). Stoddart was looking for novels Doyle's A Study in Scarlet was published in the February 1890 number, and Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray in the July 1890 one. ===30 August 1889, Friday=== W. A. Ayton and Anne Ayton were initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 140). ==September 1889== ==October 1889== In October 1889, Jack the Ripper's signature and some vandalism in the form of drawings and commentary shows up in the guest book for the Lizard Hotel, Lizard Point, Cornwall (Cornwell 283). ===31 October 1889, Thursday=== Halloween. ==November 1889== ===5 November 1889, Tuesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===13 November 1889, Wednesday=== According to the ''Morning Post'' (2 January 1890), there was a disturbance during a performance of ''The Gold Craze'' at the Royal Princess's Theatre: <quote>The Marquis de Leuville appeared yesterday at Marlborough-street Police-court, to answer a summons obtained by Mr. H. Cummings for inciting persons to create a riot at the Royal Princess's Theatre on November 13. Mr. Geoghegan stated the case for the complainant, and examined Thomas Vincent Kiely, who said that the Marquis had given him money to engage men to hiss and make a disturbance at the performance of "The Gold Craze" at the Princess's, in which the Baron de Fleurville was upposed by defendant to be [col. E/F] intended for himself. The hearing was adjourned.</quote><cite>"London, Thursday, January 2, 1890." The Morning Post, 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676): page 4 Cols. #-F.</cite> ==December 1889== ===7 December 1889, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Gondoliers, Or the King of Barataria'' opened at the Savoy. ===25 December 1889, Wednesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1889, Thursday=== Boxing Day "Mr. F. J. Horniman's museum at Forest-Hill was open to the public on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in Christmas week, and about 4500 persons of all classes availed themselves of the privilege of inspecting the various objects of interest and the magnificent collection of natural history and art specimens." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. B) ===27 December 1889, Friday=== Horniman Museum open, second day (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. B). ===28 December 1889, Saturday=== Horniman Museum open, third day (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 04, 1890; pg. 6; Issue 2646, Col. B). ===31 December 1889, Tuesday=== Robert Browning's funeral in Westminster Abbey: Bret Harte attended (Axel Nissen, Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000: 216). <quote>The mortal remains of Robert Browning, the great poet, were yesterday laid among the relics of other famous bards and writers in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, with every appropriate demonstration of honour and regret for the departed. Among the attendant mourners were many of the great of the land and a host of others, whose reverence for the poet was shown by their demeanour.</quote><cite>The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): 4 Col. F.</cite> From later in the Morning Post: <quote>With manifestations of sincere respect and fond remembrance the remains of Robert Browning were yesterday consigned to an honoured resting place in Westminster Abbey. The funeral procession, which included 10 mourning carriages, left the house in De Vere-gardens, Kensington, soon after eleven o'clock, and reached Westminster Abbey just after the hour of noon had struck. Long before that time the choir and transepts reserved for mourners and friends were full, with the exception of a few seats under the Lantern set apart for the relatives and pall-bearers. The north transcept and a portion of the nave were crowded with the general public. Gloom and mist pervaded the Abbey, rendering the use of artificial light imperative. Tall tapers were burning upon the footpace before the undraped altar, and the seven-branched candelabra at the entrance of the sacrarium shed a flickering light within. In the uncertain light it was difficult to discern and identify the occupants of the choir and transepts, but now and again some well-known representative of art and letters could be recognised passing to his allotted seat. Just before noon the Dean, Canons Prothero, Duckworth, Westcott, and Fruse, Minor Canons Troutbeck and Cheadle, and the choir assembled at the western entrance of the nave in readiness to meet the body. Some 10 minutes afterwards the solemn and familiar strains of Croft and Purcell's music indicated that the Burial Service had commenced, and, with slow and measured steps the long procession passed up the nave into the choir, where choir and clergy took their places in the stalls. The coffin, covered with a violet-coloured pall, upon which were placed two floral wreaths and a cross of violets, was placed upon trestles in the open space under the Lantern where the lectern usually stands. The pall-bearers, ranged on either side, were the Hon. Hallam Tennyson, Dr. Butler, Sir Fitzjames Stephen, Sir Theodore Martin, Archdeacon Farrar, Professor Masson, Professor Jowett, Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir James Paget, Sir George Grove, Mr. G. M. Smith, and Professor Knight. [new paragraph] When the mourners had taken their places, the Burian Service proceeded in the usual manner, the 90th Psalm being chanted to Purcell's setting, while the Dean read the Lesson from his stall. The anthem or hymn which is usually interpolated between the two sections of the service was yesterday preceded by a "Meditation," in which some touching verses by Elizabeth Barrett Browning were set to equally touching music by Dr. Bridge. Rendered by the choir with excellent skill and reverent feeling, this interlude formed the most striking feature in the whole service. The anthem which followed was Wesley's, "All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again." At its conclusion the procession reformed, and the coffin, preceded by clergy and choir, passed through the south transept to the familiar Poets' Corner, where, at the foot of Chaucer's tomb, the grave had been dug. On the wall above, suspended from Cowley's monument, was a noble wreath of laurel, bound by a broad ribbon of white silk bearing the name of the poet in golden lettering, the memorial tribute of the Municipality of Venice. The final prayers at the graveside were said by the Dean, and the service fitly closed with Dr. Watts's hymn, "O God, our help in ages past," to the time-honoured tune, "St. Anne," which was very generally taken up by the congregation. As the Dean was reading the touching prayer of committal, the rays of the winter sun glinted through the Te Deum window in the transept, shedding rainbow hues on wall and pillar, and partially dismissing the prevailing gloom. Then the strains of the Dead March pealed forth from the organ, clergy and choir retired, and friends pressed forward to take a farewell glance. [new paragraph] Among them were noticed the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Rosebery, Bishop Barry, the Dean of Windsor, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Lyon Playfair, M.P., Captain Walter Campbell (representing the Queen), Mr. Stuart-Wortley, M.P., Mr. Mundella, M.P., Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P., the Hon. and Rev. E. Carr Glyn, Dr. Martineau, Canon Benham, Mr. Alma Tadema, Mr. Lecky, Mr. Oscar Wilde, and Mr. Huxley (representing his father). The relatives and immediate friends were Mr. and Mrs. R. Browning, Mr. Octavius Moulton Barrett, Mr. George Moulton Barrett, Captain Charles Moulton Barrett, Mr. Henry Moulton Barrett, M. Dourlane, Miss Christine Browning, Captain Altham, Rev. Mr. Altham, Sir James Carmichael, and Miss Carmichael. Wreaths of exquisite beauty and in almost countless numbers were sent from friends far and near, and many of them bore touching inscriptions, as for instance, that of Sir F. Leighton, "In remembrance of 36 years' friendship." Among others may be mentioned Lord Tennyson, Earl and Countess Brownlow, Lord Vernon, Lord and Lady Edmond Fitzmaurice, Lady Lindsay, Lady Martin, Sir Henry Thompson, Sir John Millais, Miss Cobbe, Mrs. Jeune, Mr. and Mrs. Alma Tadema, Mr. and Mrs. Whistler, Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, and the Browning Society. The coffin, made in Venice, was of yellow pine, designed somewhat in the modern casket form, and bore the simple inscription, "Robert Browning, born May 7, 1812, died December 12, 1889."</quote><cite>"Funeral of Robert Browning." The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 5, Col. F.</cite> <quote>At the Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, yesterday afternoon, Professor Rücker delivered the second of his course of six simplified lectures on electricity. The theatre was again well filled. Before taking up the threads of his subject at the point where they were broken off last Saturday, the lecturer briefly recapitulated the remarks made on that occasion relative to the subject of the "lines of force."</quote> The rest of the report describes the experiment used to demonstrate the answers to particular questions about electricity. The report ends with this sentence: "The third lecture takes place to-morrow," i.e., 1 January 1890. <cite>"Lectures on Electricity." The Morning Post, 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): page 6 Col. C.</cite> ==Works Cited== *Bernstein, Susan David. "Radical Readers at the British Museum: Eleanor Marx, Clementina Black, Amy Levy." Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 3.2 (Summer 2007): http://ncgsjournal.com/issue32/bernstein.htm. *(Hayden's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages. Ed., Benjamin Vincent. 23rd Edition, Containing the History of the World to the End of 1903. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 1105. Google Books, retrieved 23 February 2010.) 48phqkqt5ttpg2vv1ann8h6zsidkqcj 0 264276 2719085 2715074 2025-06-18T20:21:00Z Scogdill 1331941 2719085 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] | [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890|1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891|1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892|1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893|1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894|1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895|1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896|1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897|1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898|1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899|1899]] | [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890 in Detail]]== == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891 in Detail]] == == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892 in Detail]] == === Headlines === Arnold Dolmetsch performed in public quite a bit. '''1892 April 5''', Arnold Dolmetsch's consort performed at [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lady Ashburton's]] home, and she wrote to thank him on the fifth. He wrote Horne that the audience was "very distinguished" (Campbell 46). '''1892 July 6, Wednesday''', an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#1892 July 6, Wednesday|election was held]]. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893 in Detail]] == === Headlines === [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and Arnold Dolmetsch meet, and Shaw writes about Dolmetsch. Annie Besant makes her first trip to India. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894 in Detail]] == === Headlines === 19 October 1894, Russian Emperor Alexander III died, to be replaced by Tsar Nicholas II. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895 in Detail]] == === Headlines === Oscar Wilde had two plays running in the West End, ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' (at the St. James) and ''An Ideal Husband'' (at the Haymarket Theatre). Arthur Wing Pinero's ''The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith'' was running at the Garrick. Engelbert Humperdinck's ''Hansel and Gretel'' moved to the Gaiety from Daly's. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== February ==== Lecture at the Westminster Town Hall reported by The Literary World on 14 February 1896: "'The transmission of personality is the creed of literature as it is of religion,' said Mr. Birrell in the course of a lecture on Dr. Johnson, at Westminster Town Hall, and the ober dictum is worthy of all acceptation. Mr. Asquith presided, and the audience including 'all the talents,' Lord Roseberry, Mr. Arthur Balfour, Mr. Thomas Hardy, Mr. Henry James, and Mr. Herbert Paul occupying chairs in the front row. / Mr. Asquith uttered the usual orthodoxies concerning the author 'who lived so little by his writings and so much by his personality.' That is a view which we confess we do not share. ..." "Table Talk," The Literary World, 14 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 149, col. 1. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.) The annual meeting of the Authors' Society, reported on in the 21 February 1896 Literary World: "The annual meeting of the Authors' Society passed off pleasantly, in spite of the minatory motion that stood in the name of Mr. W. H. Wilkins regarding the unfortunate 'Address' to the authors of America, a motion that was gracefully withdrawn in view of the committee's resoluton that the 'Address' had no official character. We congratulate the Society on the access of 14 new members during the year and on the evidence of practical work afforded by the fact that two-thirds of the members had applied for advice and assistance, to say nothing of the MSS. submitted for the same purpose. The printed report, of which a copy has reached us, is full of exceedingly sound advice, of especial value to young or inexperienced authors." "Table Talk," The Literary World, 14 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 172, col. 3. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.) ==== July ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] feted by the Author's Club. ==== August ==== Lady Gregory and [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] meet. The steamer the Norse King to take scientists and tourists to the Varanger Fjord to view the solar eclipse. At least in the planning, as reported in January 1896, "The official observers of the joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society have arranged to go by the Norse King. Among those on board will be Dr. A. Common, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Sir Robert Ball, who has consented to deliver a series of three lecture on the eclipse while the steamer is in the Varanger Fjord." (From a "special announcement," quoted in "Table Talk," The Literary World (3 Januray 1896), vol. 53, p. 13 [accessed 10 October 2009 in Google Books].) ==== December ==== December, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]]'s name removed from the rolls of the Golden Dawn. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897 in Detail]] == === Headlines === ==== February ==== February, William Poel's production of ''Twelfth Night'', to a glittering audience. ==== October ==== William Morris dies. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898 in Detail]] == === Headlines === Local Government Act passed. == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899 in Detail]] == == References == {{reflist}} hhlc8d3gzcq3wjz8r43wn6xfh47792f 0 264277 2719086 2717447 2025-06-18T20:21:17Z Scogdill 1331941 2719086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] 1890 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==January 1890== Sometime in January 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] was initiated into the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 144). Sometime in 1890 Annie Besant and [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] founded the Working Women's Club in the East End (Besant Chronology.pdf). Maye Dilke was a member (Crawford 170). [[Social Victorians/People/Frank Harris|Frank Harris]] says,<blockquote>One day in 1890 I had George Meredith, Walter Pater and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] dining with me in Park Lane and the time of sex-awakening was discussed. Both Pater and Wilde spoke of it as a sign of puberty. Pater thought it began about thirteen or fourteen and Wilde to my amazement set it as late as sixteen. Meredith alone was inclined to put it earlier.<ref>Harris, Frank. ''My Life and Loves''.</ref></blockquote> ===1 January 1890, Wednesday, New Year's Day=== <blockquote>Sharp frost was experienced over the East of England yesterday morning, and in South London the thermometer had been as low as 27deg., and 28deg. in Hyde-park. It rose during the day to 41deg., but in the evening frost again set in. Later the thermometer rose again to 32deg., and there was an appearance as of coming rain.<ref><cite>The Morning Post. 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): P. 4, Col. F.</cite></ref></blockquote>Influenza is spreading all over Europe. According to the "Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning" in the Morning Post,<blockquote>A second supplement to the Gazette, issued last night, contains the following: — "Lord Chamberlain's Office, January 1. "Orders for the Court's going into mourning on Thursday next, the 2d instant, for her late Majesty the Empress of Brazil, viz." — "The ladies to wear black dresses, white gloves, black or white shoes, feathers, and fans, pearls, diamonds, or plain gold or silver ornaments. The gentlemen to wear black Court dress, with black swords and buckles. "The Court to change the mourning on Thursday, the 16th instant, viz.: — [new paragraph] The ladies to wear black dresses, with coloured ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments, or grey or white dresses, with black ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments. The gentlemen to continue the same mourning. "And on Thursday, the 23d instant, the Court to go out of mourning."<ref><cite>"Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning." The Morning Post, 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676): page 5 Col. G.</cite></ref></blockquote> ===9 January 1890, Thursday=== ==== The York Hunt Ball ==== This account is from the ''Irish Society'', which explains which women's costumes are the focus:<blockquote>The fashionable world and his wife are out of town just now, having good times at country houses. They shed the light of their brilliant presence on those annual functions known as county balls, and enjoy themselves also at those popular and picturesque entertainments to which they are bidden by the masters and members of the various hunts. One of the smartest dances of last week took place at York on Thursday evening. It was in fancy costume, and was in aid of funds for the York County Hospital. Once upon a time the journey from London to the Minster City of the North was a far cry, and one not lightly undertaken. Now it is luxurious and short. In consequence this hall presented the appearance of one in town in mid-season. There was conspicuous for height and handsomeness the familiar figure and face of Countess de Grey. Lady Helen Duncombe, too, who shares with her Grace of Leinster, and Lady Cynthia Graham, the family beauty of the House of Feversham, was seen in the marvellously becoming (to her) costume of the Empire period. Lady Lilian Wemyss, a lady "divinely tall,” and appropriately fair, was garbed in pink and white of a fashion hailing from the Empire. A "square;” in which the lady dancers were all gowned empirically, was the event of the evening. An event worth remembering it was. The costumes were superb, but their attractions were nowhere in comparison with the charms the [Col. 1c–2a] wearers. These were all tall and each one handsome. Lady de Trafford’s pretty face and fine figure showed to great advantage in her gown of white satin, veiled with gold-bordered ''chiffon'', and with an Empire trained cloak from her shoulders of Rose du Barri velvet lined with white satin, and bordered with gold galon. The colour of the velvet in what is seen in the half-yellow, half-scarlet petals of the soft textured nasturtium bloom. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]] looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse. One might go on for long enough describing costume after costume, and then leave them half out. Therefore, we shall, like the judge "sum up” and "charge” for a verdict of the utmost brilliancy.<ref>"Our London Letter." ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 1b–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.</ref></blockquote> ===16 January 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>About two hundred members of the newly formed Dulwich Literary and Scientific Association attended the conversazione given on Jan. 16 at Surrey House Museum, Forest Hill, when Mr. Horniman, F.R.G.S., acted as cicerone round the rooms, richly stored with historical relics, ornithological curiosities, and art treasures.<ref>''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 25, 1890; pg. 120; Issue 2649, Col. 3.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1890== === 12 February 1890, Wednesday === ==== Lady Constance Leslie's Reception ==== <blockquote>On Wednesday last Lady Constance Leslie had an evening party at her residence in Stratford-place. The numerous guests included Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and the Countesses Gleichen, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Mensdorf, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Baroness de Brienen and Mdlles de Brienen, the Duke of Abercorn, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, Earl and Countess of Portarlington, Earl Stanhope, the Earl of Northbrook, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Earl and Countess of Erne and the Ladies Cole, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr. Brandling, Viscount Clifden, Viscountess Bary, Viscount Torrington, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscount and Viscountess de Vesci and Lady Sarah Spencer, Viscountess Galway, and Mr Caryl Ramsden, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Alcester, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord Ashbourne, Lady Henry Grosvenor and Lady G. Ogilvy, Lady Cloncurry, Lord Morris and Mr. M. Morris, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Rowton, Lady Blanche Hozier, Lady Colville, Lady Rayleigh, Lady Constance Lytton and Mr. Charles Earle, Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Ernest Seymour and Ladies Fortescue, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Mary Lloyd, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Windsor, Lord and Lady William Seymour, Lady Guy Campbell, Lady Egerton, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron d'Erlanger and Mr. Charles Derenberg, Hon. R. C. Spencer, M.P., and Mrs. Spencer, Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Hon. W. Mansfield, Hon. Lionel Ashley, Hon. A. Hood, Hon. William Lowther and Miss Lowther, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Fitzroy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Francis Villiers, Hon. Francis Bertie, Hon. Arthur Walsh, Colonel the Hon. Charles Edgcumbe, General Hon. John Bourke, General and Hon. Mrs. Ellis and Mrs. R. Sneyd and Miss Ellis, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. Alan and Hon. Evan Charteris, Hon. Alexander Yorke, Hon. Derek Keppel, General Sir Dighton Probyn, Hon. Percy Wyndham, Hon. Everard Baring and Hon. Susan Baring, Hon. Mrs. Brett, Hon. Claud Hay, the Right Hon. Henry Matthews, Sir George Arthur, Sir George Maude, Sir Philip Currie, C.B., Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Mackenzie Wallace, Sir Herbert Maxwell, M.P., Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Robert Gresley, Sir Algernon West and Mr. Horace West, Sir George and Lady Russell and Miss Brackenbury, Sir Henry and Lady Longley, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, General Crealock, General Charles Fraser, Colonel Saunderson, M.P., and Hon. Mrs. Saunderson, Colonel and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Streatfeild [siv], Colonel and Miss Balfour, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and Miss Clarke, Colonel R. Baring, Captain and Mrs. Jekyll, Captain and Mrs. J. Bagot, Captain Lambert Ward, Captain A. Bagot, Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C, M.P., Mr[.] Hussey Walsh, M.P., Mr and Mrs. W. Hartpole Lecky, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Combe, Mr Henry Foley, Mrs. Arbuthnot and Miss Guthrie, Mr. and Mrs. Heseltine and Miss Dorothy Heseltine and Lord Cantelupe, the Miss Stopford Brooke, Mr. and Mrs. Thackeray Ritchie, Mr Edmund Byng, Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Phipps, Professor Sidney Colvin, Mr. and Miss Tennant, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Turton and Mr. Sidney Ponsonby, Mrs. Adare, Mrs Cecil Paget and Mr. Hugo Wemyss, Mrs. L. Drummond, Mr. and Mrs E. Hope, Mrs. L. Seymour and Miss Seymour, Mr. Guy Repton, Mr. and Mrs. Julian Sturgis and Miss Beresford, Mr. Poynter, R.A., Mrs. Daniel Cooper, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Mr. Alwyne Maude, Mrs. C. Bentinck, Mrs. Bingham Mildmay, Mr. Philip Habord, Mr. and Mrs. George Bulteel, Mrs. Beerbohm Tree and Miss Julia Neilson, Mr. Hallé [Halle?], Mr. Rudolph Lehmann and Miss Lehmann, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. R. Ronalds]], Mr. Ellice, Mr. Arthur, Madame Blumenthal, Miss Julia Leslie, Mr. and Mrs. Jeune, Mr and Mrs. Charles Stuart-Wortley and Misses Millais, Mrs. Arkwright, Mr Joachim, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Pulteney (Scots Guards), Colone| Cuthbert Larking, Mr. Harry Higgins, M. Tividar Nachez, Mr. G. Ross, Herr Johannes Woolff, Mrs. Charles Bagot and Miss Bagot, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Henry Petre, Miss Balch, Mr. and Lady Maud Ramsden, Mr. Adolphus Liddell, Mr Knowles, Mr. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mrs. Henry Gordon and Miss Gordon, Mr. Henry James, Mr. St. Leger, Mrs. Dacre Hamilton and the Misses Nugent, Mr. Harbord, Mr Somerset, Mr. Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Miss Hughes of Kinmel, Mr. and Mrs Douglas Freshfield, Mrs. Homer, Mr. W. H. Mallock, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Benson, Mr. H. Seymour, Mr. Ernest Law, Mr. Hugh Grimston, Mr. Lionel Cust, Mr. Chappell, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier, Mr. Boughton, R.A., and Mrs. Boughton, Mr. R. Roche, Mr. Montagu Wilson, Mr. Herbert Hope, &c.<ref>"Lady Constance Leslie's Reception." ''Morning Post'' 15 February 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900215/008/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1890== ==April 1890== Arnold Dolmetsch took out a three-day ticket to the Reading Room in April 1890 (Campbell 22). === 9 April 1890, Wednesday === ==== The New Forest United Hunt Ball ==== <blockquote>This annual ball was beld at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhearst, on Wednesday night, and was a most brilliant gathering, upwards of 200 being present, not only the New Forest but also neighbouring hunts being well represented. Among those present were Earl and Countess of Londesborough, Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Lilian Denison, Hon. Louis Johnstone, Hon. Gerald and Mrs Lascelles, Major Downman, Capt. Sandbach, R.H.A., Col. and Mrs Sinkins, Col. Fitzroy Smyth, Lady Thursby and party, Mr Stanley Pearce (Master of the Foxhounds), Mr F. Lovell (Master of the Deerhounds) and party, Lady Adela Goff and party, Hon. Miss St. Leger Glyn and party, Mr A. H. Jeffreys, M.P., and Mrs Jeffreys, Hon. Mrs A. Peter, Mr Somerset H. Onslow, Mr Lancelot Orde, Lord Garioch, Mr and Mrs C. K. Francis, the Countess of Normandy, Lady Mary Agar, Lord Montagu, Hon. John Scott Montagu, Viscount Cantelupe, Prince Dhuleep Singh, Hon. D. Keppel, Col. Charles Needham (1st Life Guards), [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Mrs Cornwallis West, Mr and Mrs Shelley Bontein, Col. Gridley, Col. Newton, Col. Elliot, R.H.A., Lady Meyrick and party, Sir W. Jervois, Lady Jervois and party, &c.<ref>"The New Forest United Hunt Ball." ''The Sportsman'' 11 April 1890, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18900411/024/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1890== Leonora Braham appeared at the Opera Comique as Ruth Ferns in ''Gretna Green''. ===21 May 1890, Wednesday=== It was his pupil the young Countess Valda Gleichen who found a sponsor for Dolmetsch's first but brief appearance at a London concert on 21 May 1890, when the 'Magpie Minstrels' … gave one of their bi-annual performances at the Princes' Hall" (Campbell 30). ==June 1890== === 3 June 1890, Tuesday === ==== Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies ==== <blockquote>Yesterday evening society passed a large proportion of time on wheels, and the number of receptions was more than the most inveterate could get through wvith comfort. ... Meanwhile, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale dined with Mrs. Arthur Wilson in Grosvenor-place, and a small and select concert followed. The Duchess of Leinster was, as ever, the most beautiful among many beauties, the Hon. Helen Henniker, after her long mourning, was warmly greeted by swarms of friends, and the Countess of Lovelace, in grey satin, chaperoned her débutante niece, Miss Milbank. Prince "Eddie" went from Mrs. Arthur Wilson's hospitable mansion to that of Mrs. J. Graham Menzies. It is unusual to find mother and daughter entertaining this illustrious young man on the same evening. Mrs. Menzies, who has succeeded Lord Suffield in his beautiful house in Upper Grosvenor-street, had one of the smartest and most successful balls of the present season. The Blue Hungarians played with immense vigour and owing to the postponement of Lady Carnarvon's ball, there was no competition for men and married women. Countess Howe, Lady Brougham and Vaux, Lady Aveland and Miss Willoughby, Viscountess Stormont, the Hon. Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Earl of Craven, Countess of Coventry, Mrs. Mackay, Lady Sykes, the Marchioness of Granby, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lord Garioch, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, and many others were present.<ref>"Yesterday Evening Society." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18900604/015/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==== Münster-Hay Wedding ==== Account of the wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay. Count Bismarck sent a gift.<blockquote>St. Andrew's Church, Wells-street, was completely filled yesterday afternoon on the occasion of the marriage of Count Alexander Münster, son of Count Münster, German Ambassador in Paris, with Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay, younger daughter of the Earl and Countess of Kinnoull. The ceremony was fixed for half-past two o'clock, but all the seats in the body of the church were occupied long before that time by invited guests. The rood screen was hidden with white flowers, and a number of tall palms were skilfully arranged in and about the chancel. The bridegroom was early in his place, and wore the splendid white and gold uniform of the Garde du Corps of the Emperor; his best man, Prince Hans Heinrich Pless, wearing the scarlet and gold uniform of the Garde Hussars. The six bridesmaids were Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Hon. Marie Hay, Hon. Marjory Murray, Miss Rosalind Lovell, and Miss Gladys Hadow (niece of the bride). They wore pretty dresses of pale blue satin, veiled with white chiffon; the skirts were edged with a frill, and the bodices finished with quaint fichus of the chiffon, fastened in front with a bunch of forget-me-nots. They wore drawn hats of the chiffon, covered with forget-me-nots, and their posies were of the same flowers, intermixed with pink roses, and tied with narrow pink ribbons. Each wore a gold bangle with centre forming the initials "A.M.," and a single turquoise drop. The bride entered the church at half-past two, and was received by her father, who led her to the chancel steps, preceded by the choristers singing a nuptial hymn. The bride's dress was of ivory satin made with a very long train. The front was fringed round the hem with orange blossoms and veiled with old Brussels lace, the gift of her mother; the bodice was entirely covered with beautiful old lace, and finished at the neck on one side with a cluster of orange blossoms. She wore a small wreath of orange blossoms and myrtle arranged in the hair at the back and a tulle veil falling almost to the end of the train and held by diamond stars, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride's other jewels included two diamond drop hairpins, the gift of Count Münster; an emerald and diamond brooch, from the bridegroom; enamel and diamond heartsease brooch, from Lady Mary Mills; a diamond and emerald bracelet, from the Duke of Beaufort; and a diamond bracelet, from the Duke and Duchess of Athole. Her train was held by her two little nephews, Masters Roland and Patrick Hadow, wearing Scotch dress with lace ruffles. The service, which was fully choral, was performed by the Rev. Provost Rorison, of St. Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, assisted by the Rev. W. T. Houldsworth, rector of St. Andrew's. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull afterwards entertained the bridal party at the residence of the Earl of Londesborough, uncle of the bride, in Grosvenor-square. Among the numerous guests were the Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal, the German Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, Count Münster and the Countesses Marie, Julia, and T. Münster, Prince Pless, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Count Donhoff, Baroness von Beckendorff-Hindenburg, Baron E. Fürstenberg, Count Paul Metternich, Geheimrath Schmettau, Countess Valentin, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de]] [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], Captain Hasenclever, Count Leyden, Herr von Rath, Count Francis Deym, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Count Mensdorff, Herr Pilgrim Baltazzi, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Baroness d' Erlanger [?], Herr von Kemnitz, Baron Cramm, Vicomte de Janzé, the Duke of Beaufort, the Duchess of Athole, and the Ladies Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Countess of Dunraven and Ladies Wyndham Quin, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Countess of Strathmore and Lady Constance Lyon, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Miss Willoughby, the Countess of Westmorland. Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, Viscountess Coke, Viscountess Stormont and Hon. MabeI Murray, Viscountess Malden and Hon. Miss Capel, Lord Hay of Kinfauns [?], Lady Delamere and Miss Cholmondeley, Lady Brougham, Lady Esher, Lord Saye and Sele and Hon. Maud and Hon. Gertrude Fiennes, Lady Helen MacGregor and Miss MacGregor, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, Lady Raglan, Lord Charles Innes Ker, Lady Elizabeth Bertie, Lady Frances Pratt and Lady Clementine Pratt, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lady Mary Mills and Miss Pereira, Lady Dorchester, Lady Louisa Moncreiffe and Misses Moncreiffe, Lady Norreys, Lady Petre, Lady Jane Trefusis, Lord Frederic Hamilton, Baroness de Brienen and Miss de Brienen, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Lady Scott, Miss Scott and Mrs. Green, Lord Zouche and Hon. Miss Curzon, Mr. and Lady Constance Hadow, Hon. Lady Campbell, Lady William Nevill and Miss Bannerman, Hon. Alastair and Mrs. Hay, Hon. Miss Greville, Captain Hon. Randolph Stewart, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Charles Walsh, Hon. William Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hay and Miss Maude Hay, Hon. Mrs. Greville Nugent, Hon. Mrs. Colville and Miss Streatfeild [sic], Hon. Claude Hay, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes of Newe, Laely Borthwick, Sir Francis Montefiore, Sir Henry Hoare, Sir George Arthur, Sir William Gordon Cumming, General and Mrs. Wilkinson, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Colonel Arthur Paget, Colonel H. M. Hozier, the Provost of St. Ninian's, Major Finch, Major Candy, Colonel Lloyd, Captain and Mrs. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hay Drummond, Captain and Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Captain Lumley, Captain Barrow, Major Anstruther, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Arthur Hay, Mr. Raglan Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mrs. Villiers, Mr. Henry Petre, Mrs. Keighley, Mrs. E. Balfour and Miss Balfour and Miss Ellice, Mrs. Dick Cunynghame and Miss A. M'Gregor, Rev. C. Weidemann, Miss Balfour and Miss E. Balfour, Mrs. and Miss Halford, Mr. and Mrs. Toler, Mrs. and Miss Townley, Rev. Dr. M'Ewan, Mr. A. F. Levita, Mr. F. Stephens, Mrs. and Miss Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mrs. Luke Wheeler, Mrs. J. Beerbohm, Dr. and Mrs. W. M. Collins, Mrs. and Miss Orde, Mrs. Murray, Miss Glyn, Mrs. Godfrey Pearse, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Leopold Goldberg, Mr. and Miss Oswa d [Oswald], Mr. and Mrs. C. Bulteel, Mrs. Brydges Wyllyams, Mr. H. Balfour, the Misses Codrington, Miss Finch, Mrs. Barron and Miss Sullivan, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Mr. Granville and Miss Berkeley, Mr. M'Gregor, Mrs. and Miss Needham, Mr. and Mrs. A. Consett and Miss Consett, Mrs. Herbert Naylor LeyIand, Mr. and Mrs. A. Darby, Mrs. Montefiore, Mrs. Charles Murray and Miss Murray, Mrs. Thomas Legh, the Rev. John F. Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Claud Hay, Mr. Fiztalan Manners, Mr. Albert Stopford, Mr. Hervey Pechell, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Orde. Later in the day Count Alexander Münster and his bride left for Hillingdon Court, Uxbridge, the residence of the Hon. A. Mills, where they will pass the early days of the honeymoon, and then proceed to Chàlet Sans Souci, Bellaggio, Lake of Como, lent by Mr. Hervey Pechell. They will afterwards go to Wiesbaden, and thence to Count Münster's German country seat, where a great reception awaits them. The wedding presents were very numerous. Count Munster presented the bride with a diamond necklace and pair of diamond drop hairpins. The bridegroom's gifts to his bride included a tiara of three diamond stars, a brooch formed of an emerald of unusual size set in diamonds, large pearl pendant, gold bracelet set with turquoises, and diamond and turquoise ring. The Duke of Beaufort presented Lady Muriel with an emerald and diamond bracelet. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull's presents included a quantity of plate and other articles. Prince Henry of Battenberg sent a large silver-mounted claret jug; Count Bismarck, a silver box; the Marchioness of Waterford, gold snake bracelet, with pearl head and ruby eyes; the Duke and Duchess of Athole, diamond "M" bangle; Lady Ermyntrude Malet, massive silver bowl; Countess Marie Münster, silver tea set and tray; Baron E. Fürstenberg, pair of gold-mounted claret jugs; Baron and Baroness Erlanger, large silver bowl; Baron and Baroness Gungberg, pair of antique silver mounted jugs.<ref>"Marriage of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Hay." ''Morning Post'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900604/064/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===4 June 1890, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>Lady Thurlow's first dance. / Mrs. Coddington's Ball. / The Fourth of June celebration at Eton. / ... Royal Society of Literature — Paper on "Early England," by Mr. Carmichael, S. </quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 4 June 1890: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6A). ===13 June 1890, Friday=== ? or on the 12th? Arnold Dolmetsch had a concert at which his students performed (Campbell 31). It was reviewed very positively in the 13 June Daily Graphic, especially Helene Dolmetsch's performance. They did Purcell's Fairy Queen. They used a harpsichord. ===26 June 1890, Thursday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1890== ===3 July 1890, Thursday=== <blockquote>On July 3, 1890, Besant’s house at 19 Avenue Road, St. John’s Wood, was inaugurated as a new center of Theosophical work, serving as the European headquarters of the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] and as HPB’s residence. That house became also the meeting place of HPB’s Inner Group, twelve of her students who were eager for more intense training than was feasible in a larger, more general gathering.</blockquote>That Inner Group is different from the Esoteric Section.<ref>"Esoteric World Chapter 23." ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53</ref><blockquote>The hall had a seating capacity of about 200. On the opening night [July 3, 1890] [sic] the room was crammed, and many were unable to gain admission. The speakers were Mrs. Besant, Mr. Sinnett, a Mrs. Woolff (of America), and Mr. [Bertram] Keightley. HPB was present but said nothing, on account of the critical state of her health.<ref>"23a. Henry S. Olcott, July 1890, London [Olcott 1931, 4:254–6]." Esoteric World Chapter 23. ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53.</ref></blockquote> === 4 July 1890, Friday, 11 p.m. === ==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales were hosts of this ball, as Queen Victoria was not present. Many of the Queen's children and their spouses were present.<ref>"State Ball at Buckingham Palace." ''Morning Post'' 5 July 1890, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900705/038/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> The dancing commenced shortly after the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at 11:00. === 1890 July 15, Tuesday === ==== Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen ==== The beginning of the ''Morning Post'' article, which is followed by a very long list of people invited:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House yesterday afternoon to meet the Queen. Her Majesty was accompanied by their Royal Highnesses the Princesses Victoria and Margaret of Prussia, and was attended by the Duchess of Roxburghe, Miss M'Neill, the Hon. Evelyn Moore, the Hon. Bertha Lambert, and Major-General Sir Henry Ewart and Major F. A. Bigge. Madlle. De Perpigna was in attendance on the Princesses Victoria and Margaret. The following were present: — Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh and Prince Alfred, and the Princesses Marie, Victoria, Alexandra, and Beatrice of Edinburgh; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Prince Arthur, and the Princesses Margaret and Patricia of Connaught; their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Princess Victoria and Princess Louisa of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and the Marquis of Lorne. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica and the Baron von Pawell-Rammingen, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck and Princess Victoria of Teck, his Royal Highness the Duke d'Orleans and Princess Hélène d'Orleans, his Imperial Highness Don Pedro Augustus of Coburg and Braganza, his Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen and their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countesses Gleichen, and Count Gleichen.<ref>"Garden Party at Marlborough House." ''Morning Post'' 15 July 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900715/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 19 July 1890, Saturday === ==== Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner ==== This report from the ''Fife Free Press'' is missing a big piece of the 2nd paragraph, where the bridesmaids' and bride's dresses are described, because the page was damaged. The digitized copy is also generally poor.<blockquote>On Saturday forenoon, in Michael’s Church, Chester Square, London, was celebrated the marriage of Lord Loughhorough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn with Miss Violet Aline Vyner, younger daughter of Mr R. C. Vyner, of Fairfield, Yorkshire. The chancel was beautifully decorated with palms and a profusion of lilies most artistically arranged. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge. Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess and the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria, and the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone were among those present. The wedding party began to arrive at 11 o’clock, the bridesmaids being early in attendance. They were the Ladies Sybil and Angela St Clair Erskine, sisters of the bridegroom; Lady Anne Lambton, Miss Musgrave, Miss Rachel Gurney, and Miss Fleming. They were charmingly dressed in soft cream crepon, with violet velvet Zoave jackets, forming half sleeves and capes at the back, and pretty turn-down collars and cravats of white mosseline [mousseline?] chiffon, and the skirts were very plainly made. They wore large white hats lined with a band of violet velvet near the face, and trimmed on the crown with white ostrich plumes, a bunch of violets fastening the brim at the back. Each wore a brooch — the St Clair cross in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of the latter, and surmounted by a baron’s cornet of the same precious stones — the gift of the bri[degroom]; and carried a bouquet of Marechal Niel [roses?] ...ging sprays of the same, and tied w... ribbons. The bride entered the ... eleven o’clock, being received at ... father, who led her to the cha... her away. The service be... procession was preceded up ... choir, who sang "The voic..." The bride’s dress was ... with a long court train, ... white velvet being embro... ...und the train, and fasten... ...ver true lover’s knot. The picture... ...gh silver waistband, had full slee... mousseline chiffon; and a small ... blossoms was most becomingly arra... with a long tulle veil. The Earl of Chesterfield discharged the duties of best man. The Rev. Canon Fleming, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen and Vicar of St Michael's, performed the marriage rite, assisted by the Rev. Edgar Sheppard, Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, and the Rev. J. Thomson, of Rosslyn, near Edinburgh. The hymn “Thine for ever! For of love,” was sung the end of the service. Canon Fleming afterwards delivered a most impressive address. After the benediction the clergy and bride and bridegroom passed to the vestry, the Prince of Wales following with Mrs Vyner. Pretty wedding favours of orange blossoms, Parma violets, and white heather were then distributed amongst the congregation. Mr and Mrs Vyner afterwards welcomed the wedding party at Ashburnham House, Dover-street. The ''dejeuner'' was served in three rooms, one being reserved for the bride and bridegroom and the Royal party. The table in the latter room was decorated with several of Mr Vynet's racing trophies. The band of the Grenadier Guards performed in the garden during the reception. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and Princess Victoria were present at the breakfast, and among the general company were Count Munster and Countess Maria Munster, the Marchese and Marchesa de Montagliari, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquis of Northampton, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham and Lady Blanche Conyngham, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Rosslyn, Earl and Countess Compton, the Earl of Feversham, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Coventry, Countess Howe and Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, the Countess of Kilmorey, Countess de Grey, Viscount Molyneux, the Bishop of Gibraltar and Mrs Sandford, Viscountess de Labrosse and Mdles. de Labrosse, Lord Greenock, Lord and Lady Algernon Lennox, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Hon. Lady Campbell of Blythswood, Lady Constance Harris, Lady Florence Harris, Lord and Lady Burghley, Lady Dorchester, Lord Houghton, Lady Curzon, Lady Brougham and Vaux and Miss Musgrave, Baron de Hirsch, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Baroness Burdett Coutts and Mr Burdett Coutts, M.P., Lady Astley, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Brooke and Hon. Leopold and Hon. Marjorie Greville, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lord Elcho, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and the Misses Willoughby, Lady Ewart, Lady Hindlip, Lady Cecilia Rose, Lord Rowton, Lord Capell, Lady Mabel Compton, Lord and Lady Herries, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Ventry and Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Hon. Lady Knollys, Lady Manners, Hon. Lady Drummond and Misses Drummond, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Assheton Harbord, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. Captain Bourke, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Philip Harbord, Hon. and Rev. L. Tyrwhitt, Hon. Coralie Glyn, Hon. M. Lambton, Hon L. Greville, Hon. Alwyn Greville, Hon[.] Eva Greville, Hon. Frances Dawnay, Hon Evelyn Paget, Hon Mrs Algernon Grosvcnor, Hon and Mrs Lambton. Hon. Mrs Evelyn Pelham, Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Hon. W. Maxwell, Hon. G. and Mrs Dawnay, Hon. Captain Lambton, General Sir Seymour Blane, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir Archibald and Miss Edmunstone, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey Thompson, Mrs Gladstone, Mr and Lady Margaret Cameron, Mr and Lady Florence Astley, Mr and Lady Elizabeth Melville Cartwright and Miss Melville Cartwright, General and Mrs Duff and Miss Duff, General Owen Williams, Colonel and Mrs Anstruther Thompson, Colonel Stopford Sackville, Colonel Craig, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Forester, Colonel Stanley Clarke (in attendance on the Prince of Wales) and Miss Clarke, Major Davidson, Canon and Mrs Fleming, Captain St John Mildmay (in attendance on the Duke of Cambridge), Captain and Mrs FitzGeorge, Mrs William Portal, the Sub Dean of the Chapels Royal, Rev. W. M. and Mrs Wollaston, Rev. R. West, Mr and Miss Chamberlain. Mr and Mrs W. H. Grenfell, Mr Christopher Sykes, M.P., Mr Reuben Sassoon, Mr Arthur Sassoon, Mrs Bischoffsheim, Mr and Mrs Herbert Naylor Leyland, Dr and Mrs Anderson, Mrs Oswald, Mr and Mrs Surtees, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr and Mrs Menzies, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Mr Arthur Paget, Miss Christie, Mr Dowdall, Mrs Eastwood and the Misses Eastwood, Mr Frederick Warre, Mr William Williamson, Mrs Burton, Mrs Chaine, Captain and Mrs Livesey Wardle, Captain A. R. Hill, Miss Helby, Mrs and Miss Winslow, Mr and Miss Oswald, Mr Willoughby, Mr Quintin Hume, Mr F and Miss Fitzherbert, Mrs and Miss F. Hotham, Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewin, Mrs Charles Otway, Mr Calcraft, Mr Watson, Mr Fennick, Mr Montgomery, Mr Cecil Murray, Mr and Mrs Sneyd, Mr Leslie Stephen, Mr Edgar Sebright, Miss Fleetwood Wilson, Mrs and Miss Farmer of Nonsuch, Mr and Mrs Dennistoun and Miss Dennistoun, Mr and Mrs J. R. Lane Fox and Miss Lane Fox, &c. The bride and bridegroom left early in the afternoon for Easton Lodge, Dunmow, the seat of Lord and Lady Brooke, in Essex, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride travelled in a costume of biscuit coloured armure silk, the top of the bodice and sleeves being of pale pink mousseline de soie, and the lower part of the former inserted with pink velvet ribbons to form a high band, Tuscan straw-hat trimmed with pink crepe de chine, and biscuit feathers. The presents exceeded four hundred in number. The Prince of Wales presented the bride with a trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch and the bridegroom with a sapphire and diamond pin. The Princess of Wales's gift the bridegroom was a silver-necked claret jug. The Duke of Cambridge gave an amethyst and diamond pendant, and the bridegroom a pair of silver gilt candlesticks; and Princess Mary and the Duke of Teck presented the bride with a silver sugar basin. The bridegroom’s gifts to the bride were a diamond and sapphire watch bracelet, a diamond half-hoop ring, diamond brooch with pearl centre, diamond and turquoise brooch, formed of the St Clair badge in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of diamonds, surmounted by a baron’s coronet in the same precious stones, a large salts bottle with two heart-shaped moonstones set with rubies and diamonds and a silver sugar basin. The bride presented Lord Loughborough with a turquoise and diamond stud. The Earl of Rosslyn presented the bride with diamond necklet. The Countess of Rosslyn’s gifts were diamond orchid brooch and a pink feather fan. Mr R. C. Vyner’s gifts to his daughter were a diamond and pearl tiara and gold mounted dressing case, and Mrs Vyner gave her a sapphire and diamond ring. The Marchioness of Stafford gave a ruby and diamond pin; Lady Mary Vyner antique diamond tiara; the Ladies Angela and Sybil Erskine sapphire and diamond bracelet; Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine with "1890" in rubies and diamonds; Lord and Lady A. Compton large diamond star; the Earl of Rosslyn presented his son with a large silver bowl and two silver dishes; the Countess of Rosslyn's present was a travelling bag; Mr Vyner gave him a luncheon basket; Mrs Vyner a silver ''entree'' dish; the Marchioness of Stafford case containing silver coffee and tea pots, urn and stand, sugar basin, and cream jug; Lord and Lady Brooke four antique silver sauce boats; Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon ['''Col. 1c–2a'''] Lennox three antique silver ''entree'' dishes. The Earl of Rosslyn's Fifeshire tenants presented Lord Loughborough with a beautiful antique silver bowl, two antique silver dessert dishes, and two antique sugar castors; and to the bride they gave an antique silver tea service. The congregation of Rosslyn Chapel presented the bridegroom with a complete and elegant writing set, whilst Lord Rosslyn's servants gave him a silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks. Mr Vyner's servants presented the bride with a silver salver and six ''liqueur'' cups. The servants of Newby Hall gave a silver coffee pot, and Mr Vyner’s Cheshire tenants presented a case containing silver tea pot, sugar basin, and cream jug. The bride also received from the Duchess of Portland a travelling bag; the Duchess de Luynes, sapphire and diamond ring; the Duke of Westminister, Indian necklace; the Marquis of Northampton, diamond bracelet; the Marquis of Ripon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; the Marchioness of Ripon, turquoise and diamond bangle, the Earl of Durham, a diamond half hoop bracelet; Earl and Countess Cowper, a diamond "V V” brooch; Dowager Viscountess Downe, moonstone and diamond crescent; Lady Skyes [Sykes] ruby and diamond fish brooch; Lady Millbank, sapphire and diamond brooch Lord Douglas Compton, double heart brooch; Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, gold curb chain bracelet set with pearls; Earl and Countess Compton, bangle with “Vi” and “good luck” on it; the Duke and Duchess of St Albans, tea service with table; the Marchioness Conyngham, silver cream jug; the Marchioness of Tavistock, silver vase; the Countess of Rodin, a silver I bowl; the Countess of Yarborough, silver candlesticks; Viscountess Downe, silver tea caddie; Lady de Trafford, gold mounted salts bottle; the Hon. F. Dawnay, large silver candlesticks[;] Hon. F and Lady Lampton, travelling clock; Hon. W. Lambton, silver candlesticks; Sir R. and Lady Graham, silver salver; Sir Roderick and Miss Cameron, two silver dishes; General Williams, diamond bangle; Colonel and Mrs G. FitzGeorge, gold mounted bottle; Major and Mrs Egerton, pair of silver candlesticks; Major Stuart Wortley, diamond Swallow; Major Davidson, heart-shaped brooch in coral and diamonds; Captain and Lady Cecilia Rose, a brougham; Mr Beaumont, silver bowl; Miss Edmonstone, moonstone and diamond hat pins; Mrs Harris, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Mr Egerton, turquoise and diamond brooch; Sir Cecil Murray, sapphire and diamond pin; Mr A. Farquharson, diamond swallow brooch; Mr and Mrs Hulse, two small silver vases; Miss Fleetwood Wilson, diamond bangle; Mrs A. Wilson, tortoiseshell candlestick; Mr Quintin Hume, salts bottle mounted with diamonds and rubies; Miss Helbert, gold violet pin; Mr Chamberlain, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Arthur Coventry, gold mounted bottle with "Vi" in diamonds; Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, diamond hand brooch, together with a number of other gifts. Among the presents to the bridegroom were — from the Marchioness of Downshire, antique silver sugar sifter; the Marquis of Exeter, silver sandwich case; the Marchioness of Bath, antique Dutch silver box; the Marquis of Downshire, a gold pencil; Count Munster, cigarette case and match box; Count Alexander Munster, a hunting flask; the Countess of Lindsay, antique silver pen-tray; the Earl of Mar and Kellie, silver matchbox; the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, silver cigarette box; the Earl of Chesterfield, antique silver gilt inkstand; the Countess of Bradford, gold seal with agate; the Countess of Warwick, antique silver bowl; the Earl of Coventry, silver pen-tray; the Countess of Wharncliffe, two silver candlesticks; the Earl and Countess of Cromartie, two antique silver cups; Viscountess of Newport, silver paper knife; Mr and Mrs A. Sassoon, ruby and diamond pin; Lord John Cecil, silver salver; Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby, antique silver-mounted cruet stand; Lord William Nevtll, antique brandy carrier; Lady Margaret Spicer, silver match box; Lord Burghley, four silver salt cellars and spoons; Baron de Hirch [Hirsch?], silver inkstand; Lady W. E. Osborne Elphinstone, silver inkstand; Lord Kesteven, silver cream jug; Lord Capell, silver cigarette case; Lord and Lady Gerard, tortoiseshell and silver travelling clock; Lady Lilian Wemyss, silver cigarette case; Dad Alwyne Compton, umbrella containing matchbox and whistle; Lord and Lady Lennox, two antique silver ''entree'' dishes and bacon dish; Lord Burghersh, silver cigarette lighter; Lady Angela 8t Clair Erskine, four silver salt cellars; Lady Randolph Churchill, gold pencil case, with two sapphires; Lord Houghton, antique gold basket; Lady Sybil St Clair Erskine, umbrella; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large crystal seal; Hon. Derek P. Keppel, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. E. and Mrs Pelham, silver inkstand; Hon. G. N. Curzon, silver gilt bowl; Hon. F. St Clair Erskine, four silver candle-sticks; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. A. and Mrs Bourke]], four small silver dessert dishes; Hon. Mrs Elliot Yorke, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs L. Greville, tortoise-shell and silver box; Hon. R Somerset, diamond and pearl pin; Hon. G. H. Willoughby, silver ink-stand; Hon. H. and Mrs Grosvenor, umbrella; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], enamel and diamond pin; Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, cigarette case and lighter; Hon. W. Maxwell, silver-backed clothes and hat brushes; Hon. Sidney Greville, saltspoons; Hon. M. C. Maxwell Scott, two silver ''menu'' plates; Hon. W. Edwardes, pin; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Captain Hon. A.]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Mrs Greville]], silver gilt bowl, fork, spoon, and ladle; Sir Frederick Milner, diamond and moonstone pin; Sir George Chetwynd, two long silver flagons; Sir M. and Lady Fitzgerald, two silver saltspoons; Sir N. Gordon Gumming, silver-handled paper knife, &c.<ref>"Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner." ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> === 24 July 1890, Thursday === ==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington ==== Perhaps the date on this is uncertain, since the article in ''Truth'' would suggest it was held in late May or early June. The newspaper story in the ''Queen'' mentions another occasion in which the flowers were notable as well. From ''Truth'':<blockquote> But not a quarter of a mile distant [from a dinner and dance hosted by Lord Rothschild featuring Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne] a more important event was proceeding, for Lord Alington, having previously walked down the Row and invited his friends right and left to Alington House, South Audley-street, proceeded to give a dance which was honoured by the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princesses Victoria and Maud, the Duke of Clarence, Princess Mary Adelaide, and Princess "May" and Prince and Princess Christian. This without exaggeration, with the exception of Lady Leconfield's, Lady Willoughby de Eresby's, and Lady Cadogan's, was the best ball hitherto given this season, and the prolific way ortolans [small songbirds regarded as a delicacy] were distributed at supper will long linger in the memories of those by whom these delicacies are cherished. One lady displayed her enthusiastic appreciation by devouring five of these, and it is to be hoped her devotion did not endanger her life. As for beauty, seldom before have so many pre-eminent for good looks been present at one gathering, as a mere enumeration of a few of these will prove. Of course the Duchess of Leinster heads the list, followed in quick succession by the Duchess of Portland, Lady de Grey, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Dudley, Lady Kilmorey, Lady Brooke, Lady de Trafford, Lady Helen Duncombe, Lady Hilda Dundas, Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Lady Olivia Taylour, Miss Rachael Gurney, Lady Cardross, Miss Bourke, Lady Rose Leigh and her sister-in-law, Miss Leigh, Miss Berens (sister to Lady Cairns), Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Lady Gerard, and a host of others far too numerous to mention. I often wonder that no painter has yet attempted to give us in one picture a permanent record of the chief beauties of our day. It would make a most interesting and exquisite group of lovely women, such as could not be found probably in any other country than this.<ref>Marmaduke, pseud. "Letters from the Linkman." ''Truth'' 12 June 1890, Thursday: 26 [of 56], Col. 1a–b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18900612/064/0026. Same print title, p. 1212.</ref></blockquote> From the ''Queen'':<blockquote>The P<small>RINCE AND</small> P<small>RINCESS OF</small> W<small>ALES</small> and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured L<small>ORD</small> A<small>LINGTON</small> by their presence at D<small>INNER</small>, at A<small>LINGTON</small> H<small>OUSE</small>, South Audley-street, on the 24th ult., when a distinguished party was present to meet them, including, among others, the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the EarI of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, and Earl Annesley. Covers were laid for sixty. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters. As on the previous occasion, the floral decorations were exquisite. The entrance hall and the approaches to the reception rooms were decorated with tall palms and a profusion of lilies, pelargoniums, ferns in every variety, and roses in every imaginable shade. The conservatories at the back were carpeted and furnished luxuriously, and blocks of ice, lighted by fairy lamps, were placed about with artistic effect, serving to keep the atmosphere cool and fresh. Feathery palms, hydrangeos [hydrangeas] and arums were here used freely, and a particularly pretty result was obtained by the windows being framed, one in a fringe of ferns and red pelargoniums, and the other in ferns and fuschias. The ballroom fireplaces were adorned on each side with palms reaching to the ceiling, the mantelpieces being hidden by a delicate arrangement of roses in various shades springing from banks of hydrangeas, calceolarias, pelargoniums, and marguerites, and the walls of the staircase leading from the conservatory to the ball-room were hung with half-balls of floral roses. The supper was served in the dining-room, the tables being embellished with the loveliest orchids and roses of the most delicate tints, intermixed with pancretia; the arrangement was so light and elegant that it was difficult to believe that hands had ever touched the flowers. On those tables with silver candelabra in the centre, the flowers were all pure white, and those having gold candelabra were treated with mauve orchids and the palest pink and yellow roses. A tent, arranged near the conservatory for the Prince of Wales, was draped with Oriental hangings, and outside were groups of flowers and myriads of fairy lamps. The company began to arrive at eleven o'clock, when dancing commenced to the strains of the Blue Hungarian Band. The Princess of Wales was dressed in white striped satin and silk, the front being embroidered in pale shades, and wore handsome diamond ornaments. The Princesses Victoria and Maud wore white tulle over satin, the front being sprinkled all over with tiny sprays of lilies of the valley, each laid on a single leaf. The Duchess of Wellington was in black satin, with a pink sash arranged very prettily across the back of the bodice, and falling to the feet; a cluster of pink flowers and a beautiful diamond spray were fastened in the front of the bodicea and a diamond rivière was arranged in the hair, a diamond necklace being also worn. The Duchess of Westminster was in white satin trimmed with gold embroidery, and veiled in white chiffon. The Marchioness of Ormonde wore white striped brocade and satin trimmed with white lace, and a splendid diamond tiara and other ornaments. Countess de Grey, palest blue satin, with front beautifully embroidered in beads, and a diamond and pearl coronet. Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, white brocade and lace, with splendid diamond and emerald ornaments. The Marchioness of Bath, cream an violet brocaded velvet, the front being covered with mauve [38, Col. 3c – 39, Col. 1a] violets. Lady Mary Mills, rose-pink satin, with front richly embroidered; Lady Cardross, white satin, trimmed round the bodice and train with silver embroidery; Lady William Nevill, pale yellow brocade, the front veiled with black net, trimmed up the side with jet leaves, and all round the skirt was a bordering of Maréchal Niel roses, over a flounce of black net; Countess Granville wore rich white brocade and beautiful jewels; the Countess of Sefton, black satin and diamonds; Viscountess Dungan, white mousseline de soie, the skirt edged with a deep flounce; Lady Brooke, pale blue satin, trimmed with silver; Lady Emma Crichton, white satin train, with front of white lisse, prettily embroidered in red; Lady Idina Brassey, pale mauve bengaline, with front of chiffon and a handsome diamon coronet; Lady Rose Molyneux, white cross crêpe de Chine, with a pale green sash, and prettily trimmed with pink roses; Lady Wimborne, pale grey satin; the Hon. Miss Guest, pink satin, veiled with white net, sparkling with silver; Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, white satin, with a chiffon frill; Lady Chesham, white silk, with pink roses; the Countess of Normanton, pale grey satin, with front of fine old lace; Mrs Hulse, handsome white brocade, diamond tiara, &c.; Mrs Bischoffsheim, white silk, embroidered with silver, and trimmed round the bottom of the skirt and train with a ruche of pale yellow crèpe; the Hon. Muriel Brassey, white chiffon, over satin, slightly trimmed with pink; and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]] was in pink, with magnificent diamonds.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." ''The Queen'' 2 August 1890, Saturday: 38, Col. 3c – 39 [of 82], Col. 1a–1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18900802/237/0038 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18900802/237/0039. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', pp. 170–171.</ref></blockquote>This is the story from the ''Morning Post'':<blockquote>The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured Lord Alington by their company at dinner last evening at Alington House, South Audley-street. The guests present to meet their Royal Highnesses comprised the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Earl of Chesterfield, Earl Annesley, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, Lord and Lady Gerard, Lady Norreys, Lord Rowton, Lord Calthorpe, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Henry and the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. Gilbert Willoughby, Lady Suffield and Major-General Ellis, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales; Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, General and Mrs. Owen Williams, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Montague Guest, Captain Orr-Ewing, Mrs. Bulkeley, Mr. Ricardo, and Mr. Caryl Craven. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance expressly to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales. Among the company were— The Russian Ambassador, the Danish Minister, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Comte Costa de Beaunyardt, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Evelyn Fitzmaurice, the Duchess of Westminster, the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, the Duchess of Wellington and Lady Cardross, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby and Miss Bourke, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, the Marchioness of Bath and Lady Beatrice Thynne, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquese and Marquesa de Santurce and Lady Wilham Nevill, Countess Spencer, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, Countess de Grey, the Earl of Dunraven, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Christian Cole, the Earl of Ilchester, the Earl of Durham and Lady Anne Lambton, the Earl of Dalkeith and Lord Ernest Scott, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Normanton and Lady Mary Agar and Miss Mary Liddell, Earl Craven, Viscount Clifden, Viscount Ennismore and Lady Beatrice Hare, Viscount Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bruce, Viscount and Viscountess Melgund, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscount and Lady Violet Dangan and Lady Eva Wellesley, Viscount Dungarvan, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount Royston, Lady Hastings, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Margaret Willoughby, Lady Cloncurry and Hon. Miss Winn, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lady Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Lord Sandhurst, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton and Miss Gurney, Lord and Lady Chesham, Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor, Lord Kenyon, Lord Garioch, Lady Alice Portal, Lady Margaret Levett and the Ladies Ashley, Lady W. Nevill, Lord Paulet, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Forbes and Misses Forbes, Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord Carlow, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Lurgan, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. W. Coventry, the Hon. G. Joliffe, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. H. Coventry, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Alistair and Mrs. Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. E. J. Mills, the Hon. A. Johnstone, the Hon. Claude Hay, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Mr. Dundas and Lady Hilda Dundas, the Hon. Thomas and Lady Idina Brassey and the Hon. Muriel Brassey, the Hon. Mr. Mansfield, Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and Miss Byng, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mr. Harbord, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Hon. G. Somerset, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir George Arthur, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Charles Forbes, Sir William and Lady Eden, Sir George Chetwynd, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John D. Poynder, Colonel and Lady Emma Crichton, the Hon. Miss Harbord, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Colonel Paget, Captain Williams, Captain Ford, Captain Doyle, Captain Hanbury, Captain Campbell, Captain Constable, Captain Kinloch, Captain Longfield, M. Gutmansthal, Mrs. Bingham, Mr. Guthrie, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Wilson, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. de Murrieta, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Spencer Portal, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Paget, Mr. Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mr. Percy Daniell, Mr. Lister, Mr. Frederick Vincent, Mr. Cazalet, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. John Savile Lumley, Mr. and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Skeffington Smith and Miss Taylor, Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Alfred Farquhar, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. Reginald Ronalds]], Miss Alice Ellice, Mr. George Marjoribanks, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Dugdale, Mr. Montagu, Mrs. Sneyd, Mr. Wynn, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mr. Murray Guthrie, Mr. George Lambert, Mrs. Sanford, Miss Mabel Forbes. Mr. Herbert Magniac, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Milner, Mr. Charles Kindersley, Mr. Beaumont, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. H. Hoare, Mr. Foley, Mr. Scott Murray, Mr. Coventry, Mr. Bertie, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Guthrie, Mr. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. E. Charteris, Mr. Cholmondeley, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Cecil Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. Peploe, Mr. A. Charteris, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Robert Antrobus, Mr. Elliot, M. de Champs, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Charles Hoare, M.P., and many others.<ref>"Lord Alington's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 25 July 1890, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5 b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900725/014/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1890== ===6 August 1890, Friday=== ==== Beautiful Women ==== The ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' reprinted a story from ''Vanity Fair'' about "Beautiful Women":<blockquote>Beautiful Women. — ''Vanity Fair'' asks what country in the world can show a more beautiful bevy of women than England? When Lady Helen Vincent, with her sister, Lady Cynthia Graham; when Lady Warwick with her sisters, the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Westmorland; and when Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady de Trafford, Princess Pless, Lady de Gray[,] Lady Naylor-Leyland, the Duchess of Portland, Lady Alington, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Chelsea, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Algernon Bourke]], Lady Henry Bentinck, Mrs. Willie Grenfell, Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Countess Clary are gathered together it is a sight to make an old man young; while Mrs. Gerard Leigh and her sister, Lady Yarborough, and Lady Powis, Lady Norreys, Mrs Farquharson, Mrs. Willie James, Lady Dalkeith, Mrs. Pretyman, Mrs. Gervase Beckett, Lady Rossmore, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Colebrook, Lady Hartopp, Mrs. Willie Walker, and Lady Milton are almost equally admired. The many pretty girls include Miss Enid and Miss Muriel Wilson, who still head the list of the unmarried beauties, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Miss Kennard, Miss Madeline Bourke, and Miss Leila Crichton; while among the debutantes Lady Evelyn Crichton and Lady Vivian's daughters have had a great success, and Lady Alice Montagu, petite and charmingly pretty, has been so much admired. The daughters of Lady Gosford, Lady Verulam, Lady Leitrim, Lady Inchiquin, and Lady Grey have also been admired, as well as Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Katherine Scott, and Miss Chaplin.<ref>"Beautiful Women." ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' 6 August 1897, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001804/18970806/023/0002. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===25 August 1890, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1890== ==October 1890== ===22 October 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch went to the Reading Room (Campbell 22). ===31 October 1890, Friday=== Halloween. ==November 1890== ===5 November 1890, Wednesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===19 November 1890, Wednesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch, with some of his students and his daughter Helene, provided musical illustrations for a lecture given by Dr. Frederick Bridge on "Mozart as Teacher," probably at Gresham College, where Bridges was professor (Campbell 34). ===21 November 1890, Friday=== Dr. Frederick Bridge's last fall 1890 lecture at Gresham College, for which Dolmetsch provided illustration. Campbell says, "it is, in fact, the first record in modern times of music by Byrd, Dr. Bull, Jenkins, Simpson, Lawes, Locke and Purcell being played 'on the instruments for which it was written'" (Campbell 34). ===25 November 1890, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch got a three-month pass to the Reading Room and "thereafter held yearly tickets until 1916" (Campbell 22). ==== 1890 November 29, Saturday ==== ===== [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|Wedding of Francis Dudley, Lord Leigh and Héléne Forbes Beckwith]] ===== ==December 1890== Sometimes in December 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/William Robert Woodman|William Woodman]], one of the founding members of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]], died (Gilbert 86 12). === 4 December 1890, Thursday === ==== [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|Wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]] ==== ===19 December 1890, Friday=== "The eleventh annual ''Truth'' Toy Exhibition for the children in London hospitals, workhouses, and infirmaries was held at the Grosvenor Gallery, Bond-street, on Dec. 19 and 20. There are over 22,000 children in these institutions, and each of them has a separate toy, besides the large and more expensive toys which are presented for the general use of the inmates. A special feature of the show was the dolls dressed by lady readers of ''Truth''. Several special donations in connection with the fund have been made, the principal of which is that of 10,200 new sixpences sent for distribution by the same liberal donor who has given a similar present on former occasions; while Mr. Tom Smith has had specially made, and has forwarded for distribution, over 22,000 crackers; and Mr. Horniman (as stated in our last issue) has given to the adults in hospitals and workhouses 1200 packets of tea, to be given to them as Christmas boxes." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 27, 1890; pg. 806; Issue 2697, Col. B) ===20 December 1890, Saturday=== "In order that the adults connected with the hospitals and workhouses may participate in the good things given to the children in the ''Truth'' toy distribution, Mr. F. J. Horniman, of Wormwood-street, City, has sent Mr. Labouchere 1200 packets of tea to be given to them as a Christmas box." (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 20, 1890; pg. 774; Issue 2696, Col. B) From the ''Times'', 22 December 1890, "The Late Sir Edgar Boehm": <blockquote>On Saturday, in accordance with the special request of the Queen, the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A., was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral, in the south aisle of the crypt, the spot being known as “The Painters Corner.” [new paragraph] The funeral cortége left the residence of the deceased at about 11 o’clock, there being five mourning and several private carriages. In the first carriage were the chief mourners, Sir Edgar Collins Boehm, the only son of the late baronet, and Mr. Conrad Herapath. The second and third carriages were occupied by Sir Frederic Leighton, P.R.A., Sir Nigel Kingscote, Mr. Richard Mills, Colonel Francis Baring, Mr. Alma-Tadema, R.A., Sir R. H. Collins, Mr. Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and Mr. Duncan MacGregor, all of whom subsequently, at the cathedral, acted as pall bearers. The fourth carriage contained representatives of the Council of the Royal Academy – Mr. Edwin Long, R.A., Mr. J. B. Burgess, R.A., Mr. F. Goodall, R.A., and Mr. Beavis. In the fifth carriage were the following members of the professional staff of the deceased – Mr. R. Glassby, Mr. E. Lantéri, Signor Finili, and Herr Gross. The cortége stopped for a few moments at the Royal Academy, in order that it might be joined by two carriages containing other representatives of the institution. Leaving Piccadilly, the route taken was Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, Cockspur-street, the Strand, Fleet-street, and Ludgate-hill, the cathedral being reached about noon. The procession was met at the great west door by Canon Gregory, the Archdeacon of London, the Rev. Dr. Baker, Minor Canons Milman, Russell, and Kelly, and the choir, who had a few minutes previously left the vestry; by Major Bigge, Equerry to the Queen, representing her Majesty; Colonel Stanley Clarke, who attended on behalf of the Prince and Princess of Wales; and Colonel W. J. Colville, representing the Duke of Edinburgh. The [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Marchioness of Lorne) attired in deep mourning, and accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Lieut.-Col. Arthur Collins]] and Lady Sophia Macnamara, arrived at the cathedral a few minutes before 12 o’clock, and was conducted to a seat in the south side of the nave, close to the late Sir Edgar Boehm’s two daughters, upon whom her Royal Highness had called earlier in the morning. As the procession came slowly up the nave towards the chancel, “I am the resurrection of life” and other sentences of the burial service were chanted to music by Dr. Croft. The coffin, which was completely hidden by splendid wreaths, was preceded by the choristers and the clergy. Then followed Sir E. C. Boehm, with Mr. Conrad Herapath and Mr. Alfred Gilbert, A.R.A., the officers and council of the Royal Academy, and members of the deceased’s studio. The coffin was deposited upon a bier, which had been placed under the dome in front of the opening into the crypt, through which the body was subsequently lowered. The mourners having been conducted to the seats which had been reserved for them, and the clergy and choir having proceeded to their places in the chancel, Psalms xxxix. and xc. Were sung to music by Purcell and Felton, followed by Spohr’s anthem, “Blest are the departed,” and the lesson 1 Cor. Xv. 20, which was read by Canon Gregory. Whilst the hymn “Days and moments quickly flying” was being sung the Archdeacon of London and Minor Canon Milman proceeded from the chancel and took up positions by the side of the coffin. The remainder of the service preceding and following the lowering of the body into the crypt was read by Minor Canon Milman, and the collect was impressively recited by Archdeacon Sinclair. The late Dr. Newman’s beautiful hymn, “Lead kindly light,” was afterwards sung by the choir, and the service was brought to a close by Beethoven’s Funeral March, which was played in compliance with the special request of her Majesty, at whose desire also Chopin’s Funeral March had preceded the service. Dr. Martin was the organist. While Beethoven’s march was being played the son and daughters of the late “Sculptor in ordinary to her Majesty,” together with other mourners, descended the crypt by the door near Howard’s monument, and saw the coffin for the last time. It bore the following inscription:- “Joseph Edgar Boehm. Born July 6, 1834; died at his work December 12, 1890. Thy will be done.” The coffin had already been deposited in the brick grave prepared for it, which is next to that of Sir Edwin Landseer. Immediately around it lie the remains of painters and sculptors of bygone days – Sir Joshua Reynolds, James Barry, Benjamin West, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, J. M. W. Turner, and John Henry Foley, while within half-a-dozen yards is the tomb of the great architect of the cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren. The coffin as last seen was covered by the floral tributes of loving friends, the symbolic laurel wreath forwarded by her Majesty surmounting them. This bore the inscription, “A tribute of gratitude for many beautiful memorial works executed for her. From Victoria, R. I.” Attached to the beautiful wreath sent by the Prince and Princess of Wales were the words, “A token of sincere regard and friendship.” Wreaths were forwarded by other members of the Royal Family, by Sir John and Lady Millais, Lord and Lady Reay, the Countess Sydney, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, by members of the council, students and officers of the Royal Academy, the Society of Artistic Sculptors (Vienna), and by the London Hungarian Association." (http://glassby.com/Chapter1.htm) </blockquote> ===24 December 1890, Wednesday=== "The people of South London and adjacent suburbs have to be grateful to Mr. Frederick Horniman, a well-known City merchant residing at Dulwich, for a munificent and beneficial Christmas gift. This gentleman has, during thirty years, formed a collection, worth above £100,000, of specimens of art, European, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese, also of decorative manufactures, and of ethnology and natural history, and rare books and manuscripts, at Surrey House, Forest Hill, which he intends to present to the public. The museum was opened by Sir Morell Mackenzie on Wednesday afternoon, Dec. 24. It already comprises twenty-four rooms, containing many beautiful specimens of horse and chain armour, Elizabethan bed-room furniture, an old English parlour and pantry, an Oriental armoury, a bible and manuscript room, an Egyptian gallery, and ethnographical saloon, a book and embroidery saloon, a porcelain and glass room, and a zoological saloon, with two live Russian bears and a monkey. We may describe the museum further, after another visit. Our Artist has sketched, in the ethnograhical saloon, an idol's shrine, made of cocoanut-fibre, from Fiji. Mr. Horniman, in acknowledging a vote of thanks, said that in an adjoining house he had accumulated a vast library of bibles and entomological works and specimens. It was his intention to build a hall at the back of the present building to contain a thousand persons, while the galleries would contain a library, and a stage would be provided, so that both eye and ear could be amused. He also contemplated buying sufficient land to enable a public body to erect class-rooms and gymnasia. Three cheers were given for Mr. Horniman, and the company proceeded to inspect the museum." "(Mr. F. Horniman's Museum, Forest Hill." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 03, 1891; pg. 7; Issue 2698, Col. C) ===25 December 1890, Thursday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1890, Friday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *"Besant Chronology.pdf." From Anderson, Nancy Fix, Walter L Arnstein, Deborah Logan, and Susie L Steinbach, Volume Editors. Lives of Victorian Political Figures, Part III: Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Annie Besant and Millicent Garrett Fawcett by their Contemporaries. Volume 3 of Lives of Victorian Political Figures. Series Editors, Nancy LoPatin-Lummis and Michael Partridge. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008. *Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. Google Books. Accessed 14 October 2010. 4o0d3305loasaloa5m9dang3vko0zur 0 264278 2719087 2717237 2025-06-18T20:21:31Z Scogdill 1331941 2719087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] 1891 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1891== From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1893 Jean de Reszke was "the leading tenor" of the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114). From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1903 Eduoard de Reszke was "a leading bass" at the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114). "[T]he Diwan of the fourteenth century Persian poet Hafiz (the popular name for Shams ed-Din Mohammed), was not translated in its entirety into English prose until 1891" (Baring-Gould I 417, n. 31). [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Thomas Lake Harris|Thomas Lake Harris]]'s ''God's Breath in Man and in Humane Society'' was published. ==January 1891== === Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton === <blockquote>Woodcock and other Shooting at Killarnet. — The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Sneyd, and party, had good sport on Mr. Herbert’s shootings at Killarney last month. Their bags for the first half of the month, to the 14th, were as follow [sic]: 389 woodcock, 33 pheasants, 8 snipe, 10 ducks, and 28 various; for the month, 448 woodcock, 38 pheasants, 40 snipe, 22 ducks, 30 various, and 5 hinds. They have killed during the season 24 red deer stags and 15 hinds.<ref>"Totton." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 11 February 1891, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18910211/058/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===1 January 1891, Thursday, New Year's Day=== ===31 January 1891, Saturday=== "On January 31, 1891, Monsieur Gabriel Bonvalot, Prince Henry of New Orleans and Father Dedeken gave an illustrated talk on their work in Tibet to the French Geographical Society in Paris" (Baring-Gould II 301, n. 5, quoting Winifred M. Christie). Christie offers this lecture as one explanation for how it is that A. C. Doyle's Sherlock Holmes spent two years travelling in Tibet. ==February 1891== In February 1891, influenza was spreading through London. Most of the staff at the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] headquarters got sick, and [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]], who was very sick with it, died on 8 May 1891. (Esoteric World Chapter 23. The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53) During February 1891, "the British section headquarters" of the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] "were moved to 19 Avenue Road," St. John’s Wood, London, Annie Besant's home (Esoteric World Chapter 23. The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=23&id=1725&Itemid=53). ===11 February 1891, Wednesday=== "HORNIMAN MUSEUM will be OPENED by Mr. HORNIMAN on WEDNESDAY, FEB. 11, at 2.30, for the Reception of Guests invited to "Welcome Home" Sir SOMERS VINE. The Museum will be thrown Open Free to the Public from Five o'Clock until Nine p.m., and on other Wednesdays and Saurdays from Two o'Clock until Nine p.m. It is situate [sic] near FOREST-HILL STATION from London Bridge, and near LORDSHIP-LANE STATION, on the L.C. and P. Railway. / F. J. HORNIMAN, F.R.G.S. &c." ([Classified Ad.] Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 07, 1891; pg. 199; Issue 2703, Col. A) ===21 February 1891, Saturday=== On 28 February 1891, the ILN has this: "It seems a pity that the very interesting loan collection of pictures and prints relating to Dante and his times that was on view at Onslow College the other night should have been gathered together for that one evening only. The University Extension Society was primarily responsible for the entertainment, and Mrs. Oscar Wilde undertook the organisation and arrangement of the exhibition, which proved a great success. Lady Ashburton, Lady Mount-Temple, and Earl Brownlow lent pictures by Rossetti and Mr. G. F. Watts, and drawings in red chalk and pencil were contributed by Mr. G. F. Watts and Sir Frederick Leighton. There were, besides, some fine Blake engravings, notably the seven designs for the "Inferno," lent by Lord Coleridge; and no less than six chromo-lithographs of the tracing taken by Kirkup from Giotto's portrait of Dante (before its "restoration") on the wall of the Palazzo del Podesta. The original tracing itself would have been a valuable addition to this collection, and, curiously enough, it happens to abide nearby in South Kensington. Its history is an odd one, illustrative of teh futility of dead men's plans. Kirkup (who was a good hater) refused to sell his unique treasure to any of his fellow-countrymen, by reason of an old grudge he bore his native land, but, eventually parted with it to an American virtuoso, whose heirs, however, have brought it over sea to those shores where Kirkup vowed it should never come." (Personal.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1891; pg. 270; Issue 2706, Col. B) ===22 February 1891, Monday=== <quote>The Duke of Clarence and Avondale was out on Monday with the Holderness Hounds. The house party from Tranby consisted of the Duke of Clarence, Captain Holford, Captain Briam, Mr. Gregson, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson]], [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Miss Wilson (Warter Priory), Mr. Menzies, Mr. Jack, and Mr. Kenneth Wilson. They arrived at Beverley from Tranby Croft shortly after 11 o'clock, and after a change of horses proceeded to meet at White Cross. The weather, which in the morning had been densely foggy, cleared up, and the sun shone brilliantly as the Prince drove up to the large and expectant company, which included strong contingents of horsemen from Beverley and this part of Holderness. The neighbouring covers were at once tried, and there was no lack of foxes, but the scent on the strong lands was very uncertain, and it was difficult to get a good run. There was a fairly good spin for twenty minutes but it did not result in a kill. One or two foxes were chopped in cover, but they were unable to get them away. It was late in the afternoon before the company returned to Beverley, and the royal party made a short stay at the residence of Mr. Travers — Mr. Arthur Wilson's agent — before proceeding to Tranby Croft.</quote> (1891-02-28 Yorkshire Herald) ===28 February 1891, Saturday=== On 28 February 1891, the ILN has this: "Mr. Augustus Harris is bringing his fancy-dress balls at Covent-Garden to a close with considerable ''éclat''. Prizes have been offered for the most charming costume worn by a lady, the best comic or burlesque costume, the best historical costume, and the best original and grotesque costume. The prizes, supplied for the occasion by the Goldsmiths' and Silversmiths' Company, of Regent-street, are exceedingly beautiful, including a fine diamond flight of seven pigeons forming five separate brooches, and a diamond owl brooch with ruby eyes." (Personal. Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, February 28, 1891; pg. 270; Issue 2706, Col. B) ==March 1891== ===11 March 1891, Wednesday=== <quote>L<sc>ondon</sc>: B<sc>ritish</sc> M<sc>useum</sc>. — On March 11th, at the Central Criminal Court, W. Armstrong S. Glanville Richards, thirty-five, was indicted for a misdemeanour in having maliciously damaged certain manuscripts kept at the British Museum. Mr. Forrest Fulton and Mr. Horace Avory conducted the prosecution. Mr. F. Fulton said these proceedings were taken under a section of the Malicious Injury to Property Act. The defendant was a gentleman who had taken a great interest in matters of genealogical research, and in 1883 he had written "The Records of the Anglo-Norman House of Glanville, from 1050 to 1880." There was also another gentleman named Leete, residing at Norwood, who was engaged in the same researches as the defendant. Mr. Leete had produced a work in 1881, in which he traced the genealogy of the family of that name, and owing to this circumstance the defendant and Mr. Leete became known to each other. In August, 1883, Mr. Leete received a letter from the defendant, stating that he was a reader at the reading-room of the British Museum, and had facilities for assisting Mr. Leete in his researches respecting the family of Leete. He added that he had made a valuable discovery amongst the Harleian MSS., which would show a direct connection between the family of Leete and the family of Avenell, which was of very ancient origin. It was alleged that the defendant had made five fictitious additions to the MSS. with the pedigree of the Avenell family. From time to time Mr. Leete paid the defendant money for his services, and the latter forwarded notes and documents with the object of verifying the statements he had made. Some time last year, however, Mr. Leete placed the documents sent by the defendant in the hands of Mr. Corbett Anderson, of the British Museum, for the purpose of having the facts verified, and it was then discovered that very serious alterations had been made in the Harleian MSS. for the purpose, apparently, of tracing the Leete family back for several generations. Mr. Scott, keeper of the MSS. at the British Museum, stated that there did not appear to have been the slightest attempt to disguise the handwriting on the MSS. The manuscripts in question were used as evidence in the House of Lords upon questions of pedigree, and were priceless; but the effect of the alterations was to [202/203] render them practically useless. In his defence, the defendant absolutely denied the allegations made against him. The jury, in finding a verdict of guilty, expressed their deep regret that MSS. of such worth should have been damaged in any way. The recorder sentenced the defendant to two months' imprisonment.</quote> ("Library Notes and News." The Library: A Magazine of Bibliography and Literature. Ed., J. Y. W. MacAlister. May 1891 (Vol. 3., No. 29). Google Books.) ===27 March 1891, Friday=== Good Friday ===29 March 1891, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==April 1891== ===20 April 1891, Monday=== Rudolph Aronson, an American?, says, "On April 20th, 1891, I had the pleasure of attending at Princes' Hall, Piccadilly, London, a concert of The Royal Amateur Orchestral Society, considered the finest body of amateur musicians in England. The late Duke of Edinburgh was the leader of the first violins. The Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII) took a strong interest in the Society, and always arranged the dates of the performances himself, besides consulting the Society's able conductor, Mr. George Mount, as to the main feature of the program. [179 / 180 & new paragraph] At this concert, a circle of comfortable fauteuils was reserved for the Prince of Wales and his party. The fauteuils were prettily decorated with flowers, and conveniently near was a small but well stocked buffet. The Prince of Wales and his party smoked, chatted and laughed most heartily. In a word, they all appeared to enjoy thoroughly the absence of restraint which is one of the chief features of these delightful entertainments. The company present included the Duke of Cambridge, the Duke of Teck, the Earl of Latham, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Frederick Leighton and many other well known faces." (Aronson, Rudolph. Theatrical and Musical Memoirs. New York: McBride, Nast, 1913. Pp. 179-180. Google Books, retrieved 24 February 2010.) ===23 April 1891, Thursday=== Dolmetsch illustrated the music for Frederick Bridge's lecture, "Shakespeare and His Music," at Gresham College (Campbell 35). This was the end of the second series of lectures this spring. At this lecture, "two of the earliest settings of ''Where the Bee Sucks'' and ''Full Fathom Five'' were sung by the choristers of Westminster Abbey, with Dolmetsch playing the lute and Helene the viola da gamba." ===24 April 1891, Friday=== A second Gresham lecture, probably on Shakespeare, by Bridges with Dolmetsch illustrating, at which "further settings of the same songs [as the prior night] were given with the addition of some of the music for Purcell's ''Fairy Queen''" (Campbell 35). ===27 April 1891, Monday=== Arnold Dolmetsch's "A Concert of Ancient Music of the XVI and XVII Centuries" at the Princes Hall, Picadilly. They played "Morley, Ferrabosco, Simpson, Este, Pierson [spelled Peerson now], Tomkins and Locke ... on the viols, lute and harpsichord" (Campbell 37). "Dolmetsch was well aware that the Gresham [College] lecture had prestige value, but he was intent on giving an independent concert. How he raised the necessary funds is a mystery, but on 27 April 1891 he booked the Princes Hall in Piccadilly for 'A Concert of Ancient Music of the XVI and XVII Centuries'. On the eve of the performance every seat had been sold. On the programme was a footnote in small print which reads: <blockquote>''N.B. Owing to the delicate nature of the tone of the instruments, and the style of the Music, which requires concentration of mind to be thoroughly understood, the doors of the room will be kept closed during the performance of the pieces.'' Dolmetsch had not only begun to attract audiences, he had started to educate them (Campbell 36).</blockquote> ==May 1891== ===8 May 1891, Friday=== Helena Blavatsky died. ===17 May 1891, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===27 May 1891, Wednesday=== Derby Day === 29 May 1891, Friday === The Savoy Hotel hosted "a dance with the Vienna Band, Karl Wilhelm Drescher's salon orchestra. Guests included Franz Deym and Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington" as well as, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa and Florence Williams]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-12|title=Hwfa Williams|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hwfa_Williams&oldid=1033305454|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwfa_Williams.</ref> ==June 1891== === 1891 June 24, Wednesday === ==== Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne ==== <blockquote>Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria, honoured Lord and Lady Wimborne by their company at dinner yesterday evening at Wimborne House, Arlington-street. There were present to meet them the Duke and Duchess of Leeds and Lady A. Osborne, the Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, the Marquis and Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava and Lady Hermione Blackwood, Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl of March and Lady Evelyn Gordon Lennox, the Earl of Stradbroke, Viscount Drumlanrig, Lady Delamere and the Hon. Miss Cholmondeley, Lord and Lady Leconfield and the Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lord Rendlesham and the Hon. Miss Thellusson, Lord and Lady Magheramorne and Lady Maude Ashley, Lady Bolsover and Lady Ottoline Bentinck, Lord Garioch, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir John Maxwell, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Mr. Stirling, Captain Hervey, Mr. Eric Gordon, Mr. Oswald Ames, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Luinley, &c. Lady Wimborne afterwards gave a ball at which a large and distinguished company assembled.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 25 June 1891, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18910625/058/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 26 June 1891, Friday === There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1891== === 9 July 1891, Thursday === ==== [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House]] ==== Hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress, this invitation list has more than 3,000 people listed. === 22 July 1891, Wednesday === ==== Dinner and Dance at Alington House ==== <blockquote>The Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princesses Victoria and Maud and Prince George of Greece honoured Lord Alington by their company at dinner at Alington House yesterday evening. A large party was invited to meet their Royal Highnesses, including the Portuguese Minister, the Dowager Duchess of Manchester, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Earl and Countess of Zetland and Lady Hilda Dundas, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Earl of Durham and Lady Anne Lambton, the Earl of Dudley, the Countess of Westmorland, the Earl of Chesterfield, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount and Viscountess Dangan, Count Albert Mensdorff, Lord Calthorpe, Lord Rowton, Lord Norreys, Lady de Trafford, Lord Houghton, Lady Gerard, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, Captain the Hon. O. Lumley, the Hon. Gilbert Willoughby, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Henry Stonor, the Hon. John Baring, Captain the Hon. Henry White, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hardinge, the Hon. Rowland Winn, M.P., the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt, Mr. F. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. Montagu Guest, Miss Buckley, Mr. Lawrence Drummond, Mr. Moncrieff, Lady Suffield and Major-General Ellis, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance expressly to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales. The garden in the rear of the mansion was covered in to form a suite of rooms, the apartments being walled in with flowers and each being decorated in a different hue. They were lighted with coloured lamps, Chinese lanterns, and fairy lights placed amongst huge blocks of ice. The ball-room mantelpieces were decorated with orchids, hanging sprays of stephanotis, bamboo branches, and lilies in every variety. Two bands were engaged — Gottlieb's Viennese Orchestra played during dinner, and the White Hungarian Band for the dancing. The guests included — The Russian Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Count Constantine Deym, the Brazilian Minister, the Marchioness of Dutferin and Ava and Lady Victoria Blackwood, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, the Marquis of Granby, the Marchioness of Bath and Lady KatherineThynne, the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, the Earl of Dalkeith, the Earl of Enniskillen, Countess Powis, the Earl of Ava, the Earl of March and Lady Evelyn Gordon Lennox, the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl and Countess of Lonsdale, the Countess of Londesborough and Lady Mildred Denison, Countess Howe and Ladies Edith and Evelyn Curzon and Lady Gertrude Molyneux, Countess Grosvenor and Mr. Wyndham, the Countess ol Normanton and Lady Mary Agar, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester and Miss Roche, the Countess of Desart and Lady Kathleen Cuffe, the Earl of Scarbrough, Earl Cairns, Viscount and Viscountess Newport and Hon. Misses Bridgeman, Viscountess Coke and Hon. Miss White, Viscount and Viscountess Lascelles, Viscount Baring, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscount Crichton, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, M. de Lonvay, Marquis de la Mina, Marquis Castel Moncayo, Lady Fanny Marjoribanks and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, Lord and Lady Churchill, Lord Bagot, Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady Carrington, Lord and Lady Rothschild and the Hon. Miss Rothschild, Lady Margaret Levett and Ladies Maud and Mildred Ashley, Lady Rosaline Bingham, Lady Lister Kaye, Lord Garioch, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Skelmersdale, Lady William Nevill, Lord Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Helen Lady Forbes and Misses Forbes (2), Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lady Leconfield and Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lady Revelstoke and Hon. Susan Baring, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Cicely Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lord Throwley, Lord Capell, Lady Magheramorne and Lady Violet Ashley, Lady Jane Combe, Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Greenock, Lady Augusta Fane, Lady Gwendolen Rous, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Lady Henry Grosvenor, Lady Hindlip, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lady Cardross, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and the Hon. Miss Willoughby, the Hon. Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, Lady Berkeley Paget, Lady Chesham and Lady Margaret Grosvenor, Lady Emma Crichton and Miss Crichton, Lady Bulkeley, Lord Alcester, Lady and Miss Ellice, the Hon. F. Curzon, the Hon. William Ashburnham, Colonel the Hon. Henry and Miss Byng, the Hon. Mr. Harbord, the Hon. Assheton Harbord, the Hon. Richard Moreton and Miss Moreton, the Hon. Gerald Walsh, the Hon. Reginald Walsh, the Hon. Charles Willoughby, the Hon. F. and Mrs. Stewart, the Hon. Miss Harbord, the Hon. C. and Mrs. Portman, the Hon. A. FitzClarence and Lady Lilian FitzClarence, the Hon. R. C. and Mrs. Spencer, the Hon. Mrs. Agar Ellis and Miss Ellis, the Hon. Francis Agar, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Reginald Coventry, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, Sir Richard and Lady Cynthia Graham, Sir Ralph Blois, Sir Robert Gresley, Sir Henry aud Lady Meysey Thompson, Sir Philip Currie, Sir R. and Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, Sir J. Dickson Poynder, the Hon. William Bridgeman, the Hon. Alistair and Mrs. Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Percy Wyndham and Miss Pamela Wyndham, the Hon. Alexander Hood, the Hon. Arthur and Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. F. Stanley, the Hon. Mr. Lambton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and Lady Alice Beaumont, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, Sir Charles Hartopp, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Sir George Chetwynd, Sir Henry Calcraft, Captain Spicer, Captain and Mrs. Jocelyn Bagot, Captain Constable, Captain Hervey, Captain Somerset, Captain Bourke, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Reginald Loder, Mr. and Mrs. Sassoon, Mr. Marjoribanks, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mr. William Winn, Mrs. Owen Williams, Mr. Basil Levett, Mr. and Mrs. William James, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Mr. and Mrs. Gerard Streatfeild, Mrs. Gerard Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mr. Graham Vivian, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. W. H. Lambton, Mr. Reuben Sassoon and Miss Sassoon, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Charteris, Mr. Craven, and others.<ref>"Alington House." ''Morning Post'' 23 July 1891, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18910723/064/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1891== ===2 August 1891, Sunday=== Florence Farr was admitted to the Inner or Second Order: R.R. et A.C. of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 20). ===31 August 1891, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1891== ==== Lohengrin in Paris ==== Richard Wagner's ''Lohengrin'' was first produced on 28 August 1850, conducted by Franz Liszt in Weimar, Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-01-15|title=Lohengrin (opera)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lohengrin_(opera)&oldid=1065895205|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera).</ref> After a complex history of attempts to stage the opera in France, ''Lohengrin'' opened for a run at the Palais Garnier in Paris on 16 September 1891.<ref>Ellis, Katharine. "How to Make Wagner Normal: Lohengrin's 'Tour of France' of 1891–92." ''Cambridge Opera Journal'' July 2013 (Vol. 25, No. 2): 121-137. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24252365.</ref>{{rp|p. 123}} Part of that history included riots at performances before the 1891 production because of Wagner's criticisms of France. The opera was in regular performance in the rest of Europe, including the U.K., and of course the "Wedding March" was ubiquitous. === 12 September 1891, Saturday === The much-anticipated production of Richard Wagner's ''Lohengrin'' in Paris was announced and delayed for more than a week, with reports every day in many newspapers, most of which were copies of other reports. The American Register for Saturday, 12 September 1891, reports the following:<blockquote>A singular doom seems to hang over the promised and much longed-for performance of "Lohengrin," the ''première'' of which, after a most satisfactory general rehearsal — the first and only one — on Tuesday, was finally positively announced for last night, regardless of the threats in speech, writing and print addressed to the administrators of the Opera, the conductor of the orchestra, and several Radical journals. As late as yesterday forenoon the playbills announced "Robert le Diable," which announcement, it was supposed, would later in the day, be replaced by that of "Lohengrin." Crowds of people gathered in front of the Opera about 2 o'clock, and to their surprise saw a new bill posted with "Robert le Diable" on it, and the additional notice, that '"owing to the sudden indisposition of M. Van Dyck (Lohengrin) the performance of Wagner's grand composition would be deferred until Monday." Whether the indisposition of the leading artist is a fact, or whether the unreasonable menaces of a group of discontents have been chiefly instrumental in causing the postponement. is as yet an open question. There is a rumor, that the performance may ultimately be interdicted.<ref>"Music and the Drama." ''American Register'' 12 September 1891 Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003338/18910912/074/0006.</ref></blockquote>The London ''Daily Telegraph'' gives a fuller report of the scene in the square:<blockquote>Paris, Friday Night. ... It has been decided by the Government that M. Jules Grévy's funeral is to be carried out at the expense of the State. The Ministers selected to go to Mont-sous-Vaudrey are M. de Freycinet, M. Faillières, and M. Rouvier, who were of the Council under M. Grévy. Numerous telegrams and letters of condolence have been received by the Grévy family from public and private persons, while the register kept in the house in the Avenue d'Iéna was filled with signatures both yesterday and to-day. “Lohengrin" or no "Lohengrin," the question which for days past has agitated Paris, and which yesterday appeared to have received an affirmative reply, has once more been reopened. The performance of Wagner's work was duly fixed for this evening, but about noon to-day the yellow bills round the Opera House and on the kiosks were covered with red placards announcing that, owing to the indisposition of M. Van Dyck, the production of "Lohengrin” would be postponed till Monday, and that “Robert le Diable” would be performed in its place. This sudden change of programme created a great sensation and aroused no little suspicion. Already the unexpected determination on the part of the managers of the Opéra to play “Lohengrin” several days before it was anticipated had made a commotion, not only in musical circles, but among the general public, as it was regarded by many as a ''ruse'' wherewith to avoid any hostile demonstration by allowing no time for organisation. To-day, therefore, when, on the strength of the indisposition of one of the performers, who, it is generally known, has two understudies, a delay in the production was announced, a general cry arose that the managers had been intimidated by threats of a disturbance both in and outside of the theatre. Certain it is that these menaces were not wanting, but whether or not they were be taken ''au sérieux'' had yet to be proved. One rumour said that as soon as M. Lamoureux took his place in the orchestra 300 men in the gallery would demand that the Russian Imperial Anthem should be played before the overture, and that in case of a refusal they would make such a noise as to render the performance an impossibility. In case the hymn being played they would not attempt any further interference. Another and very improbable rumour was to the effect that a band of anti-Wagnerites scattered about the house would, at a given signal, break a number of glass balls containing a chemical which emits a most horrible odour, and that the audience would thus be driven from the theatre. ... Paris (Midnight). In spite of the announcements that the première was postponed, a very large crowd gathered round the precincts of the Opéra before the hour for opening the doors, as a rumor had got abroad that the managers would substitute "Lohengrin" for "Robert le Diable" at the last moment. No such subterfuge was resorted to, be it said, to the credit of MM. Ritt and Gailhard, but, nevertheless, the crowd of sightseers went on increasing as it grew later. The police authorities were evidently well prepared for all emergencies, for the summer of constables on the Place de l'Opéra quickly grew out of all proportion to the assemblage, until at last the wide expanse was black with representatives of law and order, who would not even allow members of the audience to take an airing on the front steps of the building during the ''entr'actes''. This terrific display of armed force, being in no way necessary to-night, was evidently made with a view to discourage any possible ebullition of feeling on the part of the mob on the real first night of "Lohengrin," whenever that may be: for although it is announced for Monday, there are already rumors afloat that the performance will be again delayed on the pretext that M. Grévy's funeral is to take place that day. It is even said that the first public performance will not take place before Friday next, while very rabid anti-Wagnerites, encouraged by today's events, boldly predict the it will never take place at all. ... [Col. 5c/6a] The latest information I have gathered at the Opéra to-night is to the effect that in spite of the advertisements "Lohengrin" will not be given on Monday, the reason assigned being the funeral of M. Grévy, it having decided that the ceremony is to be at the public expense. It is declared by the officials of the theatre that Wagner’s opera will certainly produced on Wednesday next. M. Grevy's funeral is an obvious pretext, for the Opéra House will not be closed on Monday, and it is difficult to understand why the work which will be performed that night is better adapted to the occasion than "Lohengrin.” These excuses give colour to a report which I have heard from a good source that M. Constans does not wish Wagner's opera to be brought out until he returns to Paris. If, meanwhile, the agitation is allowed to increase, it is quite on the cards that "Lohengrin" will not appear at the Paris Opéra yet awhile. At the moment of writing there is still a crowd on the Place, but it consists chiefly of boys, and there is a numerous contingent of police. ''Voilà tout''!<ref>"Our Own Correspondent." "Paris Day by Day. [By Special Wire.]." London ''Daily Telegraph'' 12 September 1891 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 5a–6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18910912/058/0005#.</ref> </blockquote> === 16 September 1891, Wednesday === Lohengrin finally opened in Paris on Wednesday, 16 September 1891, without disturbance and to great acclaim. Some background information about the opera is in this ''Pall Mall Gazette'' article, which was published 25 May 1891. Focused on the tenor Ernest Van Dyck's performances at Covent Garden, it ends with information (from the standpoint of May), about his upcoming performances in Wagner:<blockquote>Musical Notes. M. V<small>AN</small> D<small>YCK AND</small> "<small>LOHENGRIN</small>" <small>IN</small> P<small>ARIS</small>. ... M. Van Dyck leaves England on the 18th June, and commences rehearsing "Parsifal" at Bayreuth a week later. The last performance of "Parsifal" takes place on the 18th of August, and on the 22nd of the month M. Van Dyck commences to rehearse "Lohengrin" at Paris, where he will play it with Mdme. Rose Caron and Mdme. Fierens. He will remain in the French capital until the first week in November, when he leaves to fulfil his Vienna engagements. [ **** ] The Belgian tenor was the Lohengrin of the memorable first performance of that opera in Paris at the Eden Theatre three years ago under Lamoureux, when it achieved a great success in the theatre, but was, for political reasons, howled at by a mob outside, and only given once. [ **** ] The story of "Lohengrin" in Paris would, in fact, make a most interesting chapter in the history of the world's music. In spite of political feeling, however, the opera has compelled as much admiration in France as in England and Germany, and it was a foregone conclusion that, after having triumphed at Rouen, Bordeaux, Cahors, and Toulouse, Wagner's lyric masterpiece had its place marked in the répertoire of the Paris Grand Opéra M. Gailhard put out a feeler, as recorded in this paper, and gave one act at a benefit concert last year. It had been his intention to produce the whole opera in 1892, but unfortunately for the interests of the opera in Paris M. Gailhard has not obtained the "nomination" for next year. This was brought about by one of those ''faux pas'' in which French politics are not deficient, M. Bourgeois, the Minister of Public Instruction, as all Paris knows, joining in the opposition against the present excellent directors. The first thing promised by the new management to the Parisian public was "Lohengrin," which practically owed its introduction into Paris to the enterprise of M. Gailhard. As the new directors do not commence operations until the summer of next year, M. Gailhard thought it a noble and useful revenge to take the "cream" off the "novelty" by producing "Lohengrin" with all possible speed, and exhausting its freshness by three weekly performances from September 1 to December 31. Such is the story of "Lohengrin" in Paris! [ **** ] The proposed cast is as follows: Lohengrin, M. Van Dyck; Telramond, M. Renaud; Henry the Fowler, M. Delmas; the Herald, M. Douaillier; Elsa of Brabant, Mdme. Rose Caron; Ortrud, Mdme. Fierens, M. Lamoureux will conduct, and the opera will be given without "cuts." The French translation, a very poor one, but authorized by Wagner, to be used, is by M Nuitier.<ref>"Muisical Notes." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 29 May 1891 Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18910529/007/0002.</ref></blockquote>The Daily Telegraph published a description of the evening on Thursday, 17 September 1891:<blockquote>PARIS DAY BY DAY. THE “PATRIOTS" AND "LOHENGRIN." [BY SPECIAL WIRE.] [FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.] PARIS. WEDNESDAY NIGHT. All the ultra-patriotic excitement caused on Friday last by the announcement that Wagner's "Lohengrin" was about to be produced at the National Opéra was revived to-day. The weather is favourable for such demonstrations as certain classes of Parisians like. We have glided from midsummer heat into an appropriate autumnal temperature, and of rain there is none. Consequently all the anti-Wagnerites were up and doing to-day, concocting their plans and counting their forces, two Boulangist Deputies and the Anarchist Morphy being the principal organisers of the cabal. On the Boulevards the newspaper hawkers made energetic efforts to get rid of their numbers of the ephemeral sheet published for the purpose of further discrediting the Bayreuth master, whose name is a byword among French Chauvinists. It is even said that some extra-frothy agitators went around the Opéra House lately in order to discover if the collection of busts of famous composers ornamenting the spacious building included one of the great musician who is the object of their antipathy. The Socialists, who backed General Boulanger of old, have in the meantime issued a remarkable print, in which they call the National Academy of Music the "Hof Opera Theater,” and announce the performance of "Lohengrin,” "by order of the Cabinet” and “under the high patronage of his Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia," Wagner being described as "the author of one capitulation and insulter of conquered France. To provide for any eventualities the Opéra was well guarded during the day as well as to-night. In the afternoon some of the bills announcing the performance were defaced, but those placards posted around the Opéra were protected by the police. Towards the dinner-hour crowds began to collect on the Place de l'Opera and in tbe contiguous streets. Some excitement was caused about six o'clock by a crowd of young men and boys, who pursued a supposed Prussian up the Chaussée d'Antin, amid cries of "Down with Germany!" Tho presumable Teuton was enabled to escape from his tormentors by the intervention of two policemen, who arrested some of the youths for obstruction and disorderly conduct. Later in the evening fuel was added to the flame by the appearance on the Boulevard of a Bonaportist newspaper, which displayed the flaring headline of "France insulted by William the Second.” This was in allusion to the speech of the Kaiser at Erfurt denouncing the First Napoléon as a "Corsican parvenu.” The phrase has been taken up to-night, not only such Bonapartists as are about, but also by Republicans who are indignant at the insult offered to one of the greatest of their national heroes, whose memory they venorate, despite the faults of his successors. There was much warm discussion on the matter around the Opéra as the vast Lyric Theatre was being gradually filled in view of the first performance of "Lohengrin" in Paris. Contrary all expectation, the performance of "Lohengrin" at the Grand Opéra up to the moment of writing has passed off without the faintest shadow of opposition. The characteristic, indeed, of the first act, apart from the excellence of the performance, has been the religious silence with which it has been received. The masterly introduction, played with extraordinary delicacy by the orchestra, was listened to with devout attention, but no sooner had the last chord died away than vociferous applause burst forth, which was not stilled until M. Lamoureux had bowed again and again. The customs of Bayreuth appeared to be observed, for none of the singers had any reception on their first appearance, but the exciting ''crescendo'' heralding the approach of Lohengrin was hailed with renewed applause. M. Van Dyck looked as splendid as though he had stepped out of one of his namesake’s portraits. His style is characterised by force rather than tenderness, but his large phrasing and distinct enunciation rendered his first address to Elsa most imposing. The chorus, too, was admirable, and the female response to Elsa’s appeal was deliciously rendered. M. Delmas’ voice is scarcely heavy enough for the part of the King, but concerted piece opened by him proved, nevertheless, quite effective. Madame Caron, the Elsa, came out magnificently in the passionate finale, and at the fall of the curtain on the first act all the singers were recalled no less than three times amidst intense enthusiasm. So soon as this had died away, a rush was made by the audience to the ''foyer'' overlooking the Place de I'Opéra, to see whether the much-talked-of demonstration was being indulged in outside the house. A curious scene was witnessed. So far as the eye could see, the streets in front of the building were black with people, always excepting the raised platform in the middle of the Place itself, which was kept clear by strong force of police. A troop of mounted Municipal Guards was conspicuous just in front of the main entrance, and hundreds of constables walked about to keep the crowd "moving on." Every balcony and window affording a view of the Place was occupied. The huge gathering seemed good-natured enough. Up this time most of the people had evidently come to see what was going on rather than with the intention of creating a disturbance. A few attempts to sing the "Marseillaise" and the Russian Hymn only called forth a quiet smile from the police, who had evidently received instructions not to needlessly provoke any demonstration. The performance went on without hitch on the stage, and without a protest in the auditorium. The ''mise-en-scène'' of the second act was admirably picturesque, and the gradual dawning day was managed with excellent effect. So gratified did the audience seem that they even applauded the duet between Telramund and Ortrude, long though it is, but it certainly was rendered with much dramatic power by Madame Fiérens and M. Renaud. The ''cantilena'' breathed by Elsa on her balcony was deliciously sung by Madame Caron, and in the ''finale'' the broad phrasing of M. Van Dyck told with remarkable effect. The length of this act did not in the least discourage the audience, who were indifferent to what was going on outside. The climax was reached in the first scene of the third act, for here not only did M. Van Dyck show himself at his very best, but Madame Caron proved to fine actress as well as an accomplished singer. The mob hung round the Opéra House until after the end of the last act, but no serious disturbance took place. A large number of arrests were made, however, and it is calculated that some 700 roughs were taken into custody and questioned by the police officers before being released. The excitement on the Boulevards was, indeed, similar to that exhibited on several occasions during the meteoric career of General Boulanger. It is estimated that upwards of 12,000 persons assembled around the Opéra. The Prefect of Police and some of his assistants were watching events from the Café de la Paix, and there were rumours that some cavalry charges would be carried out. The bare announcement of this caused many the sightseers to leave the vicinity of the Opéra; but the agitators seemed determined to keep their ground, and to make much noise possible. Strong forces of police were posted on the Place de la Concorde to prevent any demonstration near the Strasburg Statue, and the German Embassy in the Rue de Lille was well guarded.<ref>"Paris Day by Day." "The 'Patriots' and 'Lohengrin.'" London ''Daily Telegraph'' 17 September 1891 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 7a–8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18910917/036/0005.</ref></blockquote> ==October 1891== ===6-8 October 1891, Tuesday-Thursday=== Sometime around October 6 to 8, 1891, William Morris gives an address on the Pre-Raphaelites at the Municipal Art Gallery in Birmingham (Gibbs 101). ===9 October 1891, Friday=== The London Times reported the following: "A large audience assembled in St. James's-hall yesterday to hear a lecture by Mrs. Besant on Theosophy. The chair was taken by Mr. F. Burrows, who announced that questions and critical speeches by opponents would be permitted at the end of the lecture, and stated that so great was the extension of the theosophical propaganda in all parts of the civilized world that the present staff of the Theosophical Society could hardly cope with the work of the central office, and converts were coming in by the hundred. [new paragraph] Mrs. Besant, who wore the mystic ring formerly carried by Mme. Blavatsky, or one of similar form, then began her lecture. At the end of this 19th century, she said, there was coming, and there had come, a great conflict between materialism and religion in some form or another. There were two kinds of materialism. There was that of the scientific man, who did his best, within the limits of his powers, to advance knowledge; there was that materialism which consisted merely in a desire for enjoyment and material gain. With the second theosophy did not concern itself, for that kind of materialism, dealing only with the lower nature of man, would never rule the world. ... Thought, which was visible on the mental plane to the few who had the rare power of objectivation, could be traced in the intervening planes between the physical and the mental. Thinking created thought-forms, which took substantial form, remaining with the thinker during life, and, after death, these thought-forms were densified on the mental plane and reincarnation ensued. The power of seeing these thought-forms was not rare, especially in America, and was practically proved by mesmerism and hypnotism, which were very dangerous. Every individual in making his own thought-forms moulded his future being. This was the law of Karma, cause and effect working themselves out. As men sowed, so surely would they reap, and this had once been the doctrine of the Church, which by relinquishing it had lost much moralizing power. [new paragraph] Then came questions from the audience. A person desired to know how absence of all recollection of a past state could be reconciled with the great doctrine. The answer was that brain-memory was part of the transient, and that it was possible to attain to a state of remembrance of a past state. Another questioner asked for evidence of reincarnation; he was referred to intellectual and moral differences between members of the same family and to the existence of infant prodigies. The origin of evil was attributed to the persistence of the beast in the human plane. Another was told that the period of reincarnation varied and that there might be some option as to the body to be occupied, subject to the requirements of the Karmic law. Another learned that men might be reincarnated as women, or vice versa, but to an added question whether sex wold be optional, he received no definite assurance. After the questions came oponents, one of whoom remarked that the ignorant navigator knew from experience that his rules brought him to port, while the Theosophist knew nothing of hte kind, and another, who seemed to be well known as Number 5 and a Christian student of Theosophy, observed that it was a mistake to make the whole argument hang round Karma and reincarnation, which were merely metaphysical delusions invented by Oriental priests to explain what they could not understand. This speaker was applauded heartily." ("Mrs. Besant on Theosophy and Occultism." The Times, Saturday, Oct 10, 1891; pg. 6; Issue 33452; col E) ===22 October 1891, Thursday=== ==== Le Strange Astley Wedding ==== <blockquote>On the 22nd inst., at St. Andrew’s Church, Wells-strect, W., the marriage took place of Mr. Roland Le Strange, eldest son of Mr. H. Le Strange, of Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk, and 1, Eaton-place, W., and the Hon. Agneta Delaval Astley, daughter of the late Lord Hastings, and sister of the present peer, of Melton Constable, Norfolk, and Seaton Delaval, Northumberland. The ceremony was conducted by the Rev. Augustus Jessop, D.D., rector of Scarning, Norfolk, assisted by the Rev. W. T. Houldsworth, rector of the parish, and the Rev. Percy C. Stanley, M.A., of St. Andrew’s, Ashley-place, W. The bride was given away by her brother, Lord Hastings. The best man was the Earl of Stradbroke, of Hendham Hall, Suffolk. The wedding gown was of plain white satin duchesse, made with a sash of crépe de chine and châtelaine of orange-blossoms; the upper part of the bodice was of embroidered mousseline de soie, and a Watteau pleat fell from the back of the neck to the edge of the skirt; the tulle veil covered sprays of real orange-blossom, and was fastened with a massive diamond star, the gift of the bridegroom, The bride’s other ornaments were diamonds, the gift of Mrs, [Col. 1a–b, image of Astley intervening] Le Strange, and several costly jewels, the gift of Lord Hastings, and she carried a bouquet of rare exotics. The bridesmaids were Miss Le Strange (sister of the bridegroom), Miss Rate, Miss Tombs, and Miss Franklin, They wore sky-blue poult de soie skirts, with edging of velvet of same colour, and velvet Swiss bodices to match, with high collars edged with chiffon. They also wore large black felt hats, with pale blue velvet crowns and plumes of black ostrich feather. The bridegroom’s presents to them were heart-shaped brooches of diamonds and pearls and bouquets of pink roses. The reception given by Lady Hastings at her town residence, 22, Bruton-street, was very largely attended, among the invited guests being Mr. and Mrs. Le Strange and Miss Le Strange, Mrs. Wynne-Finch, Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Astley, Mr. Austin Le Strange, Mr, Eric Le Strange, Mr. Guy Le Strange, Mr. and Mrs, Heneage Wynne-Finch, Mrs. Waller and Mr. Henry Waller, Mrs. Fitz Roy and Miss Blundell, Viscountess Canterbury, the Hon. Mabel Manners-Sutton, the Hons. John and Robert Manners-Sutton, Mr. and Lady Florence Astley, Mrs. F. Astley, Mr. R. Astley, Mr. and Mrs. Tollemache, Sir Thomas Sanderson and the Hon. Mrs. and Miss Sanderson, Captain Assheton Curzon-Howe, R.N., Earl and Countess of Airlie, Earl and Countess of Arran and Lady E. Gore, Lady Auckland and Hon. Miss Eden, Sir Robert and Lady Affleck and Mrs. Prince, Mr. and Mrs. and the Misses Tyssen-Amherst, Mrs. Adair, Sir John and Lady Astley and Miss Astley, Mr. and Mrs, Evelyn Arkwright, Mrs. Charles Bagot, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Bagot, Lady Frances Baillie and Mr. James Baillie, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Bertie, Mrs. and Miss Berens, Lord Marcus Beresford, Sir Reginald and Lady Beauchamp, Sir Edward and Lady Birkbeck, Mr. Harry Burroughes, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Bourke]], Sir R. Blois, Sir Francis and Lady Boileau, Colonel Brabazon, Viscount and Viscountess Bury, Hon. Reginald Brougham, Lord and Lady Newtown-Butler, Mrs. Smith Barry, Countess Cairns, Isabel Countess of Carnwath and Miss Lecky, Lord and Lady Carrington, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse, Mr. Henry and Lady Harriet Cavendish, Earl of Chesterfield, Lady and Miss Chetwode, Lord and Lady William Cecil, Mr. and Lady Jane Combe, Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham and Lady Blanche Conyngham, Colonel and Mrs, Stanley Clarke, Countess of Cottenham, Colonel the Hon. Mr. and Mrs, Colville, Mr. A. Coventry, Mr. E. Crawley, Sir Saville and Lady Crossley, Captain and Mrs. Crutchley, Mr. and Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, Sir George and Lady Dallas, Viscountess Dungarvan, Hon. H. and Mrs. Dillon, Hon. H. and Mrs. Dormer, Mr. Noel Fenwick, the Hon. Lady and Miss Filmer, Mr. and Mrs. FitzClarence, Mr. Walter Fenwick, Hon. A. and Mrs. Fellowes, Sir Gerald and Lady Dalton Fitz-Gerald, Sir W, and Lady ffolkes, Captain Fisher, Mr. Gerald Fitz-Gerald, Mr. and Mrs. Algernon and Mrs. Fountaine, Mrs. and Miss Franklin, Captain Victor Ferguson, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Geoffrey Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Cunningham Graham, Hon. Lady and Miss Grey Egerton, Mr. C. D. Guthrie, Mr. and Mrs. Somerville-Gurney, Mr. and Lady Constance Gore, Sir Edward and Lady Green, the Hon. Mrs. Harbord-Harbord, the Hon. Assheton Harbord, Sir Wm. and Lady Harcourt, Mr. and Lady Ida Hare, Mr. E. P. Hare, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hardinge, Mr. and Mrs. A. Hammond, the Rev. F. A. J. and Mrs. Hervey, Viscountess Helmsley, Captain C. Hervey, Mr. A. Hervey, Lady A. and Miss Hervey, Mr. Hubert Hervey, Mr. and Lady Sophia Heaviside, Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope and Miss Hope, Lady A. and Miss Hervey, Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson, Earl and Countess of Kenmare, Mr. and Mrs. Mowbray Howard, Hon. G. and Miss Keppel, Admiral Sir H. Keppel, the Hon. D. Keppel, Sir A. and Lady Kemball, Earl and Countess of Kilmorey, Mr. and Mrs. and Miss Kennard, Hon. G. Lambton, Lord Lamington, Mr. S. Lane, Mr. and Mrs. Law, Mr. and Mrs. W. Lawson, the Hon. Mrs. Dudley Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. Blundell Leigh, Earl and Countess of Leicester, Mr. and Mrs. Evans Lombe, Rev. Wm. Lloyd, Lord and Lady Londesborough and Ladies Denison, Mr. J. Savile Lumley, Mr. Edw. Lloyd, Mr. and Lady Doreen Long, Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, Lord Lurgan, Mrs. Ames Lyde, Count and Countess Henry Litzow, General Macdonell, Viscount and Viscountess Marsham, Captain Maxse, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, ['''Col. 1c–2a'''] Colonel and Mrs. St. John Mildmay, Hon. H. Milles, Mr. and Lady Anne Murray, Hon. C. and Mrs. Milles, Colonel and the Hon. Mr. George and Mrs. Napier, Viscountess Newry and Lady Mary Needham, Lord and Lady Wm. Neville, Captain E. R. Owen, Sir J. D. Poynder, Sir D. and Lady Probyn, Mr. and Mrs. and Miss Rate, Mr. and Lady Maud Ramsden, Lord Rendlesham and Hon. Miss Thellusson, Mr. Charles H. Robarts, Mr. and Miss Rogers, Earl and Countess of Romney and Lady Florence Marsham, Mrs. and the Misses Seymour and Miss Hoste, Mr. B. Sheriffe, Earl and Countess Sondes and Ladies Milles, Captain Hon. Algernon Sidney, Sir Barrington and Lady Simeon, Lady and Miss Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Mr. and Mrs. Sparke, Hon. Norman M. Sinclair, &c., &c. Early in the afternoon Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. le Strange left for Paris, ''en route'' for the south of France, where their honeymoon will be spent. The bride’s going-away dress was of ''fraise écrasé'' cloth, embroidered in the same colour with black ''moiré'' sash, trimmings of narrow astrachan fur; black Gainsborough hat with ''fraise écrasé'' velvet crown trimmed with black ostrich feather tips. The presents, which numbered over 400, included — To the bride from:— Mrs. Le Strange, diamond bracelet; Lady Hastings, a diamond ornament; Hon. Harry and Mrs. Astley, tortoiseshell and silver writing set; Miss Le Strange, tortoiseshell and silver inkstand; Mr. Eric Le Strange, silver tea caddy; Miss M. and Miss S. Le Strange, pair of tortoiseshell and silver candlesticks; Mrs. F. R. Astley, paste buckle; Hon. J. Manners-Sutton, silver butter knife; Hon. Robert Manners-Sutton, Bohemian glasses; Viscountess Canterbury and Miss Manners-Sutton, silver sugar spoons; Miss C. Ashley, two pictures; Mr. Reginald Astley, luncheon basket; Hon. Mrs. Sanderson, silver pen and pencil case; Miss Sanderson, cut-glass scent bottle; Earl Sondes, cheque; Miss Rate, '''set of Whyte Melville’s novels'''; Lord and Lady Carrington, white ostrich feather fan; Lady Suffield, green morocco handbag; Lady Scott, silver and tortoiseshell letter holder; Lady Mount-Temple, silver stamp box; Miss Temple, silver sugar spoon; Miss Tombs, silver shoe pincushion; Lady and Miss Grey Egerton, silver scent bottle; Lord Lamington, silver heart on chain; Mr. and Mrs. A. Fountaine, silver toast rack; Mrs. Franklin, green leather and silver purse card case; &c., &c. To the bridegroom, from Mr. Le Strange, chest of silver plate, old silver bread basket, and cheque; the bride, turquoise and diamond links; Mrs. Le Strange, silver salver and cheque; Mrs, Wynne-Finch, silver tea service; Mrs. Waller and Mrs. Hy. Waller, tea basket; Mr, Guy Le Strange, Russian silver cigarette lighter; Miss Le Strange, large silver cigarette lighter; Miss M. and Miss Sibyl Le Strange, large silver and tortoiseshell paper knife; servants at Hunstanton Hall, large silver-mounted salad bowl; Mr. Austin and Mr. Eric Le Strange, silver salver; Rev. Perey C. Stanley, brass pedestal lamp; Mr. Noel Fenwick, old Dutch silver cigarette and cigar box; Mr. C. Villiers, silver betting book; Mrs. Austin Lyde, pearl pin; Sir H. de Trafford, silver cigarette box; Mr. K. Rolfe, pin; Viscountess Newry and Lady Mary Needham, silver muffineer; Earl of Stradbroke, liqueur and cigar case; Hon. Chas. Bertie, cream jugs Geo[rge?] II.; &c.<ref>"Le Strange— Astley." "Weddings." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 46 [of 86], Col. 1a–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18911031/511/0046. Same print title, p. 784.</ref> </blockquote> ===31 October 1891, Saturday=== Halloween. ==November 1891== ===5 November 1891, Thursday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===24 November 1891, Tuesday=== C. H. H. Parry writes Arnold Dolmetsch, finalizing plans for a concert in Oxford, which took place either on the 24th or very soon after. Parry sent a "bus" to pick up the Dolmetsches and their instruments. They had lunch at Sir John Stainer's and then gave the concert at the Sheldonian, in Oxford, providing illustrations for one of Parry's lectures. The program was "similar to those of concerts given earlier in the year with the interesting addition of a composition by King Henry VIII, If Love now Reigned from a MS at the British Museum which ahd recently been published by the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society" (Campbell 39). ==December 1891== Sometime in December 1891, Herbert Horne and A. H. Mackmurdo shared a studio at 20 Fitzroy Street (Campbell 41). ===7 December 1891, Monday=== Annie Horniman was initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 21). Horniman often spent her winters in Italy, so it is likely that she left England shortly after 7 December 1891 and in this case may not have returned until May (though we could be more sure if we could see the list of sign-ins in the Vault. ===19 December 1891, Saturday=== Arnold Dolmetsch's first lecture/concert at 20 Fitzroy Street, Herbert Horne's and A. H. Mackmurdo's studio. ===25 December 1891, Friday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1891, Saturday=== Boxing Day ==End of 1891== From the end of 1891 to the beginning of 1893, Arnold Dolmetsch used the studio at 20 Fitzroy, London, shared by Herbert Horne and A. H. Mackmurdo for concerts. ==Works Cited== *[1891-02-28 Yorkshire Herald] "The Duke of Clarence with the Horderness Hounds." Yorkshire Herald 28 February 1891, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18910228/060/0010 (accessed July 2019). *Aronson, Rudolph. Theatrical and Musical Memoirs. New York: McBride, Nast, 1913. Google Books, retrieved 24 February 2010. *Campbell, Margaret. *Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. A Bernard Shaw Chronology. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. <references /> j5gqg90xboa5pvmyrdekri2avlcenr8 0 264279 2719088 2714189 2025-06-18T20:21:44Z Scogdill 1331941 2719088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] 1892 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1892== From the end of 1891 to the beginning of 1893, Arnold Dolmetsch used the studio at 20 Fitzroy, London, shared by Herbert Horne and A. H. Mackmurdo for concerts. Sometime in 1892, London publisher [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#George Newnes|George Newnes]] printed [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s first collection of Holmes stories, ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes''. The edition contained twelve stories and "104 illustrations drawn for the Strand Magazine by Sidney Paget. The first American edition of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with a frontispiece and 15 other illustrations by Paget, was published by Harper & Brothers of New York" also in 1892 (Baring-Gould I 14, n. 26). During 1892, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] gave £224 to [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|Moina and MacGregor Mathers]] for them to live on (Howe 110). ==January 1892== 1892, possibly January through June or so, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] was Cancellarius of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] "for the first half of 1892" (Gilbert 86 32). === 1 January 1892, Friday, New Year's Day === === 27 January 1892, Saturday === ==== The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour ==== The names of those who were invited are in alphabetical order, suggesting that the list was released to the press. Some of the gifts were very expensive.<blockquote>The historic and impressive precincts of St. Margaret's, Westminster, to which the memory of Sir Walter Raleigh must lend for always a halo of romance, can rarely have witnessed the presence of so beautiful a bride as the Lady Olivia Taylour, only daughter and heiress of the Earl of Bective, M.P., whose wedding to Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck took place there last Wednesday, the 27th ult. England boasts many a fair daughter, and English girlhood is celebrated for a very special charm; but it would indeed be difficult to find an equal to such a [Col. 1c–2a] "gloriously beautiful bride," to use the expression of a celebrated novelist present at the wedding. The chancel of St. Margaret's was transformed for the occasion into a tropical garden; in fact, the clergy could hardly be seen for the palms which formed an arch between which the bride and bridegroom stood in front of the altar; the whole of the altar rails being absolutely covered with eucharis lilies, and the rest of the choir with many other white flowers. Before one o'clock the church was full, admission being entirely by ticket, and at 1.30 the bridal party arrived, Lady Olivia on the arm of her father, the Earl of Bective, M.P. The choir met her at the west door, singing "The King of Love my Shepherd is," and the whole of the service took place, according to the old-fashioned custom, in front of the altar rails. The bride's dress, which was very [image of Lady Olivia Taylor] lovely, was a very rich white satin, made with a perfectly plain skirt and train, the edge trimmed with white chiffon over a flounce of white satin. A deep volant of magnificent Brussels lace reached from the waist to the edge of the dress, and covered it entirely. The body was in the Empire style, with high puffed sleeves, and the neck, trimmed with lace to match, was cut ''en'' [''czur''?], and low enough to show a magnificent necklace of three rows of pearls. The costume was the creation of Mme. Lili (Mrs. Pocklington, cousin to the bride). The bride also wore a high Russian diadem in diamonds, given by Lord Henry Bentinck, over which was thrown the lace veil, matching the flounce. Her other jewels were the diamond ostrich feathers given by her father, the Earl of Bective, a diamond rose from the Duchess of Portland, and a bracelet of precious stones from her mother. The magnificent bridal bouquet Lady Olivia carried was of colossal size, and partly composed of lilies of the valley [Col. 2b–c, below the image of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P.] and orange blossom; but its principal feature was the magnificent showery clusters of the rare white dendrobeum, seldom seen in such unusual quantity. The bride was followed by four bridesmaids: Lady Ottoline Bentinck (only sister to the bridegroom), Miss Evelyn Wilson-Patten, Miss Hill, and Miss Constance Bridson. They were simply but charmingly dressed in white cloth dresses trimmed with brown fur, full bodices with yellow sashes, brown beaver hats trimmed with white birds and yellow bows. Instead of bouquets they carried brown fur muffs, and each wore a diamond merrythought brooch, surmounted by gold birds, the gift of the bridegroom. Lady Beatrix Taylour was unavoidably prevented being bridesmaid through illness. The same reason also accounted for the absence of the Marquis and Marchioness of Headfort. Lord Henry Bentinck's best man was his brother, Lord William Bentinck. The officiating clergy were the Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, and the Rev. J. Butterwick (private chaplain to His Grace the Duke of Portland). The service was fully choral. Lady Arthur Hill had written for the occasion a very pretty setting for solo and chorus of the beautiful hymn, "0 perfect love!" which received an admirable interpretation from the choir of St. Margaret's, the solo being sung [Col. 2c–3a] by Miss Wakefield. After the wedding, the Countess of Bective had a reception at 8, Belgrave-square, to which 700 guests had been invited, a very large being present. Lady Bective wore stone-grey velvet, with a long train trimmed round the bottom with splendid sable, the front of the bodice being completely covered with silver and gold embroidery. This costume was completed by a felt bonnet with grey feathers and long narrow strings reaching from the throat to the ground — the last idea from Paris. Never has Lady Bective's patrician beauty shown in a more marked degree. The Blue Hungarian band enlivened the reception with their well-known exquisite playing. Among the many lovely dresses we specially noticed that of the Duchess of Portland, a charming green velvet toilette, trimmed heavily with fur, and with it she wore a ''boutonniére'' of vivid pink, a most becoming relief, prompted by an artistic eye. Lady Bolsover wore a handsome gown of blue velvet and sable. Miss Marion Terry represented the stage in a brown and orange gold costume, of true Terry taste, trimmed with sable, and becoming hat with brown feathers; her little niece, Minnie Terry, who recently appeared in these pages among "Wonderful Children," was also an invited guest and interested spectator, and likewise had a brown and fawn hat and fawn cloak. Mme. Lili (Mrs. Pocklington) looked very handsome indeed in green, and it is needless to say that her beautiful figure was gowned to perfection. There was a certain general sombreness in the colour of most of the dresses, and a good many black ones, though mourning was not, of course, observed; but greys, black and white, and dark shades certainly predominated. Among those in black were Lady Carew, and Miss Lethbridge; the latter wore a velvet corselet bodice, handsomely trimmed with gold. Miss Cotterell looked charming in an exceedingly pretty dress of a light grey green shade, with high epaulets of velvet. A beautiful grey and silver gown was that worn by Mrs. Arthur Severn, and equally lovely was the princess brocade gown of Mrs. H. Young. Lady Fitzclarence's brown hat with pink was very becoming, and another pretty combination of the same colours was Mrs. Barrington Campbell's. The Marchioness of Downshire's black velvet mantle was heavily trimmed with jet, and with her was Miss Balfour, likewise in sombre colouring. Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Wakefield received many congratulations as to the composition and performance of the new hymn. The Dowager Marchioness of Downshire received special friends in a downstairs morning room, and Lady Romney was as brilliant as ever. The wedding presents were inspected, and the wedding cake cut — which, by the way, was surmounted by a flight of white birds, a pretty reference to Lady Olivia's ''sobriquet''. After the reception, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck started for Welbeck Abbey, where they spend pert of the honeymoon, afterwards going to Italy. They left Belgrave-square at 3 30, a charming novelty in the shape of a floral shoe composed of violets and lilies of the valley was thrown after them, with many good wishes from everyone present. The following were invited:—Major and Mrs. Amcotts, Mr. J. Heathcote Amory, Mr., Mrs. and the Misses Tyssen Amhurst, Hon. George Allsopp, Hon. H. and Mrs. Allsopp, H. Aidé, Esq., Earl and Countess Arran, and Lady Esther Gore, James Atkinson, Esq., Mr. and Mrs. Walker Anderson, Maria Marchioness Aylesbury, Lord Apsley, Hon. H. and Mrs. Astley, Mr. and Mrs. George Atkinson, Earl and Countess of Airlie, Lord William Bentinck, Lord Charles Bentinck, Count and Countess Godard Bentinck, Dowager Countess and Countess Victoria Bentinck, Count Charles Bentinck, Count and Countess Bentinck, Colonel and Mrs. Aldenburg Bentinck, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Bentinck, Mrs. C. Bentinck, Mr. and Mrs. G. C. Bentinck-Bentinck with Mrs. Scott, General and the Misses Browne, Captain Browne, Hon. Mrs., Miss, and Master Howe Browne, Mr. Ernest Cavendish and Mrs. Browne, Hon. Mrs. G. Browne, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil S. Browne, Rev. and Mrs. Butterwick, Miss Bowman, Hon. Maurice Bourke, Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Bourke, Lord and Lady Brougham and Vaux, Mr. and Miss Balfour, Mr. and Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Viscount and Hon. Miss Hood Bridport, Mr. and Mrs. E. Balfour, Baroness and Lady O. Bolsover, Captain and Mrs. Barry, Mr. and Mrs. Hedworth Barclay, Mr. and Mrs. Brocklehurst, Captain Boyce, Marchioness Blandford and Ladies Churchill, Lady William and Miss Bulkeley, Miss Rhoda Broughton, Sir A., Lady, and Miss Borthwick, Mr. and Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Hon. G. Curzon, M.P., Captain Hon. M. and Mrs. Curzon, Lord and the Misses Crofton, General the Hon. [sic] Mrs., and the Misses Calthorpe, Miss Chetwynd, Sir George Chetwynd, Mr. and Mrs. Chetwynd, Lord and Lady Alfred and the Misses Churchill, Sir Saville and Lady Crossley, Viscount and Viscountess Cranbourne, Colonel Hon. R. S., Mrs., and Miss Cotton, the Rev. J. LI. [sic], Mrs., and Miss Davies, Mr. C. Davies, Mr. A. Davies, Mr. and Miss Flora Davies, Mrs. Yorke Dallas, Dowager Marchioness Downshire, Marchioness Downshire, Earl and Countess Desart, Lady K. Cuffe, Hon. Mrs. Duburley, Mr. Grey Duburley, Mr. Bertie Duburley, Captain and Mrs. Digby, Mr. W., Mrs., and Miss Davy, Mr. and Mrs. John Ellis, Charles Ellis, Esq., Mr. and Mrs. W. Ellis, Earl and Countess Enniskillin and Lady C. Cole, Mr. and Mrs. J. Entwistle, Colonel Hon. Herbert Eaton, General and Mrs. Elliot, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Elmes, Mr. and Mrs. Gervase Elmes, Hon. and Rev. H. and Mrs. Ellis, Mr. and Mrs. Fitzroy Farquhar, Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher, Captain Forester, Mr. and Mrs. A. Fountaine, Sir W. and Lady Ffolkes, Mr. and Mrs. Fenwick, Hon. W. R. D. and Mrs. Forbes, Colonel and Mrs. Foster, Rev. and Mrs. Foster, Hon. Lady and the Misses Filmer, Hon. Aubrey Fitzclarence, Mr. and Lady Margaret Ormsby Gore, Hon. Mr. Seymour Ormsby Gore, Mr. and Mrs. Hubert Garnett, Mr. and Mrs. R. Garnett, Lord and Lady Henry Grosvenor, Viscount and Viscountess Galway, Ellis Gosling, Esq., Sir E. and Lady Greene, Marquis and Marchioness Granby, Lord Greville, Hon. R. and Mrs. Greville, Hon. P. and Mrs. G. Nugent Greville, Hon. Sydney Greville, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Gayford, Mr. and Mrs. Goldschmidt, Earl and Countess Guildford, Colonel and Mrs. Dawson Greene, Lord and Lady A. and Miss Hill, Captain, Mrs., Miss, and Mr. Hawker, Marquis and Marchioness Hertford and Lady M. Seymour, Margaret Marchioness Headfort, Ladies Taylour and the Misses Wilson-Patten, Captain Hon. Arthur Hood, Hon. Alexander Hood, Hon. Alfred Hood, Lady Maria Hood, Captain Hon. W. Trevor Hill, Hon. George Trevor Hill, Lord Houghton, Mr. and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. and Miss Fortescue Harrison, Mr. and Mrs. Hamlyn, Everard Heneage, Esq., Mr. J. L. and Lady Ida Hare, Mr. and Mrs. Adrien and the Misses Hope, Mr. and Mrs. Beresford Hope, Sir J. F. and Lady Hesketh, Mr. and Mrs. A. and the Misses Harris, Miss Hornby, Major Hornby, Earl of Howth, Hon. Mrs. Hunter, Dowager Lady Howard de Walden and Hon. Mrs. C. Ellis, Lady Howard de Walden and Hon. T. Ellis, Marchioness of Hastings, Rev. F. and Mrs. Joy, Rev. J. L. Johnstone, Sir F. and Lady Jeune, F. W. James, Esq., Lord Kenyon, Horn [sic] D. Keppel, Esq., Mr., Mrs., and Miss Knowles, Colonel Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Mlle. Kernen, Lady Kennard, Lord and Lady Kilmain, Earl and Countess of Kilmory, Mr. Walter and Lady Doreen Long, Hon. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh, Colonel and Mrs. Lees, Lady Lisgan [Ligan?], Earl and Countess Latham and Ladies Wilbraham, Lady Lamington, Lord Lamington, Right Hon. James Lowther, Hon. W., Mrs., and the Misses Lowther, James W. and Mrs. Lowther, Lord and Lady Langford, Mr. and Mrs. Laurence, [p. 22, Col. 3c–23, Col. 1a] Lord Lady Lurgan, and Hon. Misses Brownlow, Earl and Countess Munster, Lady L. FitzClarence, His Excellency Count and Countess Munster, Mr. and Mrs. Moore, Mr. and Mrs. Austen McKenzie, Captain and Lady Florence Maxwell, Lord and Lady Manners, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Mr. and Mrs. Critchley Martin, Bartram Meeking, Esq., Mrs. Mason, Dowager Countess Mayo and Lady F. Bourke, Colonel and Hon. Mrs. and the Misses Marton, Captain, Mrs., and the Misses Markham, Earl and Countess Manners, Hon. S. K. McDonnell, Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Mare, Admiral, Mrs., and Miss McNeil, Sir George Maude, K.C.B., Right Hon. Sir W. and Lady Marriott, Duke and Duchess of Newcastle, Viscount and Viscountess Newark, Duke and Duchess of Portland, and Lady Victoria Bentinck, Dr. and Mrs. Paget Tomlinson, T.H. Prince and Princess Pless, Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn, Lady Anna Chandos Pole, Miss Chandos Pole, Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget, Mrs. and Miss Quin, Mr. and Lady M. Rolleston, Baron F. Rothschild, Earl and Countess Romney, C. D. Rose, Esq. , the Hon. C. and Lady Jane Trefusis, General, Lady Jane, and the Misses Taylor, Hon. Mrs. and Miss Taylor and Mrs. Smith, Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Taylor, Hon. R. and Mrs. Talbot, Mr. T. Tiptaft, General and Miss Thesiger, Mr. Frank and the Misses Thynne, Mr. and Miss Thynne, Lord, Lady, and the Hon. Misses Trevor, Sir Henry and Lady Vane, Mr. and Lady Sarah Wilson, Dr. W. Wyllie, Miss Wyllie, Mr. and Mrs. J. Weston, Walter de Winton, Esq., Mr. W. and the Hon. Mrs. West, Captain Lambert Ward, Mr.. Mrs. and Miss Cornwallis West, Miss Werne, Mr. T. F., Mrs., the Misses, and Mr. Warden, Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness and Mrs. Ware, Mr. and Mrs. J. Wakefield, Mrs. and the Misses Wakefield, Miss C. Welch and Mrs. Wilson, Earl and Countess Yarborough, R. Yerburgh, Esq., M.P., and Mrs. Yerburgh, Rev. and Mrs. Hamilton Young, Sister Zillah, and many others. The presents were most handsome, and far too numerous for us to give the full list. The bride's included: — Earl of Bective, a large diamond ostrich feather, one end of which is curled and at the other end is a bow formed as a "true-lover's knot"; this beautiful ornament forms either a pin for the hair or a brooch; a silver telescope travelling cup, a large ornament in fine diamonds, representing a water lily, surrounded by birds and leaves — this is intended to wear as small tiara or comb in the hair; musical box, a quaint specimen of Japanese work, representing a Japanese mask-seller, dressed in complete costume of her country, carrying a tray full of masks and fans; a set of very beautiful fur, three volumes of Shakespeare's works, magnificently bound in green, illustrated with etchings by Sir J. Noel Paton, R.S.A.; Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, a lovely diamond tiara of the shape usually known as "Russian," it reaches almost entirely roundthe [sic] head, and is composed of very fine diamonds, this tiara can also be used as a necklace, being flexible throughout; Lord Henry Bentinck also gave a horse and saddie, &c, a most perfect specimen of Chippendale bureau writing-table, very finely inlaid with various coloured woods; Baroness Bolsover, a large set of very dark and beautiful Russian sables and muff ''en suite''; Duke of Portland, a brougham; Countess of Bective, a set of priceless Brussels lace, flounces, and veil. This lace was the finest of any that was at the Exhibition of 1867. Also thick gold curb chain bracelet, set with precious stones and turquoises. Another curb chain set with pearls; Lady Ottoline Bentinck, miniature of Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck; Marquis of Headfort, an enamelled Renaissance pendant of rubies and emeralds and diamonds, with emerald and diamond loop and ruby drop; gold shell-shaped clock; Marchioness of Headfort, a Sheraton bureau writing-table with inlaid doors and top; Dowager Marchioness of Downshire, a Chippendale (knee-hole) writing-table, with brass mounts and railing. Also a beautiful Louis XIV. étui of gold opaline enamel and delicate floral designs in green enamel. Also a gold drinking cup, dated 1651, found in the Royal tent after the battle of Worcester. Also a quilt composed of red Eastern embroidery and fringe &c.; Marchioness of Downshire, an oak plate chest, containing an antique silver coffee pot and hot milk pot, two salvers, and two spirit lamps complete; these quite plain, and of beautiful design; Lord Arthur Hill, a very large antique silver bowl. The edges are cartellated and embossed; Lady Arthur Hill, two large silver antique muffineers; H.E.H. Comte de Paris, a gold curb chain bracelet, with large diamond fleur-de-lis in the centre; Marchioness of Hertford, an antique Dutch silver tray, perforated and ornamented with cupids and roses; Earl and Countess of Lathom, a gold hat pin formed by a large moonstone, surrounded by diamonds and rubies; Earl and Countess of Yarborough, a grey gaze [sic] fan, painted with flowers and grey ecaille handle; Earl and Countess of Arran, antique box of agate mounted in gold; Lord Houghton, a Louis XV. fan mounted in beautiful ivory; Lady Rosmore, a Louis XV. heartshaped [sic] box; Lord Lamington, a set of antique silver salt cellars; Lady Edith Wilbraham, a silver-mounted walking-stick; Lady Filmer a silver-mounted reading lamp; Lady W. Cecil, antique French clock; Lady Kathlene Cuffe, antique porcelain patch box; Baron and Baroness Henry de Worms, a pair of Cinque-cento salt-cellars; Lord Trevor, an old cut-glass silver-mounted scent bottle; Lady Trevor, antique silver broth basin and cover; Lady Lisgar, silver-mounted tortoiseshell blotting book and paper cutter; Lady Virginia Sanders, case containing silver knife and pencil-holder; Lady Elizabeth Taylor, silver flower-pots; Lady Vane, silver basket; Miss Hill, silver topped salts bottle; Hon. A. Hood, crystal clock; Hon. Mrs. Gye, case of oyster forks, silver and mother-of-pearl; Hon. Maurice Bourke, gold horseshoe brooch set with cabuchon and sapphires; Hon. Alan Charteris, tortoiseshell and silver almanack-frame; Colonel Vivian, silver-mounted looking-glass; Madame Cailler, gilt bronze Louis XVI. candlesticks; Mrs. Magniac, ruby and diamond bangle; Colonel and Mrs. Foster, silver calendar; Mr. Condie Stephens, old French silver repoussé work vase; Miss Davies, silver dishes; Hon. Mrs. Duberley, lovely "Mousseline" china figure; The [sic] Misses Musgrave, silver dish; Mrs. Pocklington, embossed silver box; Mrs. Bischoffsheim, turquoise scarabeus pendant mounted in diamonds, with ruby and diamond ibis above it; Mr. Edgecumbe Venning, silver box; Mrs. Edgecumbe Venning, antique silver spoon; General Williams, antique silver filigree vinaigrette; Mr. L. Noble, antique enamel miniature sedan chair; Mr. Hamilton Aidé, a sketch (by himself) in Oriental frame; Miss Balfour, silver embossed match box; Right Hon. J. Lowther, silver hand bell; Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hulse, silver cream jug; General and Mrs. Elliott, bronze tray and stand; Mrs. Parkinson Sharp[,] silver bowl; Miss Greville, painted gaze de soie fan; Mr. and Mrs. Rawsthorne, antique marqueterie writing box; Mrs. Entwistle, silver candlesticks; Miss Thynne, antique silver box; Colonel Barrington Campbell, tortoiseshell, and silver tray; Mrs. Barrington Campbell, silver violin-shaped box; Mr. Ogle, ornamental tortoiseshell card case; Mr. G. Elliott, antique silver charms; Mr. M. Wilson, a beautiful hand-painted chicken-skin fan, with carved sandalwood handle; Miss A. Wakefield, tortoiseshell and silver candlesticks; Miss Wakefield, antique ruby and diamond scarf pin; Mr. George Samuel, a magnificent necklace, consisting of three rows of large pearls, fastened by a diamond clasp; Rev. D. S. Spedding, old china dessert service; the employés, work-people, and household servants at Underley Hall, six Corinthian-columned candlesticks of massive silver, standing on three-tier pedestals, with presentation address engraved round the base; the tenants of the Barnacre estate, Lancashire, a large silver salver, measuring 20 in. across; the tenants on the Dent estate, large travelling or study clock of Corinthian design, enamelled in colour, with chimes and inscription; the tenants on the Kendal estate, three Corinthian-columned candlesticks of massive silver, standing on three-tier pedestals, with presentation address engraved round the base; also a pair of branch candlesticks matching the above, the whole forming a handsome suite; long silver pencil and penholder with monogram, in case; the tenants on the Lunesdale estate three massive silver dessert dishes of arabesque design, the centre one bearing a presentation address; &c., &c. Lord Henry's presents included: — Household at St. Ann's, silver salt cellars; Constituents at N.W. Norfolk, three large silver cups; heads of department of Welbeck, three breakfast dishes, &c., &c. Many of the articles in Lady Olivia Taylour's magnificent trousseau were made at the depôt for Distressed Irish Ladies, North Audley-street. Messrs. W. & G. Bossard, of Oxford-street, supplied the wedding cake, which was one of the largest and most beautifully decorated which even they have ever turned out.<ref>"Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., to Lady Olivia Taylour." "Weddings and Engagements." ''Gentlewoman'' 6 February 1892, Saturday: 22 [of 52], Col. 1c–3c [of 3] – 23, Col. 1c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920206/092/0022 – https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003340/18920206/093/0023. Same print title, pp. 172–73.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1892== There was an influenza epidemic in early February, at least; Bret Harte writes about it, and Arthur Van de Velde died of it.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper|last=Nissen|first=Axel|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=2000}}</ref> (220) === 10 February 1892, Wednesday === Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh were married in a [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]. ===24 February 1892, Wednesday=== <blockquote>The marriage of Mr. Arthur Stanley Wilson, eldest son of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft]], near Hull, to Miss Filmer, daughter of the late Sir Edmund Filmer and the Hon. Lady Filmer, was solemnized on Wednesday at St. Peter's Church, Eaton Square, in the presence of a large and fashionable gathering. The church was prettily decorated with flowers in honour of the occasion, and the service was fully choral. Among the invited guests were the Duke and Duchess of Wellington, the Marchioness of Hastings, the Earl and Countess of Romney, Lord and Lady Hothfield, the Earl and Countess Kilmorey, the Earl and Countess De la Warr, the Earl and Countess Amherst, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Cottenham, the Marquis and Marchioness Conyngham, Viscountess Hood, the Countess Cairns, Lord and Lady Burton, and the Hon. Nellie Bass, Lady Scott, Lord and Lady Arthur Hill, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, General and Mrs. Marshall, Lord Cheylesmore, Mr. and Lady Constance Coombe, Lord and Lady George Nevill, Sir Charles Fraser, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes, Sir Francis and Lady Wilmington, Sir Archibald and Lady Campbell, Sir Robert Gresley, Lord and Lady Cremorne, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, Captain the Hon. E. St. Aubyn, Sir G. Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. Halyburton Campbell, &c. Shortly after two o'clock, the hour fixed for the ceremony, the bride arrived accompanied by her mother, who conducted her to the altar and subsequently gave her away. As the bridal procession advanced up the centre aisle to the chancel rails it was preceded by the choir singing a nuptial hymn. Here they were joined by the bridegroom, who had with him Sir Perry Van Notton Pole as best man. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. Foord, vicar of Kirk Ella, Yorkshire- assisted by the Rev. J. Stours, vicar of St. Peter's. The bride wore a costume of rich white duchesse satin, made plain, with a long court train and draped with old point lace. The bridal veil was of Brussels lace, and was surmounted by a wreath of natural orange blossom. She wore no jewels, but carried a magnificent bouquet composed of white orchids and white lilac with trails of orange blossoms. There were six bridesmaids, the Misses Daisy and Dorothy Filmer, sisters of the bride, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], sister of the bridegroom, Miss L. Cotterell, Miss Milne, and Miss Kennard. They were attired alike in white satin dresses veiled with chiffon; high green crepe de chine sashes and fichu bodices. They wore large black velvet hats trimmed with green feathers, and carried ostrich feather fans and bouquets of lilies of the valley, the gifts of the bridegroom. Lady Filmer was handsomely attired in amber velvet and sables, while Mrs. Arthur Wilson wore a costume of petunia coloured velvet with waistcoat embroidered in jet. At the conclusion of the ceremony the bridal party drove to the Baroness Henry de Worms’s residence in Grosvenor-place, where Lady Filmer held the wedding reception. Late in the afternoon the newly married couple left town for the continent. The bride's going-away dress was of vieux rose and black soft cloth with feather trimming and jabot of old lace, large black velvet hat trimmed with vieux rose feathers and old lace. The presents were numerous and handsome.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. A. S. Wilson, of Tranby Croft, and Miss Filmer." ''Yorkshire Herald'' 27 February 1892, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18920227/075/0010 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==March 1892== In March 1892, Dolmetsch gave the second of his lecture/concerts at the Fitzroy Settlement. J. A. Fuller-Maitland played the harpsichord, Bull's "St. Thomas's Wake" (from Parthenia) and "King's Hunting Jigg" (Campbell 44, quoting a review in the Musical Times for April 1892). Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper may have been there, as may Alfred Piatti (Campbell 45). ===17 March 1892, Thursday=== Afred, Lord Tennyson's ''The Foresters'', music by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], produced at the Lyceum for copyright purposes.<ref>Scott, Clement. ''The Drama of Yesterday and To-Day''. Volume 2. London: Macmillan, 1899. ''Google Books'', retrieved 24 February 2010. Page 504.</ref> ===22 March 1892, Tuesday=== Henrietta M. Paget was initiated into the Golden Dawn. ===End of March=== At the end of March, Arnold Dolmetsch held his second lecture/concert at the Fitzroy Settlement. Margaret Campbell says he "introduced no fewer than ten works receiving their first modern performances music by Richard Deering, Dr. John Bull, J. S. Bach, the Lawes brothers, Locke, Jenkins and an unknown French composer, Jean Marie Leclair" (Campbell 45). Once again, the concert was reviewed in the ''Musical Times'', in this case of 1 April 1892. ==April 1892== ===5 April 1892, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch's consort performed at [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lady Ashburton]]'s home, and she wrote to thank him on the fifth. He wrote Horne that the audience was "very distinguished" (Campbell 46). === 15 April 1892, Friday === Good Friday ===17 April 1892, Sunday=== Easter Sunday === 20 April 1892, Wednesday === The wedding between (as the ''Morning Post'' spells it) "Mr. Frederick Hartmann and Miss Constance Lister" took place at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 23 March 1892 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18920323/093/0007.</ref> The ''Morning Post'' reports the wedding briefly as follows:<blockquote>In St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Wednesday afternoon Mr. Frederick Hartmann, son of Mr. James Hartmann, of Munster, Alsace, was married to Miss Constance Lister, third daughter of Sir T. Villiers Lister, K.C.M.G., of Armitage Hall, Ascot, Berks, and 64, Cadogan-square. The bride was attended by six bridesmaids, her three sisters, the Misses Kitty, Mary, and Nina Lister, her cousins, Miss Borthwick and Lady Mary Parker, and the bridegroom's cousin, Madlle. de Jancourt, while Mr. James Baillie of Dochfour was the best man. Sir Villiers Lister gave his daughter away. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. H. Montagu Villiers, cousin of the bride, assisted by the Rev. Leonard Goodenough. The honeymoon is being spent at Amport, Lord Winchester's seat.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 22 April 1892 Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18920422/075/0005.</ref></blockquote>The report in the ''Gentlewoman'' has more detail.<ref>"Mr. Frederic Hartmann to Miss Constance Lister." Gentlewoman 30 April 1892 Saturday: 26 [of 60], Col. 1a [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920430/108/0026.</ref> ===23 April 1892, Saturday=== Arnold Dolmetsch concert at 20 Fitzroy Street, at which he performed four songs by Campion that Horne had been researching at the British Museum (Campbell 46). The concert was reviewed, very well, in the ''Musical Times'' and the ''Times''. ==May 1892== ===16 May 1892, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] is presented at court; a second drawing room was held on Wednesday and reported on in the same story: <blockquote>By command of the Queen a Drawing Room was held on Monday afternoon, at Buckingham Palace, by her Royal Highness Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, on behalf of her Majesty. Presentations to her Royal Highness at this Court are, by the Queen's pleasure, considered as equivalent to presentations to her Majesty. The General Circle was attended by Earl Cadogan, K.G., Lord Privy Seal; the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal; the Earl of Yarborough, Captain the Gentlemen at Arms; and Earl Fitzwilliam. The following were amongst the presentations to her Royal Highness Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, on behalf of the Queen, the names having been previously left at the Lord Chamberlain's office, and submitted for her Majesty's approval: — Mrs Thurlow Astley, by the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry; Mrs J. Close, the Lady Mayoress of York, by the Marchioness of Salisbury; Miss Mary Dundas, by the Dowager Lady Napier of Magdala; Miss Muriel Drummond, by the Countess of Zetland; Mrs William Duncombe, by Lady Florence Duncombe; Miss Dyke, by Lady Emma Dyke; Mrs Gerald Leatham, by Mrs Graham Green; Mrs Wilford Lloyd, on her marriage, by the Countess Brownlow; the Hon. Mrs Lumley, on her marriage, by the Countess of Scarborough; Miss Morritt, by the Countess of Zetland; Mrs Powlett Milbank, by the Duchess of Leeds; Lady Rosiland Northcote, by her mother, the Countess of Iddesleigh; Miss Margaret Stanley, by her mother, the Hon. Mrs Lyulph Stanley; Mrs Harrison Tinsley, on her marriage, by her mother, Mrs W. Lawies Jackson; Lady Wright, by Hon. Mrs Lyulph Stanley; Mrs Frederic Walker, on her marriage, by Lady Brabourne ; [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]]; Mrs Charles McGrigor (nee Miss Bower), on her marriage, by Lady McGrigor. The following ladies and gentlemen attended the Drawing Room: —The Duchess of Leeds; the Marchioness Dowager of Londonderry; the Countess of Iddesleigh; the Countess of Scarborough; the Countess of Scarborough [sic]; the Viscountess Halifax; Lady Alexandrina Beaumont; Lady Mary Cooke; Lady Florence Duncombe; Lady Hilda Dundas; Lady Emily Dyke; Lady Alice Havelock-Alan; the Right Hon. J. Mundella; the Hon. Lady Lilla Bateson-de-Yarburgh; the Hon. Lady Hylda Bateson-de-Yarburgh; the Hon. Mrs Lewis P. Dawnay; the Hon. Mrs Lyulph Stanley; Mrs W. Lawies Jackson; Mrs J. W. Lowther; Mrs A. Pease; Mrs J. Pease; Mrs Shaw of Darrington; Mrs Spencer-Stanhope; Mrs A. Wilson; Miss G. Elliot; and Miss M. Jackson. Mrs Jackson (wife of the Irish Chief Secretary) wore a gown of rich grey brocade, with heliotrope satin embroidered in pearls introduced into the bodice, and skirt matching the heliotrope velvet train. Mrs Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, presented her youngest daughter. Miss Wilson was clad in a beautiful gown of white satin opening on an underdress richly brocaded with silver. The train was of white silken muslin, perfectly transparent, and falling in most graceful folds. It had all around it, inside the hem, a deep insertion of Valenciennes lace. Mrs Arthur Wilson wore a gown of pale gold-green satin, brocaded in tapering flower sprays, with palest amethyst. The train was of dark green velvet, and was lined with amethyst satin. All down one side of it was, cleverly and artistically arranged, a very broad piece of old point-lace. The Lady Mayoress of York (Mrs John Close) wore a tasteful costume of pale sky-blue bengaline, embroidered with blue and silver and softly trimmed with ostrich tips of the same delicate shade. The train was of silver and white brocade, one corner turned over to show the satin lining, and on it was laid a group white ostrich feathers. A shower of white roses was carried. Lady Aline Wentworth Beaumont's Court costume was a combination of white with pale blue, and with was carried a gracefully-falling shower of white lilies and grasses. (1892-05-21 Yorkshire Gazette)</blockquote> ===18 May 1892, Wednesday=== Her Royal Highness Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein held a drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on behalf of Queen Victoria:<blockquote>By command of the Queen Drawing Room was held, on Wednesday afternoon, at Buckingham Palace, by her Royal Highness Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, on behalf of her Majesty. The following presentations to her Royal Highness, on behalf of the Queen, were made, the names having been previously left at the Lord Chamberlain's office, and submitted for her Majesty's approval: — Mrs Cadwallader Adams, by the Hon. Mrs John Dundas; Miss Cartwright, by the Hon. Mrs Arthur Lawley; Lady Ulrica Duncombe, by [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|the Countess of Feversham]]; Miss May Dundas, by her mother, the Hon. Mrs John Dundas; Miss Winifred Gibson, by her aunt, Lady D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne; Miss Dean Paul, by Lady Heron-Maxwell ; Mrs Stanley Wilson, on her marriage, by the Marchioness of Downshire. The following ladies and gentlemen attended the Drawing Room: — The Countess of Feversham; Lady Cathcart, Lady Decies, Lady A. Fitzwilliam, Lady A. Wentworth Fitzwilliam, Lady D'Arcy Godolphin-Osborne, Lady Heron-Maxwell; the Hon. Mrs J. Dundas, the Hon. Mrs A. Lawley, the Hon. Mrs Eason Wilkinson; Mrs C. Stuart-Wortley.<ref>"The Queen’s Drawing Room.” ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 21 May 1892, Saturday: 3 [of 12], Col. 5a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18920521/001/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===23 May 1892, Monday=== Debutante ball for Nellie Bass:<blockquote>Friday night, says the Star, will be memorable in the annals of this season, for a great house which has long been closed was once more formally opened to society. The marble staircase at Chesterfield House, where Lady Burton gave a ball on Friday night to celebrate the debutof Miss Nellie Bass, is quite unique in its way. Each step is formed of a single block, twenty feet long, and the whole was originally brought from Canons, the seat of the Duke Chandos. Last night the banisters were hung with trails flowers, and tall palms waved in the angles of the great hall and the artificial corridor. The entire Burton and [[Social Victorians/People/Bagot|Bagot]] connection put in an appearance do honour to the occasion, and there was so much tenting in the courtyard and garden that the space available was nearly doubled. Miss Filmer, Lady Ulrica Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Miss Fraser, and Lady Lilian Spencer Churchill were among the débutantes present. Lord Richard Nevill, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord Ava, Sir Hubert Miller, Count Albert Mensdorff, Lord Roydon, Lord Lurgan, Sir Charles Hartopp, Count Herman Hatzfeldt, M. le Comte, and other young men danced, flirted, or adorned the wall in accordance with their tastes. Lady Cadogan, Lady Wimborne, Lady Willoughby de Eresby, Lady Coventry, Lady Henry Bruce, Lady Emily Van de Weyer, Lady Brougham, and Lady Londesborough each brought daughters. Lady Wimborne’s pearls were the admiration of the room. Miss Bass was in the highest spirits, and seemed to enjoy herself very much.<ref>"A Magnificent Function.” ''Evening Telegraph'' 23 May 1892, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://wwwo.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18920523/010/0002.</ref></blockquote> === 25 May 1892, Wednesday === <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY. (FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.) PARIS, Wednesday Night. Lord Dufferin gave a full dress dinner, to celebrate her Majesty's birthday, to the members of the Embassy and the representatives of the English Colony in Paris. In addition to the Ambassador, there were present:— Sir Robert Morier, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg; the Hon. H. U. Addington; Colonel the Hon. R. Talbot, Military Attaché; Captain W. H. May, Naval Attaché; Sir Joseph Crowe, Commercial Attaché; Mr. Constantine Phipps, Mr. H. Austin Lee, Mr. Condie Stephen, Mr. Falconer Atlee, the Hon. R. Lister, Mr. Frederick Clarke, and Mr. W. H. Hume, all members of the Ambassadorial Staff, the Revs. Dr. Hoyes, George Washington, and De Carteret, the Hon. Alan Herbert, Dr. Faure Miller, Dr. Macgavin, Dr. Burnard, Dr. Jennings, Mr. Henry Blount, Mr. E. Laurier, Mr. Pilter, and [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|Mr. Longhurst]] representing the British Chamber of Commerce, Captains Gye and Churchward, and Mr. Sewell. For the first time for many years this national celebration was favoured with perfect weather. Lady Dufferin has issued cards for a garden party.<ref>"The Queen's Birthday." London Evening ''Standard'' 26 May 1892 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18920526/036/0005.</ref></blockquote> ==June 1892== ===1 June 1892, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]], hosted a ball that night? (She didn't marry the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke of Devonshire]] until 16 August 1892.) ===26 June 1892, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1892== [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] was Cancellarius of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] "for the first half of 1892" (Gilbert 86 32). [[Social Victorians/People/Bullock|Percy Bullock]] succeeded her. === 1892 July 6, Wednesday === An election was held. In one report, the ''London Evening Standard'' names people who made their carriages available for the Unionist candidates and voters:<blockquote>Among those who have lent the Unionists carriages are the Marquess of Salisbury, the Duke of Buccleuch, Earl Percy, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, and Mrs. Hanbury.<ref>"Four O'Clock." "This Day's Election News. Pollings. (From Our Correspondents.) Battersea and Clapham." ''London Evening Standard'' 06 July 1892, Wednesday: 8 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000609/18920706/106/0008. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===23 July 1892, Saturday=== Sidney Webb and Beatrice Potter marry (Gibbs 106).<ref>Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. ''A Bernard Shaw Chronology''. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Palgrave, 2001.</ref> === 26 July 1892, Tuesday === The wedding of Rev. H. J. L. Arnold and Miss N. Hope. Mr. E. Crawley was best man.<blockquote>Rev. H. J. L. Arnold to Miss N. Hope. A <small>FASHIONABLE</small> congregation filled St. Stephen's, Gloucester-road, W., on Tuesday, July 26, on the occasion of the wedding of the Rev. H. J. L. Arnold, vicar of East Dereham, Norfolk, with Miss Nora Hope, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hope, of The Mount, Lamberhurst, and 60, Cornwall-gardens, W. It was a very pretty wedding; there were tasteful floral decorations, and the service was fully choral. The bride, who leant on her father's arm as she entered, was met by the clergy and choir, who advanced to the chancel singing a nuptial hymn. The bride's beautiful gown of ivory white duchess satin had a Watteau back with full Court train, and was draped with exquisite Brussels lace. Her tulle veil was fastened with four pearl pins, the gift of her aunt, Mrs. Shaw, and sprays of orange blossoms were arranged becomingly in her hair. She wore a pearl true lover's knot brooch, the gift of her twin sister, and carried a lovely bouquet, the bridegroom's present. Master George Leonard Nelson Hope was a picturesque page in a Louis XV. suit of white satin and old family point de Venise. There were seven bridesmaids: Miss Louisa Hope (twin sister of the bride), Miss Charlotte and Miss Gwendoline Hope (sisters), Miss Rosa Orde, Miss St. Paul, Miss Evelyn Franklyn (cousins of the bride), and Miss MacLean. They looked particularly well in Empire dresses of cream pongee silk, with broad sashes of the same; crinoline hats, trimmed with chiffon and roses, and carried lovely bouquets to match, the gift of the best man, Mr. E. Crawley, and wore brooches with the initials "N. & H." in pearls, the gift of the bridegroom. Mrs. Shaw (aunt of the bride) wore rich, handsome corded grey silk, trimmed with valuable old lace; bonnet to match with tea roses, and bouquet of same. The bridegroom's sisters were handsomely gowned in rich black corded silk, trimmed with lace, and bonnets to correspond. The Hon. and Rev. G. W. Bourke (rector of Pulborough, Hon. Chaplain to the Queen), the Rev. R. Jocelyn C. Orde (vicar of Castleton, Derbyshire, uncle of the bride), the Rev. Canon Cooper (vicar of Cuckfield), and the Rev. T. S. Waldo (vicar of St. Stephen's) were the officiating clergy. The invited guests included the Marquis and Marchioness of Bath, Viscount Raynham, Lord and Lady Elibank, Sir Leopold and Lady McClintock, Mr. and Lady Lily Greene, Sir F. and Lady and Miss Burrows, Sir Rawson and Lady Rawson, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Allfrey, Hon. and Rev. G. and Mrs. Bourke, the Rev. G. and Mrs. Shaw, Mrs. Tollemache, Captain and Mrs. Eugene and Miss Tollemache, General Cockburn, Miss Beadon, Mr. W. V. Beadon, Mr. and the Misses Cockburn, Mr. L. Cockburn, Captain and Mrs. Charles Cockburn, Captain H. Orde, Rev. R. J. C. Orde, Lady and Miss Beatrice Orde, Mrs. L. S. Orde (Orde House), Mr aad Mrs. Orde (Nunney Kirk); Rev. and Miss Louisa Orde, Mrs. Lynch, Mrs. J. and the Misses Orde, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Orde, Hopton, Miss Dalton, Colonel Hope, V.C., Mrs. and Miss Hope, Mr. and Mrs Adrian Hope, Miss Beresford Hope, General, Mrs., and Miss Hallowes, Miss Skeffington, Miss Dunlop, the Misses Arnold, Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley Paget, Mrs. Crawley, Mr. E. Crawley, Major Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Horan, General and Mrs. Wemyss, Colonel and Mrs. and Misses Maclean, Miss Strange, Dr. Wilson, and very many others. The Rev. and Mrs. H. Arnold left for Scotland late in the afternoon, the bride wearing a fawn-coloured cloth gown, with gold-embroidered waistcoat and large crinoline hat, with roses and ostrich feathers. The presents numbered nearly 200, and included:— From the bridegroom, ruby and diamond ring; Marquis of Bath, silver bread basket; Mr. and Lady Lily Greene, Leeds china bowl; Viscount Raynham, sliver and glass scent bottle; Lady McClintock, Oriental bowl; Hon. Misses Murray, Brussels lace handkerchief; Lady and Miss Beatrice Orde, beaten brass tray; Hon. Mrs. Hussey, moonstone brooch; Hon. and Rev. G. and Mrs. Bourke, silver-mounted buffalo horn paper knife; Mrs. Shaw, moonstone bracelet; Mrs. Tollemache, solid silver tea service; Rev. G. Shaw, silver-mounted umbrella, gold bracelet; Rev. L. S. and Miss L. Orde and Mrs. Lynch, blue and gold dinner service; Mrs. [illegible Inglis?] silver salt cellars; Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hope, silver-mounted travelling bag; twin sister of bride (Miss L. Hope), pearl (true lover's knot) brooch; brother of bride (Mr. Fred J. Hope), silver bangles; Miss C., Miss G. Masters Charles and Nelson Hope (brothers and sisters of the bride), turquoise and pearl ring; Captain H. and Mrs. Orde, gold bracelet; Mrs. W. and Miss L. Orde, brass inkstand; Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Orde, Chippendale tea table; Mrs. J. Orde, pepper castor; Mr. and Mrs. C. Orde, white and gold tea service; Mr. and Mrs. Orde (Nunney Kirk), olive wood brush rack; Mr. W. V. Beadon, silver tables; Miss Amy [illegible Inglis?] silver-mounted scent bottle; Miss Beadon, letter weight; General Cockburn, handsome glass decanter; Mr. Cockburn, silver butter knife; Mr. and Mrs. Beadon, muffin dish; and many other handsome gifts.<ref>"Weddings and Engagements." "Rev. H. J. L. Arnold to Miss N. Hope." The ''Gentlewoman'' 13 August 1892 Saturday: 24 [of 52], Col. 1a–1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920813/096/0024.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1892== === 16 August 1892, Tuesday === Queen Victoria was at Osborne and held a dinner party on Tuesday night. The queen was accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] and Princess Beatrice. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone had been appointed First Lord of the Treasury that day, and Sir Allen Young may have been at West Cowes with other people in their yachts.<blockquote>The Queen’s dinner party included the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg, Princess Maud of Wales, the Dowager Lady Southampton, Mrs Montgomery, the Earl of Ducie, the Right Hon W E Gladstone, Sir Ducie, the Right Hon W E Gladstone, [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Sir Allen Young]], and General Lynedoch Gardiner.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Cork Constitution'' 17 August 1892 Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001648/18920817/077/0004.</ref></blockquote> ===29 August 1892, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1892== ===24 September 1892, Saturday=== Sydney Grundy and [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sulliva]]<nowiki/>n's ''Haddon Hall'' opens at the Savoy. ==October 1892== ===12 October 1892, Wednesday=== Tennyson's funeral at Westminster Abbey. ===31 October 1892, Monday=== Halloween. ==November 1892== ===5 November 1892, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 14 November 1892, Monday === A British Chamber of Commerce event in Paris<blockquote>The British Chamber of Commerce gave a dinner at the Hôtel St. Petersburg last Monday. The subject for discussion was, "Is a system of registration of private trading partnerships advisable for the protection of the trading public?" Among those present were Messrs. Pollock, Pierson, Doulton, Etheridge, [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|Longhurst]], Johnson, Robertson, Farquhar, Sturrock, Plaistow, and Morrow.<ref>"The Gentleman Abroad." The ''Gentlewoman'' 19 November 1892 Saturday: 37 [of 52], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18921119/172/0037.</ref></blockquote> ===End of November 1892=== Sometime, probably toward the end of November, Arnold Dolmetsch illustrated another lecture at the Sheldonian in Oxford, given by Sir John Stainer: "The Lute, The Viol and the Voice"; it was reviewed in the ''Musical Times'' of 1 December 1892 (Campbell 51). From Oxford, the Dolmetsches went north to Liverpool and Chester, for another couple of lectures. In a letter to H. Horne, Dolmetsch writes that the audience in Liverpool was 1,642, a thousand of whom were "simple workmen" (Campbell 52). The audience in Chester was a great deal smaller, in part possibly because they performed, Dolmetsch writes, "in the refectory of the old Cathedral: a delightful old Gothic room, excellent for sound" (quoted by Campbell 53). ==December 1892== === 13 December 1892, Tuesday === ==== Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington ==== <blockquote>A large congregation assembled at Holy Trinity Church, Sloane-street, on Tuesday, the 13th inst., to witness the marriage of Captain Guy Withington, of the South Lancashire Regiment, with Eleanor Marie, younger daughter of Lieut.-General Ewart, late Lieut.-Governor of Jersey. Six grown-up bridesmaids and two children awaited the bride at the west door — viz., Miss Bacon (cousin of the bride), Miss Withington (sister of the bridegroom), the Hon. Emilia Napier, Miss Dorothy Thorold, Miss Dickenson, and Miss Clara Buchanan, the juveniles being Miss Aileen Vincent (daughter of Colonel and Mrs. Arthur Vincent) and Miss Dyer (daughter of Sir Thomas and Lady Dyer). The former wore white satin dresses, with zouaves of pale blue velvet, and large black picture hats, trimmed with ostrich feathers and paste buckles. The children were picturesquely attired in white satin dresses, made with trains and small close-fitting Quaker bonnets. Each bridesmaid wore a pale blue enamel and diamond initial brooch, and carried a bouquet of pink roses, both being the gifts of the bridegroom. Shortly after 2.30 the bride arrived, accompanied by her father, who subsequently gave her away. She wore a plain white satin dress, the skirt being ornamented with a tiny ruche of orange blossoms; the bodice cut low at the neck, was made with the very large sleeves at present in fashion, and was devoid of trimming, save for a scarf of old lace draped from shoulder to waist, the ends [Col. 2c–3a] falling in graceful folds on the skirt. Over a wreath of orange blossom fell almost to the feet a long tulle veil, which was attache to the hair by two diamond stars and a crescent, the latter being the bridegroom's gift. A fully choral service was charmingly rendered by the choir, three hymns being sung during its progress. The Bishop of Winchester, whose scarlet convocation robes formed a bright bit of colour, tied the nuptial knot, assisted by the Rev. James Hawkins, Bart., uncle of the bridegroom. Captain Sumner, a brother officer, officiated in the capacity of best man. At the conclusion of the religious ceremony the company adjourned to 11, Stratton-street, the residence of Sir and Lady Evelyn Ewart, where the reception was held. Shortly after five o'clock Captain and Mrs. Withington left for Hertfordshire, whence they proceed to Paris and Biarritz. The bride travelled in a fawn-coloured dress, with waistcoat of pale pink brocade, over which was worn a green velvet cloak trimmed with sable; the hat being of fawn colour, trimmed with green velvet and ostrich feathers. Mrs. Ewart, the bride's mother, wore a pale green toilette, with cape of black satin, edged with gold, and black and gold bonnet. Lady Mary Ewart wore sapphire blue cloth and velvet, with waistcoat of white and gold brocade, and blue velvet picture hat. Mrs. Hamilton, the bride's sister, was in a prune costume, relieved with pale green, and large black hat. Lady Napier of Magdala was attired entirely in black. Mrs. Shelly Bontein wore a very becoming purple bonnet, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] looked lovely in dark brown and furs. Over 400 presents were received by the bride and bridegroom, including much handsome jewellery and a large amount of plate. Conspicuous amongst the latter was a magnificent tea and coffee set, presented by the tenants on the Woolley Park estate, where Mr. Wentworth, uncle of Captain Withington, resides; an old silver inkstand, presented by the cottagers; and a silver tea set, the gift of the servants at Government House, Jersey. The bridal toilette was made by the well-known firm of Durrant & Co., of New Bond-street; the bridesmaids' dresses being designed and executed by the Misses Hooper, of Sloane-street, who were also responsible for the very pretty costume in which Mrs. Guy Wirthington travelled. After spending a month abroad the bride and bridegroom return to Yorkshire, when there will be a tenants' ball and other festivities at Woolley Park in honour of their home-coming.<ref>"Weddings." "Captain Guy Withington to Miss Eleanor M. Ewart." ''Gentlewoman'' 24 December 1892, Saturday: 27 [of 59], Col. 2c–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18921224/145/0027. Same print title, p. 858.</ref></blockquote> === 22 December 1892, Thursday === The typography in this report about the monthly general meeting of the Zoological Society makes it impossible to know if everybody but the president was elected Fellows or not:<blockquote>At the monthly general meeting held yesterday at the society's house in Hanover-square, Sir William Plower, F.R.S., president, in the chair. Sir Oswald Mosley, Sir Arthur Clay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Duchess of Northumberland, Lady Brooke, Lady Arthur Russell, Mrs. Charrington, Mrs. Curwen, Mrs. Janes, and Messrs. A. P. Green, T. A. Hauxwell, G. M. C. Carter, [B.?] M. James, W. R. Kilburne, A. C. Smith, Lewis Rendall, Abraham Cober[?], James Kendal, C. W. Mapleton, A. L. Vogel, Herbert Sprake, Henry von Joel, F. M. Dutton, Julius Rusterholz, A. M.Wigrain, G. L. Johnson, Max Hecht, H. A. Hoghton, Dr. C. Stonham, Dr. S. Coupland, Dr. C. J. Arkle, Dr.Fancourt Barnes, Messrs. G. J. D. Lees, F. Jaffrey, W. J. Brown, E. R. Sykes, and Alexander Glen were elected Follows of the Society.<ref>"Zoological Society." ''Evening Mail'' 23 December 1892, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18921223/055/0006. Print title, the ''Mail'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1892, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1892, Monday=== Boxing Day ==Citations== *[1892-05-23 Evening Telegraph] *Campbell. <references /> 5l7m76e3ppdn30u90rp5cpen971rc1b 0 264280 2719089 2714193 2025-06-18T20:22:02Z Scogdill 1331941 2719089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] 1893 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1893== From the end of 1891 to the beginning of 1893, Arnold Dolmetsch used the studio at 20 Fitzroy, London, shared by Herbert Horne and A. H. Mackmurdo for concerts. From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1893 Jean de Reszke was "the leading tenor" of the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114). Annie Besant makes her first trip to India. ==January 1893== ===1 January 1893, Sunday, New Year's Day=== [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living in Paris, at 1 Avenue Dequesne. ===4 January 1893, Wednesday=== The annual conference of the Incorporated Society of Musicians at the Grand Midland Hotel, which [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] writes about (Campbell 58). Arnold Dolmetsch was at least part of the program. ===11 January 1893, Wednesday=== GBS wrote a review of "the annual conference of the Incorporated Society of Musicians at the Grand Midland Hotel," at which Dolmetsch performed. Dolmetsch invited Shaw to his 2d concert at Barnard’s Inn. "On the day following their meeting, Shaw conscripted Dolmetsch into the front line of one of his favourite battles: he writes of having seized the opportunity to put in a protest on behalf of opera-goers against the use of the viola as opposed to the viola d'amore for the obligato in the first act of ''Les Huguenots''" (Campbell 58-9). ===16 January 1893, Monday=== "Fashionable Marriages"<blockquote>FARQUHARSON-MUSGRAVE. A fashionable congregation met at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Monday afternoon, for the marriage of Mr Farquharson, of Invercauld, 10th Royal Hussars, with Miss Zoë Musgrave, second daughter of the late Sir Richard Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, and of Lady Brougham and Vaux. The Duke of Cambridge, Duke of Teck, and Prince Alexander of Teck were present at the ceremony; also the Austrian Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador, the Earl of Sefton and the Ladies Rose and Gertrude Molynenx, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl of March and Ladies Gordon Lennox, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr Brandling, Lord Dorchester, Lord Alcester, Lady Barham Coventry, Lord Rowton, Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Lady Cecilie Willoughby, Helen Lady Forbes and Miss Blanche Forbes, Lady Hothfield, the Misses Cotterell, Hon. Alec Yorke, Miss Musgrave, Hon. Nellie Bass, Hon. Sidney Agar, Gen. Sir Cranford Fraser, V.C., the Misses Farquharson, Miss Myles, Mr William Gillett, Mrs George Forbes, Mrs Berens, and many others. The bride entered the church punctually at half-past twelve o'clock on the arm of her stepfather, Lord Brougham, and was met by ten bridesmaids. The bride's dress was of ivory-white satin Duchesse, the long plain skirt embroidered at the edge with pearls; a deep belt of the finest seed pearl embroidery finished the bodice at the waist, and over the shoulders was worn a cape of exquisite old point d'Alençon, the gift of her grandfather. She wore a spray of orange blossoms in her hair, and a tulle veil, fastened with diamond brooches, the gift of the bridegroom; and her jewels included also a diamond heart locket, the gift of her brother, Sir Richard G. Musgrave. She carried a lovely bouquet of lilies of the valley. The bridesmaids looked exceedingly well in ivory-white satin, with a twist of the same round the long plain skirts; Marie Antoinette fichus of white lisse, edged with lace, and full puffed sleeves coming just below the elbow, with soft ruffles to match the fichus. They wore large hats of white felt, trimmed with white velvet bows and feathers; and the bridegroom's gifts to them were diamond key brooches, with ruby heart pendants, and fragrant bouquets of lilies of the valley. Lady Brougham and Vaux, mother of the bride, wore a long perfectly plain dress of grass-green velvet, with deep cape of beautiful old cream lace, and small bonnet of velvet of the same colour, with a cluster of violets in front, and two small dark upstanding tips; a splendid string of pearls round the throat, and pearl earrings. Countess Howe was in black velvet, with pink bonnet, trimmed with black tips; her daughters, the Ladies Curzon, wearing dark dresses and hats, with fawn coats. Isabella Countess of Wilton wore black velvet, handsomely trimmed with jet, with deep white guipure cuffs, and heliotrope and jet bonnet. Lady Burton was attired in beaver-coloured cloth and brown velvet, trimmed with gold galon [?] and fur, and pink and gold bonnet. Hon. Lady Cotterell, a black dress, with three rows of gold-coloured satin round [Col. 2c] / [Col. 3a] the skirt, black velvet mantle embroidered in gold, and violet velvet bonnet, with a diamond buckle. The Countess of Sefton, black satin dress and velvet mantle, with deep sable bordering, her black bonnet being relieved with a cluster of bright crimson flowers. Lady Gertrude Molyneux was also in black, trimmed with sable, and a large black hat. Helen Lady Forbes, petunia voile, with gold embroidered vest, velvet sleeves, and bonnet to match, trimmed with violets. Lady Dorothy Nevill, handsome pelisse in black and gold brocade, limed with yellow satin, and having a collar of black ostrich feathers, and green and black bonnet, trimmed with violets. Miss Nevill, costume of grenat material, with red hat and feathers. Lady Dorchester in blue and black fancy silk with deep ruby velvet mantle, trimmed with gold embroidery and chinchilla, and bonnet of gold passementerie, with wreath of forget-me-nots and black tips, the strings fastened with a large pearl and diamond beetle; and Mrs Berens was in black satin, long black velvet coat, with large satin sleeves, and jet embroidered bonnet, trimmed with green velvet and pale green osprey. Capt. the Hon. Julian Byng, 10th Royal Hussars, attended the bridegroom as best man. The Rev. Malize [?] Graham, uncle of the bride, officiated, Lord Brougham giving his stepdaughter away. Lord and Lady Brougham afterwards welcomed the wedding party at their residence in Chesham-place, and later in the afternoon the young couple started for Paris, on their way to the Riviera. The bride's travelling costume consisted of a bodice of heliotrope shot velvet, with deep collar lined with pale blue satin, and soft front in fine guipure over blue; plain skirt of heliotrope cloth, trimmed with small frills piped with blue satin; and a long cloak to match, with three velvet capes edged with sable; and large heliotrope felt hat with black feathers. The Prince of Wales presented the bridegroom with a diamond pin in the form of the Prince of Wales's plume, the Duke of Cambridge gave the bride a pair of silver-topped bottles, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck, gave her a silver inkstand. The officers of the 10th (Royal) Hussars presented the bridegroom with a large silver salver.<ref>"Fashionable Marriages." ''The Queen'' 21 January 1893, Saturday: 44 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18930121/250/0044 (accessed February 2020).</ref></blockquote> ===28 January 1893, Saturday=== Before January 28th, when the Musical Standard reviewed it, Arnold Dolmetsch gave a concert at Barnard's Inn, Holborn (Campbell 57). This concert may be the one described in the February 1893 Musical Times. I think this is the second concert at Barnard's Inn. Dolmetsch had read [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]]'s description of the Incorporated Society of Musians meeting and invited him to the second concert, where the two men met (Campbell 59). ==February 1893== === 1893 February 7, Tuesday === Psyche, in the ''Gentlewoman''<nowiki/>'s column "The Social Peepshow," wrote about Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding:<blockquote>My impressions of Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding could not be penned until too late for last week's "Peepshow." Of course, it took place at Mr. Eyton's church in Sloane-street, and created no small stir in a neighbourhood where the Cadogan family is all-powerful. It is difficult to say whether the large crowd that filled the interior of the church exceeded in numbers the less aristocratic one that waited patiently outside for a glimpse of the bride; but all seemed in high good humour, and the bright sunshine was taken as a happy omen for the bride's future happiness. The Prince of Wales met with quite an ovation on arriving at Chelsea House after the service, and Lord and Lady Cadogan were also, I heard, very warmly received. The latter, by the bye, looked very handsome in mouse-coloured velvet and chinchilla, and Lady Chelsea was able to come for a short time, though still looking pale and delicate. The ''corps diplomatique'' were well represented, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de Soveral]] being, as usual, in great request, and Mme. de Staal saying many adieux on the eve of her departure for St. Petersburg. [Col. 1b–c] Lady Salisbury, who seemed to be alone, wore pale green, with a grey wrap of ample proportions, and the Duchess of Wellington's wedding garment inclined to the neat rather than to the gaudy. Lady Londonderry, radiant in purple and black, brought her daughter in brown, who — such is the flight of time — looked quite a "come-out" young lady. Georgina Lady Dudley, looking younger than ever, was accompanied by her daughter, who was a bridesmaid, and Lady Sefton was supported by Lady Gertrude Molyneux in dark green and gold, whilst Lady Rose figured in the bridal train. Lady Brooke and Lady Hood, both attired in violet velvet and furs, were the admired of all admirers, as were also Lady Norreys, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and many other well-known beauties. Lady Alwyne Compton appeared in a neat suit of brown, but was quite overshadowed by the magnificence of Mrs. Willie Grenfell, in a daring combination of bright violet and bright green. Most of the male sex found their way to Chelsea House on foot, and arrived ''en masse'' in consequence. Lord Chesterfield was deep in converse with Sir George Chetwynd. Sir John Astley seemed not at all the worse for his cab adventure of a few days before, and Lord Londonderry, Lord Sefton, Sir Charles Hartopp, Mr. Humphrey Sturt, Mr. Eddy Stonor, and Mr. Ronny Moncrieff, all looked in to wish the best of good luck both to bride and bridegroom. Everyone, of course, gravitated sooner or later to the [Col. 1c–2a] presents, which were wonderful both as to quality and quantity. The jewellery, which included two tiaras and numberless brooches and bangles, was, perhaps, the most remarkable feature; but there was plenty of plate besides, and the Duke of Portland and Lord Chelsea had thoughtfully provided a victoria and a brougham. Lord and Lady Cadogan invited, with their usual kindness, many of the shopkeepers and dwellers in the neighbourhood to view the presents on the eve of the wedding. I hear that the wedding day wound up with a dinner at the Amphitryon, at which Lord Herbert Vane Tempest (who has been gaining laurels in the ''rôle'' of best man) proved himself the best and cheeriest of hosts.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 18 February 1893, Saturday: 33 [of 52], Cols. 1a–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18930218/166/0033. Same print title, p. 219.</ref></blockquote> ===14 February 1893, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch gave a concert at Barnard's Inn, Holborn (Campbell 57). The Westminster Gazette reviewed it on 15 February 1893. Shaw had tried to get Dolmetsch to address the use of the viola instead of the viola d'amore in the obbligato in Act I of Meyerbeer's ''Les Hugeunots'' (Campbell 59). Shaw's description of the concert was published on the 22nd. ===20 February 1893, Monday=== ==== Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace ==== The Prince of Wales held a Queen's Levee on behalf of Queen Victoria at St. James's Palace. The ''Morning Post'' mentions only men in the general lists of people who attended, so probably wives were there as well.<ref>"Her Majesty's Levee." ''Morning Post'' 21 February 1893, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18930221/068/0005. Same print title and p.</ref> ===22 February 1893, Wednesday=== George Bernard Shaw:<blockquote>At Mr. Dolmetsch's viol concert in Barnard's Inn yesterday week, I enjoyed the unexpected sensation of having one of my criticisms read aloud to the audience. "This" added Mr. Dolmetsch with an air of conviction, "is severe language; but it is true." Whereat the audience — well, I had better say they smiled, but sniggered is the expression I should use in unrestricted private conversation. The precedent appears to me an excellent one. I am confident that the Philharmonic concerts and / those of the Bach Choir, nay the very opera itself, could be most agreeably enlivened by a judicious selection from my articles. (Campbell 59-60)</blockquote> === 28 February 1893, Tuesday === Queen Victoria held a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]]. ==March 1893== === 22 March 1893, Wednesday === Lady Wimborne's small (apparently 29 people) dinner party and larger reception:<blockquote>Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide and Princess Victoria of Teck dined with Lord and Lady Wimborne at Wimborne House, Arlington-street, yesterday evening, when the guests present to meet them included — Prince Hohenlohe, the Marquis of Abergavenny, the Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marquis Camden, the Earl of Stamford, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, the Speaker and Miss Peel, the Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain, Sir Francis and Lady Jeune, Sir Algernon Borthwick, Sir George Arthur, Mr. and Mrs. Stuart-Wortiey, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Smith-Barry, Mr. Beckett, and Mrs. Ronalds. Lady Wimborne afterwards welcomed a numerous company at a reception. Some excellent vocal and instrumental music was provided for the entertainment of the guests in the ball-room after dinner. Among those present at the evening party were — The French Ambassador and Madame Waddington, the Austrian Ambassador, Count Metternich, Baron de Oliveira, M. d'Orielli, the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Ada Osborne, the Marquis of Tweeddale, the Marchioness of Carmarthen, the Countess of Romney, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady Margaret Willoughby, the Countess of Kenmare, the Earl of Crawford, the Countess of Desart and Lady Kathleen Cuffe, Countess Cairns, Julia Countess of Jersey, the Countess of Lindsey and Lady Evelyn Bertie, the Earl of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, the Countess of Antrim, the Lord Chancellor, Viscountess Galway, Viscountess Hood and the Hon. Beryl Hood, the Master of the Rolls and Lady Esher, Lord and Lady Knutsford, Lord and Lady Dorchester, Lord and Lady Barnard, Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady De Ramsey and Miss Eliot, Lady Lucy Hicks Beach, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester, Lady Blanche Conyngham, Lady Elizabeth Biddulph, Miss Biddulph and Miss Adeane, Lord and Lady Brassey and Madlle. de Brienen, Lady Manners, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Margaret Levett and Lady Mildred Ashley, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Alfred Churchill and Miss Spencer Churchill, Lord Garioch, Lady Meysey Thompson, Lord Abinger, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord Rodney, Lady Hastings and the Hon. Miss Harbord, the Hon. Lady Filmer, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Louisa Cotterell, the Hon. Tatton Egerton, M.P., and Mrs. Egerton, the Hon. George Keppel, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. Helen Henniker, the Hon. N. de Yarburgh Bateson, the Hon. Alec Yorke, the Hon [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Dudley and Mrs. Leigh, Captain the Hon. W. D. Murray, the Hon. G. M'Garel-Hogg, the Right Hon. John Morley, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, M.P., the Right Hon. Edward Marjoribanks, J.P., and Lady Fanny Marjoribanks, the Right Hon. Sir Henry James, M.P., and Miss James, Sir C. Ross, Sir Aubrey M'Mahon, Colonel Loyd, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Astor, Captain and Lady Jane Coombe, Mr. and Lady Margaret Douglas, Mr. and Lady Horatia Erskine, Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Mr. Smalley, Mr. Ronald Hamilton, Mr. W. H. Mallock, Miss Meresia Nevill, Mr. Erskine, Mr. Hussey, Captain Kindersley, Mr Reginald Du Cane, Mr. Henry Graham, Mr. Ward Cook, Mr. Edward Grenfell, Mr. Mason, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Mr. C. E. Martineau, Mr. and Miss Du Cane, Mr. H. Monk, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mrs. Marcus Hare and Miss Hare, Miss Hilda Graham, Captain Hamond, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Ponsonby, Mr. F. P. Murray, Mr. Astley, Mrs. Hugh Smith and Miss Smith, Mr. Aubrey Hugh Smith, Mrs. and Miss Berens, and Mr. Edward Harington.<ref>"Lady Wimborne's Reception." ''Morning Post'' 23 March 1893, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18930323/083/0005. Print title and p. same.</ref></blockquote> ===31 March 1893, Friday=== Good Friday ==April 1893== ===2 April 1893, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===19 April 1893, Wednesday=== "The annual rite of political saint-worship, or hero-worship, on April 19, the twelfth anniversary of the death of the Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, was duly performed at his bronze statue in Parliament Square, opposite the north side of Westminster Abbey, by order of the Grand Council of the Primrose League. The four panels of the pedestal were lined with blue cloth, on which the mottoes "Peace with Honour" and "Imperium et Liberatas" were displayed in letters formed of primrose flowers, within a frame of primroses, set in damp moss with primrose leaves. On two large iron triangles were laid a collection of floral wreaths adn crosses sent by many admirers in memory of the deceased statesman." (Primrose Day at Westminster.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 29, 1893; pg. 515; Issue 2819, Col. A) ==May 1893== ===9 May 1893, Tuesday=== Arnold Dolmetsch's all-Italian concert at Barnard's Inn, Holborn (Campbell 60.) [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] heard the second half of the concert and wrote about it very positively and in detail. ===10 May 1893, Wednesday=== According to the ''Morning Post'',<blockquote>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales honoured the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire by his presence at dinner yesterday evening at Devonshire House, Piccadilly. There were present to meet hira Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal, the Portuguese Minister, the Duke aud Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Earl and Countess Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, Lady Randolph Churchill, Mr. Arthur Balfour, Captain the Hon. Seymour Fortescue (Equerry in Waiting on the Prince of Wales), Sir Frederick Leighton, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, and Lord Charles Montagu. The Duchess of Devonshire afterwards held a reception.("The Duchess of Devonshire's Reception." The Morning Post Thursday, 11 May 1893: 7 [of 12], Col. 7A. Retrieved from http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18930511/083/0007).</blockquote> === 13 May 1893, Saturday === The ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Christie's had some art on display that attracted "art connoisseurs as well as many ladies of fashion," as did Lord Clifden's furniture and art on view.<blockquote>Some of the best known art connoisseurs as well as many ladies of fashion were to be met with at Christie's whilst Lord Clifden's old French furniture and other art treasures were on view. Two portraits by Rembrandt and a beautiful service of silver plate, the workmanship of Paul Lamerie, excited especial interest, whilst the miniatures by Cosway, in their wonderful frames of enamel and precious stones, were greatly admired by everyone who beheld them. The Dowager Lady Mayo, in black and a very fashionable bonnet, brought her daughter, Lady Florence Bourke, who wore a hat covered with roses; and Lady Violet Dangan came with Lady ldina Brassey, both being still in deep mourning. Lady Louise Loder wore a black satin cape, and a hat wreathed in pink roses, and Lady Stormont was accompanied by her daughter, who looked very neat in grey. Amongst those of the opposite sex who went the round of the well-known rooms were Lord Cork, Lord Arran, Lord St. Germans, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Durant, and Sir William Fraser.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 13 May 1893, Saturday: 24 [of 64], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18930513/113/0024. Same print title, p. 624.</ref></blockquote> === 21 May 1893, Sunday === Whit Sunday ===31 May 1893, Wednesday=== Derby Day. According to the ''Morning Post'' the "Arrangements for This Day" included the following: <quote>Lady Stewart's evening party at 48 Grosvenor gardens. / Lady Hayter's second evening party. / Annual Dinner of the 3rd (Prince of Wales's) Dragoon Guards at the Albon, Aldersgate-street. / ... Epsom Races — Derby Day.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 31 May 1893: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6C). ==June 1893== ===26 June 1893, Monday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1893== === 13 July 1893, Thursday === ==== The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party ==== The list of guests is in rank order, suggesting that the Countess of Listowel released it to the press.<blockquote>The Countess of Listowel gave a large garden party at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate, yesterday afternoon. The band of the Scots Guards, alternating with Searcy's Neapolitan Band, played at intervals during the afternoon. There were present:— The Duchess of Leeds and Lady Ada Godolphin Osborne, the Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos and Miss Perceval, Georgiana Marchioness of Downshire and Miss Finch, the Marchioness of Ormonde, the Marchioness of Anglesey and Miss Conolly, the Marchioness of Queensberry and Lady Edith Douglas, the Marquis of Headfort and Lady Adelaide Taylour, the Marchioness of Waterford, the Marchioness of Blandford and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Countess Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, the Countess of Carysfort and Miss Heathcote, the Countess of Mayo, the Countess of Normanton and Lady Mary Agar, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon and Miss Keith Fraser, the Earl and Countess of Minto, the Countess of St. Germans, the Countess of Dunraven and Lady Rachel Wyndham Quin, the Dowager Countess of Lonsdale, the Countess of Cromartie, Countess Deym and Countess Bianca Deym, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, the Earl of llchester, the Earl of Yarborough, the Earl and Countess of Wharnclilfe, the Countess of Rosse, the Countess of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, the Countess of Erroll and Miss Gore, the Countess of Bandon, the Dowager Countess of Mayo and Lady Florence Bourke, Countess Cairns, the Countess of Powis, the Countess of Lathom and Lady B. Wilbraham, the Earl and Countess of Roden, the Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Countess of Craven and Lady Helen Craven, Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Barbara Coventry, Count de Kreutz, Countess Amherst and Miss Probyn, the Countess of Caledon and Miss Milbanke, Julia Countess of Jersey, Viscountess Stormont and the Hon. Mabel Murray, Viscount Lismore, Viscountess Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscountess Wolseley and the Hon. Frances Wolseley, Viscountess Hood and Miss Beryl Hood, Viscountess Chelsea, Viscountess Helmsley, Viscount Gort and the Hon. Miss Vereker, Lady Wimborne, and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord Digby, Lady Blanche Haygarth, Lady Frances Fortescue, Lady Florence Duncombe, Lord and Lady Henry Bruce, Lady Alice Portal, Lady Cecil Bertie, Lady Elizabeth Biddulph, Lady Saltoun, Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady Dorchester, Lady Swansea and the Hon. Misses Vivian, the Ladies Barnard, Lady Moreton, Lady Greville, Lady Florentia Hughes and Miss Hughes, Lady Cremorne, Lady Aline Beaumont, Lord Montagu, Lady Adelaide Larkin and Miss Larkin, and Miss Barker, Lady Rathdonnell and Miss Munro, Lady Winnington and Miss Spencer Churchill, Lord Amherst of Hackney, Lady Wantage, Lady Iveagh, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lord Ernest St. Maur, Lord and Lady Ardilaun, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Miss Douglas Pennant, Lady Heathcoat Amory and Miss Crofton, Lady Alfred Paget and the Misses Paget, Lord Garloch, Lord and Lady Esher, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord Percy St. Maur, Lady Astley, Lord Inchiquin and the Hon. Clare and the Hon. Moyra O'Brien, Lord and Lady Alexander Paget, Dowager Lady CoIthurst and Mrs. Bruce, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, Lady Newtown Butler, Lord and Lady Henry Fitz-Gerald, Lady Borthwick and Miss Borthwick and Mr. Borthwick, Lady Agneta Montagu and Miss Montagu, Captain the Hon. Randolph and Mrs. Stewart and Mrs. Gardiner, Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Lady Suffield and the Hon. Miss Mills, Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, Lady Fingall, Lady Lilian Yorke and Miss Pelly, Lady Meysey-Thompson, the Ladies Fitzwilliam, Lady Palmer, Lord and Lady Arthur Butler, Lady Colebrooke, Lady Conyers, Lady Gore Booth and Miss Gore Booth, Lady Majendie and Miss Skeffington, Lady Alice and Miss Ashley, Lord Charles Bruce, Lady Hayter, Captain the Hon. Edward Dawson, the Hon. Mrs. Chetwynd, the Hon. Sydney Agar, the Hon. Helen Henniker, the Hon. Mrs. Alexander Willoughby, the Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel, the Hon. W. Coke, the Hon. Mrs. Skeffington Smythe, the Hon. Harriett Phipps, Captain the Hon. John and Mrs. York, the Hon. Mrs. Walter Farquhar, the Hon. Mrs. Alistair Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Greville, the Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, the Hon. Mrs. Grosvenor and the Misses Grosvenor, the Hon. Misses Eliot, General the Hon. John Bourke, the Hon. Mrs. W. Keppel, Hon. Mrs. Hugh Hare, Hon. Mrs. Amherst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] and Miss Adeane, Sir J. E. and Lady Millais, Sir David Baird and the Misses Baird, Sir John and Lady Petre, Sir Charles C. Fraser, V.C., Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Robert and Lady Abercromby, Admiral Sir Reginald Macdonald, Mr. and Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, Mr. and Lady Eleanor Heneage and the Misses Heneage, Captain and Hon. Mrs. Abdy, Captain and Lady Susan Gilmour, Captain and Lady Beatrice Rawson, Captain Pilkingon, General Stewart, Mrs. Algernon Grosvenor, Mr. James Knowles, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Russell, Mrs. D'Arcy and Miss D'Arcy, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Ralli, General and Mrs. Alexander Elliott, Mrs. Inigo Jones, Mr. Alfred Montgomery, Miss Beresford-Hope, Mr. and Mrs. Farmer of Nonsuch, Captain and Mrs. Paget, Miss Fleetwood Wilson, and Mr. Renton.<ref>"The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party." ''Morning Post'' 14 July 1893, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18930714/060/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 1893 July 14, Friday === ==== [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|Sandown Races]] ==== ==August 1893== === 1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday === The ''Gentlewoman'' reported on the Goodwood races:<blockquote>The Goodwood meeting seems, from all accounts, to have ended more satisfactorily than it began, for after two showery days to commence with, the weather cleared up, and was delightful on Thursday and Friday. The dresses were hardly, perhaps, up to the average, and by no means as smart as those which figured at Ascot. However, of pretty faces there was no lack, amongst the beauties of the meeting being Lady Ormonde, Lady Chelsea, Lady de Trafford, Lady Alice Portal, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], besides such good-looking young ladies as Lady Sophie Cadogan, Lady Rosaline Bingham, and the two daughters of Lord March. All the house party at Goodwood turned out on Wednesday morning to bid farewell to "Ormonde" who departed the same day on his journey to the colonies.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 05 August 1893, Saturday: 18 [of 48], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18930805/082/0018. Same print title, p. 176.</ref></blockquote> ===28 August 1893, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1893== ==October 1893== 1893, October, Florence Farr compiled, among other MSS for the Inner Order, The Book of the Concourse of the Forces, Binding together the Powers of the Squares in the Terrestrial Quadrangle of Enoch (Gilbert 87 167). ===3 October 1893, Tuesday=== Afred, Lord Tennyson's ''The Foresters'', music by Arthur Sullivan, produced at Daly's.<ref>Scott, Clement. ''The Drama of Yesterday and To-Day''. Volume 2. London: Macmillan, 1899. ''Google Books'', retrieved 24 February 2010. Page 504.</ref> ===31 October 1893, Tuesday=== Halloween. ==November 1893== === 4–11 November 1893, Wednesday–Saturday === ==== Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party ==== According to this report, only the men hunted.<blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Sneyd have this week been entertaining the following house party at Keele Hall:— Her Grace the Duchess of Sutherland, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord Royston, the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Capt. the Hon. J. Lambton, R.N., the Hon. John Ward, Mr. F. Mildmay, M.P., and the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]. The first day's shooting took place on Wednesday, when six gentlemen accompanied Mr. Sneyd during a very successful day‘s sport. The beating arrangements were very good, and the new rabbit warren lately stocked afforded excellent sport. The bag resulted as follows:— Pheasants, 543; rabbits, 353; woodcock, 1; total, 902. On Thursday the same guns were out, and considering the unfavourable conditions a fair bag resulted — viz., 366 pheasants, 54 rabbits, 2 hares, 2 woodcock; total, 424. During the two days game was plentiful and hares were abundant, but were spared on account of the coming coursing meeting, while several foxes were turned out, thus showing that game and foxes can be preserved together. Altogether the total bag of 1,326 for seven guns for two days speaks volumes for the care and watchfulness of the head keeper and his men.<ref>"Local Intelligence." ''Staffordshire Advertiser'' 11 November 1893, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000252/18931111/052/0004. Print: same title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===5 November 1893, Sunday=== Guy Fawkes Day ==December 1893== Sometime in December 1893, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Final Problem," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the Strand (Baring-Gould II 302). ===12 December 1893, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] took part in tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar:<blockquote>The finest display of tableaux vivants that has ever been seen in Hull was produced at the Newland Bazaar, in the Public Rooms, on Tuesday night by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party, which included Countess Cairns, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. Mrs. Geo. Keppel]], Miss Sybelle Fairfax, Mrs. W. Duncombe, Mrs. J. Graham Menzies, Mrs. Dugdale, Miss Wilkinson, Miss Muriel Wilson, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. Geo. Keppel]], Mr. Peel, Mr. E. Kenneth Wilson, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Mr. FitzGerald, Mr. Brinton, Mr. J. Graham Menzies, Mr. Bastard [sic?], and Mr. Lowe. All the scenes were wonderfully life-like, and the programme was long, entertaining, and varied. "Walls have Ears" was a very amusing scene, and created much laughter; the " Doctor " was a very pathetic scene; and in "Cleopatra" Miss Muriel Wilson looked most handsome and realistic. This was followed by the "Duel" scene, "The Barber,” "The Fortune Teller," "Charles I.", and "The Martyrdom of Faith,” which are all well-known pictures. The programme was concluded by a dance. "Pierretts and Pierrots [?]," by Countess Cairns, Mrs. J. Graham Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson, Messrs. Lowe, Berkeley Levett, and Brinton. The dancing throughout was extremely pretty and artistic. The tableaux were also given yesterday afternoon, and will be repeated this evening.<ref>"Tableaux Vivants at Hull.” ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 14 December 1893, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18931214/134/0005 (accessed June 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===14 December 1893, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|Wedding of George Devereux de Vere Capell, 7th Earl of Essex and Adele Grant]] at St. Margaret's Church, Arthur Sullivan on the organ. ===25 December 1893, Monday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1893, Tuesday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *Campbell. == References == {{reflist}} bv1cs4ajh1gr0r8ksgtu33zkss2ms6q 0 264281 2719090 2716983 2025-06-18T20:22:15Z Scogdill 1331941 2719090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] 1894 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1894== Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). ==January 1894== ===1 January 1894, Monday, New Year's Day=== === 27 January 1894, Saturday === Psyche, in "The Social Peepshow" in the ''Gentlewoman'', reported,<blockquote>Another cap[i]tal ball, though in a totally different part of the world, was that given by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor. The house party included quite a galaxy of beauty, in the persons of the Duchess of Sutherland, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, the latter accompanied by her sister, Miss Ellis, and dancing men were plentiful, amongst the most energetic being Lord Herbert Vane Tempest and Mr. Ward. Liddell had been requisitioned especially from Dublin to make music for the dancers; and the supper in the picture gallery was both a picturesque and a substantial function.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 27 January 1894, Saturday: 20 [of 52], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940127/077/0020. Same print title, p. 110.</ref></blockquote> === 31 January 1894, Wednesday === ==== Wedding of Hon. Nellie Bass and James Baillie ==== The wedding of James Baillie and [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Hon. Nellie Bass]], the children of extremely wealthy people. The description of the cake is worth looking at, as are the bride's trousseau, including the sealskin coat and accessories, as well as the gifts to the bride. The newspaper copy is not very good, and so the OCR isn't either. The reporter describing the scene seems not to have known who all the women were, a little unusual for this kind of article.<blockquote>Marriage of Miss Bass and Mr. Baillie The marriage of Mr. James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour to the Hon. Nellie Lisa Bass took place yesterday afternoon, at Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Street, London, in the presence of a large and fashionable congregation. Although this is not what is known as the London season, yet great interest was taken in the function in the highest circles, and many members of society came to town specially to attend the ceremony and reception. The weather was exceedingly unfavourable, but in spite of that, and the fact that the time of the year was decidedly against any picturesque display of brilliant costumes, the wedding itself may be classed as one of the prettiest of the year. Miss Bass is the only child of Lord and Lady Burton, of Rangemore Hall, Burton-on-Trent; Glen Quoich, Inverness-shire; and Chesterfield House, Mayfair, W. Lord Burton, who is a Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Stafford, and a county alderman, is hon. colonel of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion (Prince of Wales's) North Staffordshire Regiment, a director of Bass and Co. (Limited), and of the South-Eastern Railway Company. He represented Stafford in the House of Commons in the Liberal interest from 1865 to 1868, East Staffordshire from 1868 to 1885, and the Burton Division of the same county from 1885 to 1886. He was created a baronet in 1882, and four years later was raised to the peerage as Baron Burton of Rangemore and Burton-on-Trent. Lady Burton is the daughter of the late Mr. Edward Thornewill, Dove Cliff, Burton. The bridegroom is the eldest son of the late Mr. Evan P. Montague Baillie and Lady Frances Anne Baillie (who was Lady of the Bedchamber to the Duchess of Edinburgh from 1874), and grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, and cousin of the present Viceroy of India. Mr. Baillie, who, as stated in the ''Daily Post'' yesterday, claims descent from the patriot William Wallace, is an extensive landed proprietor in Inverness-shire, and a portion of of the estates — namely, the deer forest of Cluny — has been rented for many years by Lord Burton, for shooting purposes.<br><br>The wedding was fixed to take place at half-past two, but by one o'clock a crowd of people had assembled round the principal doors of the church. The heavy rain which had descended so persistently all through the morning ceased shortly after mid-day, but the sky continued to wear a dark and threatening aspect, and occasionally there was a slight fall of rain, which, together with the cold wind, made the people anxious for the doors of the church to be opened. Admission could only be obtained by ticket, and as soon as the gates of the sacred edifice were unfastened the west gallery and the centre aisles were quickly filled. Carriages and cabs drove up in rapid succession so that by two o'clock there was very little room to be found on the floor, except in the side aisles. Holy Trinity Chruch is a large and handsome building, which was rebuilt and redecorated by the Earl of Cadogan, in 1889, at a cost of about £15,000. The internal arrangements are very much akin to those in a cathedral, and the large windows and the lofty vaulted roof give at the church a most imposing appearance. During the London season it is the scene of many fashionable weddings; and it was here that the Earl and Countess of Dudley were married, and also where Lord Cadogan's daughter was united in the bonds of matrimony to Lord Lurgan. On the present occasion the church was beautifully decorated with plants and flowers. Large towering palms, twenty to thirty feet high, were placed in effective positions in the chancel, and apparently growing from tubs hidden by charmingly arranged groups of ferns, arum lilies, lilies of the valley, azaleas, the long pendulous spikes of the pretty orchid odontoglossum alexandria, and other choice white plants and flowers. Along the front of the choir-stalls there were further groups of flowers and graceful palms, and the altar-table was adorned with six enormous bouquets of white flowers. The handsome screen on either side of the chancel steps was beautifully festooned with flowers, and on the steps at the base of the screen were arranged beds of lilies of the valley. There was plenty of at time for the rapidly increasing congregation to admire the beauty of the floral decorations, and, moreover, to study the costumes of the distinguished and aristocratic guests of Lord and Lady Burton. The prevailiing colour worn was mauve in various shades, but a very large number of ladies were dressed in black, and the majority wore long cloaks rather than jackets. One of the earliest arrivals was Lady Chetwode, Lord Burton's sister, who was dressed in brown, with green trimming and chinchilla collar, white lace being prettily arranged over the green in front of the dress. She was accomparnied by her daughter, who wore a similarly coloured dress trimmed with pink-and-white lace jabot. Mrs. Hamar Bass looked charming in dark blue with a black velvet cloak trimmed with a good deal of white lace and white satin yoke. She also wore a black-and-white bonnet trimmed with white feathers. Lady Hothfield was dressed in bright magenta velvet trimmed with sable fur, and bonnet to match. lsabella Countess of Wilton had on a green plush dress with bright yellow yoke; and Lady Mary Osborne (lady-in-waiting to the Duchess of Edinburgh) was attired in green velvet trimmed with handsome passementerie and lace. One lady looked very pretty in pale mauve silk, the bodice gathered with black guipure, purple velvet sleeves, and a small purple bonnet. Another lady affected a beautiful costume of royal blue, trimmed with chinchilla. A very pretty costume worn by one lady was a skirt and three-quarter cloak of deep reddish purple velvet, trimmed with bands of mink; in another instance a lady was attired in bright mauve, with cloak of a similar hue, trimmed with chinchilla; dark-green plush, with long cloak of emerald green, trimmed with sable, and a velvet bonnet was the costume of one lady; another had a rich purple plush mantle, with a deep flounce of cream lace and a shoulder-cape of the same material; and another lady appeared to great advantage in a beautiful black velvet mantle, embroidered with gold and ostrich feather trimming, black toque trimmed with twisted green velvet and small black tips, and knot of purple velvet. Many of the gowns worn had Zouave jackets of some kind of fur, principally chinchilla and caracul. With the ladies were a fair number of children, and a young girl was conspicuous in a pretty fawn-coloured cloth dress, trimmed with green silk, and a large black hat, also trimmed with green silk, and two large ostrich feathers. Among others present at the church were Lord Curzon, the Austrian Ambassador, Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Grant (relatives of Lord Burton). Mrs. and Miss Meadows, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Bailey, Mr. D. Evershed, M.P., Mrs. Evershed, Mr. George Wright, Lord Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Curtis, Miss Curtis, Captain and Mrs. Eccles, Mrs. Bridges, Mr. N. Pratt, Mrs. Winslow, General Sir John Ewart, Miss Chandos Pole, Mrs. and Miss Campbell. Hon. Mrs. Roger Eykyn, Mrs. Sotheby, Colonel Evans, Sir Thomas and Lady Boughey, Mrs. and Miss Eccles, Miss Lyon, Miss Frances Lyonn, Mrs. Melville, Hon. H. E. Morton, Miss Morton, Mr P. Ralli, Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Clay, Miss Bott, Colonel and Mrs. Mort (of Stafford), Lady Alexande Paget, Lady Russell, Mrs. Probyn, Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lady Stratheden, Misses Frends, Mrs. and Miss Mynors, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Mrs. Augustine Birrel, Hon. Colonel and Miss Colville, Mrs. Campbell, Mrs. and Miss Beaumont, Captain Alex. Baillie, Countess of Lindsay, Lady G. Bertie, Lord and Lady lnchiquin, Hon. Clara O'Brien, Lacy Moreton, Countess of Chesterfield, Lady Trevelyan, Sir William and Lady Flower, Lady Jane Taylor, Miss Drummond, Hon. Mrs. Grant, Adelaide Countess of Westmoreland, Hon. G. and Lady Napier, Sir Henry James, M.P., Miss James, Sir Thomas Roe, Hon. Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Miss Violet Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. F. Bead, Sir Reginald and Lady Hardy, Colonel and Mrs. Langford, Lord and Lady Carew, Earl and Countess of Craven, Lady Lurgan, Lady Evelyn Curzon; Mr., Mrs., and Miss Gretton; Mr. Eilice, Capt. Ames, Mr. and Mrs. E. K. Hall, Archdeacon Lane, Mrs. Lane, Lady Cremorne, Countess of Arran, Lady Esther Gore, Lord Bagot, Mr. and Mrs. William James, Lady Ebury, Earl and Countess of Coventry, Countess of Ancaster, Viscountess Galway, Lady Scott, Lord and Lady de Ramsay, the Duchess or Devonshire, Countess Gosford, Lord and Lady Cadogan, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. E. J. Thornewill, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir John and Lady Lubbock, the Countess of Huntington, Hon. Mary Thelluson, Countess of Powis, Mrs. Duncan Bailie, Miss Baillie, Hon. Archer and Lady Clementine Walsh, Captain and Mrs. Arthur Somerset, the Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady Ross of Balgonie, Viscountess Hood, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay, Lady Fitzgerald, Dowager Lady Manners, Mr. R. and Mrs. Thornewill, Mr. and Mrss G. Barton. Councillor Cain, Mr. and Mrs. C. Harrison, Rev. V. A. Boyle (vicar of Burton), Councillor Morris, Councillor Turner, Mr. and Mrs. Houghton, Messrs. Wright, Lea, and Spalding. Many ladies and gentlemen travelled specially from Burton and the neighbourhood by the early morning train to attend the service. Prior to the arrival of the bridal party lily of the valley favours were given to every member of the congregation, and many of the gentlemen also wore "buttonholes" of violets, the bride's favourite flower. About twenty minutes past two Lady Burton arrived, accompanied by her sisters, Miss Thornewill and Miss Jane Thornewill. Her ladyship was aittired in a beautiful dress of salmon pink silk, trimmed with very deep red guipure; Miss Thornewiil was in red velvet, and Miss Jane Thornewill wore a pale-green dress trimmed with white lace. Lady Burton and her sisters were accommodated with front seats in the centre aisle. They had scarcely taken their places when the bridegroom arrived, attended by the Hon. Gustavus William Hamliton Russell, of the 3rd Northumberland Fusiliers, eldest son of Viscount Boyne, of Brancepeth Castle, Durham, who acted as "best man." Mr. Baillie proceeded to the church steps, and at the same time the surpliced choir took their places, the deputy organist (Mr. Marsh) meanwhile playing the bridal music from Wagner's "Lohengrin." Punctually at half-past two there was a buzz of excitement, and all eyes were immediately turned to the west door. The bride was seen advancing up the pathway beneath the coloured awning which had been erected on account of the rain, and as she entered the church, leaning on the arm of her father, the hymn, "Oh, perfect love, all humnan thoughts transcending," was sung to music by Hulton. The bride wore a magnificent wedding-gown of white satin duchesse, with simple "babes" [?] bodice, and sleeves of Brussels point only to elbow, and transparent under-sleeves. She also wore a broad satin ribbon round the waist, the hem of the Court train being trimmed with fine pearl embroidery in the design of wheatears. The bridal veil, of the finest white tulle, surmounted a chaplet of real orange blossoms in foliage. The bride's ornaments were a massive diamond-link necklace, the gift of the bridegroom; a superb diamond-and-pearl bracelet, the gift of the London officials and staff of Messrs. Bass and Co.; and a bracelet with regimental badge of Prince of Wales's feathers and Staffordshire knot in diamonds from the officers past and present of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Prince of Wales's North Staffordshire Regiment. The bride, who carried a lovely bouquet, was attended by no fewer than ten bridesmaids — namely, Miss Evelyn Hamar Chetwode (daughter of Sir George and Lady Chetwode), Miss Sibell Bass (daughter of Mr. Hamar and the Hon. Louisa Bass), cousins of the bride; Miss Augusta Mary Bruce (daughter of the Hon. T. C. and Mrs. Bruce), Miss Daisy Baillie (daughter of Lady Blanche Baillie), cousins of the bridegroom; Lady / Violet Mary Cordon Lennox (daughter of the Earl of March, who is also to be a bridesmaid at the marriage, on the 3rd of February, of Mr. Granville Leveson-Gower and Miss Evelyn Brassey), Lady Sophie Beatrice Mary Cadogan (daughter of the Earl and Countess Cadogan), Lady Cecilia Willoughby (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Ancaster), Lady Dorothy Coventry (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Coventry), the Hon. Maud Grosvenor (daughter of Lord and Lady Ebury), and the Hon. Mary Laura Fraser (sister of the present Lord Lovat). They were picturescuely-dressed [sic] in gowns of ivory satin of original design. The bodices were in the finest pleated satin, with wide collars edged with golden beaver fur and creamy lace, the full skirts being edged with the same fur and finished at the waist with wide satin ribbon and diamond buckles. They also wore "Rubens" hats of dahlia-coloured velvet, with three bunches of wood violets on the left side and ornamented with three black ostrich tips in front. The bridegroom's presents to them were unique Double-pin brooches of diamonds and rubies, and they carried "Victoria shower" bouquets of dark and light violetsI and lilies of the valley, this combination being the one most suited to the peculiar shade of violet trimmings of their costumes. Before the singing of the processional hymn had terminated, the bridal procession had reached the choir rails, and the bride was immediately joined by the bridegroom. A pause for a few moments enabled the congregation to admire the lovely costume of the bride, who looked charming as she stood by the side of the bridegroom, and the equally lovely dresses of the bridesmaids. The choral service was then commenced. The officiating clergy were the Rev. Albert Baillie, M.A. (chaplain to the Bishop of Rochester), brother of the bridegroom; the Rev. Alfred Love, M.A., vicar of Rangemore, Burton-on-Trent; and the Rev. Walter Hiley, M.A., rector of St. Mary s [sic], Stamford. The Rev. Albert Baillie performed the ceremony, and Lord Burton gave his daughter away. The responses were made by the bride in a clear musical voice, which was heard throughout the church; but the bridegroom was inaudible except to those seated in the immediate vicinity. After the rev. gentleman had added his blessing, the bride and bridegroom were conducted to the altar. The sixty-seventh Psalm, "Deus Miseratur," was chanted, and the service was then continued by the Rev. A. Lowe, the concluding exhortation being read by the Rev. W. Hiley. As the newly-married pair, followed by their nearest relatives and friends, proceeded to the vestry, the hymn, "Oh Jesus, I have promised To serve Thee to the end," was sung. In the vestry the register was signed by the bride and bridegroom, Lord and Lady Burton, the Austrian Ambassador, Lord Curzon, Lady Chetwode, Mrs. Evelyn H. Laming, Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Grant, Mr. Hamar Bass, Mr. Augustus C. Baillie (brother of the bridegroom), Mr. J. A. James, and the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, and the Rev. A. Baillie, as the clergyman who had performed the marriage ceremony. The signing of the register occupied some little time, but as soon as Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Baillie reappeared in the chancel the deputy organist played Mendelssohn's "Wedding March," and the church bells rang a merry peal. The bride, leaning on the arm of her husband, walked down the centre aisle, smiling and bowing to her friends and receiving their hearty congratulations. The happy pair followed by Lord and Lady Burton and other relatives and friends, and, the carriages being in readiness the party drove back to Chesterfield House, while the congregation remained to a view the decorations, and speak with enthusiasm of the very pretty ceremonial which they had just witnessed. Subsequently Lord and Lady Burton gave a reception at Chesterfield House. Between 800 and 900 invitations were issued, and about 500 were accepted. The wedding presents were displayed in the ballroom, and were greatly admired — particularly two splendid portraits, in oils, of the bride and bridegroom, the gift of Lady Frances Baillie, the mother of the bridegroom. The bridecakes, which were supplied by Messrs. Gunter and Co., occupied prominent positions in the reception-room. The prinicipal cake was six feet high, and weighed over 250lb. The side was decorated with clusters of orange blossoms, white roses, and lilies of the valley, each delicately framed in four medallions of artistic sugar-work. Between the medallions was some beautiful work in high relief, composed of similar material. The upper rim was encircled by a border of oak leaves and acorns. The cake was surmounted by a fairy-like temple of Moorish design, rising from a base formed of a network of sugar. The temple sheltered a tiny Cupid shyly presenting an offering of orange blossoms. From the top of the temple rose a very handsome vase of novel design with Arabesque tracery, carrying a bouquet of a lovely flowers, all typical of the happy occasion, with gracefully falling trails to the top of the cake. Among the large number of guests at the reception were the Austrian Ambassador, Earl and Countess of Coventry, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Countess of Ancester and the Ladies Willoughby, Marquis de Santurce, Lord and Lady William Neville, Earl and Countess of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, Countess of Chesterfield, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Countess Aylesford, Earl of Yarmouth, Countess Lindsey, Viscountess Galway, Mary Countess of Mar and Kellie, Countess of Huntingdon, Adelaine Countess of Westmoreland [sic], Countess Powis, Earl of Yarborough, Lady Magheramonre [sic], Lady Kathleen Drummond, Lady Jane Taylor, Lady de Ramsay, Lady Forbes and Miss Forbes, Lady Erskine, Lady Louise Loder, Lady Knutesford, Lady Lurgan, Lady Evelyn Curzon, Lord Berkeley Paget, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord and Lady Carew, Lady Trowbridge, Lady Scott, Lady Ebury, Lord Sherborne, Lady Chetwode, Lady Stapleton, Lady Fitzgerald, Lady Trevelyan, Hon. H. Fitzclarence, Hon. Mrs. Trotter, Hon. Mrs. Chetwynd, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hamar Bass, Hon. Lionel Holland, Hon. George Allsopp, M.P., Hon. C. Brownlow, Sir George and Lady Russell, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir John and Lady Lubbock, General Sir John Ewart, Sir Robert and Lady Abercromby, Sir William and Lady Flower, Sir Kenneth Matherson, Sir Thomas Roe, Sir Henry Edwards, Sir R. and Lady Hardy, Sir Charles Grant, Mrs. Pascoe Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. and Mrs. Thornewill, Colonel Evans, Mrs. Duncan Baillie, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Birkbeck, Rev. V. Boyle, Miss Peel, Miss Taylor, Mr. Oliver, Miss Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Douro [?] Hoare, Colonel Mildmay, Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury, Mrs. George Bentinck, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. Hugh Arbuthnot, Mr. and Mrs. Curtis, Mr. Roger Eykyn, Mr. and Mrs. Madock, Mr. Bodley, Mr. and Mrs. Meadows, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Sidney T. Hankey, Mr. A. R. Trotter, Colonel Frank Russell, Mrs. Randall Davidson, Mrs. Thomas Bruce, Mr. James Bruce, Mr. Gretton and Miss Gretton, Rev. Mr. Boothby, Mr. and Mrs. Charies Clay, Miss Bott, Misses Lyon, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Worthington, Mr. Pate. Mrs. Roper, Rev, G. Todd, Mrs. Cavendish BentInck, Mr. Fenwick, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Hall, Mrs. and Miss Campbell, Mrs. Charles Inge, Mrs. and Miss Eccles, Colonel and Mrs. Mort, Mrs. Anstruthers Thompson, Mrs. Roger Bass, Mrs. Evans, Mrs. Kingscote, Rev. F. H. and Mrs. Beaven, Mr. Robert Ratcliffe, Mrs. and Miss Ratcliffe, Mrs. Ellis, Miss Townsend, Mr. Levita, Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mr. Brodie, Mr. and Mrs. Cummings Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay, Mr. Ralli, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, Mrs. Hungerford, Mrs. Philp [sic] Green, Mrs. Napier Stuart. Mr. H. Claude Hay, Mr. Daley, Miss Thormewill, Mr. and Mrs. Percy Laming, Mr. and Mrs. Allan Grand, Mr. John Ryder, Mr. L. Vernon Harcourt, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, Mr. and the Mlisses Buckley, Mrs. and Miss WombweII, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Arbuthnot, Captain Baillie, Mrs. and Miss Levitt, Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont and Miss Beaumont, Dr. Scott, Field-Marshal Sir Patrick Grant and Miss Grant, &c. Early in the evening Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Baillie left Chesterfield House, amid the hearty good wishes of everyone, for Albury Park, near Guildford, the Surrey seat of the Duke of Northumberland, which his grace had kindly lent them for the early days of the honeymoon. The "going-away" dress was of prune cloth, "doucet model," short to the waist, and tied in front with black satin ribbon; large frill collar of cloth and prune velvet, edged with black-and-silver passementerie and silk sleeves, and plain skirt, with velvet hat to correspond. The bride's trousseau includes many handsome articles of the newest material, style, and workmanship. There are two lovely tea gowns in soft creamy materials hanging in graceful folds with fine lace, another in soft rose pink, and a third in glace silk, tinted with palest rose and blue. These were arranged by the Misses Robertson and Williams, who supplied the bridesmaid's [sic] dresses. Mrs. Mason supplied an exquisite blue satin evening gown, elaborately trimmed with silver; and Mr. Gustav Ellis, specialist in furs, arranged a superb quality Alaska sealskin coat constructed like a gentleman's. It is sixty inches long, and has a very large roll collar of rare Russian sable skins, and large cuffs, reaching nearly to the elbow of the same. The sealskins for this coat have been selected from a large number, and it is worked in so skilful a manner that not a single seam can be detected. A sealskin muff, made out of one entire cubskin, goes along with the coat. There is another black Russian sable muff made of four skins, and a necktie of one most perfect Russian sable skin, with stuffed head and full tail. The whole of these furs are lined with a mauve-shade silk, bearing a design of white roses and rosebuds. The lingerie was supplied by Messrs. Smith and Co., of Sloane Street, and was made in the finest French batiste, and trimmed with real Valenciennes lace. Some of the dresses are made with fichus of fine cambric, edged with the lace; others are made with zouaves, also trimmed with lace. The flannel skirts are very pretty, six having flounces of silk and lace insertion, and an edging of lace; and the others are handsomely embroidered in silk and edged with lace. The white skirts are also very lovely. Those intended for morning wear are trimmed with the finest French embroidery; while the evening skirts are profusely trimmed with French lace. There is also a pink silk petticoat, handsomely trimmed with lace. In addition, there are some elegant gowns for morning wear. One crimson zenana is trimmed with guipure, and a white one made in the same material is trimmed with lace. A pink surals made in a similar style is also trimmed with lace. The dressing jackets are made of French cambric and trimmed with lace, and the smarter ones in silk and laces of exquisite design. Messrs. A. Blackburne and Co., of South Audley Street, supplied a very fine old point de Venice flounce, four yards long and about ten inches wide, of the period of Louis XlV., an exceptionally fine piece; and another smaller piece, very fine and older. These are very rare specimens, and the finest productions of that period. The hats, arranged by Mous. [?] Rene, who supplied the bridesmaids' hats, included a dahlia velvet hat turned up from the face, with clusters of Parma violets and ornamented with black tips. A black felt, with cerise roses, Irish point and black tips, and a scarlet velvet, with sable trimmings, turned up at the side, &c., &c. THE WEDDING PRESENTS. The presents, which numbered between 600 and 700, were of a highly-varied character, and included a considerable number of great value and beauty. The bridegroom's gifts to the bride comprised — necklace of diamond links and diamond pin, gold bracelet, with name in diamonds; diamond and ruby ring, diamond and ruby pin, diamond wings for hair, gold sleeve-links, with enamelled monograms; gold ring, walking-stick. The bride's presents to the bridegroom were — gold sleeve-links, with diamond initials; gold sleeve-links, with cabuchon, sapphires, and rubies; red enamel heart scarf-pin, diamond and beryl pin, gold ring, with names. Lord Burton gave his daughter a magnificent pearl and diamond tiara, diamond and turquoise tiara, pearl and diamond Riviere necklace, bracelet, with large diamonds in clusters. Lady Burton: Diamond "Sun" Brooch. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York sent her a white silk fan, embroidered in silver with painted subjects; while H.R.H. the Duchess of Fife and the Duke of Fife forwarded a ruby bangle and sapphire bangle. The following is the list of public presents:— The town of Burton-on-Trent, splendid double Riviere diamond necklace; Messrs. Bass and Co.'s staff at Burton, magnificent diamond-and-pearl bracelet; Messrs. Bass and Co.'s staff in London, magnifi- / cent bracelet, with large single Pearl surrounded by brilliants; officers past and present of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Prince of Wales's North Staffordshire Regiment, bracelet, with regimenal badge of Prince of Wales's feathers and Staffordshire knot in diamonds; the licensed victuallers of Burton-on-Trent, large silver loving cup; the tradesmen of Burton-on-Trent, eight massive silver candlesticks and large silver inkstand, with illuminated address; the tenants on the Rangemore estate, complete tea and coffee set, in richly-embossed silver, on massive silver tray, with white porcelain plaque in centre, accompanied by a richly-bound address, containing views of Rangemore; workmen at Messrs. Bass and Co.'s, Burton-on-Trent, magnificent massive silver candelabra; cooperage and middle yard, at Messrs. Bass and Co.'s, Burton-on-Trent, massive oval silver salver; tenants and employés [sic] of the Needwood and Berkley estates, handsome silver kettle, with illuminated address; tradesmen of Barton-under-Needwood, two fluted silver lamps, silver inkstand, and two silver candlesticks, and illuminated address; friends at Yoxall and neighboring villages, silver sugar basin and cream ewer; officer headquarters Highland Artillery, massive silver three-handled loving cup; traders of Inverness, magnificent carved-oak casket, with massive silver mounts and lock, and decorated with large Cairngorm, mounted in solver crown; from Glenquoich and Glengarry, magnificent large solid-silver stag, modelled from the 20-pointer shot by Lord Burton tenantry of the Dochfour estate, large ram's head mounted in silver and set with large Cairngorm; employés [sic] on the Dochfour estate, inkstand formed of a deer's foot and silver-tipped horns, with Cairngorm on top; tenants of the Redcastle and Tarradale estates, carved-oak inkstand, richly mounted in silver, with decoration of silver Scotch thistle throughout, and two large solid-silver inkbottles, with silver-paper case and taper brackets; employés [sic] on the Redcastle estate, two large and massive pierced-silver fruit dishes; crofters, tenants, and others on the the Glenelg estate, richly-chased silver bowl on stand;: employes on the Glenelg estate, embossed silver-gilt blotting-book; tenants on the Kingussie estates, large silver salver. The gifts from private friends included Baron Hirsch de Gereuth, pearl buckle; Sir George and Lady Russell, antique ivory box; Lady Edward Cavendish, amethyst brooch; Ladies Barbara, Dorothy, and Anne Coventry, two silver pepper castors, [sic] the Duchess of Sutherland, china tea service; Hon. Tiny [sic] Wyndham, book; Duke of Marlborough, antique enamelled perfume bottle[;] Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, silver bowl; Hon Mrs. Meynall Ingram, Vienna jardiniere; Sir William V. Harcourt, complete silver toilet service; Earl and Countess of Romney, polished walnut bucket writng-board; Earl and Countess of Leven and Melville, moonstone and ruby medallion brooch and three pins; Earl of March, silver monogram menu hoiders; Sir G. Chetwode, antique box; Earl and Countess of Yarborough, long gold-and-pearl chain; Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget, clock; Hon. Gilbert Hastings, silver-gilt dish; Hon. Reginald Coventry, old silver windmill; Viscont Maitland, gold box; Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, gold-and-enamel vinaigrette; Hon. Frederick and Mrs. Anson, luncheon basket; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, two china vases; Viscountess Strathallan, print; Sir Willam Fraser, book; Lord George Stewart Murray, silver trays; Lady Emma Osborne, vase; Mr. and Mrs. J. Reid Walker, diamond brooch; Mr. George and Miss Barker, two very old china plates; Captain and Mrs. Malcolm Drummond, crystal and silver scent bottle; Mr. Gustav Ellis, leather muff case; Misses Hall, photo frame; Duke and Duchess of Athole, pair of Sevres jardinieres; Marchioness of Bath, double tortoiseshell and silver photo frame; Lord Rowton, silver pen tray; the Right Hon. James Lowther, silver box; Sir Thomas Roe, two silver candlesticks; Lady Stapleton, silver box; Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley, china casket; Hon. Frances Wolseley, old silver fish; Lord and Lady Cremorne, enamel dagger paper knife; the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Irish lace fan; Countess of Grosford and Lady Alice Stanley, Dresden china birds; Marquesa Santurce, old china box; Sir Henry Hartopp, gold casket; Sir Henry James, watch set in diamonds; Field-Marshal Sir Patrick and Miss Grant, silver-handled umbrella; Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, two gold-mounted scent bottles; Lady Angela Erskine, china tea plates; Lady Bagot, inlaid table; Lady Fanny Marjoribanks, silver crumb scraper; Mary Countess of Mar and Kellie, silver and tortoiseshell seal; Count and Countess Deym, leather bookcase; Lady Frances Baillie, Russian gold bracelet; Earl and Countess of Huntingdon, gold-topped scent bottle; Earl and Countess of Arran, pierced gold bon-bon dish; Lord and Lady Lurgan, silver pepper-box; Lord and Lady Newton, tortoiseshell box; Viscountess Hood, coloured print; Lochiel and Lady Margaret Cameron, silver fluted bottle; Viscount and Viscountess Portman, silver ink and taper stand; Earl and Countess of Ancaster, Worcester china vases; Countess Howe, parasol with crystal handle; Viscount Sudeley gold ball watch; Duchess of Devonshire, coffee and liqueur service on double tray; Lord Kenyan, leather writing book; Lord Vernon, blue silk ''en tout cas'', with turquoise and diamond handle; Miss Violet Leigh, circular Chippendale table a mounted in brass; Lord and Lady Wynford, tortoiseshell and gold clock; Countess of Chesterfield, old carved stool; Dowager Lady Manners, silver dish; Lady Edith Ward, leather book slide; Lord and Lady Hindlip, turquoise and diamond chain; Archdeacon and Mrs. Lane, silver wine tester; Sir C. Foster, tortoiseshell and silver photo case; Dowager Lady Gresley, silver framed calendar; Sir Peter Walker, four antique salt-cellars and spoons; Sir Henry and Lady Wiggin, pair of crystal and silver scent-bottles; Lord Hothfield, silver pin-cushion; Earl and Countess Manvers, tortoiseshell and silver box; Earl and Countess of Covenatry, Sevres china etui; Hon. G. Allsopp, diamond Staffordshire knot; Marchioness of Tweeddale, silver salt-cellars; Earl and Countess of Harrington, diamond-and-ruby heart; Marquis of Tullibardine, silver clock and stand; Duchess of St. Albans, two silver trays; Sir W. and Lady Parker, pair of Old Bow candlesticks; Lady Trevelyan, silver book-marker; Lord and Lady Churchill, large Dresden china dish; Sir Henry Wilmot, silver box; Lady Manningham Buller, miniature silver candlesticks; Sir John and Lady Lubbock, two silver photograph-frames; Isabella Countess of Wilton, silver looking-glass; Countess of Loudon, scent-bottle; Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh, silver fruit-dish; Viscount and Viscountees Curzon, silver of fruit-dish; Marquis of Camden, pair of silver candlesticks; Duchess of Marlborough, blotting-book and paper-case; Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Newdigate, silver cup; Lord Moreton, collie dog; Dowager Countess of Lichfield, silver quaich; Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, clock with diamond face; Countess of Lisburne, silver photograph-frame; Lady Vernon Harcourt, mother-o'-pearl seal; Lady Victoria Seymour and the Earl of Yarmouth, umbrella; Sir G. and Lady Chetwode, screen; Viscount Baring, antique pearl-and-enamel chain; Lady Blanche and Miss Daisy Baillie, diamond slides for the neck. Among other donors of presents to the bride were: Miss Florence Chetswode, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Hon. F. N. Curzon, Hon. John Campbell, Hon. Mrs. Sackville West, Hon. Mrs. Grant, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Martineau, Mr. Brinton, Sir Charles Hall, Lady Ashburton, Colonel and Mrs. Kingscote, Sir Maurice and Lady Fitzgerald, Lady Decies, the Hon. Miss Beresferd, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Eykyn, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Captain and Mrs. Walter Campbell, General and Mrs. Sotheby, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Mr. St. John Meyrick, Viscount Deerhurst, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Colonel W. Walkcr, Lord and Lady William Neville, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Cavendish Bentinck, Lady Maria Ponsonby, Countess Bathurst, Lord and Lady Campbell; Lady Kathleen Cuffe, the Misses Carrington, Mrs. Mary West, the Rev. Gilbert and Mrs. Todd, Lady Helen Stewart Murray, Colonel and Mrs. Bowles, Hon. Mrs. Whitbread, Hon. Lady Grey Egerton, Hon. Mrs. Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. Locker Lampson, Mr. and Mrs. Cotton Curtis, Earl and Countess of Essex, Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Gerald Dadley-Smith, Lady Dorchester, Sir John Ewart, Sir Ralph Blois, the Rev. A. G. and Mrs. Wakefield, Mr. Louis Vernon Harcourt, Sir Henry Edwards, Mr. Graham, Mr. and Mrs. Percy Laming, Mrs. Feilden, Mrs. Danson, Mr. and Mrs. Roger Bass, Mrs. Simnett, Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkpatrick Hall, Lady Ileene Campbell, Lady Sophie Cadogan, Misses Townshend, Hon. Mrs. Ronald Greville, Misses Worthington, Mrs. and Mrs. A. O. Worthington, Mr. and Mrs. Arkwright, Sir Thomas and Lady Boughey, Mr. and Mrs. Meadows, Hon. Humphrey Sturt, Mr. Leonard Brassey, Lady Lovat and the Hon. Miss Fraser, Captain Cottrell, Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury, Ladies Mildred and Maud Ashley, Captain the Hon. Arthur Somerset, Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Lady Hothfield, Hon. Richard and Mrs. Morton, Mr. and Mrs. Cavedish Bentinck, Mrs. H. Blundell Leigh, Lord and Lady Norreys, Mr. and Mrs. Miller Mundy, Baroness Hirsch de Gerenth, the Countess Cairns, Lady lnchquin, Lady Moreton, Countess Mensdorf, Lord and Lady Wimborne, Mr. and Lady Margaret Levett, General Manningham Bulier, the Hon. Lady Cotterell, the Postmaster-General (the Right Hon. Arnold Morley), Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Lady Bagot, Lord and Lady Magheramorne, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lord and Lady Fitzhardinige, Lady Abinger, the Ladies Elizabeth, Christian, and Veronier [sic?] Bruce, Sir Rivers Wilson, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Mrs. Frederick Manningham Buller, Lord and Lady Brougham and Vaux, Earl and Countess Amherst, Captain Reginald Peel, Sir Humphrey and Lady de Trafford, Viscount and Viscountess Galway, Hon. Alwyne and Mrs. Greville, Lady Evelyn Curzon, Lady Edith Curzon, Mr. A. Allsopp, Mrs. Reginald Manningham Buller, Sir Alfred and Lady Haslam, Mr. Gerald Hardy, the Misses Moseley, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lord and Lady Blythswood, Sir Oswald and Lady Moseley, Lady Mary Wood, the Hon. Maud Grovenor, Mr. and Mrs. Ratcliffe, Sir Horace Farquhar, Colonel Paget Moseley, the Duchess of Roxburghe, Lord and Lady de Ramsay, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Boothby, Mr. and Lady Jane Levett, Mr. and Mrs. Berresford Melville, Countess of Lisburne, Hon. Mrs. Thos. Bruce, Lady Scott, Hon. Mrs. Griffiths, Lord and Lady Middleton, Mrs. Wardle, Miss Plowden, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ratcliff, Lady Julia Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. Rlalph Sneyd, Mr. Berkeley Levett, Colonel. W. Walker, &c., &c. The bridegroom was also the recipient of numerous costly gifts, the donors including the Bishop of Rochester, Lady Burton, Lady Conyngham, Mr. Mackintosh and Mrs. Mackintosh, Mr. and Hon. Mrs. West, Lady Sherborne, Captain and Hon. Mrs. Malcolm Drummond, Mr. A. Oakley Dennistonan, Mr. and Mrs. Pusey, Mrs. Tollemache, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oswald, Lady Eleanor Brodie, Viscountess Glentworth and Colonel Hugh Baillie, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Bruce, Hon. Egremont Mills, Hon. Mrs. W. Colville, Lady Carew, Hon. George M. Curzon, Colonel the Hon. George and Mrs. Napier, Mrs. and Miss Wombwell, Colonel Cuthbert Larking, Hon. Helen Henniker, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Bruce and family, Lord Magheramorne, Mr. C. Lefroy, Lord and Lady William Cecil, Mr. and Lady Katherine Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. William Duncombe, Earl and Countess of Aylesford, Lord Lovat, Captain Pinney, Lord Sherborne, Colonel and Mrs. Russell, Mr. Geoffrey and the Hon. Mrs. Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. N. Hamilton Ogilvie, Lady Musgrave, Earl of Craven, Earl of Stradbroke, Sir F. Montetiore [sic?], Mr. and Lady Horatio Erskine, Colonel and Mrs. Herbert St. John Mildmay, Sir Robert and Lady Abercromby, Countess of Selkirk, Sir Charles and Lady Ross, Earl Cairns, Captain the Hon. E. [?] Dawson, Earl and Countess of Elgin, the Ladies Bruce, Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mr. and Mrs. F. Hartmann, Mr. Henry Foley, Captain and Mrs. St. John Mildmay, Colonel Percy, Earl of Yarmouth, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pease, Countess of Kintore, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Arbuthnot, Mary Countess of Elgin and Lady Louise Bruce, Mrs. Ronald Baillie, Sir Henry and Lady MacAndrew, Hon. Lionel Holland, Hon. Walter and Mrs. Chetwynd, the Hon. the Master of Blantyre, Lord and Lady and the Hon. Misses Amherst, Captain Arthur Levita [?], Captain the Hon. C. E. St. Aubyn, &c., &c. REJOICINGS AT BURTON. Although the rejoicings at Burton-on-Trent did not partake of an official character, they were not the less hearty and sincere. Every thoroughfare exhibited the national emblem and its bit of bunting; but the principal decorations were on the vast and varied premises of Bass, Ratcliff, and Gretton, where pennants extended from block to block, and Venetian masts were dotted here and there, while every locomotive was bedecked. Immediately after the ceremony in London fog-signals and cannons were exploded as a ''feu de joie'' and the bells in town and country rang vigorously. During the afternoon over seventeen thousand school children were entertained at a bountiful tea, provided at the various school buildings in the borough. Every man and woman over sixty years of age received a basket of provisions, which included half a pint of Scotch whiskey, and the patients at the infirmary and the inmates of the work-house were right royally regaled, all at the expense of Lord and Lady Burton. The gifts of his lordship to the employés [sic] of the firm were a guinea to every clerk, ten shillings to the foremen, five shillings to every other man, and half-a-crown to all the boys. In the evening, the heads of departments and those of the clerks who preferred participation in the banquet to the guinea dined together, at the invitation of the parents of the bride, in St. Paul's Institute, which was elaborately embellished with the choicest exotics, floral and foliage. Here Mr. Roger Bass, whose father presided on a similar occasion when Lord and Lady Burton were married, took the chair, and Councillor Robinson was in the like position at the other cross table in the handsome hail. The Mayor (Alderman A. J Coxon), Lieutenant-Colonel Goer, and Mr. C. Sullivan, F.R.S., were among the company. The menu was of a recherché character. The principal toasts were "The Bride and Bridegroom," given by the Chairman; "Lord and Lady Burton," proposed by the Mayor, both of which met with an enthusiastic ovation; and "Bass Ratcliff, and Gretton," submitted by Alderman Canning, and acknowledged by Mr. J. Lambrick (secretary).<ref>"Marriage of Miss Bass and Mr. Baillie." ''Birmingham Daily Post'' 01 February 1894 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 6a–8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000033/18940201/015/0005.</ref> </blockquote> === Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday === Also on Wednesday, 31 January 1894, Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo hosted the Kildare Hunt Ball:<blockquote>On Wednesday night the Kildare Hunt Ball took place, by the kind permission of the Earl of Mayo, at his beautiful residence, Palmerstown. The music was supplied by Mr. Liddell's Vice-regal Band, and the catering by Mr. B. H. Murphy, Dublin. Amongst those present were — Prince Alexander of Teck, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], Countess of Mayo, Earl of Portarlington, Lord de Vesci, Lady de Vesci, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke, Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, Hon. E. Grosvenor, Mrs. St. Leger Moore, Miss Moore, Miss Evelyn Moore, Miss Moore [sic 2x], the Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, Lady Annette La Touche, Miss Skeffington Smyth, Major R. Chaloner Knox, &c.<ref>"Kildare Hunt Ball." ''Kilkenny Moderator'' 03 February 1894, Saturday: 3 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002957/18940203/050/0003. Print title: ''Kilkenny Moderator and Leinster Advertiser'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>This ball was covered in more detail by the Dublin ''Social Review'':<blockquote>The Kildare Hunt Ball took place on Wednesday night, at Palmerstown (kindly lent by Lord Mayo for the occasion). It was an exceptionally brilliant ball, and was attended by nearly 200 guests. Mr. Liddell's band played excellent dance music. The supper was supplied by Mr. B. H. Murphy, Dublin. Dancing commenced shortly after ten o'clock, and was kept up with much spirit till the small hours. The beautiful suite of drawing-rooms never looked better, flowers and pretty plants were everywhere. Amongst those present were:— Lord and Lady Mayo and party, Lord Connemara, Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, Colonel Hon. C. Crichton and party, Baron de Robeck and party, Mr. and Mrs. T. de Burgh, Mr. and Mrs. Sweetman and party, Colonel and Mrs. Norman, Colonel Mills, Major and Mrs. St. Leger Moore and party, Mr. and Mrs. Nutting, Miss Bevis, Prince Alexander of Teck, Earl of Enniskillen, Major Cooke, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Warren, Mr. Mahaffy, Captain Patton Bethune, Major Wogan Browne, Major Scot, Mr. Campbell, Lord Charles Bentinck, Mr. Hubert Crichton, Mr. Purcell Gilpin, Mr. More O'Farrell, Mr. Butler Brooke, Mr. MacDonnell, Mr. Ffrench, Captain Crosbie, Mr. Anthony Weldon, Captain and Mrs. Shadforth, Mr. M'Bean, Colonel Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Loch, Captain Woolmer, Colonel and Mrs. de Robeck, Mr. West Manders and party, &c., &c.<p> There were many pretty people present, including Miss Crichton, in white; Miss More O'Farrell, in black; — her sister wore white silk and shoulder-bands of scarlet; Mrs. MacDonnald wore a handsome gown; Lady Mayo was in blue, with silver sequins; Miss Bevis wore white silk; Lady Listowel, white brocade, and some handsome diamonds; Mrs. Claude Cane wore a beautiful white dress brocade, with large pink flowers, high waist-band of green velvet, fastened with a large bow on the left side; — she wore her magnificent diamonds; Lady Sankey wore a handsome yellow gown; Miss L'Estrange Babington was in white, with wing sleeves of silver gauze trimmed swansdown; Miss St. Leger Moore was in white, with trimmings of yellow ostrich feathers; her sister wore a pretty white frock; Miss E. Crichton wore a very pretty grey dress, with berthe and shoulder-straps of yellow roses; Mrs. Wilson was in black brocade, with large blue sleeves, bodice of chiffon embroidery in blue and violet, and she carried one of the prettiest bouquets in the room, composed of two shades of violets; Miss Barnes was in light yellow brocade, trimmed white ostrich feathers; she carried a lovely bouquet of yellow and white flowers; the Hon. Frances Wolseley wore a very pretty gown; Miss de Robeck was in dove colour, with trimmings of maroon velvet; Mrs. Tremayne was in cream, dark red velvet bodice; she wore her lovely diamonds; Miss Carden was in blue; Miss Weldon wore the same colour; Mrs. Woolmer was in pink and light claret-colour silk; Miss Burke-Irvin wore a becoming black gown, trimmed with silver sequins; Lady de Vesci, in white brocade and tan-coloured velvet; Miss Edwardes wore a pretty white dress; Miss Florence Fowler, white brocade, the bodice and sleeves composed of white accordian-pleated chiffon, which looked very pretty; Miss Duckett wore a pretty frock; Mrs. Duckett was in green brocade, trimmed with light sable; Lady Catherine Cole wore white brocade; Hon. Mrs. Barton was handsomely gowned, and wore some pretty diamonds; Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke wore one of the most stylish dresses; Lady Beatrice Hare was in cream silk; Mrs. Sweetman was in black satin and grey; she wore some pretty lace; Miss Manders was in a very smart yellow gown; Mrs. Nutting wore a [12, Col. 2c / 13, Col. 1a] becoming dress; Lady Annette La Touche was in black, also Mrs. T. de Burgh, Mrs. de Robeck, and Mrs. de Vere Kennedy; Miss Murphy wore a pretty frock of some light gauze over coloured silk; Miss Skeffington Smyth was in white, with bands of red, with a becoming jewel-bandeau in her hair; Lady Lawrence was in black; Mrs. Going wore yellow; Mrs. Bond, a handsome black dress; Mrs. Tynte, was as usual, well dressed.<ref>"The Kildare Hunt Ball." ''The Social Review'' (Dublin, Ireland: 1893) 10 February 1894, Saturday: 12 [of 20], Col. 2b–c [of 2] – 13, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001942/18940210/034/0012# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001942/18940210/034/0012]. Print p. 90.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1894== ==March 1894== ===13 March 1894, Tuesday=== Henrietta M. Paget was initiated into the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 149). ===23 March 1894, Friday=== Good Friday ===25 March 1894, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==April 1894== Sometime in 1894 Annie Horniman visited Paris and consecrated the Ahathoor Temple, Temple number 7, of the Golden Dawn. === 13 April 1894, Friday === ==== P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar ==== The P. and O. Line reported on the ''S.S. Rome'', leaving London on 13 April 1894 for Brindisi, Italy, leaving from there on 22 April. This group was bound for Gibraltar:<blockquote>For Gibraltar. — Mr. and Mrs. F. P. Artesani, Mrs. Frederick Head and friend, Mr. Shelley Bontein, Mr. Sloane Stanley, Mr. H. Sandars, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Dr. and Mrs. Winn, Capt. H. J. Martin.<ref>"List of Passengers." ''Home News for India, China and the Colonies'' 6 April 1894, Friday: 25 [of 32], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003281/18940406/064/0025. Print title ''The Home News'', p. 25.</ref></blockquote> ===21 April 1894, Saturday=== Opening of the season at [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr']]<nowiki/>s Avenue Theatre, funded by [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie E. F. Horniman]] with program and poster designed by Aubrey Beardsley, with [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]]'s ''Arms and the Man'', [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]]'s ''The Land of Heart's Desire'' (Gibbs 115). ==May 1894== ===3 May 1894, Thursday=== <blockquote>At the large dinner given by William Waldorf Astor on May 3, 1894, to launch the Pall Mall Magazine, [Bret] Harte was seated between Frederick Sleigh Roberts, the hero of the Second Afghan War, and Rudyard Kipling.<ref>Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince & Pauper''. U P of Mississippi, 200?.</ref> (230)</blockquote> === 14 May 1894, Monday === Whit Monday Giacomo Puccini's ''Manon Lescaut'' opened the grand opera season at Covent Garden, its premiere performances in the U.K. Manon Lescaut was his third opera and his first major success, so audiences did not know his name at this point. He was not the librettist: five writers contributed to the libretto, but they were not credited on the original score. Ruggero Leoncavallo, Guiseppi Giacosa, Luigi Illica, Marco Praga, and Domenico Oliva all contributed to the libretto based on Abbé Prévost's 1731 novel ''Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut.''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-06|title=Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini)&oldid=1042799361|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini).</ref><blockquote>Covent Garden grand opera season opened last evening with first production in London of Puccini’s opera "Manon Lescaut.” The opera is founded on the romance of that name written the Abbé Prévost, and the story has already been used by Auber and Massenet. In the present instance, the composer is his own librettist, and preserves the tragic form of grand opera. The work was given by an entirely new company, sent over expressly from La Scala, Milan, perform this work and Verdi’s "Falstaff.” Madame Olghina, who is a Russian soprano, sang the part of Manon. She bears, it is stated, a remarkable likeness to Madame Albani, both in her personal presence and style of acting. The opera was well received, the composer having to appear repeatedly before the curtain.<ref>"The Opera of Manon Lescaut." ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 15 May 1894 Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 3c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18940515/079/0004.</ref></blockquote> [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] wrote about Prévost's novel In December 1896 in ''The Graphic''; she mentions an illustration based on the staging of the moment when Manon and the Chevalier are rowed out to the convict ship.<ref>Greville, Lady Violet. "Place aux Dames." "Manon Lescaut." ''The Graphic'' 19 December 1896 Saturday: 21 [of 32], Col. 2a, 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18961219/033/0021.</ref> The review in ''The Graphic'' of the opening-night performance of ''Manon Lescaut'' at Covent Garden focuses on introducing the opera to audiences:<blockquote>Opening of the 0pera Season PUCCINI'S "MANON LESCAUT" I<small>T</small> is unusual to open the opera season on Whit Monday with an absolutely new opera, and with a cast consisting entirely of newcomers. Sir Augustus Harris has, however, tried the experiment, and although on the Bank Holiday many of the ordinary ''habitués'' of the opera were, of course, absent, yet Covent Garden, freshly repainted and decorated, presented on the opening night of the season a brilliant appearance. Puccini, the composer of ''Manon Lescaut'', was a pupil of Ponchielli at the Milan Conservatorio, and as he contributed his one-act opera, ''Le Villi'', to the first of Sonzogno's competitions in the early eighties, he may fairly be regarded as the originator of those one-act musico-dramatic works which, since the production of ''Cavalleria Rusticana'' and ''Pagliacci'', have grown so popular. ''Le Villi'', however, failed at the Sonzogno competition, and it was afterwards sold to the Ricordis, who produced it with great success at Milan, ''Edgar'' followed, but, owing to a poor libretto, it was a failure, while ''Manon Lescant'', originally produced at Turin early last year, became one of the chief successes of the winter season at La Scala. It has now been brought to London by the Scala artists, who have come more especially for the production of Verdi's ''Falstaff''. The composer is believed to be his own librettist, and the book consists of a series of detached scenes from the Abbé Prévost's novel. Without a knowledge of the original story, the opera would doubtless be hardly intelligible; but each of the four acts contains a striking dramatic situation, of which the musician has fully availed himself. In the first act we have the pretty scene in the Courtyard of the Inn at Amiens where Edmondo and Des Grieux, with their fellow-students, are singing bright choruses, and where they hail the arrival in an old-fashioned coach, drawn, of course, by real horses, of Manon Lescaut and the middle-aged Geronte. It is a case of love at first sight; and nothing could be more striking than the contrast between the gaiety of the students' chorus and the subdued manner in which Des Grieux comes forward and asks the young girl her name. A short duet is here followed by a chorus of the citizens, and students playing cards and drinking, and an episode in which Geronte orders the innkeeper to prepare a carriage for the elopement of a gentleman and a maiden. Geronte's plan is to abduct Manon but, in love, all is fair, and Des Grieux resolves to outwit him. As darkness comes on Manon quits the house, and there ensues a passionate duet, at the close of which Manon and Des Grieux roll off to Paris in the carriage which Geronte had ordered. Here, clearly, the scene ought to have ended, but it is continued in order to show the rage of Geronte, amid the jeers of the students and women. At the outset it may be said that Puccini's music shows more or less a mixture of styles. Leading motives, particularly two associated with the love of Manon and Des Grieux, are frequently employed, although, of course, not by any means in the Wagnerian manner. There are also traces of the influence of Gounod, Massenet, Ponchielli, and Mascagni, and even of Schumann and Grieg but, where occasion needs, the music is essentially dramatic, and fully equal to the situation. The second act will probably be considered the best. We, it is true, learn little or nothing save by some oblique reference in a duet which otherwise might judiciously be sacrificed, of the adventures of Manon and Des Grieux, and the scene opens in Manon's boudoir in the house of Geronte. Here, after an interview with her worthless brother Lescaut, Manon sings a brief soprano song, in which she soliloquises upon the love she still bears for Des Grieux. Upon this a party of minstrels enter, introduced by Geronte, and sing in her honour the "Madrigale" which has already become so popular in Italy. It is a brief and comparatively simple air for mezzo-soprano, with a species of echo refrain for a female semi-chorus, and if on Monday it passed almost unheeded, the fault must be attributed to the singer rather than to the song. It is succeeded by the entrance of the ''maestro di ballo'', and the gay party of gallants, come for Manon's dancing lesson. The minuet which forms the music of this lesson is extremely graceful, almost worthy indeed of Auber, and it closes with a stately farewell. No sooner are the guests gone than Des Grieux enters, and we plunge at once into a love duet, which is ultimately worked up, and becomes extremely dramatic. The pair are discovered by Geronte; but they make no attempt to escape. It is not, indeed, until Lescaut enters breathless to announce that the house is surrounded by the military that the imminence of the danger is apparent. Manon hastily stuffs into her pockets all the jewels she can lay her hands upon, and prepares to depart. But it is now too late, for the archers are at every door, and Manon is marched off to prison. Here we have the "Intermezzo," inevitable in modern Italian opera. There is a touch of the influence of Mascagni about this little instrumental piece, which, however, is mainly based upon the principal love theme of the opera, together with some reminiscences of the dramatic situation in the previous act. The intermezzo is entitled "The Prison," and it is supposed to depict the journey to Havre. As the curtain opens we see on the left the prison, while in the background is the harbour, where rides a sailing vessel destined to carry the "Filles de joie" to the French settlements in North America. It is night, and the sentry is passing up and down, leaving, however, the window unguarded. Here, between the prison bars, Manon and Des Grieux have another short duet, broken by a curious little song about a luckless maiden, sung by the lamplighter on his rounds. This song ultimately mingles with the duet, with an extremely happy effect. The rescue of Manon is, nevertheless, not to be. The square is speedily filled with a jeering multitude, kept back by the soldiery, and one by one the women, some defiant, others tearful, and some impudent, come out, answering to their names, and passing on board ship. The ''ensemble'' here is effective, if not particularly original, but there is an exceedingly happy dramatic touch at the point where Des Grieux appeals to the French captain to allow him to accompany Manon. A gruff reply is given in the affirmative, and as Des Grieux rushes on board the ''Love'' motive peals forth majestically from the orchestra. The last scene is extremely short, but as in Prevost's novel and Scribe's libretto to Auber's opera it deals with the death of the heroine, who, smitten by sunstroke on the prairie on the road to New Orleans, dies in her lover's arms. Her death scene is interrupted by snatches of some of the music of her happier days, and particularly by a strain or two of the minuet of the dancing lesson, while as the opera ends we have a reminiscence of the opening scene, where Des Grieux first met Manon at the inn at Amiens. The cast on Monday was entirely new, and two of the artists stood out conspicuously from among their companions. One of them, the tenor Beduschi, is a young man who has an excellent tenor voice, quite powerful enough even for the two dramatic duets. He is also an actor of intelligence. The ''prima donna'', Madame Olghina, is a Russian by birth, and came from St. Petersburg to Milan last winter. Certain tricks of style curiously recall Madame Albani, although Madame Olghina has, we understand, never even seen that eminent prima donna upon the stage. She was at her best in the dramatic situations, for in the scenes in the first act she lacked the necessary lightness. The rest of the cast, with the exception of Signor Pini Corsi, the Lescaut, who is a better actor than singer, does not demand consideration. It should, however, be added that Sir Augustus Harris has this season engaged an excellent chorus, including the pick of the choirs of the opera-houses of Brussels, Milan, and New York, and that the orchestra is exclusively / composed of resident performers, the German band which did duty last year now being dispensed with. The rest of the week has been devoted to more or less familiar works. On Tuesday, for example, ''Faust'' was given for the reappearance of Mdlle. Simonnet and M. Cossira. Wednesday was devoted to ''Cavalleria Rusticana'', in which Madame Calvé, who only arrived from Paris that morning, was announced to play her old part of Santuzza. On Thursday ''Pagliacci'', with Madame Arnoldson, and on Friday ''Carmen'', with Madame Melba, were announced, while to-day (Saturday) is set apart for the first performance in England of Verdi's ''Falstaff''. On the same evening, also, a State performance will be given at Windsor Castle before the Queen and Court of Gounod's ''Faust'', when, by the express wish of Her Majesty, Madame Albani, although not a member of Sir A. Harris's company this year, will play the Marguerite. The Faust will be Signor de Lucia, and the Mephistopheles M. Plancon. For this performance, which will be conducted by Signor Bevignani, a special orchestra has been engaged, in order not to interfere with the production of Falstaff on the same night.<ref>"Opening of the Opera Season. Puccini's 'Manon Lescaut.'" ''The Graphic'' 19 May 1894 Saturday: 8 [of 34], Cols. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18940519/025/0008.</ref></blockquote> ===19 May 1894, Saturday=== Edmund Yates, editor of ''The World'', where [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]] was music critic and where [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] had early support for her career as a journalist, died of a heart attack at the Savoy Hotel (Gibbs 116). === 23 May 1894, Wednesday === [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]] attended the Duchess of Abercorn's ball at Hampden House, Green-street, Park-lane.<blockquote>THE DUCHESS OF ABERCORN'S BALL. Last night the Duchess of Abercorn gave a ball at Hampden House, Green-street, Park-lane. The garden and fountains were illuminated with electric light. Among the numerous company present were — Princess Victor of Hohenlohe and Countess Valda Gleichen, the Russian Ambassador, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador and Countess Deym, the Italian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, the Brazilian Minister, Count Albert Mensdorff, M. Lonyay, M. J. Decrais, M. Rucker Jenisch, Colonel V. Alvarez. M. de Falbe, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Katherine Scott, the Duke of Marborough, the Duchess of St. Albans, Lady Moyra Beauclerk and Miss Bromley-Davenport. the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alexandra Godolphin Osborne, the Duchess of Athole and Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Headfort and Miss Wilson Patten, the Marchioness of Blandford and Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the Marchioness of Bristol and Lady K. Hervey and Lady Edith Curzon, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Ladies Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Ormonde, Mr. Henry Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. Goschen, Countess Grosvenor and Lady Constance Grosvenor, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, Earl Beauchamp, the Earl of Arran and Lady Esther Gore, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, the Countess of Crawford and Lady Evelyn Lindsay, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell, Countess Brownlow and Miss Carpenter, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Countess Stanhope and Lady Catherine Stanhope, the Earl of Norbury, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Margaret Hare, the Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, Countess Temple and Lady Gertrude Gore Langton, Countess Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, the Dowager Countess of Airlie and Lady Griselda Ogilvie, Georgina Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, Viscountess Rainclilfe, Viscountess Newport, and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Viscount Brackley, Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord and Lady Alexander Kennedy, Lord Castlemaine, Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Wever, Lady Hood and the Hon. Miss Acland Hood, Lord and Lady W. Nevill, Lord G. Murray, Lord Tewkesbury, Lady Clinton and Hon. Miss Trefusis, Lord John Cecil, Captain the Hon. John Yorke and Mr. Bernard Yorke, Lady Hillingdon and the Hon. Miss Mills, Lady Tollemache and the Hon. Miss Tollemache, Lady Cowell and Miss Cowell, Lady Rothschild and Miss Rothschild, lady Magheramorne and Lady Mildred Ashley, Lady Ebury and Miss Grosvenor, Lady Leconfield, Lady Stratheden and Miss Campbell, the Dowager Lady Raglan and Miss Somerset, Lord Crichton, Lady Alice Ashley and Miss Ashley, the Ladies Wilbraham, Lord Ampthill, Lord Garioch, Lady Lucy Hicks Beach and Miss Hicks Beach, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lady Norreys, Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lady Templemore and Miss Chichester, Lord Roberts, V.C., and Miss Roberts, Lord Ernest Hamilton, Lady Feodore Sturt, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Cecily Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Alington and the Hon. Miss Sturt, Lady Archibald Campbell and Miss Campbell, the Right Hon. Sir William Hart Dyke, M.P., the Hon. Derek Keppel, the Hon. Mrs. Montague Curzon, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs. Richard Moreton and Miss Moreton, the Hon. Almeric FitzRoy, the Hon. Henry Coventry, the Hon. Mrs. Chandos Leigh and Miss Leigh, the Hon. Walter Boyle, the Hon. Mr. FitzClarence, the Hon. General and Miss Thesiger, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. Sidney and Lady Beatrix Herbert, Baroness de Brienen and Miss Margaret de Brienen, Mr. and Lady Harriet Lindsay and Miss Lindsay, Mr. Arthur Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Maude, Sir Kenneth Matheson, Sir Charles Cranford Fraser, V.C., Sir Henry and Lady Loch and Miss Loch, Sir Ralph Blois, Mrs. George Forbes, and Miss Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Grosvenor, Mr. John Thynne and Miss Thynne, Mrs. and Miss Magniac, Mrs. and Miss Lloyd Anstruther, Mr. Stopford, Mrs. and Miss Mildmay, Mr. Ernest Walker, Mr. C. P. Little, Mr. Farquhar, Mr. and Miss Venning, General and Mrs. Mackenzie, General and the Misses Ellis, General Keith Fraser and Miss Fraser, General and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Stewart, Colonel Campbell, Colonel Edgecumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Antrobus, Colonel and Mrs. Vivian, Colonel Crichton and Miss Crichton, Colonel Rowley, Colonel and Mrs. Needham, Captain Peel, Mr. and Miss Peel, Captain Spicer, Captain Hanbury, Captain Milner, Mr. M'Gregor, Mr. Claud Yorke, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Savile Lumley, Mrs. Wynne Finch, Mr. John Ryder, Mr. and Mrs. Barrington White. M. de Falbe, Mr. Robert Bruce, Mr. Hulse, M.P., Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Elliot, Mr. Harry Lawson, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Mr. Ralli, Mr. Malcolm, Mr. R. W. Simpson, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Skelllngton Smyth, Mr. Gregson, Mr. Leo Schuster, Mr. Maxfield, Mr. Dudley Smith, Mr. Verschoyle, Mr. Foley, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Herbert Praed, Mrs. Dickson, Mr. G. Lascelles, Mr. H. Grenfell, Mr. Walrond, Mrs. Jocelyn Bagot, Mrs. Robert Crawshaw, Mr. Erskine, Mrs. and Miss Streatfeild, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mrs. and Miss Cornwallis West, Mr. and Mrs. Baillie Hamilton, Mr. Corkran, Mr. Martineau, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Vernon Magniac, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Hussey, Mrs. Edward Hope and Miss Leslie, Mr. Mark Kerr, Mrs. Leslie, Mr. George Lane-Fox and Miss Mary Lane-Fox, Mr. Graham Murray, M.P., Mr. Somerset Onslow, Mr. Ruggles Brise, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Edward Sassoon, Mr. Lloyd Anstruther, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. Bridgeman, Mrs. Seymour Corkran and Miss Corkran, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. Yorke, Miss Maud Wyndham, and many others.<ref>"The Duchess of Abercorn's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 24 May 1894, Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18940524/081/0005.</ref> </blockquote> === 1894 May 31, Thursday === ==== Reception at Devonshire House ==== <blockquote>The Duchess of Devonshire held a reception last night at Devonshire House, Piccadilly. The reception-room, approaches, and staircase were beautifully decorated with flowers, and the musical arrangements were carried out by Mr. Stephens, his band playing selections from the compositions of Wagner, Strauss, Brahms, Gounod, Mascagni, Waldteufel, and Leoncavallo. The guests included his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel FitzGeorge, the Russian Ambassador, Prince Hohenlohe, the Austrian Ambassador aud Countess Deym, the Turkish Ambassador, the Italian Ambassador and Countess Tornielii, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Portuguese Minister, the Swedish Minister, the Brazilian Minister, and Prince Schönberg. The other guests were the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady K. Scott, the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury and Lady Gwendolen Cecil, the Marchioness of Queensberry and Lady Edith Douglas, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Earl and Countess Spencer, the Earl and Countess of Erne, the Earl of Home and Lady Mary Home, the Earl and Countess of Dudley, Earl Waldegrave, the Earl of Belmore and Lady Mary Corry, the Earl and Countess of Galloway, the Earl of Cork, the Earl of Lucan, the Countess of Caledon and Lady Charlotte Toler, Count and Countess Ahlefeldt, the Earl and Countess of Carysfort and Miss Heathcote, the Earl of Sefton, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, Georgina Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, Cardinal Vaughan, the Bishop of Ripon and Mrs. Boyd Carpenter, Viscount Templetown, Viscount and Viscountess Cross, Viscountess Hood, Viscount Gort and Hon Miss Vereker, the Lord Chancellor and Lady Herschell, the Master of the Rolls and Lady Esher, Lord and Lady Stratheden and Campbell, Lord W. Beresford, V.C., Lord and Lady Lawrence and Hon. Hannah Lawrence, Lord Halsbury, Lord and Lady Cremorne, Lord and Lady Dorchester, Lord Montagu, Lord and Lady Henley, Lord and Lady de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Swansea, Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil and Miss Cecil, Lord and Lady Kinnaird, Lord and Lady Magheramorne, Lord and Lady Hawkesbury, Lord Dynevor and the Hon. Misses Rice, Lord Connemara, Lady Edward Cavendish, Lady Tweedmouth, Lord John Cecil, Lord and Lady Belper and Hon. Norah Strutt, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord Wantage, Lord Stanley, Lord and Lady Lingen, Lady Tenterden, Eady [Lady] Jeune, Lady Dorothy Nevill, Lord and Lady Camoys, Lady Randolph Churchill, Viscountess Chetwynd and the Hon. E. Chetwynd, Lady Garvagh, Lady Carew and Mrs. Clitford Cory, Lady Evelyn Sutton, Baron Hirsch, Morel Bey and Madame Morel, Count Metternich, Count and Countess de Minerbi and Madlle. de Minerbi, Colonel the Hon. W. Colville and Miss Colville, the Hon. Tatton Egerton, M.P., and Mrs. Egerton, the Hon. George Allsopp, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], the Hon. Alwyne and Mrs. Fellowes, the Hon. General and Miss Thesiger, the Right Hon. Arnold Morley, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Henry and Lady Loch and Miss Loch, the Right Hon. Sir W. and Lady Marriott, the Right Hon. H. L. and Mrs. Jackson and Miss Jackson, the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Goschen, the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, M.P., and Lady Lubbock, the Right Hon. Sir John Mowbray, M.P., and Miss Mowbray, the Right Hon. Baron Henry de Worms, M.P., and Baroness H. de Worms, the Right Hon. C. R. Spencer, M. P., the Right Hon. Sir Robert and Lady Emily Peel, General Sir Daniel and Lady Lysons, Sir Algernon Borthwick, M.P., Sir Reginald and Lady Elizabeth Cust and Miss Cust, Sir Douglas and Lady Galton, the Countess Fenzi, Sir Edward and Lady Lawson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Keppel and Miss Keppel, Sir F. and Lady Jeune, M. and Madame de Falbe, Sir Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, M.P., Mr. Carson, M.P., Mr. Buckle, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. Loder, M.P., Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Mrs. Benson, Colonel Howard Vincent, M.P., and Mrs. Vincent, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Walter and Miss Walter, Mr. Jebb, M.P., and Mrs. Jebb, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lockwood, the Right Hon. Edward Heneage, M.P., and Lady Eleanor Heneage, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, Lady Isabella Keane and Miss Flora Schuster, Sir Reginald Barnewall, General Sir Frederick and Lady FitzWygram, Sir Charles Dalrymple, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Lady O'Brien, Lady Lascelles and Miss Lascelles, Hon. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, Sir Arthur Otway, and Miss Otway, Sir Henry and Lady Roscoe, Sir William Bell, Sir Eyre and Lady Shaw and Miss Shaw, Sir Henry and Lady Rose, Sir James Ramsden, Sir Edward Birkbeck, M.P., and the Hon. Lady Birkbeck and Miss Jolliffe, Sir Augustus and Lady Stephenson and Miss Stephenson, Sir Lepel and Lady Griffin, Sir John and Lady Fowler, General Sir George and the Hon. Lady Higginson, Sir Charles and Lady Grant, Sir Henry Mallett, Sir Charles Hall and Miss Hall, Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Clough Taylor, Mr. and Lady Harriet Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Mary Ewart, Mr. and Lady Mary Hozier, Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, Sir Everard Doyle, Sir W. Houldsworth, General Sir Martin Dillon, Sir John and Lady Cowell and Miss Cowell, Sir Charles and Lady Euan Smith, Mr. Justice and Lady Grantham, Sir Francis and Lady Alston and Miss Alston, Lady Hart, the Hon. Walter Boyle, the Hon. Mrs. Frederick Hanbury Tracy and Miss Hanbury Tracy, the Hon. Mrs. Legh, the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Saumarez, Sir Allen Young, Sir Halliday and Lady Macartney, Sir W. and Lady Pearson, Sir Francis Montiflore [Montefiore?], Sir William and Lady Broadbent, Sir Reginald Macdonald, Sir Barrington and Lady Simeon, Sir Thomas and Lady Sutherland, Sir F. Leighton, Sir H. and Lady Feilden, Sir Horace Farquhar, Sir Thomas Sanderson, Sir Daniel Dickson, Sir Andrew Agnew, General Ellis and Miss Ellis, General and Mrs. Crant, Colonel and Mrs. Hanning Lee, Colonel Stracey, Captain and the Hon. Mrs. St. John Mildmay, Madame d'Arcos and Mrs. Edmund Vaughan, Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Hoffnung, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hobart and Miss Hobart, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mrs. Mackay, Colonel Hozier and Miss Margaret Thorold, Mr. and Miss Peel, Mr. Darling, M.P., and Mrs. Darling, Mr. Boulnois, M.P., and Mrs. Boulnois, Mr. Cayzer, M.P., and Miss Cayzer, Mr. A. H. Brown, M.P., and Mrs. Brown, Dr. Farquharson, M.P., Mr. Maclure, M.P., and Mrs. Maclure, Colonel Sidebottom, M.P., Mr. Penrose Fitzgerald, M.P., and Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mr. Jasper More, M.P., and Mrs. More, Mr. Seton-Karr, M.P., and Mrs. Karr, Mr. Maclean, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Maclean, Mr. Gerald Loder, M.P., Mr. W. Kenny, M.P., and Mrs. Kenny, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Stanley, Colonel and Mrs. Evans, Mr. C. H. Robartes, Mrs. Arthur Forwood and Miss Forwood, Mr. Lecky, Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Sassoon, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Henry Petre, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Guy Repton, Dr. and Mrs. Robson Roose, Mr. Larz Anderson, Dr. Douglas Powell and Miss Powell, Captain and Mrs. FitzGeorge and many others.<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 31 May 1894, Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18940531/064/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==June 1894== ===6 June 1894, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? === 18 June 1894, Monday === Wilfred Scawen Blunt has a description of the wedding of Miss Violet Maxse and Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Gascoyne-Cecil]], who is the Marquis of Salisbury's 4th — not 3rd — son:<blockquote>''18th June''.—Miss Violet Maxse's wedding, an omnium gatherum, social, political, and literary. The bridegroom, Lord Salisbury's third son, brought the Tories; Maxse. the Liberal Unionists, with Chamberlain and the rest; the young lady, her friends. I counted six poets in the church, including myself, Alfred Austin, George Meredith, Alfred Lyall, Oscar Wilde, and Edwin Arnold. I found myself next to Lyall, who told me the latest joke about the Laureateship. 'If one must have a Laureate, choose the least of evils, choose Austin.' At the bride's house the crowd was immense, and I found myself for ten minutes flattened like a herring between Lord Salisbury and a tall Dutch clock. Truly matrimony makes strange pew fellows.<ref>Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. ''My Diaries: 1888 to 1900''. M. Secker, 1900. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBCAAAAIAAJ. Volume 1 of ''My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events , 1888–1914''.</ref>{{rp|177}}</blockquote> ===20 June 1894, Wednesday=== ==== Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries ==== <blockquote>The sixth annual sale of the Scottish Home Industries was opened at Stafford House on Wednesday, by the Marchioness of Lorne. The exhibits comprised the well known and favourite articles and materials made by the cottagers in various parts of Scotland — warm and durable homespun tweeds, linen, silk, knitted stockings and waistcoats, exquisite embroideries from Ayrshire and the Methlick School of Art, "Heather Honey," for which there was a large demand, and the beautifully fine and lace-like Shetland shawls. The latter, sold by Lady Lyell, assisted by her daughters and Lady Griselda Ogilvy, a stand which excited great interest, was filled with cloth made of peat fibre, manufactured in Holland, but which it is hoped, will soon become one of the Scotch and Irish industries. The Marchioness of Lorne, who was accompanied by the Marquis of Lorne and the Hon. Elspeth Campbell, not only made many purchases herself, but was most energetic in inducing others to buy. The Princess remained most of the day at Stafford House, and during the afternoon was present at the excellent concert arranged by Herr Wilhelm Ganz, and carried out by the most eminent Loudon artistes. Princess Aribert of Anhalt and Princes Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, attended by the Baroness von Egloffstein, also visited Stafford House on Wednesday, and bought largely. Princess Aribert came again on Thursday, as did the Prince of Wales, who purchased several pieces of tweed from the Duchess of Sutherland, a quantity of knitted stockings, a shooting coat of Harris tweed, and other useful things. A most attractive programme, arranged by Mrs. Watson, was given on Thursday, and a charming duologue, written by Mr. Kinsey Peile, and performed by Miss Granville and the author, was most favourably received by an enthusiastic audience, which included Mr. and Mrs, George Alexander and many other theatrical stars. The Marchioness of Lorne wore a very pretty gown of black and flame-coloured silk, veiled on the bodice with black gauze edged with narrow cream jet-embroidered lace, and held to the waist by a black satin sash; the little pink straw toque was trimmed with black and crimson roses and a black osprey. The Hon. Elspeth Campbell’s terra cotta cloth skirt was worn with shot silk blouse to match, and a brown hat with roses and a black aigrette. Princess Aribert of Anhalt looked exceedingly bright and well in a light shot silk gown, with foot frill lined with green, a black jetted lace cape, a gold straw toque trimmed with roses and jetted wings, and a long black feather boa. Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein was becomingly dressed in a fawn cloth skirt and coat, with revers, and cuffs of darker velvet, and a pale blue silk vest under écru lace. The hat was of jet-embroidered black lace and black plumes. The Duchess of Sutherland wore a tailor-made costume of light grey tan cloth, with vest of soft moss rose pink silk, and a large black hat with tall ostrich plumes. Blanche Countess of Rosslyn wore a black crépon gown very smartly cut and trimmed with black satin ribbon, and a jetted toque with heliotrope flowers. The exceedingly pretty gown chosen by the Countess of Warwick, was of white gauze dotted with black, and arranged with two bands of black velvet on the skirt, and a very deep black velvet waistband; the bodice and full sleeves were of plain white gauze, and there was a black surah vest. Lady Warwick wore a jet toque, draped with white tulle, and finished with a jetted osprey. The Countess of Selkirk’s dark violet gown was trimmed with black braid, and worn with a bonnet completed by mauve orchids and a bow of cream lace. Mrs. Cecil Paget was handsomely dressed in black moiré, relieved with rich cream lace and touches of petunia velvet, and a little jet bonnet. Lady Lyell's black and grenat shot silk gown was trimmed with black lace, and worn with a bonnet to correspond. The Misses Lyell wore pretty blue and gold silk gowns, with cream lace collars and burnt straw hats, trimmed with black tulle and roses. Lady Griselda Ogilvy came in a heliotrope gown, with a large black hat and plumes, and bows of heliotrope satin. Mrs. Kinsey Peile wore a lovely gown of maize gauze with cream spot, and finished round the hem with fine cream lace over a band of black velvet; the yoke was embroidered in large jet stars and a frill of lace, gracefully caught up with black velvet rosettes, was arranged in berthe shape over the shoulders, the ''chic'' toque of jet and gold was completed by bows of apple green and a lovely shade of mauve satin, and a trail of rose leaves held in front by a strap of black velvet passed through a steel buckle. Lady Reay’s rich ondine silk coat and gown were trimmed with wide gold and jet passementerie, and worn with a black bonnet relieved with purple flowers. The Countess of Kintore, who sold the Methlick embroideries and handwoven sheeting and towelling, wore a fawn crêpe gown, prettily trimmed with black lace and satin, and a straw bonnet, with spangled wings, and clusters of dark roses. The Ladies Keith-Falconer were dressed alike in light blue crépon gowns, lightly flecked with black, and trimmed with black moiré neck and waistbands, and a frill of black lace; the black hats were completed by black lace wings and bunches of clover. Lady Tweedmouth's black taffeta gown was richly trimmed on the bodice with large jet sequins, and worn with a jet bonnet. Lady Abercromby wore a very handsome dark blue crépon gown, with a flounce of rich cream guipure, and white satin yoke veiled in black lace and set in by a frill of black satin lined with pink. Lady Abercromby’s black hat was trimmed with white lilac, pink roses, and black plumes. Miss Baird was becomingly dressed in black, relieved with touches of pink, and a shoulder cape of creamy lace. The Marchioness of Tweeddale came in a silver grey alpaca gown, trimmed with cream guipure and black moiré, and a white straw toque, edged with jet, and finished with knots of cream lace, held with turquoise pins. Lady Harris Leslie — who sold Harris tweeds, and was more than good-natured in giving information to all inquirers — was in black, with touches of mauve. Lady Mackenzie, of Gairloch, came in black moiré, and a black bonnet with heliotrope flowers. Miss Mackenzie's water-green crépon gown had a black satin sash, and cream lace collar, and her black hat was trimmed with pale pink roses. The Countess Brownlow wore a gown of striped tan crépon, with black satin sash, and black moiré cape, edged with black lace over white, and a jetted toque with clusters of roses. The Dowager Countess of Airlie wore her usual Quaker-like costume, carried out in rich black materials. The Dowager Marchioness of Downshire wore a dark gown with a black satin coat, made with green velvet collar, richly jetted, and finished with a cream lace ruff, and a black bonnet with pink flowers. Mrs. Asquith wore a black and white shepherd’s-plaid silk gown, with a pretty bodice veiled in black chiffon, held at the waist by a black satin sash tied in long ends, a neck band of cherry-coloured velvet, and a toque trimmed with cornflowers and green wings completed a smart toilet. The Countess of Arran wore a coat and skirt of white piqué, caught at the waist by a strap and rosettes of black moiré. The vest was of white chiffon, and the dark pink straw hat was trimmed with bows of black satin ribbon. The Countess of Ancaster’s black moiré gown and cape were trimmed with lovely cream guipure falling in deep vandykes. The Ladies Willoughby de Eresby came in gowns of fine cream serge. One sister wore a pale blue silk vest, and a black hat with roses; and the other, a violet velvet hat with black plumes and clusters of violets. Lady Stratheden and Campbell, with a dark green gown, wore a black velvet mantle and a black bonnet with white flowers. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] was handsomely dressed in black satin and cream guipure, and wore a becoming jetted toque with crimson roses. Miss Adeane was in cornflower-blue crépon, trimmed with white lace, and a hat ornamented with bluets.<ref>"Scottish Home Industries at Stafford House." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 23 June 1894, Saturday: 60 [of 76], Col. 2a–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18940623/154/0060. Same print title, p. 974.</ref></blockquote> ===26 June 1894, Tuesday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1894== ===19 July 1894, Thursday=== The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted a dinner party in honor of the Prime and Princess of Wales and their family; the dinner party was small, but the ball that followed was much larger:<blockquote>Their Royal Highnesses the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]], Princesses Victoria and Maud, and Princess Louise Duchess of Fife, with whom was the Duke of Fife, honoured the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] by their presence at dinner at Devonshire House last evening. There were present to meet the illustrious guests the Russian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, the Duchess of Manchester, Earl and Countess de Grey, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Countess of Dudley, Count Albert Mensdorff, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Lord Houghton, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Sir Horace Farquhar, and General Ellis and the Hon. Mrs. Charles Hardinge, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales. A ball followed the dinner. The gardens were prettily illuminated, and a marquee was erected for supper. Among the guests were: — The Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel FitzGeorge, Prince Francis of Teck, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Russian Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, the United States Ambassador and Madame Bayard, the Brazilian Minister, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, Princess Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, Prince John del Drago, the Marquesa and Madlle. de Joincourt, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Leeds and Ladies Osborne, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Katherine Scott, the Duchess of Bedford, the Duchess of Westminster, the Marchioness of Salisbury, the Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne, the Marchioness Breadalbane, the Marchioness of Blandford and the Ladies Spencer Churchill, the Marchioness of Zetland, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marchioness of Ormonde, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and the Ladies Wyndham Quinn, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Kerry, Earl Granville, the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Cork, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl and Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Barbara and Dorothy Coventry, the Earl of Sefton, Countess Spencer, the Earl and Countess of Erroll and Lady Mabel Core, the Earl of March and Lady Evelyn Cordon Lennox, Countess Howe and Lady Evelyn Curzon, Countess Grosvenor and Lady Constance Grosvenor, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester and Miss Roche, Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Earl of Kilmorey, the Earl of Scarbrough, the Earl and Countess of Lathom and Ladies Wilbraham, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley and Lady Emily Lytton, Countess Gianotti and Mesdlles. Gianotti, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|the Earl of Feversham and Lady Ulrica Duncombe]], Earl Cairns, the Due de Falba, Blanche Countess of Rosslyn and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, the Countess of Antrim, Countess Henry Lutzow, the Countess of Westmorland, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady Cecilie Willoughby, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, the Earl and Countess of Minto, Count Kinsky, Baron de Hirsch, Viscountess Falmouth, Viscountess Hood, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Ampthill, Lady de Ramsey, Lady Archibald Campbell and Miss Campbell, Lady Helen Munro [?] Ferguson, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord and Lady Rothschild and the Hon. Miss Rothschild, Lady Sandhurst, Lord Lamington, Lady Lurgan, Lady Anne Lambton, Lord Richard Nevill, Lord Rowton, Lady Edward Cavendish, Lady Alington and the Hon. Mabel Sturt, Lord Stanley, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord and Lady Burton, Lady Gerard, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell and Miss Grosvenor, Lady Brassey, Lady Clementine Walsh, Lord Berkeley Paget, Lady Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord Ennismore, Lady Beatrice Hare, Lord Molyneux, Lady Norreys, Lord Willoughby, Lady Buckley and Miss Buckley, Lady Lister Kaye, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith. M.P., and Mrs. Asquith, the Right Hon. Sir William Hart Dyke and Miss Hart Dyke, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. G. Browne Guthrie, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, the Hon. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, Colonel the Hon. William and Mrs. Carrington, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, the Hon. F. Leveson-Gower, the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, the Hon. Henry Trefusis, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Walter Boyle, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir Edward Hamilton, Sir George Arthur, Sir Augustus Paget, Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, M. J. Decrais, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. and Mrs. Naylor Leyland, Mr. C. Eliot, Captain Stracey, Mrs. Vaughan, Mr. Arthur Sassoon, Mrs. Leopold Rothschild, Mr. Reuben Sassoon and the Misses Sassoon, and Mr. Claude Hay.<ref>"Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Friday, 20 July 1894: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' .</ref></blockquote> ===20 July 1894, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at Easton Lodge with the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]], not sure which Saturday, the 21st or the 28th: <quote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick have been entertaining since July 20th at Easton Lodge, the Duke of Sutherland, the Earl of Lonsdale, Lord Willoughby de Broke, Earl Cairns, Sir Henry and Lady Evelyn Ewart, Mr. and Mrs. Tower (Weald Hall), Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, Lord and Lady Alexander Paget, Mr. Cecil Grenfell, Col. and Mrs. Ralph Vivian, the Hon. R. G. Verney, and Lady Eva Greville. — On Saturday the party at Easton Lodge included the Duke of Marlborough, the Earl of Chesterfield. Lord Wolverton, Viscount Dungarvon, the Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, Sir Charles Hartopp, Baron Hirsch, Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope, Mrs. W. Farnnam, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson, and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine.</quote> (1894-08-03 Essex County Chronicle). ===23 July 1894, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended a ball at Stafford House: <quote>The dance at Stafford House was also rather disappointing. It is too big a house for a small dance, and the beautiful rooms were too empty to look very lively, though there were any number of pretty frocks and pretty women; and the Duchess herself looked sweetly young and lovely in accordion-pleated white, with a very short skirt and narrow green bands put rather picturesquely on the bodice. Lady Algernon Lennox looked very well indeed in rose-pink with clouds of shaded chiffon; and Lady Angela Erskine was chatting away to Miss Muriel Wilson, who was in fashionable black and white.</quote> (1894-07-25 Weston-super-Mare Gazette) ===26 July 1894, Thursday=== Several members of the Wilson family attended the wedding of Mr. Gerald Dudley Smith and Lady Barbara Coventry. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] accompanied [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], who was in black; Muriel “wore a dainty gown of pale yellow and white picture hat” (Col. 3a). [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] was there, as were many of the cultural elite, familiar names. Reception at the Savoy Restaurant. Muriel Wilson gave the bride a “pair of silver bon-bon dishes; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson “a pair of chased silver candlesticks”; Mrs. Kenneth Wilson a “claret jug silver mounted” (1894-07-29 Worcester Journal 5, Col. 5c). ==August 1894== ===18 August 1894, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Hon. Willoughby de Eresby announce their engagement, wedding set for November sometime: <quote>The announcement of the engagement the Earl of Ancaster's son with Miss Muriel Wilson, the young daughter of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, Yorkshire, has aroused great interest in London society. Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who, on his mother's side, is a grandson of the tenth Marquis of Huntly, is 27 years of age, and graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1892. He is also a County Councillor for the Kesteven Division of Lincoln, and unsuccessfully contested Boston in 1892. Lord Willoughby is the eldest of four brothers, one of whom is lieutenant in the 2d Battalion Scots Guards, and another lieutenant in the lst Battalion of the Coldstream Guards. The eldest of Lord Wiiloughby's six sisters is the wife of Sir Peter Ewert. Miss Muriel Wilson, who is the youngest member of the family, made her debut in society two years ago. Though still a young girl, she is quite a notable figure in London society, her remarkable beauty having caused her to be singled out for an unusual amount of attention. Miss Wilson's fianceis heir the title and estates of an earldom created in 1892, until which time the present Earl was known as Lord or Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In addition to Normanton Park, Stamford, and the large estates in Lincolnshire and in Wales, the Earl owns Drummond Castle, Crieff. — London Correspondent.</quote> (1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph) Muriel Wilson and Hon. Willoughby de Eresby announce their engagement, wedding set for November sometime: <quote> The announcement of the engagement the Earl of Ancaster's son with Miss Muriel Wilson, the young daughter of Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, Yorkshire, has aroused great interest in London society. Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who, on his mother's side, is a grandson of the tenth Marquis of Huntly, is 27 years of age, and graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1892. He is also a County Councillor for the Kesteven Division of Lincoln, and unsuccessfully contested Boston in 1892. Lord Willoughby is the eldest of four brothers, one of whom is lieutenant in the 2d Battalion Scots Guards, and another lieutenant in the lst Battalion of the Coldstream Guards. The eldest of Lord Wiiloughby's six sisters is the wife of Sir Peter Ewert. Miss Muriel Wilson, who is the youngest member of the family, made her debut in society two years ago. Though still a young girl, she is quite a notable figure in London society, her remarkable beauty having caused her to be singled out for an unusual amount of attention. Miss Wilson's fianceis heir the title and estates of an earldom created in 1892, until which time the present Earl was known as Lord or Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In addition to Normanton Park, Stamford, and the large estates in Lincolnshire and in Wales, the Earl owns Drummond Castle, Crieff. — London Correspondent.</quote> (1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph). <quote>Miss Muriel Wilson, the youthful daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, who is to marry Lord Willoughby D'Eresby, is quite a young girl — she was still in the schoolroom at the time of the famous baccarat case—but has been made much of in London society since her debut little more than a year ago. She is a charmingly pretty girl, whose dark picturesque beauty is always set off by the most becoming of frocks and large picture hats. Miss Wilson has been the frequent companion her pretty sister-in-law, Mrs. “Jack” Wilson, at whose wedding she figured as a bridesmaid.</quote> (1894-08-20 Nottingham Evening Post). But see 18 September 1894, when the announcement is that it has been called off, and 6 October 1894 for more discussion of Muriel's and other "broken engagements." ===27 August 1894, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1894== Sometime in 1894, September, Henry M. Paget was initiated into the Golden Dawn. === 7 September 1894, Saturday === And the week after, until Saturday, 15 September, when the ''Worcestershire Chronicle'' reported on a party at Invermark and a shooting party at Witley, loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley (which brother is not clear from this report).<blockquote>There was (says "Belle" in the ''World'') a great party at Invermark last week. You know that Lord Hindlip and Lord Dudley have taken Invermark between them and on a quite original plan. For the first two years or Lord Hindlip is in possession. He keeps up the place and is responsible for all arrangements; but Lord and Lady Dudley stay there whenever they like, and, course, can make themselves quite at home. When this first period is over Lord Dudley takes over the place and manages everything in his turn, and then it is Lord and Lady Hindlip who are guests whenever they choose. But at present, as I said, Lady Hindlip is hostess, and among her guests last week were Lord and Lady Dudley, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Colonel Ollphant, and Mr. Arnold Morley. By the bye, Lord Dudley has lent Witley to his brother, who had his first shooting party last week, and Mr. and Mrs. Sneyd, Lord and Lady Norreys, Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], and Captain Hedworth Lambton are staying there, I hear.<ref>"County and Society News." ''Worcestershire Chronicle'' 15 September 1894, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000350/18940915/053/0005. Print: title and p. the same.</ref></blockquote> ===18 September 1894, Tuesday=== Broken engagement between Muriel Wilson and Lord Willoughby de Eresby:<blockquote>We are informed that the proposed marriage which has been announced between [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, and Lord Willoughby de Eresby will not take place. (1894-09-18 Hull Daily Mail).</blockquote> ==October 1894== ===6 October 1894, Saturday=== More on the broken engagement between [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Willoughby de Eresby from the Dublin ''Irish Society'':<blockquote>It is curious how many arranged marriages have been broken off of late. The announcement that the alliance between Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Miss Muriel Wilson was not to take place caused no small surprise. At Doncaster Races, one short week before this announcement appeared in print, the young pair were together and apparently as happy as possible. Conjecture is rife as to what the cause of the rupture may be. That in this case it is not a question of money is tolerably certain, for even had Miss Wilson not a considerable dower, and £4,000 a year was the sum it was said her father was to settle on her, Lord Willoughby is very well off and little likely to give up his ''fiancee'' for any money consideration, as he is a very manly, clever, promising and fine charactered young fellow. Some people say it was a lover’s quarrel, that Miss Wilson, who is a spoiled beauty, refused to sumbit [sic] to her lover’s wishes on some points seeming to him all important and that a rupture ensued. It is be hoped that the young people, if they are really fond of each other, will effect a compromise and not risk wrecking their lives. It is believed that Lord and Lady Ancaster, although they had hoped that their son would have chosen a wife of an old aristocratic family like their own, had sensibly given into his wish to marry Miss Muriel Wilson and were prepared to receive her as their daughter-in-law. Mr Wilson’s fortune was acquired through his shipping interests in Hull, and his place, Tranby Croft, became celebrated through the Baccarat incident in which the Prince of Wales was so unfortunately mixed up. Miss Muriel Wilson is quite a lovely girl, with dark hair, dark, soft, beautifully shaped eyes, a perfect complexion, and a good figure. (1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society).</blockquote> === 19 October 1894 === Russian Emperor Alexander III died, to be replaced by Tsar Nicholas II. === 22 October 1894, Thursday === ==== Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman ==== From ''The Queen'':<blockquote>Lord Connemara was married to Mrs Coleman in Christ Church, Mayfair, on the 22nd ult. Mrs Coleman, who was given away by Sir Charles Legard, Bart., was attired in silver grey moiré and brocaded satin, with bonnet to harmonise. The Rev. H. Rowsell, rector of Christ Church, performed the ceremony. Lord Connemara was attended by the Right Hon. James Lowther as best man. Luncheon was afterwards served at Mrs Coleman's house in Grosvenor-street to the following relations and friends: [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Blanche Countess of Mayo]] and Lady Florence Bourke, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl and Countess of Mayo]], Major and Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, Capt. the Hon. Maurice Bourke, R.N., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs Bourke]], Hon. and Rev. George Bourke, Hon. Edward and Mrs Bourke, Hon. Harry and Mrs Bourke, Gen. the Hon. John Bourke, Miss Norah and Miss Madeleine Bourke, Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Lady Prinsep, Lady Legard, Sir Richard Taylor, Sir Richard Bradford, &c. Lord and Lady Connemara left later in the afternoon for Milburn, Esher.<ref>"Connemara—Coleman." ''The Queen'' 3 November 1894, Saturday: 50 [of 98], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18941103/349/0050. Print: ''The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper'', p. 770.</ref></blockquote>From ''Irish Society'':<blockquote>On the 22nd ult. Lord Connemara was married to Mrs Coleman, widow of Edward Coleman, Esq., of Stoke Park and 43 Grosvenor street, London. The ceremony took place in Christ Church, Mayfair, performed by the Rev. H. Rowsell, Rector of the Parish. The bride was given away by Sir Charles Legard, Bart. She wore a handsome dress of pearl grey moire, brocaded with satin, and a bonnet to match. Among the guests at the wedding were — Lord and Lady Mayo, Lady Florence Bourke, Blanche, Countess of Mayo, Hon. Capt. Maurice Bourke, Hon. Mr and Mrs Algernon Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke (who is shortly to be married), Miss Madelaine Bourke, Major and Lady Eva Quinn, Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Sir Richard Taylour, Sir Richard Bradford, Lady Prinsep, Lady Legard, and the Hon John Bourke. Lord and Lady Connemara left for Millburn, Esher, for the honeymoon, and are soon expected at Palmerston, Straffan, Co. Kildare, which they are renting from Lord Mayo.<ref>"Court and Society." ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 10 November 1894, Saturday: 6 [of 32], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18941110/040/0006. Same print title, p. 1066.</ref></blockquote> A number of people from the family of the Earl of Mayo attended the luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman:<blockquote>The marriage of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman, of 43, Grosvenor-street, took place on the 22nd, at one o'clock, in the presence of a large family party. Mrs. Coleman was given away by Sir Charles Legard, Bart. There were present at the luncheon after the ceremony at 43, Grosvenor-street, the following guests: — Blanche Countess of Mayo, Lady Florence Bourke, Earl and Countess of Mayo, Major and Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, Hon Captain Maurice Bourke, R.N., Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Hon. and Rev. George Bourke, Hon Mr. and Mrs. Edward Bourke, Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Bourke, General the Hon. John Bourke, Miss Norah Bourke, Miss Madeleine Bourke, Sir Nigel and Lady Emily Kingscote, Lady Prinsep, Sir Charles and Lady Legard, Right Hon. James Lowther, Sir Richard Taylor, Sir Richard Bradford, Mr. Bernard Walsh, Mr. Weston Jarvis, Mr. and Mrs. Maddison, Mr. Hill, Mr. Frank Pickering, and Mr. R. B. Fenwick.<ref>"Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman." ''Clifton Society'' 1 November 1894, Thursday: 15 [of 16], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18941101/068/0015. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ===31 October 1894, Wednesday=== Halloween. ==November 1894== === 3 November 1894, Saturday === Psyche in "The Social Peepshow" for the Gentlewoman, reported on women out and shopping in London:<blockquote>The combined effects of boisterous weather and racing at Newmarket caused the town to wear a somewhat less cheerful aspect on some of the days of last week than has been the case of late. Still, once the sun came out there was plenty of life, and familiar faces appeared at every turn. The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn were walking together one morning near Grosvenor-square, the Duchess looking very bright in purple, with a violet velvet toque. Then in the same part of the world Lady Templemore was to be seen, with her daughter; and pretty Lady Newtown-Butler seemed intent on making purchases. Lady Raincliffe (who grows daily more like her mother, Lady Westmorland) was driving in Piccadilly, where lady Susan Gilmour and Captain and Mrs. Tom Calley were also to be met with; and Sir Francis and Lady Gertrude Astley-Corbet, in deepest mourning, were walking near Bond-street. I think Lady Edith Ward flashed by one afternoon in a large and becoming hat, and Lady Henry FitzGerald was looking her prettiest in black with touches of rose colour, as was also [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]. Mrs. Bischoffsheim is back at Bute House, which looks quite cheerful with its windows all unshuttered, and among various well-known men the most constantly to be seen are Lord Cork, Lord Annaly, Mr. Assheton Harbord, Mr. Milner, General "Pug" Macdonald, and Major Seymour Wynne Finch. I had almost forgotten the Duchess of Manchester as having been lately about, and one day Lady Coke drove with her, looking very handsome in dark green.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 3 November 1894, Saturday: 42 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18941103/181/0042. Same print title, p. 582.</ref></blockquote> ===5 November 1894, Monday=== Guy Fawkes Day ==December 1894== ===19 December 1894, Wednesday=== Concert at the Wilson's Cricket Club: Wilson's Cricket Club, according to this writer, <quote>is almost as much in the eyes of the members of the firm a branch of their business as any other department</quote>. <quote>There were present from Tranby Croft, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]], [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr Kenneth Wilson, Mr Clive H. Wilson, Mrs Travers, Miss Wilkinson, Miss Terry, Miss Egginton, and Mr. A. Smith; whilst from Warter Priory the party was Mr C. H. Wilson, M.P., Mr C. H. Wilson, Miss E. [Wilson], Mr Cecil Wellesley, and Mr P. Hodgson (Beverley)</quote> (“Wilsons’ Cricket Club Concert.” Hull Daily Mail 19 December 1894, Wednesday: 3[of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000323/18941219/012/0003 (accessed July 2019). ===25 December 1894, Tuesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1894, Wednesday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *[1894-07-25 Weston-super-Mare Gazette] "Society Gossip.” Weston-super-Mare Gazette 25 July 1894, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4a [of 6]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940725/043/0003 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-07-29 Worcester Journal] "Marriage of Mr. Gerald Dudley Smith and Lady Barbara Coventry.” Worcester Journal 29 July 1894, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 3a–6a [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000150/18940728/044/0005 (accessed June 2019). *[1894-08-03 Essex County Chronicle] "Country and Other Items.” Essex County Chronicle 3 August 1894, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18940803/034/0005 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-08-20 Nottingham Evening Post] "Miss Muriel Wilson.” Nottingham Evening Post 20 August 1894, Monday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18940820/004/0002 (accessed July 2019). *[1894-08-18 Dundee Evening Telegraph] "Engagement of Hon. Willoughby de Eresby.” Dundee Evening Telegraph 18 August 1894, Saturday: 2 [of 4], Col. [of ]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019). *[1894-09-18 Hull Daily Mail] "Miss Muriel Wilson.” Hull Daily Mail 18 September 1894, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5 [of 7]a. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000323/18940918/006/0003 (accessed June 2019). *[1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society 1894-10-06 Dublin Irish Society] "Our London Letter.” Dublin Irish Society 6 October 1894, Saturday: 20 [of 30], Col. 2c-3a [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18941006/073/0020 (accessed June 2019). *Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. A Bernard Shaw Chronology. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. == Footnotes == <references /> cy1i0afy4yf3r6oqegfalqzeh70iwef 0 264282 2719091 2717057 2025-06-18T20:22:30Z Scogdill 1331941 2719091 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] 1895 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1895== Sometime in 1895 "the first Japanese (Nippos Yusen Kaisha) steamship came to Europe" (Baring-Gould II 435). Leonora Braham appeared as Lady Barbara Cripps in ''An Artist's Model'' at Daly's Theatre in 1895. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] had two plays running in the West End, ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' (which opened Thursday, 14 February 1895, at the St. James) and ''An Ideal Husband'' (at the Haymarket Theatre). Arthur Wing Pinero's ''The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith'' was running at the Garrick. Engelbert Humperdinck's ''Hansel and Gretel'' moved to the Gaiety from Daly's. ==January 1895== ===1 January 1895, Tuesday, New Year's Day=== === 5 January 1895, Saturday === [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|The wedding of Lady Edith Ward and Lord Wolverton]] === 10 January 1895, Thursday === The Dorset Hunt Ball, with Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes-Onslow]] and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]] in attendance (Somerset Hughes-Onslow never married, so this is likely his brother's wife). This first article is from the Weymouth ''Telegram'':<blockquote> HUNT BALL AT DORCHESTER. On Thursday evening, the annual hunt ball was held at the Municipal Buildings, Dorchester. About 340 tickets had been issued, and the hon. sec. (Capt. R. B. Foster) was obliged to refuse a number of applican[t]s. The Municipal Buildings were, as usual, magnificently fitted up for the occasion. The Corn Exchange was converted into a ball-room. The colours which were used in decorating the room were cinnamon, gold, and white. In each recess was worked a fan composed of these colours, with a hanging of the same down to the floor, and the walls were adorned with striped paper to match. Draperies were hung from the roof across to the buttresses, and there were other decorations of an effective character. Under the clock was displayed a magnificent palm (lent by Lieut. Gen. Henning. C.B.), and other plants from the same grower were also staged. The entrance to the hall proper was raised with a dais covered with crimson carpet, and on a table rested a splendid mirror standing six feet high. Choice plants also adorned the table. The ball room was illuminated with the incandescent light, which was supplied by the Gas Company. The decorations of the ball-room were carried out by Mr. G. J. Wood, who displayed great taste. The Town Hall was utilised as a supper room and was splendidly fitted up. The arrangement of the several tables was all that could be desired, and Mr. Bilham of the King's Arms Hotel, who was the caterer, well maintained the high reputation of the hostelry over which he so ably presides. Costly lamps adorned the tables, and these, together with the lamps which illuminated the stairway and tea room, were supplied by Messrs. Foster & Co. The plants were from Ilsington Gardens, and were lent by Lieut.-Colonel Brymer, M.P., and effectively arranged by the head gardener. Messrs. Hannah & Holland, of Cornhill, displayed considerable artistic taste in the decoration of the supper-room. A draped bordered dado was placed round the hall, and the windows were draped. Messrs. Hannah & Holland also had the arrangement of the tea room, which was made as cosy as possible, and the stairway which was covered with red cloth, and the handrail draped and festooned with muslins. The entrance to the Town Hall was converted into an ante-room, which contained lounges and easy chairs. The Petty Sessional Court was divided into two parts and made into cloak rooms. Dancing began shortly after ten o'clock to the music of Benzoni's band from Bournemouth. The following is a list of those present:— Captain, Mrs., and Miss Amyatt, Capt. and Mrs. J. Acland, Dr. Aruthen, H.M.S. ''Boscawen'', Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Archdale, Mr. H. T. Arnold, Mr. Allen, H.M.S. ''Alexandra'', Mrs. and Miss Austin, Miss Troyte Bullock, Mr. and Madame Baillie, Lady Baker, Miss Baker, Mr. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. Dunlop Best, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Barkworth, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Brymer, M.P., Colonel and Mrs. Bingham, Mr. G. P. Best, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bankes, Mr. E. Nugent Bankes, Miss Nugent Bankes, Miss Georgina C. Nugent Bankes, Miss Margaret H. Nugent Bankes, Mr. and Mrs. Dalglish Bellasis. Rev. W. and Mrs. Barclay, Mr. Bagshawe, Miss Bayley, Mr. Gerald D. Bond, Mr. Raymond Bond, Miss Leonora Bond, Miss Rachel Bond, the Hon. Ivan Campbell, Mr. Cardew, R.H.A., Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Major and Mrs. Campbell, Mr. Edward Comberlege, Mr. F. Carbutt, Lady Margaret Campbell, Miss J. Creighton, Mr. J. E. Crane, Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Colfox, Lieut-Colonel J. J. Congdon, R.A., Mr. Herbert Crosse, Mrs., Miss, and Mr. C. Clapcott, Mr. Currie, Captain Cotesworth, Mr. A. L. Collard (Hampshire Regiment), Mrs. Croke, Lord and Lady Digby, Major-General Denne, Miss Denne, Mr. J. W. G. Wingfield Digby, the Rev. A. and Miss Tyrwhitt Drake, Mr. E. Tyrwhitt Drake, Miss Devenish[,] Mr. Montagu Digby, Miss Katherine Digby, Mr. A. Doyle, Sir Robert and Lady Edgcumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Eliot, Lieut-Colonel and Mrs. Caledon Egerton, Mr. F. Earle, Lieut. Eagles, H.M.S. ''Alexandra'', Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Fellowes, Mrs. James Fellows, Miss G. Fellows, Lord Fitz-Harris, Mrs. Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Blanche Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Agnes Farquharson, Mr. and Miss Fane, Miss Fenton, Mrs. Fyler, Miss Dora and Miss Ethel Fyler, Miss Fraser, Miss Violet Fraser, Miss Falls. Lieut-Comtuander Foley, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Faber[,] Lady Glyn, Miss Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. George Gordon, Mr. Smith Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Gadesden, Mrs. Chafyn Grove, Mr. Drew Grimstone, Mr. John Goodden, Lieut.-General Henning, C.B., Mrs. and Miss Henning, Lionel Halsey, R.N., Count Edgar and Count [sic] Alexandra Hoyos, Countess Hoyos, Mr. P. Higginson, (85th Light Infintry [sic]), the Rev and Mrs. Claude Homan, Mr. and Mrs. Humbro, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hawkins, Mrs. and Miss Holford, Mr. A. O. Hood, Mr. Houston, Mr. Frederick Harford, Miss Charlotte Harford, Mr. Hickie, R.H.A.[,] Captain Hagan, R.N., Mr. Hulse, Miss Hunt-Grubbe, Mrs. J. Hargreaves, jun., Miss Jacobson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kindersley, Miss Fanny and Miss Katherine Kindersley, Mrs. Alfred Ker, Miss Ker, Misses Kathleen and Winfred Ker, Captain and Mr. Lushington, Major Long, R.H.A., Mr. Elliott Lees, M.P., and Mrs. Elliott Lees, Miss Lees, Miss Katherine Lees, Miss C. P. Lees, Miss Dorothea Lees, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. McLean, Mr. G. E. Llewhellin, Miss Lance, Lady Medlycott, Mr. H. Medlycott, Colonel and Mrs. Mansel, Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Middleton, Mr. H. C. Middleton, Mr. A. D. Musgrave, R.A., Captain McMahon (85th K.L.I.), Mr. A. L. and Miss L. Morant, Miss Munro, Mr. Francis Mead, Mr. E. L. Mansel, Mr. Marriott, Mr. Maxwell, Miss Marker, Mr. Mosley, Miss Mercer, Mr. C. Marshall (K.L.I.), and Mr. J. L. Nickieson[sic], Mr. G. B. Napier, Miss Ella Nash, Capt. Neish R.H.A.. Mrs. Hughes Onslow, Mr. Somerset Hughes Onslow, Mr. and Mrs. Berkely Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Chandos Pole and Miss Pole, Mr. M. W. Portman. R.N., and Mrs. Portman, the Hon Gerald B. Portman, Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Preston, Lady Parke, Miss Parke, Miss Dorothy Parke, Mr. and Mrs. L. C. H. Palairet, Mr. R. C. N. Palairet, Mrs. E. M. K. and E. V. Palairet, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Pope, Mr. Alec Pope (3rd Dorset Regiment) and Mr. E. Alex Pope, Mr. W. A. W. Parke, Mr. Lionel Fox Pitt, Mrs. Fitzpatrick Praed, Mr. Ralph Paget, Captain Arthur Platt, Mrs. Pecklington, Captain Harold Platt, Mrs. Parry, Miss Peach, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Radelyffe, Mr. Raymond Radcliffe, Miss Radelyffe, Misses Grace and Violet Radelyffe, Mr. Garner Richardson, Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Radcliffe, Mr. Percy Radcliffe, Mr. Ernest L. Radcliffe, Miss Radcliffe, Mr. Disney Roebuck, Capt. Rudyerd, Mr. F. F. Read (Royal Berks Regiment), Col. Slade, C.B., and Mrs. Slade, Mrs. and Miss Sheridan, the Bishop of Southwark, Rev. S. and Mrs. Spencer-Smith, Rev. S. and Mr. D. Spencer-Smith, Mr. and Mrs. A. Critchly Salmondson, Mr. W. Critchly Salmondson, H. Henri B. de Satgé, Col. and Mrs. Skene, Miss Skene, Miss Hilda Skene, Col. Shakerley, Mr. and Mrs. S. Owen Swaffield, Lieut.-Col. O'Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Stillwell, Miss Stillwell, Miss G. Stillwell, Major and Mrs. C. S. Shephard, Capt. Saunders, Mr. and Miss Hayne-Smith, Mr. F. Manners-Sutton, Miss Shrub, Miss Scott, Miss L. Shirley, Mr. Francis Stronge, Miss Mabel Silvertop, Mr. Scott, Miss Scott, Miss Sybil Scott, Mr. E. M. Sprot (85th K.L.I.), Miss A. C. Troyte Bullock, Mrs. R. D. Thornton, Mr. R. W. Trevan, Colonel and Mrs. Tweedie, the Rev. H. Van, Mr. Harry Verney, Col. and Mrs. Robt. Williams, Miss Williams, the Hon. Mrs. Williams, Mr. Ashley Williams, Mr. Berkeley Williams, Mr. Eustace S. Williams, Major and Miss Wynyard, Captain and Mrs. Wingfield, Mrs. H. D. Williams, Mr. H. Weld Blundell, Capt. Wrey, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Gibson Watts, Mr. R. W. Waller, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Walmesley, Miss Watson, Mr. R. Worthington, Mr. Beethom Whitehead, Mr. Weston, Mr. Wilkin, D.S.O., R.A., Rev. H. J. and Mrs. Watkins, Lady Barbara Yeatman, and Miss Yeatman.<ref>"Hunt Ball at Dorchester." Weymouth ''Telegram'' 15 January 1895 Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002982/18950115/089/0005.</ref></blockquote> Another version, with less description of the place, from the ''Western Gazette'':<blockquote>HUNT BALL AT DORCHESTER.<br /><br />On January 10th the Dorset Hunt ball was held at the Corporation Buildings, Dorchester. The Corn Exchange was utilised as the ball-room, and a special floor was laid. The decorations, which were carried out with artistic taste, reflected the greatest credit on the designer, Mr. Woods. From the centre of the ceiling were depended graceful folds of light material, in white, yellow, cinnamon, these being the leading colours in the general decoration. The music was provided by Benzoni's Band, of Bournemouth. The Town Hall above was laid out as a supper room, the decorations, which were of a very effective character, having been carried out most skilfully [sic] by Messrs. Hannah & Holland. The supper and refreshments were supplied by the proprietors of the King's Arms Hotel, Messrs. Hodges & Sons supplying the wines. Captain R. B. Foster was the M.C., and the company, an unprecedentedly large one, numbered 350. Among those present were:— Captain, Mrs., and Miss Amyatt, Captain and Mrs. J. Acland, Dr. Aruthen, H.M.S. Boscawen, Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Archdale, Mr. H. T. Arnold, Mr. Allen, H.M.S. Alexandra, Mrs. and Miss Austin, Miss Troyte-Bullock, Mr. and Madame Baillie, Lady Baker, Miss Baker, Mr. Brough, Mr. and Mrs. Dunlop Best, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Barkworth, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Brymer, M.P., Colonel and Mrs. Bingham, Mr. G. P. Best, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bankes, Mr. E. Nugent Bankes, Miss Nugent Bankes, Miss Georgina C. Nugent Bankes, Miss Margaret H. Nugent Bankes, Mr. and Mrs. Dalglish Bellasis, the Rev. W. and Mrs. Barclay, Mr. Bagshawe, Miss Bayley, Mr. Gerald D. Bond, Mr. Raymond Bond, Miss Leonora Bond, Miss Rachel Bond, the Hon. Ivan Campbell, Mr. Cardew, R.H.A., Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Major and Mrs. Campbell, Mr. Edward Comberlege, Mr. F. Carbutt, Lady Margaret Campbell, Miss J. Creighton, Mr. J. E. Crane, Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Colfex, Lieut.-Colonel J. J. Congdon, R.A., Mr. Herbert Crosse, Mrs., Miss, and Mr. C. Clapcott, Mr. Currie, Captain Cotesworth, Mr. A. L. Collard (Hampshire Regiment), Mrs. Croke, Lord and Lady Digby, Major-General Denne, Miss Denne, Mr. J. W. G. Wingfield Digby, the Rev. A. and Miss Tyrwhitt Drake, Mr. E. Tyrwhitt Drake, Miss Devenish, Mr. Montagu Digby, Miss Katherine Digby, Mr. A. Doyle, Sir Robert and Lady Edgcumbe, Colonel and Mrs. Eliot, Lieut.-Colonel and Mrs. Caledon Egerton, Mr. Bryan Egerton. Mr. F. Earle, Lieutenant Eagles, H.M.S. Alexandra, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Fellowes, Mrs. James Fellows, Miss G. Fellows, Lord Fitz-Harris, Mrs. Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Blanche Fetherstonhaugh, Miss Agnes Farquharson, Mr. and Miss Fane, Miss Fenton, Mrs. Fyler, Miss Dora and Miss Ethel Fyler, Miss Fraser, Miss Violet Fraser, Miss Falls, Lieut.-Commander Foley, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Faber, Lady Glyn, Miss Glyn, Mr. and Mrs. George Gordon, Mr. Smith Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Gadesden, Mrs. Chafyn-Grove, Mr. Digby Grimstone, Mr. John Goodden, Lieutenant-General Henning, C.B., Mrs. and Miss Henning, Lionel Halsey, R.N., Count Edgar and Count [sic] Alexandra Hoyos, Countess Hoyos, Mr. P. Higginson (85th Light Infantry), the Rev. and Mrs. Claude Homan, Mr. and Mrs. Hambro, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hawkins, Mrs. and Miss Holford, Mr. A. O. Hood, Mr. Houston, Mr. Frederick Harford, Miss Charlotte Harford, Mr. Hickie, R.H.A., Captain Hagan, R.N., Mr. Hulse, Miss Hunt-Grubbe, Mrs. J. Hargreaves, jun., Miss Jacobson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kindersley, Miss Fanny and Miss Katherine Kindersley, Mrs. Alfred Ker, Miss Ker, Misses Kathleen and Winifred Ker, Captain and Mrs. Lushington, Major Long, R.H.A., Mr. Elliott Lees, M.P., and Mrs. Elliott Lees, Miss Lees, Miss Catherine Lees, Miss C. P. Lees, Miss Dorothea Lees, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. McLean, Mr. G. E. Llewhellin, Miss Lance, Lady Medlycott, Mr. H. Medlycott, Colonel and Mrs. Mansel, Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Middleton, Mr. H. C. Middleton, Mr. A. D. Musgrave, R.A., Captain (85th K.L.I.), Mr. A. L. and Miss L. Miss Morant, Miss Munro, Mr. Francis Meade, Mr. Ed. L. Mansel, Mr. Marriott, Mr. Maxwell, Miss Marker, Mr. Mosley, Miss Mercer, Mr. C. Marshall (K.L.I.), and Mr. J. L. Nickleson, Mr. G. B. Napier, Miss Ella Nash, Captain Neish, R.H.A., Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes-Onslow]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]], Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley Portman, Mr. and Mrs. Chandos Pole and Miss Pole, Mr. M. W. Portman, R.N., and Mrs. Portman, the Hon. Gerald B. Portman, Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Preston, Lady Parke, Miss Parke, Miss Dorothy Parke, Mr. and Mrs. L. C. H. Palairet, Mr. R. C. N. Palairet, Misses E. M. K. and E. V. Palairet, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Pope, Mr. Alec. Pope (3rd Dorset Regiment), and Mr. E. Alex Pope, Mr. W. A. W. Parke, Mr. Lionel Fox Pitt, Mrs. Fitzpatrick Praed, Mr. Ralph Paget, Captain Arthur Platt, Mrs. Pocklington, Captain Harold Platt, Mrs. Parry, Miss Peach, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Radclyffe, Mr. Raymond Radclyffe, Miss Radclyffe, Misses Grace and Violet Radclyffe, Mr. Garner Richardson, Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Radclyffe, Mr. Percy Radclyffe, Mr. Ernest L. Radclyffe, Miss Radclyffe, Mr. Disney Roebuck, Captain Rudyerd, Mr. F. F. Read (Royal Berks Regiment), Colonel Slade, C.B., and Mrs. Slade, Mrs. and Miss Sheridan, the Bishop of Southwark, Rev. S. and Mrs. Spencer-Smith, Miss S. and Mr. D. Spencer-Smith, Mr. and Mrs. A. Critchly Salmondson, Mr. W. Critchly Salmondson, M. Henri B. de Satgé, Colonel and Mrs. Skene, Miss Skene, Miss Hilda Skene, Colonel Shakerley, Mr. and Mrs. S. Owen Swaffield, Lieutenant-Colonel O'Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Stilwell, Miss Stillwell, Miss G. Stillwell, Major and Mrs. C. S. Shephard, Captain Saunders, Mr. and Miss Haynes-Smith, Mr. F. Manners-Sutton, Miss Shrub, Miss Scott, Miss L. Shirley, Mr. Francis Stronge, Miss Mabel Silvertop, Mr. Scott, Miss Scott, Miss Sybil Scott, Mr. E. M. Sprot (85th K.L.I.), Miss A. C. Troyte-Bullock, Mrs. R. D. Thornton, Mr. R. W. Trevan, Colonel and Mrs. Tweedie, the Rev. H. Van, Mr. Harry Verney, Colonel and Mrs. Robert Williams, Miss Williams, the Hon. Mrs. Williams, Mr. Ashley Williams, Mr. Berkely Williams, Mr. Eustace S. Williams, Major and Miss Wynyard, Captain and Mrs. Wingfield, Mrs. H. D. Williams, Mr. H. Weld Blundel!, Captain Wrey, R.N., Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Gibson Watts, Mr. R. M. Waller, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Walmesley, Miss Watson, Mr. R. Worthington, Mr. Beethom Whitehead, Mr. Weston, Mr. Wilkin D.S.O., R.A., Rev. H. J. and Mrs. Watkins, Lady Barbara Yeatman, and Miss Yeatman.<ref>"Hunt Ball at Dorchester." ''Western Gazette'' 18 January 1895 Friday: 7 [of 8], Cols. 4c–5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18950118/104/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===22 January 1895, Tuesday=== The Webbs organize a dinner "aimed at enhancing cooperation between the two Socialist groups," the Fabians and the ILP. The Webbs were there, as were Shaw, MacDonald, Smith, Hardie, Mann, and Pease (Gibbs 119). ===24 January 1895, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at the Eridge Hunt Ball:<blockquote>An unusually large company assembled at the Eridge Hunt Ball, which took place on Thursday evening in the Pump Room, Tunbridge Wells. Among those present were the Marquis of Abergavenny, Marquis Camden, the Marchioness of Blandford and the Ladies Spencer-Churchill, the Earl of Tyrone, the Earl of Norbury, Viscount and Viscountess Cantelupe, Lord and Lady de L’Isle and Dudley, Lady Leconfield and the Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lord and Lady Henry Nevill and Miss Joan Nevill, Lord and Lady Brassey. Lady Violet Dangan, Lady Rose Leigh, Lord Lovat, Lady Ross, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. T. A. and Lady Idina Brassey, the Hon. Arthur and Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. A. Harbord, the Hon. J. Mansfield, Lady Mary Sackville, the Hon. Violet White, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs Egerton, Sir George and Miss Stirling, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] and Miss Muriel Wilson, and Miss D’Arcy. Music was supplied by the Band of the Royal Artillery, and the ball-room was appropriately decorated with hunting trophies, palms, and flowers.<ref>"The Eridge Hunt Ball." "West Kent Journal." ''Maidstone and Kentish Journal'' 27 January 1895, Thursday [Sunday?]: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001429/18950117/160/0006 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===31 January 1895, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding between Allwyn Dudley Smith and Theodocia Elizabeth Egginton [sp?] at Tranby Croft church:<blockquote>On Thursday afternoon the marriage of Mr Allwyn Dudley Smith, son of Mr Dudley Robert Smith of Messrs. Smith Bros., Bankers, Hull, and Miss Theodocia Elizabeth Eggington, of the Elms, Kirkella, was solemnised. The wedding took place from Tranby Croft, and the fashionable and large company assembled at the prettily decorated church included Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson, Mr Clive Wilson, and the Misses Wilson. The first portion of the marriage service was performed by the Rev. J. Foord, M.A., Vicar of Kirkella, at the Chancel steps, and the concluding portion of the service was rendered by the Rev. E. E. Willes, Rector of Calverton, Bucks, and uncle of the bridegroom, at the altar steps. The bride was attired in a magnificent costume of rich ivory satin duchesse, the bodice being trimmed with old Honiton lace. The bridesmaids were Miss F. Egginton and Miss L. Egginton (sisters of the bride), Miss Dudley Smith, and Miss C. Dudley Smith (sisters of the bridegroom) and Miss Muriel Wilson, and they wore most becoming gowns of “cafe au lait” caracul crepon, with pale blue velvet bodices, trimmed with embroidery, and antique china buttons. They carried choice bouquets of yellow flowers. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] was attired in a very handsome dress green chene silk, embroidered with jet. Mr M. Glyn acted as best man to the bridegroom. Immediately after the ceremony a merry peal was rung upon the bells, and after the wedding breakfast at Tranby Croft the happy pair left Hessle by the five o’clock train en route for Nice, where they will spend their honeymoon.<ref>"Fashionable Wedding at Kirkella.” ''Beverly Echo'' 5 February 1895, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001561/18950205/039/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==February 1895== ===1 February 1895, Friday=== A [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré was held at Warwick Castle]], with [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess Warwick]] dressed as Marie Antoinette. Daisy, Countess Warwick dressed as Marie Antoinette for the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress]] ball as well. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of the house party as well as attending the ball,<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 2 Feb. 1895, p. 10. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQju3. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref><ref>“Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.” ''Midland Daily Telegraph'' [now in BNA: ''Coventry Evening Telegraph''] 1 February 1895, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/18950201/021/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref> as was "Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Caryl Craven]], to whom so many thanks are due for the able way in which he assisted his charming hostess in carrying out her scheme, Mr Craven being quite an authority on eighteenth century French art and dress."<ref>"The Warwick Bal Poudre." ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'' 09 February 1895 Saturday: 38 [of 80], Col. 2c [of 3] – 39, Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18950209/233/0038.</ref> ===14 February 1895, Thursday=== Oscar Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Ernest'' opened at the St. James Theatre. === 23 February 1895, Saturday === A quick story about a fashionable wedding at Burley. The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]] attended, but Guendoline Bourke was pregnant, delivering Daphne on 5 April.<blockquote>At the historic and picturesque church of the Holy Cross, Burley-on-the-Hill, near Oakham, on Saturday, the marriage took place of Mr. Laurence Currie, son Mr. Bertram Currie, of Minley Park, Hampshire, to Miss Edith Sibyl Mary Finch, daughter of Mr. George H. Finch, M.P. for Rutland. The Hon. Bernard Rollo acted as best man, and there were eleven bridesmaids, Master Hanbury (nephew of the bride) and Miss Verona Finch officiating as train-bearers. The bride was costumed in an elegant dress of white satin trimmed with lace, with train, and wore myrtle and orange blossoms with tulle veil, her ornaments being a pearl necklace, diamond comb, diamond pearl brooch, diamond and sapphire-brooch [sic], and diamond and pearl bracelet, all of them the gifts of the bridegroom. There was a large and fashionable congregation, including the Countess of Ancaster, the Ladies Willoughby, the Hon. P. Williams, Lord Burghley, M.P., and Lady Burghley, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Viscountess Cantilupe, Lady Frances Cecil, Lady Louisa Cecil, Lady Mary Currie, the Countess of Lindsey, the Ladies Bertie, the Hon. Mildred Manners, Mr. and Lady Alice Packe, Lady Sibyl Tollemache, the Right Hon. Gerard J. Noel, Lord and Lady Calthorpe, the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], and the Countess of Lonsdale.<ref>"Fashionable Marriage at Burley." ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 25 February 1895, Monday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18950225/053/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1895== === 24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday === "Psyche," in the "Social Peepshow" column in the ''Gentlewoman'', discusses the lack of social events in London and people recovering from flu or enjoying the sun in Brighton:<blockquote>The fact that London Society is exercising itself so mightily on the subject of politics argues that little else is doing; indeed, seldom have things been quieter even in Lent. Practically there are no Wednesday evening receptions, and what are Lady Spencer, Lady Hayter, and other ministerial ladies about? The Conservatives possess an indefatigable hostess in Lady Stanhope, whose Saturday evenings in Grosvenor-place are far more brilliant than the majority of political parties. Lady Salisbury is abroad, Lady Londonderry has not been strong, and the Duchess of Devonshire is leaving England, besides being in mourning, so that it seems improbable that any of these great houses will be thrown open this side of Easter. What both parties require are some ladies of the younger generation able and willing to form ''salons'', and, following the example of the Lady Hollands and Lady Palmerstons of former days, to make themselves a power in politics that must be reckoned with. But who will apply themselves to the task? If London has been dull, the same cannot be said of Brighton, which has never looked either gayer or livelier than during the early days of last week. On Sunday in last week the sea-front was filled, and it was impossible to stir without running against any number of celebrities. Lord Dudley (looking aged by the combined effects of influenza and a beard) was walking with Mr. Basil Montgomery, and Lord Suffield, still looking very ill, was driving with a hospital nurse. Lord and Lady William Nevill (the latter looking very well in green) were escorting Lady Alice Morland in a bath chair, and Sir Francis and Lady Jeune, Sir Edward and Miss Sullivan, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Sir Allen Young, and Mr. Assheton Harbord were all basking in the sunshine of a real spring day. In the evening the Metropole was taxed to its utmost limits in providing for the diners, but the management proved fully equal to the occasion, and an excellent dinner was served to the strains of a seductive band. Of those dining, the most conspicuous were Prince Henry Pless, Lord and Lady Francis Pelham-Clinton Hope, Lord and Lady Harris, Lord Sudley, Lady and Miss Filmer, Mr. and Mrs. Ailwyn Fellowes, Mr. Ogle, and Mr. Bruce Wentworth. I also heard of several large parties at the Orleans, which grows more rapidly in popularity day by day. Lord Dudley was there with Lady Dudley, the latter looking charming in a white chiffon blouse adorned with touches of gold. As the week advanced some sojourners disappeared, whilst others quickly arrived to fill their places, and of influenza patients the cry was "still they come." Lord Rowton was again to be seen in a bath chair; in similar vehicles drove Lady Constance Gore, Lady Maude Ramsden, and Lady Alice Morland, whilst Lady Gertrude Astley-Corbett was always on foot, as was also Lady Margaret Douglas. Lady Gage (looking very pretty) was to be seen shopping, having come in from Firle Place, where she and Lord Gage are residing. Miss Julia Peel was walking, on trousseau thoughts intent; and of the theatrical world, Lady Monckton and Miss Marion Terry were two of the principal representatives. If possible, the sterner sex was still more strongly to the fore, Lord Abergavenny, Lord Hay, Lord Molyneux, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Sir Simon Lockhart, Sir George Chetwynd, Mr. Monty Guest, and Mr. Richard Somerset being only a few of the many well-known characters to be met with on the Parade and King's-road. Furs and overcoats could be discarded without fears of evil consequences; and, with a blue sky, a sapphire sea, brilliant sunshine, and an air of universal gaiety, "London by the Sea" has never appeared more charming than during these glorious March days. Miss Sturt's engagement is in every respect a matter of congratulation, and the wedding is not likely to be long delayed. Mr. Corbett is, like Mr. Hardinge, who married another of Lord Alington's daughters, a rising diplomat, and both he and his bride-elect are converts to the Roman Catholic faith. I hear that Miss Julia Peel is to be married to Mr. Maguire before Easter, and that the ceremony will take place in the crypt of the House of Commons. A crypt does not sound precisely the most cheerful place for a wedding; but the particularly felicitous surroundings of Miss Peel's nuptials and the gay company that is sure to assemble thereat will doubtless make the function as happy and bright as can be desired. Psyche.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 30 March 1895, Saturday: 26 [of 64], Col. 2 [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950330/139/0026. Same print title, p. 388.</ref></blockquote> ==April 1895== ===12 April 1895, Friday=== Good Friday ===14 April 1895, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===19 April 1895, Friday=== "The anniversary, on April 19, of the death of Lord Beaconsfield, fourteen years ago, was celebrated by the display of primroses, the docoration of his statue at Westminster, and a meeting of the Westminster Conservative Association, at which Mr. Burdett-Courts was in the chair." (Home and Foreign News.Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, April 27, 1895; pg. 503; Issue 2923, Col. A) === 26 April 1895, Friday === The German Hospital:<blockquote>The 50th annual festival of the German Hospital, Dalston, was held last evening at the Hôtel Métropole.— His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge presided, and among those present were his [[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Royal Highness Prince Christian]], the German Ambassador, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Metternich, Count Koziebrodski, [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|M. Gourko]], [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Baron von Schroder (Treasurer), Prince Stolberg-Wernigerode, Count H. Hatzfeldt, Karon von Deichmann, and nearly 200 other gentlemen.— After the usual loyal toasts the President proposed "The Foreign Sovereigns and Princes," and later on his Royal Highness gave the toast of the evening, "Prosperity to the German Hospital.<nowiki>''</nowiki> The Hospital, he said, was established in 1845. It might be asked what need was there for a hospital for a foreign nation in this country? But if such institutions were required at all they were needed as much for foreigners as for Englishmen. Indeed, if a foreigner fell sick in a foreign land he was especially in need of a hospital. The German Hospital was situated in a part of the Metropolis where such establishments were much wanted. It never shut its doors either to English or foreign sufferers, and he hoped therefore that Englishmen would feel as much called upon to help the German Hospital as any other. Their endowment fund unhappily was next to ''nil'', their funds coming chiefly from that larger section of Germans who were in good commercial positions in London. Originally they had only 36 beds, but the number was now increased to 120. The sanatorium also was a valuable addition to the hospital. They had a deficit of £1,3192, a sum that he hoped would be greatly exceeded by the subscriptions, which he anticipated would be enough to secure efficient working for next year and to leave a good margin. In conclusion, his Royal Highness expressed his strong disapproval of the introduction of religious controversies in the management of the hospital, and he was happy to find that they were all of the same opinion on this subject.— Other toasts followed, "The Health of the Chairman" being received with much enthusiasm. Subscriptions and donations were announced amounting to £6,300, including £200 annually from the Emperor of Germany, £50 from the Emperor of Austria, £20 from the Chairman, £1,000 from Baron von Schroder, the Treasurer, £500 from J. Wernher, Esq., and £52 10s. from [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Messrs. Rothschilds]].<ref>"The German Hospital." ''Morning Post'' 27 April 1895 Saturday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950427/051/0005.</ref></blockquote> === 1895 April 27, Saturday === The marriage of Mr Henry E. A. Lindsay and Miss Norah Bourke<blockquote>On Saturday afternoon, in St George's Church, Hanover square, London, the marriage was solemnised of Mr Henry E A Lindsay (Gordon Highlanders), son of the late Colonel the Hon Charles Lindsay, with Norah Mary, second daughter of the Hon Edward and Mrs Bourke. The bride, who was led to the chancel by her father, wore a dress of ivory satin trimmed with old Mechlin net and a falling [?] collar of old Brussels lace, real orange blossoms in her hair and a tulle veil. She wore a pearl necklace, given by the bridegroom. She was followed by six bridesmaids — Miss Madeline Bourke, her sister; Lady Susan Keppel (sister of the Earl of Albemarle), cousin of the bridegroom; Lady Marjorie Manners, niece of the bridegroom, Lady Vera Bentinck, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Portland, Miss Pamela Plowden and Miss Dina Maddison. The three little girls walked arm-in-arm with three little pages, Master Nigel Bourke, the bride's only brother, Master Max Grenfell, son of Mr and Mrs W H Grenfell, and Master Dicky Quin, son of Major and Lady Eva Wyndham Quin (a cousin of the bride). The bridesmaids were dressed in soft cream satin frocks, trimmed with thick cream guipure, with soft chemisettes of Indian muslin, and narrow gold and pearl embroidery, chiffon sleeves, and "picture” hats of cream lace, trimmed with gardenias and cream tips. The children had Dutch Caps of drawn lace, trimmed with gold and pearls. The elder bridesmaids carried bouquets of azaleas, and all were presented with turquoise and enamel brooches set with diamonds. The pages were dressed in cream cloth, with old brocade waistcoats, yellow stockings, and brocade shoes, carried gold-mounted white canes wreathed with flowers and satin ribbons, and wore enamel pins given by the bridegroom. Captain Charles Lindsay, Grenadier Guards, the bridegroom's only brother, accompanied him as best man. The officiating clergy were the Hon and Rev George Bourke, the bride’s uncle, assisted by the Rev David Anderson, rector of St George's. After the ceremony the Hon Edward and Mrs Bourke entertained the wedding party at their residence in Great Cumberland place. Among those present were — The Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, Lord and Lady Wantage, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Countess of Mayo]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Florence Bourke]], Lord and Lady Connemara, General the Hon J J Bourke, the Hon Maurice and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon Algernon Bourke]], the Hon H and Mrs Bourke, Lord Revelstoke and the Hon Hon Susan Baring, the Hon John Baring, Lord and Lady Magheramorne, the Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Earl of Minto and Ladies Elliot, the Earl of Essex, Lord Frederick Kerr and Miss Kerr, Mrs MacDonald, Mrs Adair, Sir John and Lady Kaye, Col the Hon Chas and Mrs Needham, Lady Margaret and Miss Majendie, the Hon Henry Trefusis, Baroness and Mdlle De Brienen, Viscountess Hood, and Hon Dorothy Hood, the Hon P Hood, Mrs Yorke and Miss Yorke, Princess Victor Hohenlohe, and Countess Helene Gleichen, Viscountess Malden, and the Hon Maude Capell, the Earl and Countess of Erne, and the Ladies Crichton and many others. Later in the afternoon the newly wedded pair took their departure for Lochinge House, Wantage, lent them by Lord and Lady Wantage, cousin of the bridegroom, where the first few days of the honeymoon will be spent. They will afterwards proceed for a week to Welbeck Abbey, which the Duke and Duchess of Portland have placed at their disposal. The presents numbered over 300.<ref>"Marriage of Mr Henry E. A. Lindsay and Miss Norah Bourke." ''Dublin Evening Mail'' 29 April 1895, Monday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b–c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000433/18950429/071/0004. Print: The ''Mail'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1895== === '''8 May 1895, Wednesday''' === Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] and attended by [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baroness de Breinen]] and two of her daughters as well as [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]], among many others, of course.<ref>"The Queen's Drawing Room." ''London Standard'' 9 May 1895, Thursday: 3 [of 10], Col. 5A. The ''British Newspaper Archive''. http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18950509/017/0003.</ref><ref>"The Queen's Drawing Room." ''Morning Post'' 09 May 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Cols. 5a–7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950509/044/0005.</ref> === 22 May 1895, Wednesday === The Marchioness of Londonderry's Dance<blockquote>THE MARCHIONESS OF LONDONDERRY'S DANCE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York honoured the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry by their company at dinner at Londonderry House last night. Among the guests invited to meet their Royal Highnesses were the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marquis of Winchester, Viscount Crichton, Viscount Royston, Viscount Milton, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord Alington, Lady Gwendolen Little and Miss Chaplin, Lord Balvaird, Lord Lurgan, the Right Hon. David Plunket, M.P., the Right Hon. James Lowther, M.P., Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, and Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon. The Marchioness of Londonderry afterwards gave a small dance. Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide was among the guests who assembled after dinner. There were also present— The Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Bianca Deym, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. Bayard, the Brazilian Minister, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Alexander Osborne, the Duchess of Abercorn, the Duchess of Newcastle and Lady Rossmore, the Duchess of Marlborough and Lord William Beresford, the Marquis of Abergavenny, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrice Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Marquesa de Santurce, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Earl of Tyrone, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell and Lady Katherine Beauclerk, the Earl of Dunraven and Lady E. Wyndham Quin, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Margaret Hare, Victoria Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady E. Willoughby, the Countess of Lonsdale, Countess Howe, and Lady E. Curzon, the Earl and Countess of Erroll, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Powis, the Countess of Latham and Lady Bertha Wilbraham, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Count Koziebrodski, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Count Gleichen, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Anne Coventry, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Countess of Clanwilliam and Lady Beatrice Meade, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Countess of Ravensworth and Miss Cresswell, Viscountess Newport and Hon. Helena Bridgeman, Viscount Falmouth, Viscount Milton, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscountess Emlyn and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Viscount and Viscountess Grimston and Miss Mackintosh, Lord and Lady Henry Nevill and Miss Nevill, Lord and Lady Alexander Paget, Lord and Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lady Anne Murray and Miss Murray, Lady Cicely Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Gerard, Lady de Trafford, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Eva Greville, Lady Hastings, Lord Herbert Scott, Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Henry Bentinck, Lady Emily Van de Weyer, and Miss Van de Weyer, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord Ennismore, Lady Chesham and Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lord Willoughby, Lady Jeune, Miss Stanley and Miss Goschen, Lady Mary and Lady Evelyn Parker, Lady St. Oswald and Miss Forbes, Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Alington, Lord Brackley, Lady and Miss Bonham, Lady Hindlip and Miss Hackett, Lady Tweedmouth, Lord Lovat, the Hon. George Curzon, M.P., and Mrs. Curzon, the Hon. Arthur Coventry, the Hon. Humphry Sturt, M.P., the Hon, Martin Morris, the Hon. Arthur Meade, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Henry Trefusis, the Hon. Mrs. Hill and Miss De Winton, the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker, the Hon. Lionel Holland, the Hon. Derek Keppel, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Kenneth Campbell, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, the Hon. Mrs. Bampfylde, the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Ellis and Miss Ellis, the Right Hon. Akers Douglas, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Douglas, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, the Right Hon. Sir Matthew White Ridley, M.P., and the Hon. Lady and Miss Ridley, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Lady and Miss O Brien, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. and Lady Dorothea Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Lady Louisa Loder and Lady Sybil Beauclerk, Sir Algernon Borthwick, M.P., and Lady Borthwick, Sir William and Lady Eden and Miss Grey, Sir H. Calcraft, Sir William and Miss Walrond, Sir Frederick Milner, M.P., and Lady Milner, Sir Samuel Scott, Sir John Banks, Sir Horace Farquhar, Sir Henry Hamilton, Sir Arthur Edmundson, Colonel Howard Vincent, M.P., and Mrs. Vincent, Colonel Crichton and Miss Crichton, Colonel and Mrs. Gerald F. Talbot, Major Cosmo Little, Captain and Mrs. Fowler, Mr. Wrightson, M.P., Mr. Penrose Fitzgerald, M.P., and Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mr. Charteris [sic no comma] Colonel Edgcumbe, Mrs. Smith Barry, Colonel and Mrs. Henry Fludyer, General and Miss Thesiger, Mr. Williamson, Mr. Goschen, Mr. Coventry, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, Mr. E. Trotter, Mr. G. Trotter, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Captain E. Milner, Mrs. John Domvile, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mrs. Delacour, Mr. C. H. Pollen, Captain and Mrs. Fowler, Mr. S. Onslow, Mrs. Adair, Captain and Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Captain Maurice Burke, Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Erskine, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. and Mrs. R. Laurie, Mr. Algernon Peel, Mr. Victor Seymour Corkran, Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Sanders, Mr. Glynn, Mr. Hamilton, Mrs. Harry Burke, Mr. A. M'Donnel, Captain Pilkington, Mr. and Mrs. Middleton, Mr. Carson, M.P., and Mrs. Carson, Mr. C. Ramsden, Captain Arthur Bagot, Mr. George Phipps, Major-General Stracey, Mr. Longley, Mr. Frank Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. Moberley Bell, Mr. Francis Fitzgerald, Mr. V. Hussey Walsh, Mr. and Mrs. Orde and Mrs. Hornsby, Captain Orr Ewing, Mr. Victor Cavendish, M.P., Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. Marker, Mr. Cavendish, Captain Shute, Mr. W. C. Jamison, Mr. F. Gathorne-Hardy, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Lister, Mr. Wombwell, and many others.<ref>"The Marchioness of Londonderry's Dance." ''Morning Post'' 23 May 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950523/051/0005.</ref> </blockquote> ===29 May 1895, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]] hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? According to the ''Morning Post'', "Arrangements for This Day" included the following: <quote>The Prince of Wales's dinner to the Members of the Jockey Club, at Marlborough House. / Viscountess Halifax's dance. / Lady Tweedmouth's second reception at Brook House. / Baroness Henry de Worms's Derby Tea, 4.30 to 7. / Mrs. Barber-Starkey's evening party at the Grafton Gallery. / Mrs. Carlisle-Carr's musical reception at 44A, Maddox-street, 4. / Epsom Races — Derby Day.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 29 May 1895: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 7A). ==June 1895== 1895 June, founding of the Trafalgar Bicycle Club: <blockquote>That cycling has for months past been advancing with giant strides in the affection of "the classes" has been very generally asserted, but if final confirmation of the fact were needed it is forthcoming in the establishment of a West End club formed solely for their benefit. We had the pleasure a week or two since of assisting at the inaugural ceremony, which by the daily press is thus reported: — "The opening of the Trafalgar Bicycle Club yesterday afternoon brought together a brilliant company in the pretty grounds of Catherine Lodge, Trafalgar Square, South Kensington. Among the company assembled were the Duchess of Marlborough and Lord William Beresford, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, Lord and Lady Arthur Paget, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lord Rowton, Lord Hindlip, Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bonteim, Mrs. Leo de Rothschild, Lord and Lady Albert Kennedy, Lady Feo and the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson]], [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Gerald Paget, Sir William and Lady Call, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Sir Henry Calcraft, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Smith Barry, Mrs. Maxwell and Miss Heron, Lady Sarah Wilson, Madame Von Andre, Major Wynne Finch, Lady de Trafford, Mr. Montague Guest, Lady Eden, and many others. Races for special prizes were run in the open track in the square, but society preferred to foregather on the pretty lawn surrounding the covered velodrome. Tables were scattered about, and tea, coffee, and ices were dispensed. The ladies wore their brightest dresses, and the occasion was agreeably prophetic of a successful career for the club." We may add that all arrangements for the supply of machines are vested in the hands of Messrs. Humber and Co., Ltd., whose interests are safe in the keeping of Mr. Walter Creswick, their courteous representative. ("Society and the Wheel")</blockquote> === 1 June 1895, Saturday === C.S. Schreiber was present at the annual regimental dinner of the 1st Life Guards hosted by the Prince of Wales:<blockquote>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales was present on Saturday evening at the annual regimental dinner of the 1st Life Guards, held in the Whitehall Rooms, Hôtel Métropole. The chair was taken by the Earl of Caledon, and during dinner the string band of the regiment played a selection of music in the vestibule. There were present General Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar (Colonel), the Duke of Beaufort, Lord de Ramsey, Lord de Ros, General Duncombe, Captain A. E. Duncombe, Captain Walter Duncombe, Captain the Hon. Cecil Duncombe, Captain Sir W. Fraser, Lord Greville, Viscount Grimston, Captain Holford, Surgeon-Colonel Hensman, Mr. H. V. Higgins, Captain T. J. Levett, Lord Magheramorne, Lord North, the Marquis of Ormonde, Lord Ormathwaite, Major J. Reid, Mr. Scott Murray, Major St. J.Taylor, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir S. Lockhart, Mr. Martin Mence, Mr. Lyon, Lord Templemore, Major C. N. Miles, Major T. C. P. Calley, Captain Gordon Carter, Captain the Hon. R. F. Greville, Captain J. R. G. Cotterell, Captain the Hon. C. E. Bingham, Captain G. Milner. Captain E. B. Cook, Lieutenant E. W. Clowes, Lieutenant H. C. Fraser, Lieutenant the Marquis of Hamilton, Lieutenant H. M. Walker, Lieutenant H. M. Grenfell, Lieutenant B. D. A. Corbet, Lieutenant the Hon. C. Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Lieutenant C. S. Schreiber]], Lieutenant P. B. Cookson, Lieutenant the Hon. J. Tufton, Riding-Master D. Hall, Quartermaster W. Wragg, Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel Forrester, Surgeon Captain Cross, and Veterinary Captain Edwards.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 03 June 1895, Monday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950603/060/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===2 June 1895, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===26 June 1895, Wednesday=== The Times reported the following: <blockquote>Under the auspices of the Society of Authors a complimentary dinner to Sir Walter Besant was given last night in the King's-hall of the Holborn Restaurant. Sir W. Martin Conway took the chair, and the guests, who numbered nearly 250, included Lady Besant, Major-General Sir F. Goldsmid, Sir W. T. Charley, Sir H. Gilzean [Gilzoan?] Reid, Mr. Hall Caine, Mrs. F. Hodgson Burnett, Mr. Austin Dobson, Sir Henry Bergne, "Annie S. Swan," Mr. Walter Wren, "Sarah Grand," Mr. H. Rider Haggard, Mr. E. M. Underdown, Q.C., Mr. J. M. Barrie, Mr. Henry Norman, Mr. A. W. à Beckett, Mrs. Humphrey Ward, "Helen Mathers," Mr. Moncure D. Conway, Mr. J. M. Lely, the Rev. T. G. Bonnney, the Rev. E. C. Hawkins, Miss May Crommelin, Mr. I. Zangwill, Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Mr. Douglas Sladen, Mr. Anthony Hope Hawkins, Mr. W. Morris Colles, Mrs. Needell, Mr. J. Ashby Sterry, Mr. F. E. Beddard, Mr. Oswald Crawford, Mr. F. Frankfort Moore, Mr. A. W. Dubourg, Mr. W. H. Rideing, "Annabel Gray," Mr. G. Manville Fenn, Mr H. Cox, the Rev. C. H. Middleton Wake, Mr. C. Herbert Thring, the Rev. C. Voysey, and Mr. B. L. Farjeon. Mr. Hall Caine, in proposing the health of the guest of the evening, first read the following telegram from Mr. John Ruskin: -- "I am in true sympathy with you to-night. Convey my respectful greetings to all present, who are doing well-deserved honour to Sir Walter Besant, to whom please give my heartfelt congratulations." Proceeding, he said that in drinking the health of Sir Walter Besant they drank to a novelist of old and assured renown, of high aim and noble achievements, a novelist who had given the world of his best and never yet written a line which modesty or morality could wish him to blot. (Cheers.) They also drank to a reformer who had brought solace and cheer through so many years to so many thousands, who had kindled good impulses of benevolence and charity, thrift and self-help, and had been so happy as to see, while he was still in the meridian of life, a practical realization of one of his imaginary pictures in the People's Palace of London. (Cheers.) But there was a claim which came closer than those, and in drinking the health of Sir Walter Besant they drank to the father of the profession of literature in their time as a profession and to the first cause and founder of the Society of Authors. (Cheers.) In founding the Society of Authors and in directing the line of its conduct he had done a great service to literary people of every class and country by carrying forward the rights of literary property one long step towards just and equitable international law. (Cheers.) Sir Walter Besant, in responding, said the honour conferred upon him was an honour conferred upon their society. It was a recognition of the society. (Cheers.) To use Lord Rosebery's words, it was an honour offered for "services rendered to the dignity of literature." And those services would be futile -- a mere beating of the air -- were it not for their own organizaiton. They might be Radical or Tory, but let them remember that Lord Rosebery was the first Prime Minister who had ever given a thought to the dignity of literature and the first who had ever recognized that literature was a profession at all. (Cheers.) The first thing and the main thing for authors was to achieve the independence of authors. Three persons were concerned with the production of literature -- the author, the man in the middle, and the bookseller. The man in the middle -- the publisher -- had got the whole of the business in his own hands. He wrapped up the business in profound secrecy. How, then, could the independence of the author be achieved? First, and above all, by getting at a knowledge of the facts and by clearing their minds of prejudice and misinformation. They had to teach the public that a book was not an inexhaustible mine to begin with, nor was it, on the other hand, a dynamite shell charged with deadly risk. He urged that a pension fund for authors should be established. (Cheers.) It was his highest hope that on such a work as that and in everything else that belonged to the dignity, the honour, and the glory of literature was that he was with them a craftsman in letters, a brother in the craft, a member of the guild, a worker in the fraternity, might live to take a larger part in that cause and to do more work for that cause than in the past. (Cheers.) [new paragraph] The only other toast was that of "The Chairman," which was proposed by Mr. Henry Norman and responded to by Sir W. Martin Conway." ("Banquet to Sir Walter Besant." The Times, Thursday, 27 June 1895; pg. 10; Issue 34614; col G))</blockquote> There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. Pemberton quotes a letter from Harte to Collins dated the 25th that says he couldn't make it: <quote>"My Dear Arthur, What do you mean by having a Jubilee at a time when I can't attend? For I am afraid it will not be possible for me to get away from here (where I am visiting with a friend) before Monday next, much as I should enjoy meeting you with your friends, and gladly as I would throw over [281/282] any social engagement for that purpose. But I am here on business, of which sometime I will tell you further. [skip one paragraph; new paragraph] "Why haven't I seen you? I sent over form the Club the other day to try and caputre you at 24 St. James' Street, that you might lunch with me, but the manager brought back word that you would not return before the afternoon. Do let me hear from you. I was so sorry I could not come to Hare's dinner, but I had accepted an invitation from the Chappells for the following Sunday to meet him...." </quote> (T. Edgar Pemberton, The Life of Bret Harte. London: C. Arthur Pearson: 1903. Page 282.) ===27 June 1895, Thursday=== Mr. Kenneth Wilson and Miss Hackett marry in London, very fashionable wedding <blockquote>London, Thursday. The handsome church of St. Peter's, Eaton-square, was tastefully decorated and thronged with a large and fashionable congregation this afternoon to witness the marriage of Mr. Kenneth Wilson, son of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, to Miss Hackett, daughter of Mr. Hackett, of Moor Hall, Warwick, and niece of Lady Hindlip. The service was fully choral, and the ceremony was performed by the Hon. and Rev. Augustus Byron, uncle of the bride, assisted by the Rev. F. E Wallis, rector of Hindlip, and the Rev. John Storrs, vicar of St. Peter's. Lord Hindlip gave the bride away, while the bridegroom was supported by his brother, Mr. Clive Wilson, as best man. The bride wore a rich ivory duchesse satin gown, made with a plain skirt, the bodice being arranged with sashes of ribbon coming from high up under the arms, crossing the front, and falling in two long ends to the hem of the skirt, which was fringed with orange blossom. A small bouquet of orange blossom fastened the sash at the waist. The sleeves were loosely slashed, terminating in a point at the wrist, and the neck of the bodice was finished off with fine Alençon lace. Her bridal veil was of tulle, and surmounted a coronet of natural orange blossom. The seven bridesmaids were [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], sister of the bridegroom, Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Lilian Spencer-Churchill, Miss Evelyn Ellis, Mis. Sibell Bass, Miss Clara Palmer Morewood, and Miss Nancy Green They were attired alike in charming costumes of white muslin over white silk with large Marie Antoinette fichus, edged with Valenciennes lace and large puffed sleeves. The full skirts were edged with narrow flounces to match the fichus. They wore white chip hats, with chiffon drawn crowns and trimmed with blue, and carried bouquets of roses. The bridegroom's presents to them were diamond and ruby sword brooches. Among the invited guests were the Earl and Countess of Coventry, the Marquis Camden, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, M. P., Sir John Dickson Poynder, the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, Lady William Nevill, Lady Settrington, Lady Edith Curzon, Mr. and Lady Clementina Walsh, Lady Norreys, Mr. and Lady Barbara Smith, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Mr. and Mrs. F. Pease, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. Stephen Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. F. Palmer, Mr. and Mrs. Alwyn-Smith, Captain and Mrs. FitzGeorge, Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson [probably the son], Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Wilson and the Misses Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green, Mr. Berkeley Levett, the Hon. J. C. Maxwell Scott, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Farrer, Mr. Reginald Coventry, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wilson, the Hon. Mrs. Keppel, Mr. R. Remington Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. H. Sykes, Mr. and Mrs. G. Duncombe, Sir W. and Lady Clarke, Mr. Frank Green, Mr. Rupert Beckett, Sir Henry and Lady Boynton, Mr. and Miss Warton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Sykes, Sir Tatton and Lady Sykes, Mr. Arthur Lambert, Sir Charles and Lady Ross, Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, Mr. A. Newbald, Colonel and Mrs. Peppercorn, Lady Arthur Grosvenor, Mr. Arthur Portman, Mr Christopher Heseltine, the Earl of Yarborough, Mr. and Mrs. Travers, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Lady Stratheden and Campbell, Mr. W. P. Hughes, Lady Dorothy Coventry, Mr. William James, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mrs. J. Hackett, Mrs. Bischoffshiem, Lady Lilian and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Athlumney, Mr. and Mrs. Carl Meyer, Captain Pilkington, Mr. Claude Cobham, Mr. Lancelot Smith, Miss Jenkins, Lord and Lady Churchill, Mr. Cecil Fane, Major Shuttleworth, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, Mrs. Roundell, Mr. and Mrs. Palmer Morewood, Mr. Hungerford, the Hon. Alexander McDonnell, Mr. de Winton, Mr. Fitzroy Farquhar, the Hon. Charles Allsopp, Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Major Seymour Wynne Finch, Mr. Charles Hoare, the Hon. Mrs. Charles Bruree, Lady Sarah Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. William Champion, the Hon. George Allsopp, Mr. Harry Levett, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, Miss Elsie Robartes, Lady Kathleen Cole, the Earl and Countess of Essex, Lady Fairbairn, Lord H. Scott, Sir Phillip and Lady Grey Egerton, Sir George Chetwynd, Lady and Miss Blois, the Earl and Countess of Craven, Baron Hirsch, Miss Lena D'Arcy, Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Smith, &c. The ceremony concluded with the hymn "Thine for ever God of Love," and after signing the marriage registers, the bride and bridegroom left the church, amid the strains of Mendelssohn's time-honoured Wedding March. The bridal party then drove to the town house of Lord Hindlip, in Hill Street, Mayfair, where the wedding reception was held. Later in the afternoon the newly married couple left town for Bayham Abbey, Sussex, kindly placed at their disposal for the honeymoon by the Marquis Camden. The bride's going-away dress was of white alpaca with a pale blue silk body trimmed with open work of French muslin and cream Valenciennes lace, white alpaca coat with large revers of silk and silver buttons, large brown chip hat trimmed with blue satin ribbon, and black ostrich feather plumes fastened by a paste buckle. The presents included the following: — The bridegroom to bride, diamond ring, sapphire ring, diamond and blue enamel heart, diamond and pearl pin, turquoise and pearl chain and heart, diamond and pearl bar brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, turquoise and diamond brooch, and turquoise and diamond hair comb; Miss Sophie Sheridan, heart and chain; Mrs. Roundell, pearl swallow brooch; Mr. J. W. Lloyd, old beaten silver tankard; Lady de L'lsle and Dudley, tortoise shell handled umbrella; the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of Dochfour, fur rug; Lady Randolph Churchill, parasol; Mrs. Percy Laming, peacock fan; Mr. Charles Bruce, writing pad and table; Viscount Cantelupe, silver mirror in case; Mr. Palmer Morewood, cheque; Mr. and Mrs. Amos, silver tea spoons and sugar tongs in case; the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon, china tea set; the Misses Evelyn and Olive Ellis, clock letter weight; Mr. G. H. Moore-Brown, embroidered table cloth; Lady de Trafford, silver box; Mrs. Chaine, china pot-pourri jar; Captain and Mrs. Lyon, silver tea caddy; Mr. G. L. Hacket, silver waistband made of rupees; Mr. Davies, carriage rug; the Earl and Countess of Dudley, diamond turquoise ring; Mr. Hungerford and Miss Barker, silver powder box; Mrs. Hacket, cheque and Brussels lace; the Hon. Alexander McDonnell, silver and tortoise-shell inkstand; Mr. H. Spencer Clay, travelling bag; Mr. De Winton, silver cigarette lighter; Miss Naylor, silver bon-bon dish; the Misses Elise and Augusta Bruce, silver sugar sifter; the Hon. Mrs. Stirling, silk-covered box; Viscount Lycestre and Lady Violet Talbot, pearl and diamond brooch; the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury, diamond and sapphire crescent; Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, emerald and diamond pendant; the Earl and Countess of Home, large gilt photo frame; Lady Brougham and Vaux, large copper tray; Mrs. Fitzroy Farquhar, set of three frames; Sir Henry Calcraft, diamond and sapphire pin; the Earl and Countess of Coventry, chippendale card table; Lady Hindlip, diamond and sapphire bracelet; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Hamar Bass, two silver bowls; the Hon. Charles Allsopp, old blue enamel and paste buttons; Lord Hindlip, cheque; Mr. and Mrs. Wrayham, silver and tortoiseshell box; Mr. Charles Hoare, pair of silver candlesticks; Miss Violet Chandos Leigh, green leather purse mounted with pearl initial "M"; Major Seymour Wynne Finch, silver tray; the Hon. Mrs. Charles Bruce, old chippendale tray; the Earl Beauchamp, clock; the Hon. and Rev. William Byron, pair of gold and bronze candlesticks; Lady Sarah Wilson, silver mounted salts bottle; Mr. and Mrs. William Champion, pair of silver bon-bon dishes; the Hon. George Allsopp, silver teapot; Mr. Clive Wilson, silver teapot; Lord Houghton, aquamarine enamel and diamond pendant; the Hon. George Allsopp, muff chain set with pearls and emeralds; Mr. S. and Miss Mabel Wombwell, scent burner with silver top; Miss Elsie Robartes, heart-shaped box; Mr. and Mrs. Jack Cumming, scent satchet; Mr Harry Levett, white ostrich feather fan; Lord Edward Somerset, pair of silver gilt-mounted scent bottles; Lady Chetwode, pair of old empire salt cellars; Mr. Ernest Cunard, old red enamel paste buttons; Mr. and Mrs. John Hackett, silk tapestry photo screen; Lady Kathleen Cole, silver heart-shaped box; Miss Binnie and Miss Beatie Smith, blue enamel snake pin; the Earl and Countess of Essex, French lamp shade; Lady and Miss Blois, silver pen tray; Lady Fairbairn, silver salts bottle; Lord H. Scott, silver spoon for making tea; Sir Geo. Chetwynd, two brooches of diamonds, emeralds, and rubies; the Rev. F. and Mrs. Wallis, pair of silver fruit spoons; Miss Edith Lewis, old silver box; Sir Philip and Lady Grey Egerton, silver card case; Lady Fitzhardinge, silver tea strainer; Miss E. Lake Benthnall, lace pocket handkerchief; Miss Ashcroft, silver and tortoiseshell paper knife; Sir Ralph Blois, silver-mounted cut-glass scent bottle; Miss Blois, old silver box; Miss Lena D'Arcy, black feather fan; Miss Sibell Bass, pair of silver bon bon dishes; the Earl and Countess of Craven, card case; the Hon. Walter and Mrs. Bagot, old silver sauce pan and ladle; Baron Hirsch de Gerenth, diamond and sapphire bracelet; the Hon. Mrs. Launcelot Lowther, gold pencil case set with rubies and diamonds; Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Smith, fan; Mr. Hugh C. Fraser, gold and red enamel heart-shaped box; Mrs. Forrest, volume of Browning's poems; Miss Dunn, case of scissors; Mrs. Betts, glass bottle mounted with gold bird's head; the Hon. William Coventry, fan; Miss M. A. Wright, pair of china vases; Mr. and Mrs. Beresford Melville, pair of silver candlesticks; the Hon. Percy Allsopp, diamond and sapphire fly brooch; the Countess of Wilton and Mr. A. Pryor, set of silver menu holders; Lady Kathleen Cuffe, gold snuffbox; the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, green leather blotting book with gold initials; Miss Mabel Wilkinson, emerald and diamond heart; the Earl of Onslow, Chinese silver buckle; Miss W. Brand, pottery bowl; Mr. Jack Robarts, silver and tortoiseshell paper cutter; Mr. Hubert Coulton, pair of opera glasses; Mr. R. L. Angus, silver pencil case; the Rev. J. S. and Miss Chesshire, pair of silver candlesticks; Mrs. and Miss Hamilton, silver butter dish and knife; Miss Blanch Cobham, pair of silver pin trays; Mr. John Cobham, long scent bottle with silver top; Mrs. Arthur Paget, old fan; Lady Stratheden and Campbell, green and gold book stand; Mr. and Mrs. R. Sneyd, safely pin with pearl and diamond heart; Mr. M. [? 'nest ?], gold glove button hook, set with ruby, diamonds, and sapphire; Mr. W. P. Hughes, old Worcester tea set; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, diamond and pearl tiara; Mr. Kenneth Wilson, three rows of pearls ; Lady Dorothy and Lady Anne Coventry, pair of old paste brooches; Miss E. M. Walker, black fan; Miss Moore, Prayer Book in ivory cover; the servants at Hindlip and in London, large old silver salver; Mr. William James, long silver button hook; Mrs. Grogan, screen for letters; Mr. Hwfa Williams, antique fan; Lord and Lady Churchill, pair of Dresden china candlesticks; Mrs. Napier, cherry wood stick with silver mount; Mr. and Mrs. Carl Meyer, pair of large cut glass, silver mounted; Mrs. Claude Cobham, lace pocket handkerchief; Mr. Launcelot H. Smith, silver salver; Mrs. J. Hacket, cheque; Mrs. McDonald, silver-mounted salts bottle; Miss Muriel Wilson, turquoise and diamond aigrette; Mr. Walter Calthorpe, tortoiseshell beziqre [?] box; Lady Winnington, letter weight; Capt. Pilkington, silver photo frame; Lady Mildred Ashley, silver taper stand; Mr. Arnold Morley, travelling clock; Mrs. Bischoffshiem, old scent bottle; the Earl of Chesterfield, old paste buttons; Mr. Arthur Coventry, tortoise-shell-mounted umbrella; Lady Lilian and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, fan; the Duke of Marlborough, diamond marquise ring; Mrs. Williams, blue silk lined basket; Miss Jenkins, four glass vases; Mr. Cecil Fane, gold snake bangle with emerald head; Miss Bridget Bulkeley, old enamel box; Major Shuttleworth, four silver and crystal salt cellars; Lord Athumley, old silver box; Lady Helm-ley [sic Helmsley?], silver and glass vinaigrette; Mr. Arthur Portman, diamond pin; Miss Reynolds, silver dish; Lady Sheffield, china inkstand; Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green, old Chippendale writing desk; Lady Arthur Grosvenor, pair of antique silver salt cellars; Mr. Christopher Heseltine, turquoise links; Mr. and Mrs. B. Haworth Booth, hunting crop; Mr. H. Rimington Wilson, pair of liqueur decanters; Mr. F. Constable, pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. A. E. Mitchell-Innes, silver matchbox; Mrs. Hacket, old Egyptian lamp; Sir Edward Green, silver spoons and forks; the Earl of Yarborough, walking stick; Mr. and Mrs. Travers, silver inkstand; Miss Wilkinson, silver dish; Mr. Brinsley Fitzgerald, luncheon bag; Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bentley, barometer clock; Miss Naylor, walking stick; Miss Musgrave, two pearl pins; Mrs. Clarke, visitors' book; the Hon. Lady Filmer and Miss Filmer, coffee service; Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wilson, pony cart; Miss Jane Thornwell, seal; M . J. Elwell, flower stand; Lord and Lady William Nevill, oyster forks; Mr. Clive Wilson, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Lambert, pair of fruit dishes; Mr. Sidney Lane, cigarette box; the farmers of the Holderness Hunt, three silver entrée dishes; the captains of the Wilson Line, a Steinway grand piano; the clerks of the Wilson Line, silver tea and coffee service; the Hon. Mrs. Keppel, writing table books; Sir William Hosier, silver bowl; Mr. L. J. Pease, cream jug and sugar basin; the Hon. S. R. Beresford, sugar basin and spoon; Mr. and Mrs. Siltzer, old snuff box; Major Candy, coffee set; Mr. Frank Dugdale, lamp; Mr. and Mrs. R. Ringrose, clock; Mr. and Mrs. R Lawson, four silver vases; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wade, silver candelabra; Mr. and Mrs. H [?]. Sykes, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. J. Simons Harrison, silver salt cellars; Mr. W. R. Chaine, pair of sauce boats; Miss Hinckman, picture; Mr. R. Remington Wilson, knife; Captain and Mrs. R Greville, pair of champagne decanters; Mr. C. H. Wilson, six large silver salt cellars; Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Duncombe, cigarette holder; Sir W. and Lady Clerke, barometer; Mr. Archibald Smith, ash tray; Mr. Frank Green, antique silver jug; Mr. and Mrs. Fullerton, biscuit box; the servants at Tranby Croft, silver salver; Commander Bethell, R.N., silver flask; Colonel and Mrs. Peppercorn, bronze writing set; Mr. Rupert Beckett, smoking-room table; Miss Henniker, pair of silver salt cellars; Mrs. Menzies, clock; Captain Samman, silver pepper and mustard pot; Sir Henry and Lady Boynton, glass bell for dining table; Lord and Lady Rossmore, small Chippendale table; Mrs. Turner, photo frame; Mr. and Miss Warton, pair of sporting pictures; Mr. Wilfred Harrison, travelling clock; Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Sykes, brocaded chair; Miss Sykes, miniature box; Sir Tatton and Lady Sykes, screen; Sir Percy and Lady Pile, chased silver blotting book; Mr. and Mrs. W. Menzies, letter box; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Harrison, photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. P. Holden, four silver dishes; Mr. H. Oppenhiem, silver bowl; Mr. Arthur Lambert, pair of George III. silver bowls; Sir Charles and Lady Ross, silver ornament; Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Wilson, Louis XV. cabinet; Mr. and Mrs. Holden, pair of silver salt cellars and pepper pot; Mr. G. L. Davis, decanter; Mr. and Mrs. W. Ringrose Vosse [?], bread knife; Messrs. H. Phillipson and J. G. Walker, cigar cutter; Mrs. Hill, small mirror; the Misses Hill, needlework picture; Mr. A. Newbald, pair of silver pepper pots; Mr. and Mrs. R. Woodhouse, antique silver cup; the Hon. Cecil Brownlow, curb chain bracelet, with diamood and sapphire bracelet; the Hon. Geoffrey Brown Guthrie, antique fan; Lady Norreys, silver miniature frame; Lady William Nevill, silver tray; Lady Edith Curzon, gold and green photo frame; Mr. and Miss Blundell, silver heart-shaped box; Lady Settrington, long silver pencil case; M. and Madame Van Audre [or Andre?], gold-mounted scent bottle; Mrs. Harry Lawson, Sheraton show table; Mr. and Lady Clementina Walsh, green enamel heart; Mr. and Lady Barbara Smith, diamond and ruby aigrette; Mr. Reggie Coventry, diamond and turquoise brooch; Mr. Chandos Leigh, photo in frame; Lord and Lady Lurgan, umbrella; Miss Enid Wilson, antique miniature frame; Mr. Hakes, pair of opera glasses; Mr. and Mrs. Frasci, pair of silver dishes; Mr. and Mrs. J. Thompson, cigarette case; Mr. and Mrs. F. Pease, silver dish; Mr. William Maxwell, silver dish; Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, diamond foxhead pin; Mr. James Guthrie, silver cart for cigarettes; Mr. Stephen [Col. 6c/Col. 7a] Wombwell, silver ash tray; Miss Pereia, silver box; Mr. and Mrs. Twiss, Worcester china vase; Mr. and Mrs. Lambert, dessert service; Mr. Mrs. F. Palmer, pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. and Mrs. Alwyn Smith, breakfast service; Captain and Mrs. Alwyne Greville, pair of [? Links ?]; Captain and Mrs. FitzGeorge, silver matchbox; Lady de Trafford, walking stick; the Hon. J. C. Maxwell Scott, silver bowl; Mr. J. C. Brunton, bezique table; Mr. T. Wickham, silver cigarette lighter; Mr. K. Hill Dawe, silver card case; Mrs. Sanderson, set of tea spoons; Mr. and Mrs. W. Hodgson, silver bowl; Mr. F. Menzies, Louis Quinze settee; Mr. F. Menzies, Louis Seize banquette; Mr. H. Witty, silver-gilt sugar basin; Capiain Phillip Langdale, silver card case; Mr. and Mrs. J. G. Menzies, a buhl hall chiming clock; the servants at Etton Kennels, travelling clock; Miss Hackett, ruby and emerald links, sapphire pin, diamond pin, and gold and enamel links; Col. and Mrs. MacGeorge, green leather bezique box and two silver ash trays; Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Louis XV table; Mr. and Mrs. and the Misses Strickland Constable, silver sugar basin and cream jug; Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, gold pencil; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, book slide; Capt. and the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Somerset, silver crumb scoop and ladles; the agents of the Wilson line, brougham and horse; the Marquis Camden, two brass candelabra; Capt. Daly, bezique table; Miss Browne, cigarette case; Sir Samuel Scott, pair of links; Mr. and Mrs. Veilst [? Veilat ?], cigarette holder in gold case; Mr. J. Hope Vere, glass decanter; Mr. and Mrs. K. Hodgson, embroidered photo frame; Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Farrer, drinking horns in case; Mrs. Bovill, hunting crop; Mr. A. H. Backworth, carved oak stool; Mr. George Keppel, Chippendale chair; Mr. James Harrison, silver snuff box; Victoria Lady Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, walking stick; Mr. and Mrs. Ellershaw, lamp; Mr. Cecil Brownlow, cigarette lighter; Sir John Dickson Poynder, large silver match box; Mr. R. Lestrange, decanter; Mr. F. Gregson, early breakfast set; Mr. Reginald Coventry, umbrella; Mr. Ernest Hatch, cigarette box; Mr. C. P. Colnaghi, old mustard pot; Mr. Berkeley Levett, four silver candlesticks. (1895-06-28 York Herald)</blockquote> === 29 June 1895, Saturday === Giacomo Meyerbeer's ''Les Huguenots'' was in regular performance in the 1890s at Covent Garden, but this performance attracted notice, apparently:<blockquote>ROYAL OPERA, COVENT-GARDEN On Saturday, June 29th, Meyerbeer's Opera "<small>LES HUGUENOTS</small>" Valentina . . . Madame A<small>LBANI</small> Urbano . . . Signorina G<small>UILIA</small> R<small>AVOGLI</small> Dama d'Onore . . . Mdlle. B<small>AUERMEISTER</small> Margherita di Valois . . . Madame M<small>ELBA</small> Marcello . . . Mons. P<small>LANCON</small> Conte di Nevers . . . Signor A<small>NCONA</small> Conte di St. Bris . . . Signor V. A<small>RIMONDI</small> Huguenot Soldier . . . Signor P<small>ELAGALLI</small>-R<small>OSSETTI</small> Tavannes . . . Signor I<small>GINIO</small> C<small>ORSI</small> Meru . . . Signor D<small>E</small> V<small>ASCHETTI</small> De Cosse . . . Signor P<small>ELAGALLI</small>-R<small>OSSETTI</small> Raoul de Nangis . . . Signor T<small>AMAGNO</small> It has been frequently remarked of late years that "Meyerbeer was played out," but this opera attracted last Saturday night one of the most crowded houses of the season. It was the second of Meyerbeer's brilliantly successful grand operas performed in Paris. ''Robert le Diable'' was produced in 1831, of which Mendelssohn said, "There are dances and the devil in it, so the Parisians are sure to like the opera." ''Les Huguenots'' came out in 1836, and speedily was produced in all the opera houses of Europe. It had the advantage last Saturday of a remarkable cast, the most successful artists being Madame Melba and Signor Tamagno. Probably the music of Margherita di Valois has never been rendered so exquisitely as by Madame Melba, whose reception was unusually enthusiastic. Her artistic skill In executing the chief passages given to Margherita di Valois excited both astonishment and admiration, and the delightfully sympathetic quality of her voice enhanced the effect caused by her graceful delivery of the music. There is not much scope for acting, but Madame Melba is always charming and always intelligent. Signor Tamagno was extremely powerlul as usual, and although there were instances when he has been surpassed vocally, his surprising energy and power, combined with very effective acting, never failed to awaken stormy enthusiasm. Admirable also was M. Plançon as the old Puritan soldier Marcello. M. Plançon played with much dignity of style, and sang the music with freedom and fine quality of tone. Signor Ancona was excellent as the Conte di Nevers, and Signor Arimondi was effective as the Conte di St. Brie. Among the lighter characters the page of Signorina Giulia Ravogli takes the first place. Her Urbano was a charming performance, as it has ever been; and her rendering of "Nobil Signor" produced its old effect. Last but not least Madame Albani was most warmly greeted as Valentina, a character in which she could hardly be surpassed. The breadth of her style, associated with pure tone and admirable acting, made her Valentina one of her most successful characters. To Madame Albani a large share of the favour with which the opera was received may be awarded. The smaller parts were adequately sustained, and the chorus generally deserved praise.<ref>"Royal Opera: Covent-Garden." ''The Era'' 06 July 1895: 9 [of 24], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18950706/016/0009.</ref></blockquote> ==July 1895== === 3 July 1895 === <blockquote>GARDEN PARTY AT CLARENCE HOUSE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha gave a garden party in the grounds attached to Clarence House, and those adjoining St. James's Palace, yesterday afternoon. Near the entrance to the garden was erected a marquee reserved for the many Royal guests present, a covered way connecting it with the platform at which the illustrious visitors alighted. It was carpeted with blue kalmuck, lined with yellow Oriental fabrics, and was surrounded on three sides by a corridor fitted with reed curtains. From the centre was suspended a large basket of ivy geraniums, fuchsias, and pyrethrum. The tent was also banked on each side with palms, Harrissil lilies, etoile d'or marguerites, and edged with coleus and vinca. Refreshments were served here at small tables, the general company being supplied at a long buffet under a marquee attached to the house and facing the lawn. The buffet was adorned with handsome gold and silver plate. A number of canopies were placed along the south side of the grounds, and a smoking tent was also provided. At the St. James's Palace end the full band of the Grenadier Guards was stationed, and, under the ''báton'' of Lieutenant Dan Godfrey, performed a brilliant selection of music during the afternoon. The invitations were from half-past four to seven o'clock, and during that time a large body of police was actively engaged in regulating the continuous stream of carriages, which, after setting down company, were parked in the Mall. Among the Royal guests attending were....<ref>"Garden Party at Clarence House." ''Morning Post'' 04 July 1895 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a [of 7] – 8, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18950704/057/0006.</ref></blockquote> === 5 July 1895, Saturday === Mr. Schreiber and Miss Schreiber attended a ball at Lord and Lady Wimborne's house in Arlington Street. They were not invited to the dinner, which was small.<blockquote>LADY WIMBORNE'S BALL. Lord and Lady Wimborne entertained at dinner yesterday evening at Wimborne House, Arlington-street, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isobel Stanley, the Earl of Kenmare, Earl Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Viscount and Viscountess Somerton, Viscount Curzon, Lord R. Nevill, Lady Margaret Ker, Lord Rothschild and the Hon. Evelina Rothschild, Lady de Ramsey, Lord and Lady de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Burton, the Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain, Mr. and Lady Florence Astley, the Hon. Owen Ponsonby, Ceneral the Hon. Charles and Miss Thesiger, and Lieutenant Hervey. Lady Wimborne afterwards gave a ball. Lady Wimborne received her guests in the conservatory at the entrance to the ball-room. Among the company present were : — The Lord Chancellor, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Miss Giffard, the Duchess of Roxburghe, the Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis of Tullibardine and Lady Helen Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Bute and Lady Margaret Crichton-Stuart, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marchioness of Bristol and Lady Alice Hervey, Earl Cairns, Earl and Countess Amherst, the Countess of Ancaster, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Countess Howe and Ladies Edith and Evelyn Curzon, the Countess of Lindsay and Lady Evelyn Bertie, the Countess of Kenmare, Countess Manvers and Lady Mary Pierrepont, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, the Countess of Mayo, Viscount and Viscountess Duncannon, Viscountess Boyne and Lady Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscount Cole, Viscount and Viscountess Deerhurst. Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Lord and Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Constance Russell, Dowager Lady Ashburton and the Hon. Miss Baring, Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lady Aline Beaumont, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Miss Douglas Pennant, Lady Mary Willoughby and the Hon. Charles Willoughby, Lady Victoria Lambton and Miss Lambton, Lady Gerard, Lady de Trafford, Lord Garioch, Lady Louisa Egerton and Miss Egerton, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, Lord Cecil Manners, Lady Audrey Buller and Miss Howard, Lord Lovat and Hon. Miss Fraser, Lord and Lady Edward Churchill and Miss Churchill, Lady Moreton, Lady Rose Molyneux, Lady Emily Van De Weyer and Miss Van De Weyer and Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Alexandra Osborne and Lord Albert Osborne, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Hon. Lady Ridley and Miss Ridley, Captain and Lady Rose Leigh, Lord Molyneux, Lord Swansea, Lord and Lady Henniker and the Hon. Miss Hennniker, Lord Abinger, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways and Miss Roche, Lady Alice Shaw Stewart and Miss Grosvenor, Lord and Lady Cremorne, the Hon. George Peel, the Hon. Mrs. Lumley, Miss Wilson Patten and Lady Beatrix Taylour, the Hon. E. J. Mills and the Hon. Miss Mills, the Hon. Mrs. Brougham, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. William Maxwell, the Hon. A. and Lady Dorothy FitzClarence, the Hon. K. Campbell, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot and Miss Eliot, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson [repetition sic], the Hon. E. Thesiger, the Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas, the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. Mrs. Hanbury Lennox and Lady Edith Montgomerie, the Hon. A. Saumarez, the Hon. Cecil Campbell, the Hon. J. Crichton, Colonel the Hon. Heneage Legge, the Hon. F. Browne Guthrie, the Hon. Lady Cotterell and Miss Cotterell, the Hon. Sydney Peel, the Hon. R. Hill Trevor, the Hon. Henry Littleton, Mr. and Lady Margaret Douglas, Captain and Lady S. Gilmour, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Sir E. Doyle, Lady Eden and Miss Grey, Lady Meysey-Thompson, Colonel and Mrs. Robert Williamson and the Misses Williamson, Captain Jenkins, Major Morris, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire and the Hon. Ella Peel, M. de Falbe and Miss Keith Fraser, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. W. Goschen, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber and Miss Schreiber]], Mrs. Du Cane and the Misses Du Cane, Mr. Forbes, Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Mr. E. Sebright[,] Mr. and Mrs. E. Sasaoon, Mr. Ridley, Mr. Guy Stevenson, M[r.?] Hamilton Aidé, Mrs. Adair, Mr. Lancelot Smith, Mrs. and Miss Lees, Mrs, and Miss Gartside, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. V. Smith, Mr. Arthur Meade, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Mrs. and Miss Hugh Smith, Mr. L. Smith, Mr. Cooper, Mr. Clarence Walker, Mr. Oppenheim, Mr. J. Decrais, Mr. Macdonaid, Mr. Somerset, Captain Majendie, Mrs. Graham Menzies, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Du Cane, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Lionel Earle, Mr. and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. Jocelyn Persse, Captain Milner, Mr. Biddulph, Mr. Arthur Guest, Mr. Wilbraham, Mr. Adrian Hope and Miss Hope, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], and many others.<ref>"Lady Wimborne's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 06 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950706/062/0007.</ref> </blockquote> === 19 July 1895, Friday === Lord and Lady Cadogan hosted a dinner and dance:<blockquote>COUNTESS CADOGAN'S DANCE. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York honoured the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Countess Cadogan with their company at dinner on Friday evening at Chelsea House. There were present to meet their Royal Highnesses the Russian Ambassador, the Duchess of Devonshire, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Viscount Chelsea, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord Houghton, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Lord and Lady Alington, Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, the Hon. H. Stonor, the Hon. Sydney Greville, Lady Bulkeley and Miss Bulkeley, Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mrs. Cooper, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, and Captain the Hon. Derek Keppel and Lady Mary Lygon in attendance on the Duke and Duchess of York. Subsequently Lady Cadogan gave a dance, which was honoured by the presence of their Royal Highnesses the Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud, accompanied by the Crown Prince of Denmark, and attended by Major-General Ellis and Lady Suffield, and her Imperial Highness the Crown Princess Stephanie of Austria, with Counters Palffy and Baron Gudenus in waiting. Other guests included — The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Countess Deym and Countess Isobel Deym, the Italian Ambassador, the French Ambassador, the Brazilian Minister, the Duke of Marlborough, the Duchess of Portland, the Duchess of Abercorn, Lady Alexandra Hamilton and Lady Susan Beresford, the Duchess of St. Albans and Lady Moyra Beauclerk, the Duchess of Leeds and Lady Ada Osborne, Prince Esterhazy, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland and Lady Maud Dundas, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Lilian Chetwynd, the Marchioness of Bristol and the Ladies Hervey, the Marquis Maffei, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Aileen Wyndham Quin, Earl and Countess Howe, Earl Beauchamp, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Kathleen Cole, Count Gleichen, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Count Salern, the Countess of Antrim and Lady Sybil M'Donnell, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, Countess Grosvenor, and Lady Mary Willoughby, the Earl and Countess of Arran, Lady Edith Curzon, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, the Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Rosslyn and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, the Countess of Warwick, Count Koziebrodski, the Countess of Ilchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Earl of Scarborough, Evelyn Countess Craven and Lady Helen Craven, the Countess of Powis, Viscountess Helmsley and the Hon. Miss Duncombe, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Helena and the Hon. O. Bridgeman, Viscount and Viscountess Deerhurst, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscountess Downe, Viscount Crichton, Lord Hyde, Lord and Lady Skelmersdale, Lord Wimborne and the Hon. Elaine Guest, Lord Kenyon, Baron Eckhardstein, Lord H. Vane-Tempest, Lord Abinger, Lord and Lady Iveagh, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, Lady St. Oswald and the Hon. Maud Winn, the Hon. Lady and Miss Ridley, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron de Hirsch, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Miss Russell and Lady Edith Wilbraham, Lady Anne Coventry, Lady Margaret Maitland and Miss Maitland, Lady Gerard, Lady Barbara Smith, Mr. and Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Weyer, Lady Borthwick, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Evelyn Giffard, Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring, Lady Lucy and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Brett, the Hon. Mrs. Lowther, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Mr. C. Willoughby|Hon. C. Willoughby]], the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. Cecil Cadogan, the Hon. Hugh Grosvenor, the Hon. Miss Harbord, the Hon. Mrs. Bagot and Miss Dyke, the Hon. Reginald Coventry, the Hon. Algernon Stanley, the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, the Hon. Francis Bertie, the Hon. G. Brown Guthrie, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Sir Edward Hamilton, Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, Sir Condie Stephen, Sir Frederick Verney, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir George Arthur, Sir Horace Farquhar, Colonel Oliphant, Colonel and Mrs. Seymour Corkran and Miss Corkran, Colonel Forester, Colonel Brabazon, Mr. Martin Kennard, Captain Ricardo, Mr. Ridley, Captain Doyle, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Mr. Dudley Smith, Mr. C. H. W. Wilson, Mr. Craven, Mr. Victor Seymour Corkran, Mr. Claude Yorke, Mr. Johnstone, Mr. Egerton, Mr. William Van de Weyer, Mr. Ponsonby, Mr. C. Kinloch Cooke, Mr. W. H. Fisher, Mr. C. Heseltine, Mr. Mansfield, Mrs. Stead, Mrs. Sandford, Mr. C. P. Little, Mr. H. Petre, Mrs. W. Lawson, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Wilson]], Mr. Charles Bruce, Mr. Robert Bruce, Mr. Mordaunt, Mrs. W. James and Miss Forbes, Mr. Quintin Dick, Mr. Macnamara, Mrs. Hartmann and Madlle. de Jaucourt, Mr. Alfred Oppenheim, Mr. William Jones, and others.<ref>"Countess Cadogan's Dance." ''Bury and Norwich Post and Suffolk Standard'' 23 July 1895 Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000156/18950723/019/0005.</ref></blockquote> === 20 July 1895, Saturday === [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Lady Eva Sarah Louise Greville]] and Frank Dugdale were married in a very fashionable and very large wedding. This article from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' focuses on the gifts they received, which were lavish and expensive; the gifts from the bride's mother must have been extremely expensive. Some offer interesting details, perhaps about these people. They got books from several people, which is unusual in these lists, a lot of clocks, and a number of things made of "old silver" — antiques, perhaps?<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF FRANK DUGDALE AND LADY EVA GREVILLE. BRILLIANT SCENE IN ST. MARGARET'S WESTMINSTER. [From our Special Correspondent.] [sic square brackets] The marriage of Mr Frank Dugdale, second son of the late Mr James Dugdale, J.P., and Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Warwick, of Wroxall Abbey, Warwickshire, and Lady Eva Sarah Louisa Greville, Lady-in-waiting H.R H. the Duchess of York, only daughter of the late Earl of Warwick and the Dowager Countess of Warwick, and sister of the present Earl Warwick, was solemnised on Saturday at St. Margaret's, Westminster, in the Presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Prince Adolphus of Teck, and a large and distinguished assembly. Unfortunately, the weather was most unpropitious to the occasion. From early morning rain fell in a steady torrent, and though at noon rifts in the laden clouds gave hopes of a fine afternoon, the anticipation was not destined to be realised. Although, as the hour appointed for the wedding approached, the rain ceased fall, dark, threatening clouds swept across the sky and, for a summer's day, the prospect could hardly have been more drear. Within the church, however, the scene was one of great animation and exceeding brilliance, and in the dim, religious light of St. Margaret's, it mattered little that the elements were so unfavourable. Interested spectators, who had been fortunate enough obtain cards of admission began to arrive at the church soon after one o'clock, and were accommodated with seats in the side aisles, which were quickly filled. Meanwhile the relatives and friends of the bride and bridegroom, who entered by the north door, were conducted to places in the central aisle. Every seat in the sacred edifice, except those reserved for the Royal guests, were quickly occupied, and a pleasing combination of delicate colour was supplied by the beautiful tints of the gowns worn by the ladies present, most of whom appeared in summer attire. The floral decorations of the church were carried out admirable taste. Only white blooms, palms, and ferns were used. The approach to the north entrance was lined with tall palms, and white flowering plants were grouped round the front opposite the main entrance to the building. The chancel rails were hidden with lilies, hydrangia, spirea, Marguerites, and other white blossoms set in banks of delicate fernery. In the chancel itself four tall palms spread their graceful leaves o'erhead, with lilies and ferns at their base; white flowers were ranged along the foot of the choristers' stalls, and on the altar rails some beautiful white orchids were introduced among the other blooms and foliage. The altar vases contained white bouquets, and on the first step leading to the chancel there was a delicate tracery of tiny leaved foliage. The Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sidney Greville, who arrived at the church at an early hour, personally superintended the arrangements for the ceremony and received the guests. While the latter were taking their places, the marriage bells rang out a merry peal, and when all was in readiness tor the arrival of the bride and bridegroom, Mr J. Baines (the organist) played selections from Haydn's "The Seasons." Mr Frank Dugdale, the bridegroom, arrived shortly after two o'clock, and proceeded at once to the vestry. He was accompanied Mr J. P. Arkwright (joint Master of the North Warwickshire Hounds), of Hatton House, Warwick, who supported him as "best man." Shortly afterwards their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York entered the church by the chancel entrance, and were received by the Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sidney Greville. They were at once conducted to the vestry. The Duchess of York was attired in a lovely gown of petunia silk, ornamented with beautiful cream lace, and wore a bonnet to match. Her Royal Highness was attended by Lady Lyon and Miss Tufnell, while the Hon. Derek Keppel was in attendance upon the Duke of York. The next of the Royal guests to arrive were the Duke and Duchess of Teck and the Princess Adolphus of Teck, who, together with the Duke and Duchess of York, were then conducted by the Hon. Alwyn Greville to their seats in the central aisle. Shortly afterwards the Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, and attended by General Ellis, Lady Suffield, and Miss Knollys, entered the church by the chancel entrance, where the Hon. Alwyn Greville and the Hon. Sydney Greville were in waiting to receive them. Their Royal Highnesses were at once conducted to seats in the front pew facing the altar. The Princess of Wales wore a simple gown of black and white silk, trimmed with chiffon, with jet to match, and a bonnet of pale mauve flowers. The Princesses Victoria and Maud were attired alike in pink glacé silk, with lace collars embroidered with jet, and wore toques of shaded pink roses. The officiating clergy — the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Ripon, the Very Rev. the Dean of Canterbury, the Rev. Thurston Rivington, M.A. (Vicar of St. Nicholas, Warwick), and the Rev. H. G. Willacy, M.A. (Chaplain of Wroxall Abbey) — had 'ere this taken their places in the chancel, and the choir were already installed in their seats. So admirably were the arrangements carried out that, as soon as the Royal guests had taken their seats, and punctually at a quarter past two o'clock, the bride, who — accompanied by her brother, the Earl of Warwick — had driven from Warwick House, St. James's Palace, entered the sacred building by the north door. She looked very charming in a wedding gown of white satin, with a full Court train, cut in one with the skirt. The bodice was arranged with soft folds of ''mousseline de soie'', caught in with trails of orange blossoms in foliage. Sprays of orange flowers were fastened in her hair with diamond pins, and a fine tulle veil enveloped her in soft and graceful folds. Her ornaments were a superb pearl necklace (the joint wedding gift of Sir Charles Cust, Sir Francis de Winton, the Hon. Derek Keppel, and Canon Dalton) and a diamond butterfly, and she carried a handsome bridal bouquet of rare exotics, with floral trails, and tied with streamers of white satin. At the entrance to the church she was met by her eight bridemaids — Miss Edith Dugdale and Miss Rosy Dugdale (sisters of the bridegroom), Miss Clare Susa Charteris (daughter of Lady Louisa Charteris, of Tree Chase, Hayward's Heath, Sussex), Lady Anne Savile (daughter of the Earl and Countess of Mexborough, of Metley Park, Leeds), Miss Evelyn Pelly (daughter of the late Sir Henry Castains Pelly and Mrs H. F. R. Yorke, of 22, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W.) and Lady Hilda Joanna Gwendolen Finch (daughter of the seventh Earl of Aylesford and Edith Countess of Aylesford, of Honeys Twyford, Berks) (cousins), Lady Marjorie Blanche Eva Greville (niece of the bride and daughter of the Earl and Countess Warwick, of Warwick Castle, Warwick), and Lady Angela Selina Bianca St. Ciair Erskine (daughter of the late and sister of the present Earl of Rosslyn, and half-sister to the Countess of Warwick, of Dysort House, Fife, N.B ) The bridesmaids were charmingly gowned in white Ottoman silk, with fichus of ''mouseeline de soie'', bordered with frills of Mechlin lace. They wore neck bands of pale blue satin, and satin sashes of the same hue tied in bows on the left side at the waist. They also wore white "Picture" hats of French crepe straw, trimmed with white ostrich plumes, three falling towards the front and three to the back. The crowns were encircled with two bands of blue satin, terminating in loops caught with paste brooches, and a cluster of Malmaison carnations nestled under the brim. The hats were fastened with gold sword hat pins, with diamond and turquoise hilts — the presents of the bridegroom — and they carried bouquets of Malmaison carnations, tied with pile blue ribbons, and a "nosegay" of the same bloom appearing on the bodice. Two nephews of the bride — Master George Gordon Francis Greville (son of the Hon. Mr and Mrs L. G. Greville, of 35, Berkeley-square), and Master Charles Henry Greville (son of the Hon. Mr and Mrs A. H. Fulke Greville, of 4, Upper Brook-street) acted as pages. They looked exceedingly pretty in picturesque costumes in blue satin of the Louis XVI. period. They each carried black wands, with bunches of carnations fastened with blue satin, and the bride's presents to them were diamond and turquoise pins. As the bride, supported by the Earl of Warwick, who was to give her away, and followed by her bridesmaids and little pages, passed down the central nave to the chancel, the choir sang "Lord, who hast made homelove to be," a hymn composed by the Lord Bishop of Durham, set to music by Mr Walter Parratt, organist of Sr. George's Chapel, Windsor, and dedicated her Majesty the Queen. The bridegroom had already taken up his position at the chancel steps, supported by Mr J. P. Arkwright, and as the last strains of the beautiful hymn died away, the Lord Bishop of Ripon, in solemn and earnest tones, began the impressive service. Music soft and sweet filled the sacred fane as the bride and bridegroom clasped each other's hand and repeated the marriage vows. Then the choir chanted "Blessed are all they that fear the Lord and walk in his ways," the bridal pair ascended into the chancel and knelt on the altar steps in prayer. The assembly afterwards joined in singing "O God, our help in ages past," and the ceremony concluded with the Benediction. Then as the organ pealed forth the strains of the National Anthem, the newly-married couple proceeded to the vestry to sign the register, and were quickly followed thither by the Royal party, who offered them their sincere congratulations. The gladsome strains of the Wedding March resounded through the church as Mr Fiank Dugdale and Lady Eva Dugdale re-entered the chancel and passed down the central nave to the north entrance, where, in spite of the inclement weather, a large crowd bad assembled to witness their departure. The Royal party soon afterwards left by the chancel entrance, and the other guests by the north door. [Col. 1c–2a] The Countess of Warwick afterwards held a reception Warwick House, which was very largely attended. Early in the afternoon, and amid the hearty congratulations of their relatives and friends, Mr Frank and Lady Eva Dugdale left ''en route'' for Paris, where their honeymoon will be spent. The bride's ''costume de voyage'' was of white alpaca, with blue bodice covered with cream applique embroidery, and a drapery of blue chiffon and blue satin ribbons. The "Marie Antoinette" hat was of light brown straw, trimmed with black and white Lisso frill, with tall aigrette at the side, ''choux'' of black and pale-blue velvet, and trails of pink and red roses falling over the hair at the back. Among those present at St. Margaret's and Warwick House were T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales, attended by General Ellis and Lady Suffield, T.R.H. the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, attended by Miss Knollys, T.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York, attended by the Hon. Derek Keppel, Lady Mary Liggow, and Miss Tufnell, H.R.H. Princess Mary Duchess of Teck, H.H. the Duke of Teck, T.S.H. the Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck, Prince Francis of Teck, the Dowager Countess of Warwick, the Countess of Warwick, Mr and Mrs Charles Dugdale, Miss Helen Maguire, Hon. Mrs Magure, Miss Gereldine Magure, Hon. Dudley and Mrs Leigh, Lady Sophie Macnamara, Hon. Louis and Mrs Greville, Misses Mostyn, Mrs Fane, Miss Jessie Scott, Lady Trevelyan, Mrs Thorold, Mr and Lady Margaret Douglas, Mrs Willacy, Mrs and Miss Mason, Lord Leigh, Hons. Miss A. and C. Leigh, Hon. Chandos and Mrs Leigh, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, Hon. Ethel Cadogan, Sir Edward and Lady Harland, Mrs G. H. Richardson Fox, Dowager Countees of Aylesford, Earl of Aylesford, Lady Hilda Finch, Miss Houghton, Miss B. Dugdale, Lady Louisa Charteris, Miss Charteris, Captain Armitage, Mr and Mrs Greaves, Major and Mrs Hunter, Rev. Vincent and Mrs Fortescue, Mrs Fosberry, Captain and Mrs Walter Clonmel, Lady Mary Cari Glyn, Lord and Lady Camoys, Mr J. Guthrie, Mr Low, Mr and Mrs Walter Maudsley, Miss Johnson, Mr and Mrs Herbert Arkwright, Mr Lort Phillips, Countess of Leven and Melville, Mr and Mrs Fred Walker, Lady Frances Legge, Captain the Hon. Alwyne and Mrs Greville, Lady Eden, Colonel and Mrs Ingo Jones, Captain and Mrs Brand, Mr Charteris, Mr Fuller, Viscountess Helmsley, Hon. Mrs Bingham, Countess Chetwynd, Mr and Lady Jane Repton, Mr Guy Repton, Miss Curzon, Misses Duff Gordon, Hon. Alexander Hood, Lord and Lady Crawshaw, Lady Margaret Jenkins, Mr A. D. Dugdale, Countess of Mexborough, the Ladies Savile, Countess Cairns, Mrs Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson, of Tranby Croft]], Mr and Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Kenneth Wilson]], Dowager Lady Vernon, Lady Iveagh, Sir Francis de Winton, Lord and Lady Edward Somerset, Lady B. Taylor, Mr and Mrs Cecil B. Tennant, Viscountess Pollington, Mrs Radcliffe, Mrs Ricardo, Major and Mrs C. Molyneux, Lady de Trafford, Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|T. Menzies]], Mr and Mrs Charles Stewart, Lady Margaret Charteris, Captain Peel, Sir George Arthur, Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, Captain Hon. Walter and Mrs Forbes, Mr W. James Adams, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Sybil Leigh, Mr and Mrs Miller '''Monday''', Hon. Mary Byng, Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, Miss Bromley Davenport, Lady Henry Somerset, Mrs Arkwright, Mr Woodhouse, Colonel Hon. George and Mrs Napier, Mrs Lucy and the Misses Lucy, Lady Norreys, Sir Francis and Lady Knollys, Hon. George and Mrs Keppel, Mr and Mrs Fletcher of Saltoun, Sir Philip and Lady Grey Egerton, Miss E. Browne, etc., etc. The presents, which numbered over 400, were exhibited in the drawing room at Warwick House. They included the following:— Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, diamond and turquoise bracelet; their Royal Highnesses Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, gold jewelled bangle; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York, sapphire and diamond brooch and earrings, diamond half-sun shaped brooch and white feather fan with mother-of-pearl sticks; the Duke and Duchess of Teck, the Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck, Prince Alexander of Teck, Prince Francis of Teck, pearl and diamond pendant; the Duchess of Albany, silver and glass bell; the Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne), glass and silver bowl; bride to bridegroom, gold and pearl watch chain, sapphire and diamond pin, pearl pin, diamond heart, Russian cigarette case set with diamonds; bridegroom to bride, diamond wing tiara, sapphire and diamond ring, diamond lettered bangle, diamond watch bangle, pearl watch bangle, sapphire and diamond horse-shoe pin, ruby and diamond horse-shoe pin, diamond and red enamel heart shaped brooch; Dowager Countess of Warwick to bride, turquoise and diamond tiara, turquoise and diamond necklace, turquoise and diamond pendant, sapphire and diamond bracelet, sapphire and diamond hoop bracelet, ruby and diamond ring, diamond ring, emerald and diamond ring; Dowager Countess of Warwick to bridegroom, ruby and diamond star pin; the Earl and Countess of Warwick, Captain the Hon. Alwyne and Mrs Greville, Hon. Louis and Mrs Greville, and Hon. Sydney Greville, pearl and diamond tiara; and Mrs Brinkman, four sliver spoons; Miss Tufnell, green leather bezique box; Mr and Mrs F. Fane, copper dish warmer; Mrs Adrian Hope, silver inkstand; Mr James Bibby, large silver tea tray; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Hon. Mrs Ronald Greville]], two silver candlesticks; Mrs Reginald West, tortoiseshell and silver box; Viscountess de Veacé [?], silver wool winder; Hon. Agnes Leigh, books; Hon. Mrs Grantham Scott, silver scissor case; Lady Margaret Levett, small photo frame; Viscountess Pollington, tortoiseshell clock and date case; Mrs Richards, small bookstand; Lady Wantage, photo frame; Lord and Lady Burton, clock and thermometer; Miss Pope, books; Hon. Theresa Digby, two enamel and pearl pins; Lady Katharine Coke, glass and silver bell; Ladies Scott, two silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs Dudley Leigh, old painted fan; Lady Ponsonby Fane, glass and silver sugar basin; Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, opera glasses; Miss Alice Duff Gordon, small barometer; Mr and Lady Louisa Loder, clock; Viscountess Chetwynd, tortoisesheil and gold box; Mr Ward Coke, ivory paper knife and pencil; Lady Sophia Macnamara, two silver dishes; Mrs Antrobus, small silver egg and toast rack; Lord Leigh, diamond pin; Lady Leigh, gold spoon; Colonel and Mrs Howard Vincent, 12 Mother of Pearl handled tea knives; Mr Gordon Cunard, silver card case; Misses May and Lizzie Dugdale, brown sardinieres; Mr Sidney and Mr Henry Dugdale, Japanese panel; Miss Ethel Ismay Dawpool, silver photo frame; Mr and Lady G. Petre, silver box; Miss Evelyn Moreton, two-leaved Chippendale and silk screen; Mrs B. Lucy, three little silver chairs; Count Hoxisbrodski, silver and glass bell; Sir S. and Lady Crossley, silver bowl; Major and Mrs O'Beirne, large champagne decanter; Mrs Banbury, tablecloth; Mr and Mrs Fenwick, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Davies, small silver box; Mr and Mrs Cecil Tennant, four old silver spoons; Countess Compton, violet and pearl pins; Viscountess Duncannon, small clock in tortoisesheli case; Eleonora Lady Trevelyan, silver tea caddy; Mr and Mrs H. Williams Wynn, tortoiseshell and silver box; Hon. Mary Thesiger, turquoise pin; Mr and Lady Beaumont, tortoisesheli and silver paper knife; Lord Grey de Wilton, gun metal and diamond watch; Hon. Sybil Leigh, "Thomas à Kempis;" Misses Thorniwell, two small silver pepper pots; Mrs Penn Curzon, silver box; Hon. Mrs Douglas Pennant, old silver matchbox; Mr and Mrs Frank Gaskell, driving whip; Mr and Mrs Ismay, silver inkstand; Misses and Rose Linton, 12 coffee cups and saucers; Hon. Mrs Tom Brand, books; Miss Mabel Landon, pearl scarf pin; Captain and Hon. Mrs H. C. Dugdale, silver George II. tea tray; Captain A. Milne, eight silver spoons; Mrs Turton, tortoiseshell and silver tray; Hon. David Curzon, gold and green box; Lady Henry Somerset, oriental necklace; Lady Margaret Ismay, silver looking-glass; Misses Linton, silver tea caddy; Adeline, Duchess of Bedford, diamond and sapphire brooch; Mrs Holford, two silver baskets; Lord Edward Somerset, silver-mounted liqueur bottles; Mr Oswald Petre, silver mounted blotter; Mr and Mrs Beach, buhl clock; Mr and Mrs Farquharson, gold sleeve links; Mrs Sandford, silver match box; Basil Hanbury, silver lamp; Mr J. F. Mason, bookcase; Dowager Countess of Morton, diamond and sapphire brooch; Major Shuttleworth, diamond and enamel watch; Lord and Lady Moreton, photo frame; Lady Jane Dundas, pearl necklace; Hon. Alex Wood, chain bracelet; Mr and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, pansy brooch; Mrs Bamfylde, metal and pearl box; Captain and Hon. Mrs H. Grenfell, two silver baskets; Miss Low, two silver baskets; Mr and Mrs Mason, silver bowl; Lord and Lady Crawshaw, four silver baskets; Mr and Mrs Marshall Dugdale, three silver dishes; Hon. Mrs Bass, two silver sauce boats; Mr and Mrs Morton Lucas, two silver dishes; Mr and Mrs W. M. Low, two silver candelabra and six candlesticks; Colonel and Mrs Ralph Vivian, diamond and amethyst bonnet pin; Hon. Mrs P. Mitford, silver box; Mrs Dundas, two amethyst pins; Mr and Mrs Beauchamp Scott, six silver-handled tea knives; Mr and Mrs Colmore, two small Sevrés vases; Walter Cunliffe, silver tankard; Mr Davies, blue carriage rug; Rev. Edgar Sheppard, cut-glass bottle with gold top; Mrs Fletcher, embroldery; Misses Mostyn, silver photo frame; and Mrs Stratford Dugdale, four silver dishes; Mr and Mrs Fletcher, of Saltowl, small silver lamp; Hon. Mrs Sutton, Nelthorpe, glass vase; Mr and Mrs Hambro, silver inkstand; Rev. Vincent and Hon. Mrs Fortescue, silver cigarette case and match box; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Stanley Wilson]], blotter and paper case; Mrs Arthur Wilson, Dreyfus cabinet; Hon. Tom Kennard, silver cup; Mr and Mrs W. James, two silver bowls; Mr and Mrs E. Hambro, two silver candlesticks; Major and the Hon. Mrs Tennant, two china candlesticks; Hon. Mrs P. Crutchley, silver-mounted paper knife: Duke and Duchess Westminster, enamel brooch; Mrs Arkwright, diamond Mother-of-Pearl duck brooch; Mr Remmington Wilson, gold knife; Mr F. Lort Phillips, writing table; Earl and Countess [? no names in article], two silver candlesticks; Mr Wilmot Cave, match tray; Mrs Torre Morton, china box; Mr and Mrs Hay Newton, Portuguese oak chest; Mrs and Miss Magniac, cushion; Marquess and Marchioness of Hertford, silver candelabra; Hon. H. and Lady Flo Sturt, green writing case; Major and Mrs Fosbery, silver tea kettle; Colonel and Mrs Finch, diamond bow brooch; Mr and Mrs Percy Wormald, two silver salvers; Mr James Foster, clock; Lady Elizabeth Taylor, cushion; Mr Daniel Cooper, red enamel sleeve links; Mrs Bromley-Davenport, fan; Mrs lnigo Jones, old china tea and coffee set; Mr Frank Fitzherbert, silver-mounted claret jug; Mr and Mrs J. Lionel Dugdale, six silver coffee cups; Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Kenneth Wilson]], claret jug; Mr and Mrs Stirling Stuart, silver sugar sifter; Col. and Mrs Alfred Bibby, walking stick; and Mrs Walter enamelled horn ornament; Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, diamond bow brooch with pearl drop; Mr and Mrs C. T. Dugdale, two silver candlesticks; Earl and Countess [?names missing], pearl bracelet; Lady Lindsay, silver bottle; Miss Mare Lindsay, silver match box; Mr and Mrs Guy Scott, silver ash tray; Vicar of Kensington and Lady Mary Glyn, screen; Mrs Cox, two silver mugs; Colonel the Hon. G. and Mrs Napier, walkingstick [sic]; Mr and Mrs T. Dugdale, silver sugar basin and spoon; the Misses Verney, silver buckle; Mr F. Arkwright, two plated dishes; Mr Arthur Dugdale, two silver flower pots; Major and Mrs Maxwell, silver-mounted jug and tumblers; Miss Pelly, books; Mrs and Miss Lucy six silver handled knives; Hon. Mrs R. Verney, barometer; Lady Abercrombey, silver cream jug; Miss Bibby, furniture; Rev. H. Torre Morton, china ornament; Mrs Lucy and Miss Lucy, old spoon; Mr B. Fitzgerald, clock; Hope Vere, decanter; Mrs Horace Walpole, silver and tortoisesheil bookmarker; Mr and Mrs H. Jefferson, old silver cup; Colonel and Mrs Paulet, three silver dishes; Earl of Chesterfield, silver-gilt box; Mr Matthews and Mrs Tait, two silver candlesticks; Mr and Mrs Fairfax-Lucy, two silver dishes; Lady Margaret Jenkins, Morocco bag for cards; Miss B. Johnson, silver toast rack; Mr and Mrs West, silver salts and spoons; Mr C. Majoribanks, old card table; Mrs Walter Forbes, walkingstick; Mrs Helen Megniac, seal; Mr J. Guthrie, clock; Earl and Countess Leven and Meville, gilt topped smelling bottle; Hon. W. and Mrs Brooks, silver mounted bowl; Lady Grey Egerton, Dresden china vase; Lady Anne Savlle, turquoise and diamond pin; Lord and Lady W. Cecil, photo frame; Lady Louisa Charteris, drawing; Earl and Countess of Jersey, ivory paper knife; Mr and Mrs Robert Benton, blue satin table centre; the Hon. Chandos and Mrs Leigh, bookstand; Mrs Theodore Brinkman, two silver [souffliers? illegible]; Mr and Lady Margaret Douglas, two sliver flower stands; Mrs Hall, brass tankard; Lady Louisa Wells, silver-gilt tea set and diamond bracelet; the Hon. A. Greville, silver cigarette, and match boxes; Mrs Arthur Paget, ormolu inkstand; Mrs Gordon Dugdale, tortoiseshell and sliver paper knife; Lady Auckland, old looking glass; Mr W. G. Middleton, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Radcliffe, silver salver; Captain P. Gerald Leigh, silver and glass cigarette box; Mrs R. Charteris, walkingstick; Mr James Alston, silver-mounted jug; Major and Mrs Hunter, brass clock; Mr and Mrs George Baird, books; Mrs Rodgett [?], silver inkstand; the Hon. G. and Mrs Adderley, writingcase; Mr and Mrs R. Greaves, four silver dishes; Mr and Mrs Bruce Ismay, silver fish slice; Captain and Mrs Arthur Chambers, visitors' book; Mrs Roger Cunliffe, two silver baskets; Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, green enamelled buttons; Captain and Mrs Edward Baird, two silver-gilt spoons; Mr and Mrs Frederick Walker, silver dish; Mr and Mrs Arthur James, table; the Hon. Marshall Brooks, table; the 8th Troop of the Warwickshire Yeomanry, large silver salver and silver cigarette case; Sir F. and Lady Stapleton, rams-horn paper knife; Viscountess Helmsley, diamond and sapphire scarf pin; anonymous, blotting case; Mrs Charlotte Knollys, Russian cigarette case; Mr and Mrs Clamner, oak and silver inkstand; Mr Burroughs, silver match box; Mr and Mrs Hobbs, six silver coffee spoons; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Miller Munday, silver-mounted claret jug; Captain the Hon. Cecil and Mrs Bingham, silver sugar sifter; the Hon. Mark Bouverie, two old silver candlesticks; the Hon. F and Mrs Parker, two silver menu holders; Lady Iveagh, diamond and turquoise brooch; Major Davidson, two silver baskets; Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, green enamel and gold links; Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury, tortoisesheil and silver paper knife; Dowager Countess, of Aylesford, asparagus tongs; Marquis and Marchioness of Tweeddaie, silver box; Master George Greville, silver cup; Mr R. Charteris, silver soup tureen; Earl and Countess of Dartmouth, six small Russian cups; Lady Margaret Charteris, enamel and diamond brooch; Hons. Maud and Constance Hamilton Russell, silver photo frame; Rev. T. Rivington, books; Countess Manvers, china plate; stablemen at Wroxall, driving whip; Sir Francis de Winton, Rev. Canon Dalton, Hon. Derek Keppel, and Sir Charles Cust, pearl necklace; Lady Lilian Yorke, tortoiseshell paper knife; servants of Hon. Captain A. Greville and Hon. L. Greville, two silver candlesticks on tray; Hon. A. and Lady C. Walsh, silver photo frame; Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, table; Lady Jane Repton, silver prayer book; Mr Herbert Arkwright, silver cream jug; Mr Philip Stanhope and Countess Tolstoi, gold and jewelled pencil; Lady Lilian Wemess [?], diamond framed miniature brooch; Mrs Stanley Clarke, books; Mr Leonard Brassey, old silver, sugar basin and spoon; Lord Rendlesham, two silver candlesticks; Mr and Mrs Lycett Green, large looking glass and candlesticks; Lady Hilda Finch, old silver wine cooler; Mr Robert Yerburgh, M.P., silver cigarette case; Mr Charles Rose, silver salver; Hon. L. Greville, two large china lamps; Sir Reginald Cathcart, travelling clock; Mr and Lady B. Taylor, inkstand (silver mounted) and blotting book; Lord and Lady Binning, silver cream jug; Major-General and Mrs Stanley Clarke, inlaid table; Mr and Hon. Mrs Freeman Thomas, bezique box; Countess of Aylesford, old silver cream jug; Mr J. T. Arkwright, silver bottles and glasses; Lord and Lady Camoys, silver inkstand; Lord and Lady Alexander Gordon Lennox, table; Lord and Lady William Neville, silver cream jug; Sir Guy and Lady Campbell, smelling bottle; Sir Francis and Lady Knollys, silver inkstand; Earl and Countess of Albermarle, visitors' book; Lady Francis Legge, silver clasps; Lord and Lady Saltoun, silver bell; Hon. Mrs Reginald Corbet, small inlaid case and smelling bottle; Ear! of Norbury, gold safety pin; Mr Repton, diamond bracelet; Duke of Norfolk, amethyst and diamond safety pin brooch; servants at York House, two silver salts and spoons; servants at Easton, silver salver and cruet; Countess Cairns, small table; Sir Francis Montifiore, silver pincushion; Earl of Aylesford, large silver looking glass; Sir Dighton and Lady Probyn, silver handled umbrella; Dowager Countess of Dartmouth, silver tea caddy; Lord and Lady Churchill, silver basket; Sir George Arthur, picture; Mr and Mrs Arthur Hay, two silver peppers; Mr Kenneth Howard, gilt salts bottle; [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Grahame Menzies]], silver pencil case and seal; Mrs Rogers, silver dish; Mr E. Cassel and Miss A. Cassel, covers for dishes; Mr and Mrs Manley Sims, silver looking glass; Major and Mrs Chesshvre [sic?] Molyneux, small sliver bowl snd spoon; Mrs Weyland, flower glasses in silver stands; Captain Cotterell, gold-mounted stick; Captain Peel, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Battye, six silver-handled tea knives; Hon. George and Mrs Keppel, silver-mounted glass tureen for iceing fruits; Earl of Warwick, tortoisesheil and diamond sleeve links; Mrs E. Greaves, old silver jug; Captain Coote, silver pepper grinder; Mr and Mrs Walter Maudsley, silver and crystal paper knife; Lord Kenyon, set of silver drinking cups; Mr and Mrs J. B. Dugdale, silver-mounted dressing bag; Mr and Mrs Digby, four silver dishes; Mr Robert Woodhouse, four silver candlesticks; Dr and Mrs Bullock, small silver tray; Captain Arthur Doyle, gun metal cigarette case; Mr John Hargreaves, two silver candlesticks; Mrs Edward Dutton, matchbox; Mrs John Follett, silver-mounted engagements tablet; Misses Rose and Edith Dugdale, large silver tea kettle and teapot, coffeepot, and hot milk jug; Captain J. Orr Ewing, silver travelling clock; Mr and Mrs Silver, silver sugar tongs; Major Stamner, silver pencil case; Mrs Dudley Smith, large Dutch spoon; Mrs Wilfred Marshall, old French thermometer; Captain and Mrs Walter Campbell, work table; Colonel Cuthbert Larkin, clock; Miss Annie Murray, cushion; Mr Elms and Mr Whitehead, photo of Earl of Warwick in frame; Mr A. Lloyd, two china figures, &c., &c.<ref>"Marriage of Mr Frank Dugdale and Lady Eva Greville. Brilliant Scene in St. Margaret's Westminster. [From our Special Correspondent.] [sic]." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 27 July 1895 Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–3b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950727/022/0006.</ref> </blockquote> ===22 July 1895, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding of T. E. M. Swinnerton-Pilkingten and Lady Kathleen Cuffe: <quote>AtSt. Mark’s Church, North Andley-street, London, on Tuesday-afternoon, with choral service, the marriage took place of Capt. T. E. M. Swinnerton-Pilkingten, eldest son of Sir Lionel M. Swinnerton-Pilkington, of Chevet Park, Wakefield, and Lady Kathleen Cuffe, only daughter of the fourth Earl of Desart. The Rev. Burton, M.A., uncle of the bridegroom, officiated, assisted by the Rev. J. W. Ayre, Vicar of St, Mark’s. The Earl of Desart gave his daughter away. Mr. Aubrey Harcourt acted as groomsman. There were 10 bridesmaids — Misses Aimee and Veronica Milborne Swinnerton-Pilkington (sisters of the bridegroom), Miss Cuffe, Miss Sybil Cuffe, Hon. Cicely Henniker, Hon. Rachel Calthorpe (cousins of the bride), Miss Mildred Seymour, Miss Goldschmidt, Miss Elsa Stern, and Miss Muriel Wilson. They wore white muslin gowns, with cherry-coloured sashes, and white fichus, copied from. Romney’s portrait of Lady Edward Fitzgerald, and white straw Directoire hats with white feathers and cherry bows. The bridegroom’s presents were brooches with “K. and T.” threaded the stalks a white “York” rose, and a green shamrock and nosegay [?] of pink and white sweet pea. Miss Fitzgerald, only daughter of the Knight of Kerry and Lady Fitzgerald (cousin of the bride), acted as trainbearor in a child’s replica of the bridesmaids’ dresses. The bride selected a “wedding gown” of white satin, trimmed with old Brussels lace and fichu, her fine tulle veil being fastened by a comb of orange blossoms and diamond pins, the gift of the bridegroom’s father, and her bouquet was of white blooms in foliage. The reception at Bute House, South Audley-street, W., the residence of Mrs. Bischoffsheim, was very largely attended, and afterwards Captain and Lady Kathleen Swinnerton-Pilkington left for Nuneham Park for their honeymoon, kindly lent by Mr., Aubrey Harcourt.</quote> (1895-07-27 Barnsley Chronicle) [check year on this: it's 1895 but not 1897?] ===25 July 1895, Thursday=== <quote>In All Saints' Church, Ennismore-gardens, on Thursday, Mr Reginald Bernhard Loder, son the late Sir Robert Loder, Bart., was married to the Lady Margaret Hare, elder daughter of the Earl and Countess of Listowel. The bride was led to the altar by her father, and was followed by eight bridesmaids : The Lady Beatrice Hare, her sister, Miss Florence Heneage and the Hon. Catherine Beresford, her cousins, Miss Sybil Burrell, Miss Norman Loder, Miss Patience Loder, nieces of the bridegroom, Lady Kathleen Cole, and Miss Crichton. Lord Albert Godolphin Osborne acted as groomsman. Mr and Lady Margaret Loder subsequently left for High Firs, the residence of Mr Alfred Loder, brother the bridegroom, near Harpenden, Herts. Among the guests who assembled at the ceremony and At Home afterwards were the Duchess of Leeds and the Ladies Godolphin Osborne, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr Richardson, Lady Decies, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], and Mrs Thynne.</quote> (1895-07-27 Yorkshire Gazette) ==August 1895== ===26 August 1895, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1895== ==October 1895== ===6 October 1895, Sunday=== Sir Henry Wood founded the London Promenade concerts. === 7 October 1895, Monday === ==== Adeane-Cator Wedding ==== The ''Wilts and Gloucesterhire Standard'' published a full report on this wedding.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. John Cator and Miss Maud Adeane." ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 7a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18951012/052/0002. Same print title and p.</ref> The ''Gloucesterhire Chronicle'' reported on the Maude Adeane–John Cator wedding:<blockquote>The marriage took place of Miss Maude Adeane, daughter of Lady Elizabeth Biddulph, V.A. (who is an Extra Bed-chamber Woman to Her Majesty), and of the late Mr. Henry John Adeane, M.P., of Babraham, Cambridge, step-daughter of Mr. Michael Biddulph, M.P. for the Ross Division of Herefordshire, of The Park, Ledbury, Kemble House, Cirencester, and 19, Ennismore Gardens, London, S.W., and niece of the Earl of Hardwick, of Winpole Hall, Royston, Cambridgeshire, and Mr. John Cator, eldest son of Mr. Albernarle Cator, J.P. and D.L. for Norfolk and a J.P. for the county of Gloucestershire, of Woodbastwick Hall, Norfolk, and Trewsbury, Cirencester, was solemnised at All Saints’ Church, Ennismore Gardens, London, this week. The service was full choral, and the handsome church was specially decorated with white flowers, ferns, and tall palms for the occasion. The Rev. Lord Victor Seymour, M.A. (Rector of Carshalton, Surrey), brother-in-law of the bridegroom, and the Rev. Canon Basil Wilherforce (of St. John’s, Westminster), officiated. There were four bridesmaids, all children, viz., Miss Pamela and Miss Sybil Adeane (nieces of the bride), Miss Jane Seymour and Miss Mildred Fellowes (nieces of the bridegroom). They wore white satin “Vandyke” frocks, with chiffon and lace collars; and instead of the usual hat, they wore wreaths of white roses in the hair. The bridegroom presented them each with a gold lyre brooch set with moonstones, and they carried pretty nosegays of white roses. The bride was also followed by two little “pages,” Master Victor Mallett and Master Michael Bell (her nephews). They were attired in white satin costumes with Vandyke collars of Indian muslin and lace, and each wore a pearl scarf pin, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride, who arrived punctually at two o’clock, was accompanied by her brother, Mr. Charles Adeane, who, during the singing of the hymn, "Lead us, Heavenly Father, lead us,” led her to the chancel screen, and in due course gave her away. She wore a handsome dress of white duchesse satin, trimmed with mousseline de soie, the gown being made with a full Court train of the same rich satin. Her bridal veil was of fine tulle, and it covered a neat chaplet of orange blossoms iun the hair. She wore a magnificent diamond pendant, the gift of the bridegroom, and a diamond dove, her mother’s gift, and a large shower bouquet of choice white exotics, tied with white satin streamers, completed most charming and much-admired costume. The ceremony over and the register signed, the wedding guests adjourned to No. 34, Cadogan-square, London, S.W. (the Town residence of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Adeane), where a large and brilliant reception was held by Lady Elizabeth Biddulph. Among those invited, many of whom were present, were Mr. and Mrs. Cator, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Mallett, Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Bell, Miss Biddulph, Mr. John and Mr. Claud Biddulph, the Duchess of Grafton and the Dowager Lady Ashburton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, Lord and Lady de Rothschild, Lord and Lady Suffield, Lady Littleton, Mrs. Lionel Earle, Earl and Countess of Normanton and Viscount Somerton, Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley, Lady Henry Somerset, the Hon. Derek Keppel, Mr. and Lady Mary Foley, Lady Beatrice Agar, Lord and Lady Battersea, Lady Bloomfield, the Ladies Estella and Dorothea Hope, Mrs. Reginald Yorke, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. J. Rochfort Maguire, Mr. and Lady Georgiana Peel, Lady Grant Duff, Lady Stratheden and Campbell, Lady Mary Lygon, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Lady Susan Gilmour, Mr. G. and Lady Wilfreda Biddulph, Mary Countess of Derby, Admiral and Lady Edith Adeane, &c. Later in the afternoon Mr. and Mrs. John Cator left for St. Vincent’s, West Malling, Kent (the residence Mr. Henry Leonard, brother-in-law of the bridegroom), where the early days the honeymoon are to be spent. The bride’s ''costume de voyage'' was of dahlia-coloured cloth, trimmed with black chiffon and ornamented with diamond buttons, and a large black picture hat, arranged with black ostrich feathers. Among the numerous handsome and costly presents was a gold curb chain bracelet, with sapphire and diamond centre, from H.R.H. the Duchess of York.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. J. Cator and Miss M. Adeane." ''Gloucestershire Chronicle'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000393/18951012/057/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===18 October 1895, Friday=== The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] paid his usual annual visit to the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]]; a number of people were there, also as usual, including Muriel Wilson. Almost everybody left by the 10 a.m. train on Monday morning. <quote>Besides the Prince of Wales and Captain Holford, the Earl and Countess entertained large house party at the Lodge from Friday to Monday, among the guests being the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn, Lord and Lady Rookwood, Lord de L'lsle, Lady A. St. Clair Erskine, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lady L. Wemyss, Col. Lockwood, M.P., and Mrs. Lockwood, Mr. Beit, Mr. and Mrs. Woodhouse, Mrs. Sreyd, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], and Col. Paget.</quote> (1895-10-18 Essex County Chronicle) ===31 October 1895, Thursday=== Halloween. ==November 1895== ===5 November 1895, Tuesday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===17 November 1895, Sunday=== According to Dr. Watson's opening of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s 1908 "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans, "In the third week of November, in the year 1895, a dense yellow fog settled down upon London. From the Monday to the Thursday I doubt whether it was ever possible from our windows in Baker Street to see the loom of the opposite houses. ... But when ... we saw the greasy, heavy brown swirl still drifting past us and condensing in oily drops upon the window-panes, my comrade's impatient and active nature could endure this drab existence no longer" (Baring-Gould II 432). ===30 November 1895, Saturday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid in the wedding of Miss Ida Forbes to Sir Archibald Edmonstone, of Duntreath (1895-12-02 Times). Muriel Wilson was one of 8 bridesmaids; the others were Miss Gathorne Hardy, Miss Flo Farquharson, Miss Dudley Ward, Miss Graham Murray, Miss Lutzow, and Miss Millicent James. ==December 1895== "Sir Henry Irving and Mr. Bram Stoker were amongst the guests who attended the marriage of Mr. Gilbert Parker to Miss Van Tine in New York early in December last. The engagement was announced some months back, but little attention seems to have been paid to the fulfilment."<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World'' (3 January 1896), Vol. 53, p. 14, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref> === 11 December 1895, Wednesday === ==== Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg ==== The ''Birmingham Daily Post'' and the ''Melton Mowbray Times'' reported on a shooting party hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Sneyds]], both articles identical except that the Birmingham paper credits the ''World'':<blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Sneyd's party at Keele Hall, Staffordshire, to meet the Duke of Coburg, included Lord and Lady Dartmouth, Lord and Lady Burton, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mr. Mowbray Howard. Five guns killed nearly a thousand head of game in one day, a heavy bag of wild duck being obtained at the Spring Pool. — ''World''.<ref>"News of the Day." ''Birmingham Daily Post'' 11 December 1895, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000033/18951211/014/0004. Same print title and p.</ref><ref>"Mr. and Mrs. Sneyd's party at Keele Hall." ''Melton Mowbray Times and Vale of Belvoir Gazette'' 13 December 1895, Friday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001806/18951213/118/0008. Print title: ''Melton Mowbray Times'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===17 December 1895, Tuesday – 19 December, Thursday=== ==== The Prince of Wales at Highclere Castle ==== <blockquote>This week the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon have had the honour of entertaining the Prince of Wales at their picturesque seat, Highclere Castle, which has consequently been the scene of much life and festivity. His Royal Highness, who was attended by Captain the Hon. Seymour Fortescue, drove from Marlborough House on Tuesday afternoon to Paddington, and left by special train, which was in charge of Mr. Hart, the G.W.R. Superintendent for the London division. The train made a quick run via Reading and Newbury junctions to the Highclere station of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, where the Prince was met by the Earl of Carnarvon, and conveyed from there in a carriage and pair. Unfortunately the weather proved dull and damp, and somewhat foggy, but by a thoughtful arrangement a large number of red and green lamps had been fixed on either side of the winding drive through the park between the London Lodge and the Castle, which was reached at a few minutes after seven o'clock. The guests who had been invited to meet his Royal Highness, and who had arrived by special train earlier in the afternoon, included Lord and Lady Westmorland, Lord and Lady Burghclere, Lord and Lady Chelsea, Lord and Lady Howe, Lady Dorothy Neville, Lady De Trafford, Hon. Mrs. Lowther, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrook, the Russian Ambassador (M. de Staal), the Brazilian Minister (Chevalier de [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|Souza Correa]]), M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]], Mr. Alfred Cooper, and Mr. James McCraw. Dinner was served eight o'clock, music being provided by Herr Gottlieb's Viennese orchestra. A short time since the necessary works for installing the electric light the Castle were commenced, but it was found impossible to complete them in time for the Royal visit. However, all the principal rooms and other portions of the interior were brilliantly illuminated with lamps. On Wednesday the weather showed little, if any, improvement, but the Prince, attended by one of his gamekeepers from Sandringham, and accompanied by his noble host and several of the distinguished visitors, spent several hours in shooting over Biggs' Beat and the Warrens, on the south side of the estate, with the result that notwithstanding the unfavourable day excellent sport was obtained. The Royal guest, who much enjoyed his stay at Highclere, terminated his visit on Thursday morning, when Lord Carnarvon drove the Prince to Highclere station, where a special train was in waiting, which conveyed his Royal Highness to town. The rest of the visitors also left by another special. The Russian Ambassador, who arrived with the rest of the visitors by special train on Tuesday afternoon, went to town on Wednesday morning, but returned to Highclere Castle in the evening in time to dine with Lord Carnarvon's party. After luncheon on Wednesday the party, including the Prince of Wales, were photographed by Mr. Righton, of Northbrook-street, Newbury.<ref>"The Prince of Wales at Highclere Castle." ''Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald, and Berks County Paper'' 21 December 1895, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000369/18951221/018/0004 (accessed May 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===18 December 1895, Wednesday=== ==== Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke ==== The ''Yorkshire Herald'' published another version of this story.<ref>"The Marriage of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B." ''York Herald'' 19 December 1895, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18951219/046/0006. Print: ''The Yorkshire Herald'', p. 6.</ref><blockquote>The marriage took place on Wednesday morning, at St. George's Church, Hanover square, W., of the Hon. Charles Fowler Bourke, C.B., of Roseborough, Straffan, County Kildare, and uncle of the Earl of Mayo, Palmerstown, Straffan, County Kildare, and Hayes, Navan, County Meath, and the Lady Albreda Mary Fitzwilliam, fourth daughter of Earl Fitzwilliam, K.G., of Wentworth Woodhouse, Rotherham, Yorks, Coollattin, County Wicklow, and 4 Grosvenor square, London, W., and grand-daughter of the 19th Earl of Morton. The officiating clergy were the Hon and Rev Henry Douglas, M.A., D.C.L. (uncle of the bride), the Rev David Anderson, M.A., Rector of St. George's Church; and the Rev P. Verini, Vicar of Wentworth, and Chaplain to Earl Fitzwilliam. The bride was attended by five bridesmaids — viz., the Hon Mabel Fitzwilliam, the Hon Theresa Fitzwilliam (daughters of the late Viscount Milton, M.P.), Miss Marie Fitzwilliam (daughter of the Hon Henry and Lady Mary Fitzwilliam), the Hon K. Fitzwilliam (daughter of the Hon Thomas Fitzwilliam), and neices [sic] of the bride; and Miss Bourke (daughter of Major the Hon Edward Bourke), neice [sic] of the bridegroom. The bride, who arrived punctually at eleven o'clock, was accompanied by her father, Earl Fitzwilliam, who, during the singing of the first hymn, led her to the altar rails, and in due course gave her away. The bridegroom was supported by his brother, General the Hon John Bourke, J.P. and D.L. for County Meath, who acted as best man. The chancel was tastefully decorated with small palms and ferns, intermixed with heather and white chrysanthemums, and at the entrance to the altar stood two large giant palms banked up with white flowers and ferns, the altar vases having been specially filled for the occasion with arum lilies and other white blooms. Amongst those present at the church to witness the ceremony were — The Duchess of Buccleuch and the Ladies Scott, the Marchioness of Bristol and Lady Alice Hervey, the Dowager Marchioness of Ormond [Ormonde], the Earl and Countess of Morton, the Dowager Countess of Mayo and Lady Florence Bourke, Lord and Lady Arthur Butler, Lady Eva Wyndham Quinn, Colonel and Lady Blanche Edwardes, Lord and Lady Connemara, Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, the Hon Hugh Fitzwilliam, the Hon and Rev George and Mrs Bourke, the Hon Mrs Molyneux, Viscount and Viscountess Portman and the Hon Lady Portman, Viscount Milton, Mr and Lady Helen Gordon, Miss Gordon, the Hon Seymour Portman, Hon Edward Douglas, Miss Boscawen, the Hon Mark and Lady Gertrude Rolle, Hon Mrs Edward Bourke, Master Bourke, Lady Aline Brassey, Lady Cicely Gathorne Hardy, Hon Mrs Alfred Egerton, Miss Mary Egerton, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Hon Mrs Carpenter, Hon Miss Menzies, Hon Mrs Alfred Talbot, Hon Reginald and Mrs Fitzwilliam, Hon Henry Fitzwilliam, Miss Hanheart, Miss Davis, Mr and Mrs George Fitzwilliam, Mrs Frank Brooke, the Misses Harford, Mr and Mrs Bridgeman Simpson, Mr and Mrs Talbot, Mr D H Doyne, Admiral Douglas, Mr and Mrs William Winn, Hon Mrs Thomas Dundas, Hon Edward Douglas, Miss Dundas, Mrs Thompson, Dr and Mrs Cheadle, Mr Edwards, Mr Walter Bourke, Mr and Mrs Adolphus Duncan, Dr and Mrs Donald hood, Mr Ernest Brockhurst, Captain Douglas, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr and Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Miss Hoffmann, Mrs Henderson, Mrs Hayes, Mrs Douglas Penn and Miss F Stephenson, Mrs Henry Bayly, Miss L Lane-Fox, Mr and Mrs John Dunville, Mrs MacDonald, Mr George Bridgeman Simpson, and many others. In consequence of the bride's family being in deep mourning there was no reception after the ceremony, and early in the afternoon the Hon Charles and Lady Albreda Bourke left for Barnsdale, near Oakham (the residence of the bride's brother, Captain the Hon Charles Fitzwilliam), where the honeymoon is to be spent. The Presents. The presents were most handsome and costly, and included — From T. R. H. the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, silver tea kettle; the Duchess of Buccleuch, arm chair; Duchess of Hamilton, gem butterfly brooch; the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, silver taper stand; the Marchioness of Headford, silver vase; the Marchioness of Waterford, silver tea lamp; the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland, watch; the Earl and Countess of Mayo, enamel and diamond brooch; the Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, painted fan; the Countess of Wicklow, silver vase; the Earl and Countess of Carysfort, silver-mounted blotting book; the Countess of Leitrim, silver dessert knives; the Countess of Lonsdale, gold seal; Viscount and Viscountess Halifax, sapphire and diamond ring; Viscountess Duncannon, silver-mounted salad bowl; Viscount and Viscountess Portman, diamond and pearl pendant; Lord and Lady Connemara, silver-mounted dressing bag; Lord and Lady Middleton, old paste clasp and shoe buckles; the Dowager Lady St. Oswald, silver coffee cups; Julia, Lady Middleton, gold-mounted scent bottle; Lady Carew, Dresden china snuff-box; Lord and Lady Iveagh, massive silver candlesticks; Lady Alice Fitzwilliam, Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, and the Hon Hugh Fitzwilliam, diamond and turquoise hair ornament; Lady Mary Fitzwiiliam, the Hon Henry Fitzwilliam, and the Hon Thomas Fitzwilliam, silver candlesticks; Captain the Hon Charles and Mrs Fitzwilliam, brougham,[;] Mr and Mrs E Fitzwilliam, double salts bottle; Captain the Hon Maurice Bourke, silver band [hand?] candlesticks; Mr Charles and Lady Frances Doyne, silver inkstand and miniature; the Hon Mabel Fitzwilliam and the Hon Theresa Fitzwilliam, diamond and sapphire brooch; the Hon Mrs Dundas, silver basket; Mr Dermot Doyne, silver salt spoons in case; Mr Robert Doyne, silver-mounted scent bottle; Sir Henry Watson, fire screen; Miss Mary Egerton, bicycle; Major the Hon Osbert and Mrs Lumley, silver cup:[;] Hon Mrs Winn, gold-mounted scent bottle; Mr Stephen Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, enamelled vases; Lady Kathleen Brabazon, diamond and opal brooch; Lady Victoria Dawney, silver and pepper and mustard pots; Mrs Thompson, six silver salt spoons ; Mr G Wilssn [Wilson], silver photo frame; Admiral the Hon G and Mrs Douglas, Dresden china vases; Mr and Mrs G Talbot, china inkstand; the Hon Mark and Lady Gertrude Rolle, marquetrie writing table; Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, Indian embroidery, old ecru lace, and lamp; Mrs Booth, clock; Dr and Mrs Barr (Wentworth), silver photo frame; Mr and Mrs Frank Smith (Barns Hall), silver-mounted pen wiper and books; Mr and Mrs William Berry, Indian vases; the Misses Bag- [Col. 1c–2a] shaw, natural colour ostrich feather fan; Mrs Waller, photograph of the late Countess Fitzwilliam. The following were the presentations from the housekeeper and maids at Wentworth Woodhouse, servants at 4 Grosvenor square, and Eastcliffe — large silver inkstand; men servants in house, employes and officials at Wentworth Woodhouse, handsome timepiece; the gardeners at Wentworth Woodhouse, silver grape scissors; servants in stables, kennels, and stud farms at Wentworth Woodhouse, gold-mounted hunting whip; F Bartlett (huntsman) and Mrs Bartlett, silver-mounted card tray; Mr Paterson (farm bailiff), silver-mounted scent bottle; Mrs Pincott, tea tray; Mr and Mrs G Louden (Wentworth Abbey stables), silver-mounted driving whip; officials at Coollattin, Co. Wicklow, handsome silver jug with lamp; Mr and Mrs Armstrong, and the boys at "The Home," Wentworth, large prayer book; Mr J Mason, china tray; Mr Low, large carved bracket; the followers of Earl Fitzwilliam's hounds, large diamond star; members of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam's wood-carving class, a beautifully carved tray and salvers, etc.<ref>"Marriage of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam." ''Bray and South Dublin Herald'' 21 December 1895, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1a–2a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004259/18951221/063/0005. Print title: ''The Bray Herald and Arklow Reporter'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1895, Wednesday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1895, Thursday=== Boxing Day ==Works Cited== *[1895-02-05 Beverly Echo] *[1895-06-28 York Herald] "Marriage of Mr. Kenneth Wilson and Miss Hackett. (From our own Reporter.)" York Herald 28 June 1895, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18950628/006/0003 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-07-27 Barnsley Chronicle] "A Yorkshire Wedding." Barnsley Chronicle 27 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001638/18950727/192/0007 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-07-27 Yorkshire Gazette] "Social and Personal." Yorkshire Gazette 27 July 1895, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 4c [of 6]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18950727/025/0004 (accessed June 2019). *[1895-10-18 Essex County Chronicle] "The Prince of Wales at Easton Lodge." Essex County Chronicle [Chelmsford Chronicle in BNA now] 18 October 1895, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18951018/049/0006 (accessed July 2019). *[1895-12-02 Times] "Court Circular." Times, 2 Dec. 1895, p. 9. The Times Digital Archive, http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQsR4. Accessed 20 June 2019. *[Reading Mercury 1895-12-21] *Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. A Bernard Shaw Chronology. Author Chronologies, Ed. Norman Page. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. *"Society and the Wheel." The Monthly C. T. C. [Cyclists’ Touring Club] Gazette and Official Record June 1895 (Vol. XIII, No. 6): 159, Col. 2b. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Ngg3AAAAYAAJ (accessed July 2019). == Footnotes == <references /> hly89gi3tmsfs9c4vnwzugggimwxd45 0 264283 2719092 2715613 2025-06-18T20:22:51Z Scogdill 1331941 2719092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] 1896 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1896== Sometime in the first quarter of 1896 [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] moved to No. 18 Woburn Buildings, London, possibly January, but for sure by March (Harper 80 76, n. 12, 3-4) ==January 1896== ===1 January 1896, Wednesday, New Year's Day=== ===13 January 1896, Monday=== On the 24th ''The Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>The Memorial Institute to Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett Browning was opened at Ledbury last week by Mr. Rider Haggard. The institute is a charming building in the half-timbered perpendicular style of architecture, and it occupies one of the most commanding positions in the town. It is bult of Lebury limestone and Etonfield sandstone, with oak timbering, with a clock-tower at the corner. The total cost was £2,330, and it is satisfactory to know that the whole of that sum was obtained from more than 1,000 subscribers, with the exception of about £300. Already several important gifts have been made to the library, including a complete set of the works of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, presented by Mr. George Malton Barrett, the brother of the poetess; and about one hundred volumes of books, presented by Dr. Furnival, the late president of the Browning Society. Mr. Haggard, who spoke for a considerable time to an appreciative concourse, sketched the life of the poetess in enthusiastic terms, and paid a generous tribute to the memory of "the greatest poetess the English-speaking people have yet produced."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke) 24 January 1896, vol. 53, p. 77, col. 1. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote> ===18 January 1896, Saturday=== On the 24th ''The Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>A pleasant gathering took place in Edinburgh on Saturday last to do honour to Mr. Andrew Stewart, who for a quarter of a century has been connected with The People's Friend. Mr. Stewart began his career on The Friend as sub-editor, under Mr. David Pae, and among his contributors had such men as the late George Gilfillan and Professor Blackie. Such novelists as Annie S. Swan and Adeline Sergeant have written much of their best work for The Friend, and through its pages their stories were read weekly in a quarter of a million homes. Mr. W. C. Leng, one of the proprietors, took the chair, in the absence of Sir John Leng, who is abroad, and speeches were delivered by Mr. Anderson, Mr. Robert Ford, Mr. J. C. Hadden, Mrs. Lawson, Miss A. S. Falconer, and others.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke) 24 January 1896, vol. 53, p. 77, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===22 January 1896, Wednesday=== On the 24th ''The Literary World'' reports the following (but really it occurred on the 15th?):<blockquote>A meeting of the Society of Public Librarians was held at the Whitechapel Public Library on Wednesday evenng last. (Mr. Frowde in the chair), when two excellent papers were delivered — "Subject Index to English Literature," by Mr. Bagguley, and "Lady Assistants in Public Libraries," by Mr. Snowsill. The whole of the members present were practically, if ungallantly, strongly opposed to the introduction of females as attendants in public libraries."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke) 24 January 1896, vol. 53, p. 78, col. 1. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===24 January 1896, Friday=== The 31 January 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>The recently-formed Publishers' Associaton had a meeting of its members on Friday last, most of the leading publishers attending. No defnite appointments were made, but it is pretty generally understood that the office of President lies between Mr. Charles Longman and Mr. John Murray.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 31 January 1896, vol. 53, p. 103, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===27 January 1896, Monday=== Authors' Society meeting, talk by Mr. Hall Caine on international copyright.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 31 January 1896, vol. 53, p. 101, col. 3. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref> ==February 1896== Lecture at the Westminster Town Hall reported by ''The Literary World'' on 14 February 1896:<blockquote>"The transmission of personality is the creed of literature as it is of religion," said Mr. Birrell in the course of a lecture on Dr. Johnson, at Westminster Town Hall, and the ober dictum is worthy of all acceptation. Mr. Asquith presided, and the audience including "all the talents," Lord Roseberry, Mr. Arthur Balfour, Mr. Thomas Hardy, Mr. Henry James, and Mr. Herbert Paul occupying chairs in the front row. / Mr. Asquith uttered the usual orthodoxies concerning the author "who lived so little by his writings and so much by his personality." That is a view which we confess we do not share. ..."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 14 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 149, col. 1. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote>The annual meeting of the Authors' Society, reported on in the 21 February 1896 ''Literary World'':<blockquote>The annual meeting of the Authors' Society passed off pleasantly, in spite of the minatory motion that stood in the name of Mr. W. H. Wilkins regarding the unfortunate "Address" to the authors of America, a motion that was gracefully withdrawn in view of the committee's '''resoluton''' that the "Address" had no official character. We congratulate the Society on the access of 14 new members during the year and on the evidence of practical work afforded by the fact that two-thirds of the members had applied for advice and assistance, to say nothing of the MSS. submitted for the same purpose. The printed report, of which a copy has reached us, is full of exceedingly sound advice, of especial value to young or inexperienced authors.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 14 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 172, col. 3. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===3 February 1896, Monday=== Sometime this week, probably, was a meeting of the Society of Public Librarians, reported on in the 14 February 1896 ''Literary World'':<blockquote>A meeting of the Society of Public Librarians was held at the Canning Town branch of the West Ham Public Libraries last week, when Mr. Foskett, of the Camberwell Public Libraries, delivered "A Contribution to Occult Literature," and Mr. Whitwell, of West Ham, read a paper entitled, "Some Critical Remarks on the Works of Thomas Love Peacock." Both papers were very well received, and gave rise to interesting discussions.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 14 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 150, col. 1. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===5 February 1896, Wednesday=== Dinner: [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]], Richard Burton Haldane, [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|H. H. Asquith]], [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Arthur Balfour]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A Bernard Shaw Chronology|last=Gibbs|first=Anthony Matthew|publisher=Palgrave|year=2001|editor-last=Page|editor-first=Norman|series=Author Chronologies|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire}}</ref>{{rp|124}} ===22 February 1896, Saturday=== According to the 28 February 1896 ''Literary World'',<blockquote>On Saturday last, at Hampstead, the ceremony was witnessed of unveiling the memorial tablet in the house in John-street in which John Keats resided. It was expected that Sir Walter Besant would take part n the ceremony; gout, unhappily, prevented his doing so, but he sent a letter in his place, which was read in due course. Sir Charles Dilke, Mr. S. Colvin, Mr. Edmund Gosse, Dr. Robertson Nicol, and Prof Hall Griffin were among those present. The proceedings were simple in the extreme. Prof. Griffin, in a brief speech, dwelt on the historical nature of the surroundings from a literary point of view and the ceremony terminated, leaving Lawn-Bank, John-street, with the addition of a tablet bearing the following inscription: Erected by the Society of Arts. / JOHN KEATS, / Poet, / Lived in this House. / B. 1795. / D. 1821.<ref name=":3">"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 28 February 1896, vol. 53, p. 196, col. 2. (Accessed 9 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ==March 1896== Sometime in March 1896, the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn moved its headquarters to 62 Oakley Square, where it stayed until September 1897 (Howe 126). Sometime in the first quarter of 1896 W. B. Yeats moved to No. 18 Woburn Buildings, London, possibly January, but for sure by March (Harper 80 76, n. 12, 3-4) ===5 March 1896, Thursday=== "Table Talk," in the ''Literary World'', said, "The wedding of Miss Lily Caine, sister of the novelist, with Mr. George Day will take place on March 5 at St. George's, Hanover-square."<ref name=":3" /> ===7 March 1896, Saturday=== Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Grand Duke, Or the Statutory Duel'' opens at the Savoy. === 11 March 1896, Wednesday === Queen's Drawing Room hosted by Alexandra, Princess of Wales, as reported in the London Evening ''Standard'' on Thursday, 12 March 1896. The long list of names is rendered as an ordered or numbered list (rather than as individual paragraphs) here to save space and make referring to people easier; the original newspaper story puts each one on a new line as a new paragraph.<blockquote>THE DRAWING ROOM. The Princess of Wales held the first Drawing Room of the season at Buckingham Palace yesterday afternoon, on behalf of the Queen. Carriages conveying ''débutantes'' commenced to arrive shortly after noon, and by one o'clock the line of vehicles reached right away to Marlborough-yard. The weather was mild though somewhat gloomy, and a large crowd collected in the Mall. Tho number of presentations was about the same as usual; but, from an outsider's point of view, there was an unusual absence of colour. The Princess of Wales was accompanied by the Princesses Victoria and Maud and Prince Charles of Denmark, and the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Alexandra, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, and the Duke and Duchess of York, were present. Escorted by a troop of Life Guards, the State carriage, conveying the Princess of Wales, her two daughters, and Prince Charles of Denmark, arrived at Buckingham Palace from Marlborough House almost precisely at three o'clock. The National Anthem was played as their Royal Highnesses passed into the Palace, and there was general uncovering and cheering among the crowd in front of the Palace gates. The Princess was received by the Officers of State, and conducted to the Throne Room, when the presentations commenced. The Drawing Room was to a large extent a mourning function as regards dress. All the Royal personages were in black, even the two brides-elect, Princess Maud of Wales and Princess Alexandra of Coburg. The Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales were dressed alike in black satin, prettily arranged with hart's-tongue fern leaves of lisse outlined in jet on the bodices and skirt foot, and rich black satin ribbon at the waist. The material chosen by the Duchess of Coburg was rich black moiré, and the Princess Alexandra's black satin gown was veiled in gauze brocaded in a small floral design. The Duchess of York was dressed in black silk of English manufacture. The Duchess of Buccleuch, like all the other ladies belonging to the Royal Households, wore black plumes and veil. Her gown was of richest poult de soie, trimmed on the corsage with folds of crape and jet ornaments. The Duchess of Buccleuch presented her niece, Lady Victoria Kerr, daughter of the Marquess of Lothian and goddaughter of the Queen, who wore a charming white satin gown, the bodice veiled in lisse held with bands of silver embroidery. The neck was softened by a drapery of lisse, on which was laid, with very natural effect, a spray of apple-blossom. From the silver waistband fell a scarf of silvered lisse to the bottom of the skirt, fastened there by a bunch of apple-blossoms. The train of striped white brocade was bordered with lisse, knotted at intervals with clusters of apple-blossom. Lady Helen Kerr was also in white satin, with an exceedingly pretty corsage arranged with mousseline de soie, and graceful trails of mauve and white convolvuli. There were folds of mousseline de soie carried down the front of the skirt, widening towards the foot, and enframed by the convolvuli. The pale mauve brocade train had a lace-like pattern in cream silk, and was bordered with the flowers and mousseline de soie. Lady Tweedmouth's black velvet toilet was ornamented with fine jet on the corsage, and had full tulle sleeves. The train was fastened to the shoulder by a large knot and lined with a new material, moiré mouillée. Lady Howard Vincent chose a chène silk gown with design of roses and violets, trimmed on the bodice with a fringe of violets, and shoulder-straps of roses. There was a softening of pink lisse about the neck, and the heliotrope and white train came from under the arms, and was fastened with a coquille bow at the back. Susan, Countess of Malmesbury — presented on her marriage — wore a gown of pearl grey satin, draped with exquisite old needlepoint lace, forming a fichu on the bodice. The train was of black brocade. Lady Eva Cotterell — also presented on her marriage — wore white satin, embroidered in silver, and trimmed on the train with lovely lace and knots of silver ribbon. Lady Emma Crichton was in black satin, embroidered in sapphires and silver swallows, and draped with creamy lace. The black velvet train was lined with white satin. Lady Codrington's heliotrope satin gown was made with pointed Court bodice and stomacher of fine embroidery wrought in gilt thread, and pale rubies and diamonds. The shoulder-pieces, of wine-toned velvet, were ornamented to match, and a large poppy, with diamond heart, was fastened at the side. The train was of velvet. Miss James, niece of Lord James of Hereford, wore a black satin gown, richly worked on overskirt and bodice with jet and brilliants in design of knots and floral sprays. The black velvet train was lined with white satin. Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox was in black and satin, the train being trimmed with tulle ruches, wide at the hem and narrowing towards the waist. The bodice was softened by folds of tulle caught with diamonds, and a long chain of pearls passed over one shoulder and encircled the figure. Lady Feo Start chose a gown of pinkish mauve satin, embroidered half way down the front seams with bunches of wheat, the leaves and stems being wrought in fine silver and the wheat ears in diamonds. At the foot a larger cluster appeared gracefully tapering to the side. The corsage was embroidered to match, and filled in round the neck by silver tulle, and the embroidered sleeves fell off the arm, held by shoulder-straps of silver. The train was in the same shade of velvet, with bold groups of the wheat at each corner, and diminishing to a point midway up the sides. This train was lined with white satin, and fastened to each shoulder by splendid diamond ornaments. The Countess of Lathom's black satin dress was ornamented with fine jet embroidery, and worn with a black brocade train draped with Chantilly lace. Lady Bertha Wilbraham accompanied her mother, wearing a satin dress in a delicate shade of French grey, very prettily trimmed with chiffon, old lace, and clusters of lilies of the valley. The Countess of Clanwilliam had a rich black broché train with a black satin gown richly pailletted. Lady Elizabeth Meade's white satin gown had a very smart bodice arranged with kilted chiffon forming scollop-shaped frills on the shoulders, and groups of Eucharist lilies were fastened at the bust and waist. Lady Beatrice Meade was in white moiré deftly arranged with lisse, embroidered lace, and white narcissi, which also trimmed the white satin train. Viscountess Cross was attired in a black moiré bengaline satin, bordered with Brussels Point caught with fine jet ornaments, and a black satin gown. The Hon. Mary Cross wore black satin, relieved by a vest and sleeves of silver embroidered white satin and a pearl grey satin train. The ivory satin gown selected by the Hon. Margaret Cross was embroidered in a charming design executed in silver, gold, and steel, and had billowy chiffon sleeves, and a train of striped white satin. Lady Arthur Hill was in black satin, draped with costly old lace, and wore pearl and diamond ornaments. Lady Arthur presented Miss Nina Hill in a sweetly pretty white satin toilet, veiled in Brussels net. The corsage was finished by an ostrich feather ruche in front, and frills of net round the shoulders and back. The train fell from both shoulders, like white wings, showing the figure between. Lady Aline Wentworth Beaumont wore white satin, the corsage softened with chiffon, and the waist encircled by a deep silver band. The handsome train was of gold and cream brocade, with a design of shaded tulips, and was turned back at the corner with bunches of tulips. The Countess of Lytton's black peau de chine dress was trimmed up the side with bows of satin ribbon, and worn with a brocade train. The bodice was arranged with jetted lace. Lady O'Conor wore a black velvet gown, the bodice draped across rich jet embroidery and finished by jet butterflies and roses on the shoulders. The train was of black satin. The Lady Mayoress of London was beautifully dressed in ivory satin, embroidered in frosted silver, forming a festooned floral design round the skirt foot. There were touches of turquoise blue velvet on the corsage, matching the train, which was lined with primrose satin, and ornamented with bunches of large white ostrich plumes. Lady Wilkin presented her daughter in a charming ''débutante's'' gown of white satin under net. From each side of the waist fell clusters of lilies of the valley and mimosa, stray blossoms of the flowers being scattered in a shower to the skirt foot. The train was trimmed with silver cord and bunches of flowers. Mrs. H. M. Stanley was becomingly attired in grey satin, embroidered in steel paillettes, forming irregular lines about the hips. The bodice was trimmed with grey chiffon and steel embroidered guipure, and the train was of grey and gold brocade. Lady Mary Lygon, in attendance upon the Duchess of York, had a black velvet train, and a black satin gown trimmed with chiffon and jet. Viscountess Chelsea's white satin dress was very beautifully embroidered in diamonds. Lady Playfair was in black satin. The Dowager Lady Westbury wore a black and white brocade [Col. 2/3] gown, trimmed with rare old Spanish lace, and a black velvet train. Viscountess Trafalgar's becoming toilet was carried out in delicate tones of green and pink. Viscountess Dalrymple wore a superb white brocade gown. Lady Rivers Wilson was presented, on her marriage, wearing an oyster-toned satin gown, made in Louis XV. period, with long corsage, trimmed with rare Point de Gaze, caught up with bouquets of white poppies enveloped in tulle. The train of silver tissue formed a Venetian mantle falling under a hood of the lace, and was lined with mauve satin, matching a large straggling branch of orchids which were laid on at the side. Lady Mount-Stephen wore a gown of rich black brocade, with a large design of roses and little trailing blossoms. The bodice was filled in, back and front, with cream satin under filmy lace, and was embroidered in jet. The sleeves were of white chiffon and lace, and the train of rich black velvet. Viscountess Knutsford's black brocade gown was enriched with fine jet embroidery, and her black satin train was trimmed with lace and jet. By command of the Queen, a Drawing Room was held yesterday afternoon, at Buckingham Palace, by her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, on behalf of her Majesty. Presentations to her Royal Highness at this Court are, by the Queen's pleasure, considered as equivalent to presentations to her Majesty. Their Royal Highnesses the Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria, and Princess Maud of Wales, accompanied by his Royal Highness Prince Charles of Denmark, attended by Lady Suffield (Lady in Waiting), Miss Knollys (Bedchamber Woman in Waiting), Lord Colville of Culross, K.T. (Chamberlain to the Princess of Wales), General Sir D. M. Probyn (Comptroller and Treasurer to the Prince of Wales), Sir Francis Knollys (Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales), and Major General Stanley Clarke (Private Secretary to the Princess of Wales), escorted by a detachment of the Ist Life Guards, arrived at the garden entrance of the Palace from Marlborough House. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, arrived from Clarence House, attended by Miss Colville and Captain the Hon. D. Monson. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearne, attended by Lady Elphinstone and Colonel Alfred Egerton, were present at the Drawing Room. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York arrived from York House, attended by Lady Mary Lygon, Major General Sir F. De Winton, and Sir Charles Cust. His Royal Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and his Highness Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein arrived from Cumberland Lodge, attended by the Hon. C. Eliot. His Highness the Duke of Teck was present at the Drawing Room. Her Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms was on duty in the State Saloons, under the command of Lord Belper (the Captain). The Royal Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard were on duty in the interior of the Palace, under the command of Lieut. Colonel H. P. Vance, the Lieutenant (in the unavoidable absence of the Captain, the Eari of Limerick). A Guard of Honour of the 1st Battalion of Grenadier Guards, with the Band of the Regiment, was mounted in the Quadrangle of the Palace, and a Guard of Honour of the Ist Life Guards, with their Band, was stationed in the Courtyard of the Palace; and the Park party was furnished by the Royal Horse Guards. The Princess of Wales, accompanied by the other members ol the Royal family, entered the Throne Room at three o'clock, and the Princess of Wales took her station in front of the Throne. Her Royai Highness the Princess of Wales wore a gown of black silk embroidered in jet, corsage and train to correspond. Headdress — Tiara of diamonds, black feathers, and veil. Ornaments — Pearls and diamonds. Orders — Victoria and Albert, Crown of India, St. Catherine of Russia, St. John of Jerusalem, the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Danish Family and Golden Wedding Orders. Their Royal Highnesses the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales wore gowns of black satin, corsages embroidered with jet applique in the shape of leaves, sleeves of vandyke chiffon with straps of fine jet, the same kind of jet forming the waistbelt; trains of black satin to correspond. Ornaments — Pearls and diamonds. Orders — Victoria and Albert, Crown of India, Danish Golden Wedding, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Jubilee Commemoration Medal. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York wore a dress of rich black English watered silk, embroidered and trimmed with jet and feathers; corsage and train to correspond. Headdress — Tiara, feathers, and veil. Ornaments — Pearls and diamonds. Orders — Victoria aud Albert, Crown of India, St. John of Jerusalem, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Jubilee Commemoration Medal. The Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers having been introduced in the order of precedence, the following presentations were made in the Diplomatic Circle: — By Countess Deym, Princess Alex Thurn Taxis (''née'' Princess Hohenlohe), Countess Clary Aidringen (''née'' Countess Kinsky), Madame Geoffray, and Mdlle. Demidoff. By Mrs. Bayard, Mrs. William Sheffield Cowles. By Madame de Bille, Madame de Salis. By the Marchioness of Salisbury, Madame Kato and Countess Lewenhaupt. The following presentations to the Princess of Wales, on behalf of the Queen, were made, the names having been previously left at the Lord Chamberlain's office, and submitted for her Majesty's approval: — [The long list of names is rendered as an ordered or numbered list here to save space and make referring to people easier; the original newspaper story puts each one on a new line as a new paragraph.] # Arnold, Lady, by Lady Suffield. # Adair, Mrs. Charles H., by Lady Salmon. # Anstruther, Miss Rosamond, by the Hon. Mrs. Anstruther. # Ardagh, Lady (Dowager Countess of Malmesbury), by Viscountess Knutsford. # Bedford, Lady, by Mrs. Goschen. # Bainbridge, Miss Gwendolen, by her mother, Mrs. Hugh Bainbridge. # Bell, of Scatwell, Lady, by the Hon. Mrs. Rennel [?] # Bannerman, Miss, by the Countess of Ellesmere. # Birney, Miss Kerrow, by Lady Hart. # Bellew, the Hon. Mrs. Richard, on her marriage, by the Lady Bellew. # Bums, Mrs. James C., by the Lady Gertrude Cochrane. # Butler, Miss Blanche, by her mother, Hon. Mrs. Robert Butler. # Baylis, Mrs. Philip, by Mrs. Wharton Hood. # Brown, Miss Hargreaves, by her mother, Mrs. A. Hargreaves Brown. # Boodle, Miss Marion Florence, by her mother, Mrs. H. Trelawny Boodle. # Baker, Miss Katharine, by her mother, Mrs. George Barrington Baker. # Buxton, Mrs. Edward, on her marriage, by her mother, Mrs. Gurney. # Brabazon, Lady Mary, by the Countess of Lathom. # Buxton, Miss Hilda, by her mother, Hon. Mrs. Francis Buxton. # Beilew, The Lady, by the Lady Alexandrina Beaumont. # Boulton, Mrs. Oscar, by Mrs. S. B. Boulton. # Barclay, Mrs. George, by the Hon. Mrs. Francis Buxton. # Bostock, Mrs. Ashton, by Lady Russell Reynolds. # Bairstow, Mrs. Walter, by Mrs. Ingilby. # Bucknall, Mrs. Sydney, by her mother, Lady Sidgreaves. # Bevan, Miss Mary Pauline, by her mother, Mrs. Thomas Bevan. # Bruce, The Hon. Mary, by Lady Balfour of Burleigh. # Brassey, Lady Violet, by Lady Evelyn Cotterell. # Bankes, Mrs. Ralph Vincent, on her marriage, by Mrs. Mount. # Beach, Miss Susan Hicks, by her mother, Lady Lucy Hicks Beach. # Cotterell. Lady Evelyn, by Hon. Lady Cotterell. # Curtis, Miss (of the United States), by Mrs. Bayard. # Curtis, Miss Clara (of the United States), by Mrs. Bayard. # Campbell, Mrs. Alexander, by the Hon. Mrs. Townley Mitford. # Cooper. Mrs. J. R., by the Hon. Lady Ridley. # Clay, Miss Sybil, by her mother, Mrs. Walter Holbech. # Craven, Miss, by Lady King. # Cockerell, Miss Patience, by her mother, Mrs. William Cockerell. # Cunningham, the Hon. Lady, by Lady George Hamilton. # Cooper, Mrs. Harry, by Lady Comrnerell. # Craig, Miss Gibson, by Lady Gibson Craig. # Craig, Miss Alice Gibson, by Lady Gibson Craig. # Crossley, Miss, by the Hon. Mrs. Montagu Forbes. # Cole, Lady Florence, by Countess of Enniskillen. # Chaplin, Miss Bertha, by her mother, Mrs. Cecil Chaplin. # Colomb, Miss Gwenda, by her mother, Lady Colomb. # Clifford, Miss Alice, by Lady Pollock. # Callaghan, Mrs. George, by the Hon. Lady Fremantle. # Callaghan, Miss Dorothy, by Mrs. George Callaghan. # Coddington, Lady, by Viscount Cranborne. # Clarkson, Miss, by Mrs. Laurenco Edye. # Crossman, Mrs. Douglas, by Lady Grant Duff. # Da Costa, Mrs. Oscar, on her marriage, by Mrs. Bertram Ward. # De la Rue, Miss Sybil, by Mrs. T. Andros de la Rue. # Dale, Mrs., by Lady Dale. # Dale, Lady, by the Marchioness of Ripon. # Dawnay, Miss Helen, by her mother, Lady Adelaide Dawnay. # Digby, Miss Lettice, by her mother, the Hon Mrs. Kenelm Digby. # Dalgety, Miss Gladys, by her sister, Viscountess Trafalgar. # Dunphie, Mrs. Alfred, on her marriage, by Mrs. Anderson Critchett. # Douglass, the Hon. Mrs., on her marriage, by the Hon. Mrs. Paton. # Dalison, Miss Joan, by her mother, Mrs. Maximilian Dalison. # Dunlop, Mrs. William H., by Mrs. Frank Addison Brace # Evans, Miss Gwladys, by Lady Evans. # Edge, Miss Kathleen, by Lady Barnes. # Egerton, Lady Katharine, by her mother, the Countess of Ellesmere. # Earle, Miss Caroline, by Lady Earle. # Earle, Miss Evelyn, by Lady Earle. # Eustace, Miss Adelaide, by her mother, Lady Katharine Eustace. # Eustace, Miss Violet, by her mother, Lady Katharine Eustace. # Frere, Mrs. Arthur, on her marriage, by the Countess of Lathom. # Fremantle, Honble. Lady, by Mrs. Goschen. # Foley, Lady Mary, on her marriage, by Lady Feodorowna Sturt. # Fletcher, Mrs. H. Morley, by the Hon. Mrs. Walter R. D. Forbes. # Fenwick, Miss Elfreda Gabriel, by her mother, Mrs. Fenwick Fenwick. # Forwood, Lady, by the Marchioness of Salisbury. # Forwood, Miss Ida, by her mother, Lady Forwood. # Fielden, Miss Lorna, by her mother, Mrs. Thomas Fielden. # Fowler, Miss, by Mrs. Forrest. # Finlay, Lady, by the Marchioness of Salisbury. # Fortescue, Hon. Mrs. Lionel, on her marriage, by Lady Lucy Hicks Beach. # Floyd, Mrs. Henry, by the Countess of Clanwilliam. # Fordham, Mrs. R. Oswald (Lady O'Malley), on her marriage, by Lady Flower. # Fowler, Miss Anna, by Mrs. Christie-Miller. # Fielden, Miss Gertrude, by her sister-in-law, Mrs. Thos. Fielden. # Firebrace, Mrs. Frederick, on her marriage, by the Lady Reay. # Finch, Miss Essex, by Mrs. Finch. # Gillford, the Lady, by the Countess of Clanwilliam. # Greenly, Miss Lucy, by Lady Florence King King. # Gambier, Miss Gore, by Mrs. Murdoch. # Horsfall. Miss Eva, by Lady Charles Scott. # Heygate, Lady, by the Countess Waldegrave. # Hill, Miss, by her mother, Lady Arthur Hill. # Hutchinson, Mrs. Edward, by Lady Dale. # Howard, Miss Gertrude, by her mother, Mrs. John Howard. # Hogg, Miss Ethel, by her aunt, Mrs. Horner. # Hall, Mrs. Thomas, by Mrs. Chamberlain. # Hely-Hutchinson, Lady Evelyn, by Countess of Donoughmore. # Hutton, Mrs. Stamford, on her marriage, by her mother, Mrs. Fenwick Fenwick. # Hanbury, Mrs. Everard, by her mother, Mrs. Murdoch. # Herbert, Miss Gwladys, by Mrs. Edmund M'Clure. # Hoskyns, Mrs. [P?]aget, by the Dowager Lady Westbury. # Hawke, Hon. Catharine I., by the Lady Hawke. # Jowers, Miss Ethel, by Lady George Campbell. # Jenkins, Mrs. Lawrence, by Lady George Hamilton. # Jervis. Hon. Mrs. Bonald, by Lady Harris. [Col. 3/4] # Kennard, Miss Winifred Hegan, by her mother, Mrs. Hegan Kennard. #Knutsford, the Viscountess, by the Marchioness of Salisbury. #King, Miss Alice King, by her mother, Lady Florence King King. #Kemble, Miss Dorothea, by her mother, Mrs. Horace Kemble. #Kerr, Lady Victoria, by her aunt, the Duchess of Buccleuch. #Low, Miss Olive, by Lady Low. #Low, Lady, by the Lady Ida Low. #Low, Miss Helen, by Lady Low. #Loch, Lady, by the Marchioness of Ripon. #Leverson, Mrs. George B. C., on her marriage, by the Hon. Mrs. Mostyn. #Mount, Miss Evelyn, by her mother, Mrs. Mount. #Morris, Miss Lilian, by Mrs. Malcolm Morris. #Mackay, Mrs. Alexander Dunlop, by her mother, Hon. Mrs. Townley Mitford. #Maunsell, Mrs. Mark, by the Countess of Lauderdale. #Mitford, Miss Constance, by her mother, Mrs. Robert Sidney Mitford. #MacLeod, Miss Flora, by her aunt, the Hon. Lady Northcote. #The Lady Mayoress, by the Marchioness of Salisbury. #Maitland, Lady Nora, by the Countess of Lauderdale. #Micklethwaite, Mrs., on her marriage, by the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour. #Mackenzie, Mrs. G. Mackay, on her marriage, by Lady Charley. #Maguire, Hon. Mrs., by her aunt, Lady Peel. #McDonald, Mrs. Archibald, by Mrs. Edmund McClure. #Marshall, Miss, by Mrs. Victor Marshall. #Markham, Miss June, by Mrs. Edwin Markham #Morris, Mrs. Malcolm, by the Countess of Lytton. #Noel, Miss Charlotte, by her mother, Mrs. Gerard Noel. #[[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Oppenheim]], Miss Linda, by Mrs. Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Oppenheim]]. #Pery, The Lady Florence, by her mother, the Countess of Limerick. #Paynter, Mrs. Hugh, by Viscountess Cross. #Peckover, Miss Alexandrina, by the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Brand. #Pound, Mrs. John, by the Hon. Lady Ridley. #Palmer, Mrs. Norman Craig, by the Hon. Mrs. Hanbury Lennox. #Phillips, Miss Faudel, by Mrs. Faudel Phillips. #Phillips, Miss Norah Faudel, by Mrs. Faudel Phillips. #Playfair, Miss, by the Hon. Mrs. Playfair. #Parr, Miss Katharine, by Mrs. Charlton Parr. #Pakington, the Hon. Mary, by her mother, Lady Hampton. #Page, Mrs. Ernest, by Mrs. William Court Gully. #Pilcher, Miss Margaret, by Mrs. Henry Drayson Pilcher. #Ritchie, Mrs. (of the United States), by Mrs. Bayard. #Reid, Lady, by Lady Harcourt. #Riddel, Mrs. D. McN., on her marriage, by Lady M'Clintock. #Royds, Miss Kathleen, by Mrs. Clement Molyneux Royds. #Reynardson, Miss Alice Birch, by her mother, Mrs. Birch Reynardson. #Ravenhill, Mrs. Frederick, by Mrs. Richard B. Martin. #Russell, Miss Edith, by Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain. #Stern, Miss Violet, by her mother, Mrs. James Stern. #Savile, Miss Beatrice Mary, by the Viscountess Pollington. #Scott, the Lady Constance, by the Duchess of Buccleuch. #Sterling, Miss Margaret, by her mother, Mrs. Sterling. #[[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schrelber]], Miss, by her mother, Mrs. Ernest [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schrelber]]. #[[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schrelber]], Miss Evelyn, by her mother, Mrs. Ernest [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schrelber]]. #Smith, Mrs. Alwyn Dudley, by Mrs. Dudley Smith. #Townsend, Mrs. George, by the Lady Rayleigh. #Tarbutt, Miss Dorothy Percy, by Mrs. Percy Tarbutt. #Thornycroft, Mrs., by Mrs. Gerard Noel. #Thornycroft, Miss Ruth, by her mother, Mrs. Thornycroft. #Tennant, Mrs. Coombe, on her marriage, by Mrs. Henry Morton Stanley. #Tufton, the Hon. Rosamond, by her mother, Lady Hothfield. #Tritton, Mrs. Joseph Herbert, by the Viscountess Torrington. #Tritton, Miss Elizabeth Mary, by her mother, Mrs. Joseph Herbert Tritton. #Tritton, Mrs. Herbert Leslie Melville, by her mother-in-law, Mrs. Joseph Herbert Tritton. #Troughton, Miss Lilian Adeline, by Mrs. Gubbins. #Vincent, Lady, by the Hon. Lady Ridley. #Vandeleur, Miss Evelyn Norah, by her mother, Mrs. Vandeleur. #Verney, Hon. Mrs., by Mrs. Oswald. #Wright, Miss, by Mrs. George Townsend. #Wright, Miss Ettie, by Mrs. George Townsend. #Wilkin, Miss, by her mother, the Lady Mayoress. #Worcester, the Marchioness of, on her marriage, by the Duchess of Abercorn. #Whiteley, Mrs. George, by Mrs. Robert Yerburgh. #Warrington, Mrs. Thomas Rolls, by Mrs. Matthew Ingle Joyoe. #Walker, Mrs. Frowd, on her marriage, by Mrs. Chamberlain. #Wyld, Miss Beatrice, by her mother, Mrs. Wyndham Bewes. #Wyld, Miss Violet, by her mother, Mrs. Wyndham Bewes. #Wilson, the Hon. Lady Rivers, on her marriage, by the Hon. Mrs. Mostyn. #Wood, Mrs. Henry James Theodore, by Lady Powell. #Worrall, Miss Katharine, by her mother, Mrs. James Worrall. #Walsh, Mrs. William Hussey, on her marriage, by her mother-in-law, Mrs. Hussey Walsh.<ref>"The Drawing Room." London Evening Standard 12 March 1896, Thursday: 3 [of 10], Col. 2a–4b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18960312/014/0003.</ref> </blockquote> ===12 March 1896, Thursday=== [? Date is a guess.] The 20 March 1896 ''Literary World'' reports on the new Publishers' Union:<blockquote>Last Thursday week, at Stationers' Hall, the first meeting of the newly-formed Publishers' Union was held, about ninety members, representing nearly fifty of the leading publishing-houses, being present. Mr. C. J. Longman was elected president, Mr. John Murray vice-president, and Mr. Frederick Macmillan treasurer, with ten members of council.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 20 March 1896, vol. 53, p. 270, col. 1. (Accessed 10 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> === 17 March 1896, Tuesday === The annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, a society for Welsh culture and history.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-02|title=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|via=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion}}</ref><blockquote>The annual dinner of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, to which the Duke of York has accepted an invitation as the Society's guest, will be held in the Whitehall Rooms of the Hôtel Metropole on Tuesday, the 17th inst. In the unavoidable absence of the Marquis of Bute (President of the Society) through ill-health, the chair will be taken by Lord Tredegar, and among the Vice-Presidents and others who have promised to attend are Lord Penrhyn, Lord Kenyon, Lord Kensington, Lord Mostyn, the Bishop of St. Asaph, the Bishop of Bangor, Sir George Osborne Morgan, M.P., Sir J. Dillwyn Llewelyn, M.P., Sir John Williams, Sir W. T. Lewis, General Sir Francis De Winton, General Hugh Rowlands, Sir David Evans, Sir William Roberts, Sir Owen Roberts, Sir Lewis Morris, Sir John Puleston, Major W. H. Wyndham-Quin, M.P., Mr. J. M. Maclean, M.P., Mr. J. Herbert Lewis, M.P., Mr. Albert Spicer, M.P., Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P., Mr. Vaughan Davies, M.P., Major Pryce-Joncs, M.P., Mr. Herbert Roberts, Mr. A. G. Boscawen, M.P., Mr. W. Abraham, M.P. ("Mabon"), Mr. Powlett C. Milbank. M.P., the Mayor of Carnarvon, Colonel Hunter, Colonel Morgan, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Henry Owen, of Withybush, Dr. Isambard Owen, and Dr. Frederick Roberts. A special feature of the proceedings will be the rendering of Welsh glees and choruses by the celebrated Rhondda Glee Society under the leadership of Mr. Tom Stephens.<ref>"The Annual Dinner of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion." ''Morning Post'' 10 March 1896, Tuesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18960310/080/0007. Same title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 25 March 1896, Wednesday === On 11 April 1896 the ''Morning Post'' reported on a committee to raise funds for a memorial to George Augustus Sala and for aid to his widow:<blockquote>A Committee, of which the Duke of Abercorn is President and hon. treasurer, was formed at a meeting he[l]d on Wednesday, March 25, at Hampden House, Mayfair, with a view to raise a fund for a memorial to the late George Augustus Sala, in recognition of his long and distinguished journalistic career. It has been decided to devote the proceeds of the fund to the erection of a monument over Mr. Sala's grave and to aiding his widow. The following have consented to act on the Committee:— The Duke of Abercorn, President and hon. treasurer; the Duke of Fife, the Earl of Rosebery, the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, Lord Glenesk, Lord Ronald Gower, Sir Arthur Otway, Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Henry De Bathe, Sir Douglas Straight, Sir David Salomons, Sir Hugh Gilzean Reid, Sir George Arthur, Sir Walter Besant, Sir George Newnes, Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, Sir Richard Quain, Sir Harry Bodkin Poland, Sir Eyre Massey Shaw, Sir Augustas Harris, Sir Somers Vine, the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, M.P., the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P., Messrs. Collingridge, Messrs. Lloyd, Messrs. J. S. Wood, A. J. Warden, H. Tiedeman (President Foreign Press Association), W. G. Thistle, M.D., Frederick Gordon, J. L. Toole, George Alexander, George Edwardes, John Hollingshead, E. Routledge, William Black, Wellesley Hammond, Horne Payne, Q.C., Charles Morton, E. A. Goodchild, Tom Bird, M.D., John Leighton, A. P. Watt, Alfred Beyfus, Walter Weblyn, Elwin Drew, John Whitley, Alfred Harmsworth, G. M. Kelson, James R. Parday, Caton Woodville, and M. Hall. The Executive Committee consists of Sir Somers Vine, Sir Thomas Straight, and Messrs. H. Tiedeman, Wellesley Hammond, John Hollingshead (Chairman), and W. G. Thistle (hon. secretary). Subscriptions are invited, and cheques, &c., may be made payable to the Duke of Abercorn, and will be acknowledged by the hon. secretary. Lists of the subscriptions received will be from time to time published in the columns of the Morning Post. The bankers of the fund are Messrs. Coutts and Co.<ref>"The Sala Memorial Fund." ''Morning Post'' 11 April 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18960411/074/0005. Print p. 5.</ref></blockquote> ===27 March 1896, Friday=== The 20 March 1896 ''Literary World'' reports that "Mr. J. M. Barrie, Mr. Anthony Hope, Sir Douglas Straight, Mr. Henry James, and Mr. James Bryce will be amongst the guests at the quarterly dinner of the Omar-Khayyäm Club next Friday."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 20 March 1896, vol. 53, p. 271, col. 2. (Accessed 10 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref> ==April 1896== ===3 April 1896, Friday=== Good Friday ===5 April 1896, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ===6 April 1896, Monday=== The 17 April 1896 ''Literary World'' reported on the Vagabond Club:<blockquote>The Vagabonds flocked to the Holborn Restaurant last week to do honour to Mr. Linley Sambourne — and to be photographed. Mr. à Becket introduced his colleague on Punch in a witty and charming little speech, and Mr. Sambourne replied with a short but eloquent description of the changes in "black and white" art since he began his career.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 17 April 1896, vol. 53, p. 364, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote>The 17 April 1896 ''Literary World'' also reported that "Another function held during the past week was the dinner given by Sir Stuart Knill at the Mansion House to 'The Sette of Odde '''Vlumes''',' of which coteries he has been elected president."<ref name=":4">"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 17 April 1896, vol. 53, p. 365, col. 1. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref> ===11 April 1896, Saturday=== The 17 April 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the annual meeting of the London Press Society:<blockquote>The London Press Society held their annual gathering on Saturday last at Anderton's Hotel, with Mr. L. W. Lason presiding. The chairman, in proposing the chief toast, drew an interesting parallel between the Press of our empire and that of foreign nations. The Continental and American Press were too often coarse and vituperative in their attacks on rivals and political opponents, he remarked; but, taking our Press all round, it could not be denied that it shone to advantage in honest, purity, and quiet courage.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 17 April 1896, vol. 53, p. 366, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote> ===14 April 1896, Tuesday=== The 17 April 1896 ''Literary World'' reports that "The twentieth anniversary meeting of the supporters of the Bethnal-green Free Library was held on Tuesday last at Grosvenor House, the Rev. C. J. Ridgeway presiding in the unavoidable absence of the Duke of Westminster."<ref name=":4" /> ===19 April 1896, Sunday=== Celebrating Disraeli and the founding of the Primrose League:<blockquote>The celebration on Sunday of the anniversary which members of the Primrose League deem suitable for a gentle demonstraiton of Conservative political sentiment, as well as of regard for the interesting personality of the late Lord Beaconsfield, was observed with the customary floral rites and tributes, especially displaed around the pedestal of his statue outside Westminster Abbey. At Hughenden Manor, his country house, and at his tomb in the churchyard there, some pilgrims of this memorial vocation assembled. Other places associated with some incidents of his life — the houses in London where he resided at different periods, and his reputed birthplace, which as been a matter of doubt and discussion — were spoken of, though not formally visited, upon / the same occasion. It now appears to be the most probable opinion that Benjamin Disraeli was born, not in the house at the corner of Bloomsbury Square, or in the house in the Adelphi. where some years of his childhood were passed, but in a house situated in Theobald's Road, overlooking Gray's Inn Gardens, which was certainly occupied by his father, Mr. Isaac Disraeli, at that date.<ref>"Primrose Day at Westminster." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England) 25 April 1896 (Issue 2975), Saturday: 515, Cols. 2–3.</ref></blockquote> ===20 April 1896, Monday=== Not sure of date: the 1 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports on the first meeting of the new Publishers' Association:<blockquote>The new Publishers' Association held their first meeting at Stationer's Hall last week, when the President, Mr. C. J. Longman, delivered a lengthy address, in the course of which he touched on many points of contention in the relations between authors and publishers, and other topics of interest and importance to the book-trade. Amongst those present were Mr. John Murray, Mr. Frederick Macmillan, Mr. R. B. Marston, Mr. Oswald Crawford, Mr. William Heinemann, Mr. T. Fisher Unwin, Mr. Edwin Arnold, Colonel / Routledge, Mr. Richard Bentley, Mr. Edward Bell, and Mr. R. J. Smith.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 1 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 412, cols. 1–2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote> ===25 April 1896, Saturday=== The 1 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports on the annual meeting of the Press Club:<blockquote>The fifteenth annual dinner of the Press Club, which took place on Saturday last at the Freemasons' Tavern, was a great and unqualified success. Mr. John Morley, who was enthusiastically received, criticised modern journalism in a speech of some length, reminding his hearers in the course of it that he had been called to his present course from the desk where he was writing his leading article. Sir Frank Lockwood also spoke, as did Mr. Spencer Hughes. Lord Wolseley and Lord Charles Beresford were present, and the chair was taken by Mr. Charles Williams.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 1 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 412, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote> ===27 April 1896, Monday=== The 1 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports that Walter Besant did not chair the April meeting of the Author's Club: <blockquote>Sir Walter Besant was prevented, by an attack of incipient influenza, from presiding at last Monday's dinner at the Authors' Club. There was a larger attendance than usual in expectation of seeing him in the chair.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 1 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 415, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref> </blockquote>Column 1 in the same "Table Talk" narrates a story told apparently at this same Authors' Club meeting about violent Christian conversion practices:<blockquote>Now that the May Meetings are upon us, a story of Exeter Hall in the old days may be quoted from the recollection of a gentleman who told it at the Authors' Club. The occasion was a meeting for advancing the cause of Foreign Missions, and several speakers had deplored the fact that so many converts had recanted. A young midshipman, who was present, felt moved to get on his feet, and say that he knew of at least one case where a convert had not recanted. Being urged to give details he told how he had once been in a boat at sea with a Kaffir chief. Pushing the chief overboard he had asked him if he would be a Christian. The chief declined as energetically as he could with his mouth half full of water, and the midshipman holding on to his scalp. The latter soused him under again, and in a few seconds pulled him to the surface to ask the same question. The chief still refusing, he was dipped again, and then, on regaining the surface, he loudly declared himself a believer. "I thereupon," said the midshipman, "put him under for ten minutes, and I can assure you that convert never recanted."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 1 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 415, col. 1. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref> </blockquote> ==== Monday, 1896 April 27 ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a bridesmaid the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes.<ref>"The Forbes-Erskine Marriage." ''Aberdeen Journal'' 28 April 1996, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000575/18960428/183/0004 (accessed 2019).</ref> Here is the report of the wedding from the ''Inverness Courier'', with the gift list set as an unordered list to save space and simplify finding people:<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF LADY ANGELA ST. CLAIR ERSKINE. Yesterday afternoon, at the increasingly fashionable church of St Paul’s, Knightsbridge, S.W., and in the presence of very large and fashionable assembly, the marriage took place of Mr James Stewart Forbes, and Lady Angela Selina Blanche St Clair Erskine. The bridegroom, Mr James Stewart Forbes, of the 9th Lancers, is the only son of the late Mr George Stewart Forbes (who was senior partner in the well-known Indian mercantile firm of Forbes, Forbes, & Co., in the city of London), nephew of Helen Lady Forbes of Newe, Aberdeenshire, and cousin of the present baronet. The bride, Lady Angela Selina Blanche St Clair Erskine, is the charming and accomplished youngest daughter of the late Earl of Rosslyn, and of Blanche, Countess of Rosslyn, of Rosebank, Mid-Lothian, and 20 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, London. She is a sister of the present Peer and also of the Duchess of Sutherland and Countess of Westmoreland, and half-sister of the Countess of Warwick and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox. The service was fully choral, and the Church handsomely decorated with tall palms banked with white flowers, while the altar vases had been specially refilled with white blooms for the ceremony. The Rev. James Fleming, Canon of York and Vicar of St Michael Square. S.W., officiated, assisted by the Rev. Montagu Villiers, M.A., of St Paul’s; the Rev. J. Thompson, domestic Chaplain to the Earl of Rosslyn. The bride arrived with her brother the Earl of Rosslyn, who during the singing of the nuptial hymn, Lead us, heavenly father, lead us,” conducted her to the chancel entrance and gave her away. The bridegroom was supported by his brother officer, Mr F. Allhusen of the 9th Lancers as “best man.” There were eight bridesmaids in attendance upon the bride. These young ladies were — Lady Marjorie Blanche Eva Greville, the daughter of the Earl and Countess of Warwick; Miss Ivy Gordon-Lennox, the daughter of Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon- Lennox, nieces of the bride; Miss Keith Fraser (daughter of General James Keith Fraser, C.M.G., and Mrs Keith Fraser), cousin of the bridegroom; the Hon. Ethel Gerard (daughter of Lord and Lady Gerard), Miss Diana Isabel Sturt (daughter of the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feadovouno Sturt; Miss Edith Chaplin (daughter of the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P.); the Hon. Muriel Agnes Stewart Erskine (daughter of Lord and Lady Cardross), and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] (daughter of Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson). The bridesmaids were charmingly gowned in white muslin dresses, Louis LVI. style, over satin with frilled fichu, and ruched sleeves to wrist finished with frills and broad white satin ribbon sash. They also wore very handsome white and bright scarlet velvet cloaks, slung from one shoulder, lined with white satin, and large felt white picture hats with white ostrich feathers, and knots of scarlet velvet. The bridegroom’s presents to them were enamel chain bangles with enamel heart in centre, each of different design, and carrying nosegays of lilies of the valley in foliage. Two smart pages (nephews of the bride), the Marquis of Stafford and Lord Alistair Clair Leveson-Gower (sons of the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland), followed the bride as trainbearer, picturesquely attired in white satin Court costume, with full blouse of gold Indian muslin, and point de Alencon lace chabot and sleeves, ruffles, white shoes and silk stockings, the breeches being fastened at the knee with diamond buckles, and scarlet velvet cloaks from shoulders, “Cavalier" style, to match bridesmaids; white felt “Cavalier" hats, fastened on one side with strap of red velvet, clasped with a diamond ornament, and white ostrich feathers falling over the brim, the bride’s present them being diamond fox-head pins. Lady Angela St Clair Erskine selected a “wedding gown” consisting of white satin Duchesse petticoat “Josephine,” over dress of Brussels lace, with entredeux of fine Indian muslin, the bodice being of satin, with inforcement of Brussels lace and Indian muslin, with bands of Brussels lace, “Mount de cour" of the richest white satin, with very delicate embroidery of sprays of lilies of the valley, wrought in diamonds and silver. Her fine tulle veil covered coronet of real orange blossoms. Her ornaments were pearls, and she carried a bridal bouquet of lilies of the valley, tied with white satin streamers. The scene inside the church was a most brilliant one. Quite an hour before the time fixed for the ceremony, the large edifice was nearly filled, and at the hour even standing room could not be had. The carriages outside had completely blocked Wilton Place, where the church is situated. The first to arrive was the Dowager-Countess Lovelace, wearing a gown of grey brocaded satin, with black velvet cape. Soon after came Isabella Countess of Wilton, wearing dark purple velvet, Lady Blythswood in black, Lord and Lady Newton Butler, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, Viscountess Hood, the Countess of Rosslyn, Lady Esher, Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, and the Countess of Warwick (the former in pale heliotrope, the latter in white silk, with lovely cape of turquoise blue velvet trimmed with silver). The young Duke and Duchess of Marlborough next arrived. This is the Duchess's first appearance at a society wedding since her marriage. She looked very well in black satin, and wore some magnificent diamonds. The Duke and Duchess of Sutherland followed, the latter in white muslin, arranged with pale yellow silk, and large white hat, ornamented with white plumes and yellow bows. There were also the Duchess of Westminster, Earl and Countess of Westmoreland [sic], Blanch, Countess of Rosslyn, Lord Thorpe, Lady Alwyn Compton, Lady Clementine Walsh, Lady Hothfield, Hon. Rosamond Tufton, Earl of Crewe, Earl of Dunraven, Lady Mabel Kenyon, Lady Slaney, Countess Cairns, Sir Allan and Lady Mackenzie (wearing black and white striped silk), Marchioness of Downshire, Major and Lady Kathleen Pilkington, Mr Wm. Gilett, Marchioness of Tweeddale, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes of Newe, Mrs George Forbes, Miss Forbes, Lady Maud Keppell, Lady Evelyn Dawnay, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Countess of Essex, Sir W. H. Wilkins, Lady St Oswald, Lady Ducane [sic], Lady Lilian Wemyss, Helen Lady Forbes of Newe, Mrs Menzies, Col. Baillie, Mrs Farquharson, Mr Hugh Fraser, Mr Dudley Ward, Mr and Mrs Grenfell, Lady Gerard, Mrs Charles Wilson, Mrs Arthur Wilson of Tranby Croft, Captain Foley, Hon. George and Mrs Curzon, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Georgina Curzon, Lord Rowton, Sir George Chetwynd, Mr and Mrs Clayton Glyn, Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Countess Deym, Lady Vivian, Lord Vivian, Mr Percy Wyndham, Hon. Mrs Keith Falconer, Mrs Alfred Somerset, Mr Dundas, Miss G. Harvey, Mrs Ernest Chaplin, Colonel and Mrs Gore, Sir Arthur Holkett, Lady Meysey Thompson, Mr and Mrs Alfred Loder, Sir William and Lady Russell, Mr and Lady Mary Jenkins, Hon. Mrs Eliot, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Mrs Balfour, Captain Leigh, and many others. The procession up the aisle looked very pretty, the unique design of the bridesmaids' gowns and cloaks causing great admiration. Diamonds were the principal ornaments worn, and most of the ladies present wore bright colours, heliotrope and green shades appearing to be the favourites, and it is seldom that London sees such a brilliant gathering. The Prince of Wales would have attended the church, but was unable to do so owing to the levee. He, however, attended the reception, and heartily congratulated the happy pair. During the service the hymn "O perfect love, all human thoughts transcending," was sung with great effect, and after the signing of the register, the bridal party adjourned to Stafford House, where Blanche Countess of Rosslyn, gave a large reception. Early in the afternoon Mr James and Lady Angela Forbes left for Easton Lodge, Dunmow, Essex, a seat of the Earl and Countess of Warwick, where the early days of the honeymoon will be spent. The going-away dress was of pale grey canvas, with large white satin collar and revers, and green sash, and large black picture hat, with green feather and shaded yellow roses. The presents, which numbered over 600, were exhibited in the drawing-room of Stafford House. They included the following:— * His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales — Sapphire and diamond curb bracelet *H.S.H. Princess Adolphus of Teck — Ruby and sapphlre safety pin *The Duke and Duchess of Sutherland and the Earl and Countess of Warwick — A magnificent diamond tiara [Col. 2c / 3a] *Bridegroom to Bride — Ruby and diamond ring, emerald and diamond bracelet, large diamond bow, enamel and gold muff chain, diamond heart, emerald and diamond necklace, large leather fan with "Angela" in diamonds * Blanche, Countess of Rosslyn — Old Brussels lace, three rows of pearls, and a long rope of pearls * Mrs George Forbes — Complete set of silver plate * The Earl of Crewe — Opal and diamond pendant * Adelaide, Countess of Westmoreland, and Lady M. Spicer — Umbrella handle * Lady Sarah Wllson — Shagreen card case * Mrs Wilfred Marshall — Heart-shaped links * Mr J. Oswald — Silver-topped toilet bottle * Mrs Oswald — Silver-mounted memorandum book * Mrs Scarisbrick — Photo. frame * Mr Kennard — Silver candles * Lady Keith Ashley — Silver tea knives * Rev. Mr and Mrs Pigott — Small silver tray * Mr and Mrs H. Cherrington — Gold-topped salts-bottle * Colonel and Lady Mabel Slaney — Picture of Warwick Castle * Lady Bettine Taylor — Cushion * Mr and Mrs Alfrel Loder — Card case * Mr and Mrs de Winton — Fan * Hon. A. Macdonell — Stationery case * Lady Edmonstone — Brooch * Sir John Willoughby — Ruby and diamond bracelet * The Ladies Cecilie and Mary Willoughby — Photo. frame * The Earl of Rosslyn — Turquoise bangle and Victoria * Miss Balfour — Silver box * The Countess of Ancaster — Fan * Lord and Lady Burton — Fox and fan * Mrs Macdonald — Paper knife * Colonel and Mrs Baillie — Tortoiseshell and silver box * Mrs Dowdall —Book * Lady Alwyn Compton — Tortoiseshell and turquoise-handled umbrella * Hon. John Ward — Small gold and enamel photo. frame * Lord Herbert Vane Tempest — Turquoise bangle * Viscountess Hood — Book * Misses L. and D. de Bremner — Parasol * Mrs Farquharson — Parasol * Colonel Poynter — Silver candlesticks * Count Larisch — Enamel and pearl muff chain * Mrs Woodhouse — Book * Mrs Finch — Silver tray * The Austrian Ambassador — Feather fan * The Countess of Cork — Diamond and black pearl brooch * Miss Fleetwood Wilson — Silver-mounted clock * Comte and Comtesse A Munster — Clock * The Ladies F. and L. Cecil — Silver tray * Mrs Baird — Sugar castor * Mrs L. de Rothschild — Ruby and diamond bangle * Mrs A. Sassoon — "Duck" brooch * Mr and Mrs Hufa [sic] Williams — Old gilt candlesticks and shade * Lord Kenyon — Diamond crescent * Lord and Lady Raincliffe — Turquolse and diamond bangle * Mr and Lady Eva Dugdale — Cabinet for miniatures * [[Social Victorians/People/Holden|Mr Henry Holden]] — Silver-mounted salts bottle * Countess Cairns — Fan * Tenants on Lord Rosslyn's Estate — Silver candlesticks * Mr and Mrs Stuart Menzies — Silver pot * Lord Cardross — Old tortoiseshell box * Lady Evelyn Bertie — Smelling bottle * Lord Hy. Grosvenor — Silver toast racks * Earl and Countess of Essex — Lamp shade * Hon. Baillie of Dochfour — Miniature case * Mrs Gore — Small tray * Countess Howe — Silver ornaments * Lady Southampton — Silver box * Miss Keith Falconer — Photo frame * Lord and Lady Rothschild — Antique silver tea and coffee service in case * Mrs Gerard Leigh — Silver-mounted note book * Mr and Mrs A. Bourke [Rourke?] — Box for miniature * Major-General Sir Henry Ewart — Two gold candlesticks * [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] — Diamond and pearl bangle * Major Davidson — Links * Mr and Mrs D. Cooper — Old tortoiseshell tray * Lady de Trafford — Large green travelling cushion * Mr Bristow — Tortoiseshell umbrella * Mr Sykes — Whip * Mr Dowell — Book * Mr and Mm F. Hartmann — Old box * The Countess of Westmorland — Old three-fold gilt screen * Mrs Forbes — Diamond swallow * Lady Cotterell — Silver photo. frame * Lord and Lady Lindsey — Silver paper knife * Mr and Mrs R. Vigner — Turquoise and diamond ring * Lady Blanche Conyngham — Silver hand bell * Mrs Mitford — Silver ornament * Mrs Asquith — Butterfly brooch * Lady Dorchester — Silver dish and spoon * Mr and Mrs Frewer — Louis XVI. candlesticks * Canon and Mrs Fleming — Silver handled paper knife * Colonel and Mrs Oldham — Tortoiseshell box * Mr and Mrs Alwyn Greville — Two old gilt looking-glasses * Lord Ronald Gower — Old print * Mr and Mrs J. Lowther — Large gold-topped salts bottle * Mr and Miss Tufnell — Large box *Mrs Wall and the Servants at Rosslyn Rest — Silver inkstand *Hon. Sydney Greville — Silver photo frame *Mr and Mrs Adrian Hope and Mrs Farnham — Case for writing paper *Lord Rosebery — Sapphire and diamond bracelet *Lord Rowton — Silver cup *Mr R. Charters — Driving whip *Mrs Lawrence Currie — Amethyst heart brooch *Captain and Mrs Drummond — Book-case *The Duchess of Wellington — Enamel clock *Lady Cardross — Dryfons frame [sic: Dryfus? type seems clear enough...] *Helen Lady Forbes — Silver teapot, sugar basin, and cream jug *Mrs R. Brett — Diamond and ruby pin *Lord W. and Lord R. Nevill — Two gold cups *Isabella, Countess of Wilton — Silver box *Duke of Grafton — Coral necklace *Mr Cough Craven — Turquoise and diamond ring *The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Diamond ring *Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp — Green travelling bag *Lord Willoughby de Broke — Fox head safety pin *Lady Caroline Gordon Lennox — Frame *Sir William Russell — Book *Sir George Chetwynd — Saphire [sic] and diamond bangle *Mrs Bischoffsheim — Parasol *Mr and Mrs Watson Taylor — Hand-painted fan *Mr Barclay — Turquoise and diamond ring *Mr and Madam Von Andre — Gold-mounted travelling bag *Mr Corbet — Whip *Viscount Royston — Writing table *Mrs Marshall — Tortoiseshell salts bottle *Mrs Somerset — China handled stick *Countess of Chesterfield — Writing set *Lord Hy. Bentinck — Photo. frame *Sir Allan and Lady Mackenzie — Two old silver bowls *Mr F. Murray Honey — Menu holders *Lady L. Wemyss — Safety pin *Mr Tynedale — White candlesticks *Mr Cecil Foley — Fox head pin *Lord and Lady Curzon — “En tout cas," with China handle *Lord Stafford, Lord Alastair Leveson Gower, Ladv Rose Mary Leveson Gower, Miss K. [R.?] Chaplin, and Miss F. Chaplin — Small watch set with diamonds *Mr and Mrs Harry Lawson — Silver mirror *Mrs Glyn — Cushions *Lord Blythswood — Old Worcester teapot *Mrs Hartmann — Louis XVI. settee *Mrs George Curzon — Frame *Dowager Countess of Warwick—Writing table *Lady Wolvarton—Two small silver coffee pots *Miss Blanche Forbes — Antique mustard pot *Miss Forbes — Silver tea and coffee set in case *Mr F. Allhuson — Tortoiseshell and gold box *Baron and Baroness de Hirsch de Gererk — Gold coffee set on tray *Mr Powell — Gilt basket *Viscount Brackley — Six "Initial" menu holders *[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Mrs George Keppel]] — Box *Lord and Lady St Oswald — Three small silver cruets *Hon. R. Ward — Luncheon basket *Sir Samuel Scott — Luncheon basket *Madame de Falbe — Gilt tea set *Madame Offenheim — Gilt coffee set *Lady Filmer [? Fihaer? Fihner? ] — Ebony and silver paper cutter *Lady Du Cane — Silver seal *Lady Sandhurst — Gun metal and gold pocket knife *Lady M. Jenkins — Two silver boot lifters in case *Lady Esher — Silver paper clip *Lord and Lady William Nevill — Two silver trays *Countess of Romney — Silver cigarette case *Mr and Mrs Arthur Sasson [sic] — Silver box *Household Servants of Mrs Forbes (Burleigh) — Silver cigarette case *Mary Lady Edmonstone — Silver holder *Household Servants of Mrs George Forbes — Silver salver *Lady C. Walsh — Small silver salver *Hon. R. Brett — Silver candlesticks *Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild — Silver vase *The Marquis of Camden —Two silver candlesticks *Lady Evelyn Dawny — Two silver candlesticks &c.<ref>"Marriage of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine." ''Inverness Courier'' 28 April 1896 Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 2a–3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000446/18960428/037/0005.</ref> </blockquote> ==May 1896== ===3 May 1896, Monday=== The 8 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports on the Booksellers' dinner:<blockquote>Speaking at the Booksellers' dinner in the week, Dr. Welldon remarked that there was a time in history when the dissatisfied author could complain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had in certain cases legal authority to redress his grievances. He was sorry this cusom had died out in the profession. It would have been instructive to hear what price the Archbishop would have put on "Robert Elsmere," "The Heavenly Twins," "The Sorrows of Satan," or "Barabbas."<ref name=":5">"Table Talk," ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'', (London: James Clarke), 8 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 436, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote>The next item is also related to the Booksellers' dinner:<blockquote>Mr. Crockett was also on hand with one or two good stories. One of the best of these concerned himself. Mr. Crockett told how he recently was introduced to a lady, to whom his profession was mentioned. "Mr. Crockett," she said during the evening, "I hear you are an author. Have you published any of your works yet?"<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> ===4 May 1896, Tuesday=== Dinner party and reception hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar:<blockquote>Sir Horace Farquhar, M.P., and Lady Farquhar entertained at dinner last evening at their '''resident''' in Grosvenor-square the Duchess of Devonshire, the Duke of Leeds, the Marchioness of Salisbury and Lady Gwendolen Cecil, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Countess of Derby, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, the Earl of Dudley, Viscount Royston, Lord James of Hereford, Lord Stanley, M.P., Lady George Hamilton, the Right Hon. George Curzon, M.P., and Mrs. Curzon, the Hon. St. John Brodrick, M.P., and Lady Hilda Brodrick, Sir Samuel Scott, and Mr. Victor Cavendish, M.P. Subsequently Lady Farquhar gave a reception. Those present included the Astro-Hungarian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the Brazilian Minister, the Duke of Norfolk, and the Duke of Devonshire.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'' [London, England] 7 May 1896: 9. ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 2 May 2013.</ref></blockquote> ===6 May 1896, Wednesday=== Dinner party at Marlborough House, as reported by the ''Westminster Gazette'':<blockquote>The Prince of Wales gave a dinner party last evening at Marlborough House, at which the following were present:— [typeset as 3-column list] The Duke of Connaught, Count Hatzfeldt, Count Deym, The Hon. T. F. Bayard, Baron de Courcel, Lieut.-Gen. A. Ferrero, Count de Casa Valencia, Costaki Anthopoulo Pasha, The Count de Ficalho, The Archbishop of Canterbury, The Lord Chancellor, The Duke of Devonshire, The Marquis of Lansdowne, The Marquis of Salisbury, The Earl of Latham, The Earl of Rosebery, The Earl of Kimberley, Lord George Hamilton, Viscount Wolseley, Lord Herschell, Mrr. G. J. Goschen, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, Mr. J. Chamberlain, Sir William Harcourt, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Sir Henry Fowler, Mr. John Morley, Gen. Sir Redvers Buller, Sir M. White Ridley, Mr. H. Asquith, Sir Joseph Lister, Gen. Sir Evelyn Wood, Admiral Sir F. Richards, Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, Sir William Flower, Rear-Admiral Sir John Fisher, Rear-Admiral Sir John Fisher, Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford, Sir E. Maunde Thompson, Mr. R. Markham, Mr. Christopher Heath, Dr. Samuel Silks, Colonel A. Egerton, Gen. Sir Dighton Probyn, Major-General A. Ellis<ref>"Interesting Company at Marlborough House." ''Westminster Gazette'' 07 May 1896, Thursday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1–2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18960507/063/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> Report from the ''St. James's Gazette'':<blockquote> The Prince of Wales’s dinner-party at Marlboroogh House last night brought together a strikingly varied and interesting company. Several Ambassadors were there, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Duke of Devonshire, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Salisbury, the Earl of Lathom, the Earl of Rosebery, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord George Hamilton, Lord Wolseley, Lord Herschell, Mr. Goschen, Mr. Chamberlain, Sir William Harcourt, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Sir Henry Fowler, Mr. John Morley, Sir Redvers Buller, Sir Matthew White Ridley, Mr. Asquith, Sir Joseph Lister, Sir Evelyn Wood, Admiral Sir Frederick Richards, Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, Sir William Flower, Rear-Admiral Sir John Fisher, Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, Mr. Clements R. Markham, Mr. Christopher Heath, and Dr. Samuel Wilks (the new president the Royal College of Physicians). Sir John Millais, the Speaker, and M. de Staal were unavoidably absent. While Mr. Goschen was at Marlborough House, Mrs. Goschen was holding her second reception at the offidal residence of the First Lord of the Admiralty. Among the guests were the United States Ambassador and Mrs. Bayard, the French Ambassador, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl and Countess of Morley, the Earl and Countess of Egmont, the Earl of Leven and Melville, the Couness Dundonald, Viscount Llandaff, the Bishop of Rochester, Lady Carew and Mrs. Clifford Cory, Lady Lubbock, Sir Matthew White Ridley, Lord Justice Lopes and Miss Lopes, Sir Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, M.P., and quite a host of politicians and their wives and daughters.<ref>"Politics and Persons." ''St James's Gazette'' 07 May 1896, Thursday: 13 [of 16], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18960507/067/0013. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> The ''Daily Telegraph'':<blockquote> The Prince of Wales gave a dinner party last evening at House at which the following were present: The Duke of Connaught, Count Hatzfeldt, Count Deym, the Hon. T. F. Bayard, Baron de Courcel, Lieutenant-General A. Ferrer,o Count de Casa Valencia, Costaki the Count de the Anthopoulo Pasha, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Halsbury), the Duke of Devonshire, the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Marquis of Salisbury, the Earl of Lathom, the Earl of Rosebery, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord George Hamilton, Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley, Lord Herschell, Mr G. J. Gosch[e]n, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. J. Chamberlain, Sir William Vernon Harcourt, Mr. A. J. Balfour, Sir Henry Fowler, Mr. John Morley, General Sir Redvers Buller, Sir Matthew White Ridley, Mr. H. Asquith, Sir Joseph Lister, General Sir Evelyn Wood, Admiral Sir Frederick Richards, Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, Sir William Flower, Rear-Admiral Sir John Fisher, Sir Frederick Bedford, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, Mr. Clements R. Markham, Mr. Christopher Heath, Dr. Samuel Wilks, Colonel Alfred Egerton, in attendance on his Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught; and General Sir Dighton Probyn and Major-General A. Ellis, in attendance on his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. M. de Staal, the Speaker, and Sir John E. Millais were unavoidably prevented from obeying his Royal Highness’s command. During dinner the band of the Grenadier Guards, under the direction of Lieutenant Dan Godfrey, played the following selection of music: March, "Hepp, Hepp, Harrah!" ... Kral.<br> Overture, "Le Singe de Brésil” ... Lindpaintner.<br> Walzer, "Gartenlaube" ... ... Johann Strauss.<br> Selections of Melodies ... ... Grieg.<br> March, “Mit Hörnerklang durch Wald und Flur” ... Kohout.<br> Fantasia, "Hansel und Gretel” ... Humperdinck.<br> Polish Dances ... ... ... Franz Morgen.<br> Selection, "Donna Juanita" ... Suppé.<br> Walzer, "Mondnacht auf der Alster" Fétras.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 07 May 1896, Thursday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18960507/065/0007. Print title ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.</ref><br></blockquote> This report of a dinner party at Marlborough House has lost its citation; until its proper citation can be found, the details can be confirmed with other accounts.<blockquote> MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, May 6. [/] His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales gave a dinner party this evening, at which the following were present:— His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught; the German Ambassador, Count Hatzfeldt; the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Deym; the United States Ambassador, the Hon. T. F. Bayard; the French Ambassador, Baron de Courcel; the Italian Ambassador, Lieutenant-General A. Ferrero; the Spanish Ambassador, Count de Casa Valencia; the Turkish Ambassador, Costaki Anthopoulo Pasha; the Count de Ficalho, Grand Maître de la Cour to the King of Portugal; the Archbishop of Canterbury; the Lord Chancellor, Lord Halsbury; the Lord President of the Council, the Duke of Devonshire; the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Marquis of Salisbury, the Earl of Lathom, the Earl of Rosebery, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord George Hamilton; Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley, Lord Herschell; the Right Hon G. J. Goschen, the Chancellor of the Exchequer; the Right Hon. J. Chamberlain, the Right Hon. Sir William Vernon Harcourt, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. Sir Henry Fowler, the Right Hon. John Morley, General the Right Hon. Sir Redvers Buller, the Right Hon. Sir Matthew White Ridley, the Right Hon. H. Asquith; the President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Lister; General Sir Evelyn Wood, Admiral Sir Frederick Richards; the President of the Society of Antiquaries, Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks; the Director of the Natural History Museum, Sir William Flower; Rear-Admiral Sir John Fisher, Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford; the Principal Librarian and Secretary of the British Museum, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson; the President of the Royal Geographical Society, Mr. Clements R. Markham; the President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Mr. Christopher Heath; the President of the Royal College of Physicians, Dr. Samuel Wilks; Colonel Alfred Egerton, in attendance on His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught; and General Sir Dighton Probyn and Major-General A. Ellis, in attendance on His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. [/] The following were unavoidably prevented from obeying His Royal Highness's command:— The Russian Ambassador, M. de Staal; the Speaker, the Right Hon. W. C. Gully; the President of the Royal Academy, Sir John E. Millais. [/] During dinner the band of the Grenadier Guards, under the direction of Lieutenant Dan Godfrey, played the following selection of music:— [/]<blockquote>March, "Hepp, Hepp, Hurrah!" -- Kràl.<br />Overture, "Le Singe de Brésil" -- Lindpaintner.<br />Waltzer, "Gartenlaube" -- Johann Strauss.<br />Selections of Melodies -- Greig.<br />March, "Mit Hörnerklang durch Wald und Flur" -- Kohout.<br />Fantasia, "Hänsel und Gretel" -- Humperdinck.<br />Polish Dances -- Franz Morgan.<br />Selection, "Donna Juanita" -- Suppé.<br />Waltzer, "Mondnacht auf der Alster" -- Fétras.</blockquote></blockquote> ===10 May 1896, Monday=== The 15 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>A brilliant gathering took place on Monday last at the Galleries of the Royal Society of British Artists, where, on the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Madge, nearly a thousand authors and pressmen, peers and members of Parliament came together to meet the proprietors and editors of the newspapers of the United Kingdom. An excellent musical programme was given under the direction of Mr. William Ganz, and the reception was altogether a thorough success.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'' (London: James Clarke), 15 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 462, col. 3. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===13 May 1896, Thursday=== The 22 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>Mr. Frankfort Moore, in a racy speech, introduced Mr. Harold Frederic, the London representative of The New York Times, and the author of "Illumination," and other well-known novels, to the members of the New Vagabond Club on Thursday, the 14th, and Mr. Frederic responded to the toast of his health in a speech full of point and humour. He touched upon the international question, and quietly hinted that it was only here that the fuss was made, not in America. We daresay he is right as regards the people, but the New York newspapers occasionally give one a different impression. Perhaps what Mr. Frederic meant to convey, but was too courteous to say in an assembly of Englishmen, was that all the American talk about the Venezuela busines from the beginning to end was only a way of pulling the British lion's tail so as to enjoy hearing him roar and to make capital out of the incident for election purposes. Mr. Frederic passed a compliment upon Englishmen as regards their "splended cosmopolitanism," as shown in the capacity of Englishmen to live up to everything that is demanded of an Imperial race. He alluded to the number of American authors, from Bret Harte downwards, who had made their homes here — "not that they loved America less, but that they loved London more." Among those who attended to do honour to Mr. Harold Frederic were Mr. Grant Allen, Mr. William Le Queux, Mr. C. J. Tibbits, Mr. G. B. Burgin, Mr. Morris / Colles, Mr. Coulson Kernahan, Mr. Bertram Mitford, Mr. Walter Jerrold, and Mr. Douglas Sladen.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'' (London: James Clarke), 22 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 484, cols. 1-2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===14 May 1896, Friday=== The 8 May 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>Mr. Hermann Vezin will assist at the Tenth Annual Public Reading of the Shakespeare Reading Society, to be given at the Steinway Hall on Friday evening, May 15. The play Julius Caesar is arranged and rehearsed under the direction of Mr Wm. Poel; the harp will be plaed by Miss Mary Chatterton. The Reading will be repeated on the following evening to students who are preparing the play for the Oxford and Cambridge local examination." "Table Talk," The Literary World, 8 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 436, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.) The 15 May 1896 Literary World confirms the date: "The Shakespearian Reading Society will meet at the Steinway Hall, Lower Seymour-street, W., to-night at 8.30 p.m., when Julius Caesar will be read by its members, assisted by Mr. Hermann Vezin and Mr. Wm. Poel.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'' (London: James Clarke), 15 May 1896, vol. 53, p. 461, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> === 21 May 1896, Thursday === ==== Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball ==== <blockquote>Mrs. Wilson (wife of Mr. C. H. Wilson, M.P., of Warter Priory), gave a ball last night at the family town residence, 43, Grosvenor- square, at which there was a large gathering of London society. Dancing commenced at half-past ten, and was kept up till late into the morning. Among those present were the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, Lily Duchess of Marlborough and Lord William Beresford, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Atholl, the Duke and Duchess of Wellington, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duchess of Roxburge and Lady Innes Ker, the Marquis and Marchioness of Bristol, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis and Marchioness Conyngham, the Marquis and Marchioness Zetland and Lady Maude Dundas, the Marquis and Marchioness of Worcester, the Earl and Countess of Derby, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Earl and Countess of Ancaster, the Earl and Countess of Coventry, the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, the Earl and Countess of Lathom, the Earl and Countess of Carrington, Lord and Lady Wolseley, Lord and Lady Sheffield, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord and Lady Suffield, Lord and Lady Hood, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord and Lady Skelmersdale, Lord and Lady Herries, Lord and Lady Hillingdon, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lord Rowton, Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady Cardross, Lord and Lady Battersea, Lord and Lady Chelsea, Lord and Lady Dorchester, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Kenneth Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, the Knight of Kerry and Lady Fitzgerald, Mr. George Wyndham and the Countess Grosvenor, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Rochfort Maguire, Major the Hon E. and Mrs. Bourke and Miss Madeline Bourke, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord and Lady Terence Blackwood, Sir F. and Lady Milner, Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, Mr. Gerald and Lady Louisa Loder, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Cobbold, Mr. and Lady Mary Foley, the Hon. St. John and Lady Hilda Brodrick, Mr. and Mrs. Adrian Hope, Mr. and Mrs. W. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs W. Menzies, Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar, Mr. S. and Mrs. Guthrie, Sir H. and Lady Meysey Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. and Lady Violet Brassey, Mr. and Mrs. Sassoon, Mr. and Lady Constance Gore, Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone, Sir E. and Lady Colebrooke, the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke, Sir Henry and Lady Ewart, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Sir Allan and Lady Mackenzie, Mr. and Mrs. Farquharson, Mr. Gerard Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, the Hon. R. Ward, the Hon. Mrs. Hardinge, Mr. Philip Stanhope and the Countess Tolstoi, Sir Humphrey and Lady de Trafford, Mr. and Lady Clementina Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Colonel the Hon. and Mrs. Byng, Major Kincaird [?] Smith, Sir C. Cust, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Captain A. Bagot, Mr. and Lady Mary Foley, and Captain and Mrs. Lawrence Drummond.<ref>"Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball." ''York Herald'' 22 May 1896, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 11–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18960522/038/0006. Print: ''The Yorkshire Herald'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ===24 May 1896, Sunday=== Whit Sunday 1896 May 23 (or the weekend before, so Saturday May 16?), [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] is at a weekend country-house party at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]]:<blockquote>Among the guests entertained by the Earl and Countess of Warwick at Warwick Castle for the weekend were Sir John Willoughby, the Countess of Rosslyn, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Miss Muriel Wilson, and Miss Tufnell.<ref>"Personal Items." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 23 May 1896, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18960523/025/0004 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===26 May 1896, Tuesday=== ==== Booksellers' Dinner ==== The 10 April 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>Mr. George A. Macmillan will preside at the booksellers' Dinner to be held at the Holborn Restaurant on the 27th of next month. He will be assisted by Mr. Joseph W. Darton, and several leading authors and publishers will be there.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World'' 10 April 1896, vol. 53, p. 341, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ==== Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley ==== This event took place between Tuesday, 26 May through Thursday, 28 May 1896. Offensive language (the n-word) occurs in the last paragraph of this report in a description of the entertainment.<blockquote>Paultons Park has this week presented an unusally gay and festive appearance in celebration of the coming of age of Mr. Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley. Mr. Stanley came of age on the 29th of March, but the festivities had to be held over until Mr. Stanley, who has been abroad, came home. The proceedings covered three days, commencing on Tuesday evening with a county ball, to which a large number of invitations had been extended, and had elicited numerous acceptances. Invitations had been sent out both by Mr. Stanley and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, the latter having been particularly assiduous in the present festivities, which may also be said of her attention to the interests of those to whom she can be of any service. Mr. Stanley, too, is quite a favourite, and the festivities of the week have been carried out in no half-hearted manner. The annual school treat to 400 or 500 of the children of Copythorn is the offspring of the generosity which reigns at Paultons, and on these occasions Mr. Stanley has gambolled with the young folk and given them prizes for racing and other competitions as they played to their heart's content. It is not surprising therefore that the young people should look forward eagerly to the festal time and play their part in the happy proceedings. Ample arrangements had been made for the enjoyment of everyone, the festivities reminding the workpeople of the Christmas dinner and dance, which is a regular thing every year a tPaultons. At the ball on Tuesday night, at which about 140 were present, the guests included (besides the young 'squire's mother, Mrs. Shelley Bontein, and his sister the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]), the Countess of Latham and Lady Edith Wilbraham, Lady Lilian Spencer Churchill, Mrs. Pakenham, the Hon. G. Mills, Lord Basil Blackwood, the Hon. Gerald and Mrss Lascelles, the Hon. Edward and Mrs. Palk, Major and Mrs. Talbot, Mrs. Morrison and party, Lady Alice Ashley and party, Mrs. Lushington, Col. and Mrs. Owens, Major and Mrs. Treherne, Major and Mrs. Ward Jackson, Col. and Mrs. Shakerley, Mr. and Mrs. Jeffreys, Lady Blanch Morris, Lady Harcourt, Lady Heathcote and party, Mr. and Mrs. Morant, Mr. and Mrs. Hemmings, Capt. and Mrs. Maitland, Rev. T. A. Walker, Mrs. Walker, Mr. C. Wilson and party, Miss Standish, Mrs. John Compton, Mrs. Calvert, Capt. and Mrs. Beaumont, Lieut. Walker Munro, Mrs. Munro, Mr. and Mrs. Hargreaves, Admiral Aitchison and Mrs. Aitchison, Major Eyre Matcham and Mrs. Matcham, Capt. Boyle, Capt. Pimson and party, Mrs. Everett and party. Dancing took place in the drawing room, which had been beautifully decorated with mirrors, liberty silk of different colours, candelabra, and other rich devices, and was kept up till four on Wednesday morning, the Hungarian string band of eight performers dispensing the music. Supper was laid at twelve o'clock, the menu being superb. On Wednesday the workmen sat down to dinner at half-past twelve in a specially erected marqee, about 40 partaking of the repast. Each workman was presented with an extra week's wages in a purse provided for the occasion. Mr. Stanley presided at the dinner. On behalf of the workmen Mr. Murray, chief steward, handed to Mr. Stanley a silver inkstand, bearing the inscription:— "Presented to Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., on attaining his majority, by the workmen on the Paultons Estate, 29th March, 1896." The present was suitably acknowledged, and later in the day a presentation was made to Mr. Stanley by the tradesmen of Romsey, consisting of a hunting saddle and bridle (Wilkinson and Kidd's), breastplate flask, and sandwich case, together with the address:— To Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Paultons, Romsey. We the undersigned tradesmen and others of Romsey, beg your acceptance of the accompanying hunting saddle and bridle on the occasion of your coming of age, as a small token of respect and of the high appreciation in which you are held by us, with our congratulations on your attaining your majority, and with our best wishes for your future happiness. Then followed the names of the subscribers:— Elcombe and Son, W. Pinnick, W. Maynard and Son, R. Godfrey, F. Oram, H. Drew and Son, F. Lordan, E. Newman and Son, J. Tuck, J. Baker and Son, T. A. Flooks, Jarman and Co., H. D. Gavin, Goulding and Son, C. Summers, G. B. Budd, C. Bliss, W. Mackrell, Ely and Sons, M. Chignall. A deputation, consisting of Mr. F. Maynard, jun., Mr. Godfrey, Mr. Pinnick, and Mr. Drew, went over from Romsey specially to make the presentation, and Mr. Stanley was highly pleased with it. At seven o'clock the tenants' dinner took place, between 30 and 40 attending, and the company included Mr. and Mrs. Bontein, Mr. Stanley, Mr. and Mrs. Way (Isle of Wight), Mr. and Mrs. Footner (Romsey), Mr. Wright, Master Wright and Miss Wright (Fawley), Mr. and Miss Bennett (2) (Fawley), Mr. and Mrs. Child (Fawley). A toast list was then gone through, Mr. Stanley's health being quaffed with unanimity. Mr. Footner, on behalf of the tenants, presented Mr. Stanley with a handsome silver coffee tray. A ball for the tenants, tradesmen and others followed, commencing at nine and being kept up with avidity until live on Thursday morning. Amongst those who attended the tenants' ball, in addition to those present at the dinner, were — Miss Bowns (2) (Shirley), Mr. and Mrs. Hallett, Mr. and Mrs. Gradidge, Mr. and Mrs. Bright, Mr. and Mrs. Wilsher (Totton), Mr. Andrews, Mr. and Mrs. Harris, Mr. Stote, Mr. and Mrs. Finlayson, Mr. and Mrs. Toogood, Mr. and Miss Wiseman, Mr. Parr (Southampton), Mr. and Miss Tuck, Mr. and Mrs. Baker and Misses Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Lordan, Mr. and Mrs. Zillwood, Mr. and Mrs. Pinnick, Mr. and Miss Maynard, Mr. and Miss Jarman, Mr. and Mrs. Summers, Mr. Goulding, Mr. Drew (sen.), Mr. Drew (jun.) and Mrs. Drew, Mr. Jenvey (2), Mr., Mrs. and Miss Elcombe, Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey, Mr. P. Hill, Mr. A. Hill, Mr. Bliss, Mr. and Mrs. Gavin, Miss Cave (Romsey), Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher, Mr. and Miss Drew, Mr. De Silva, Mr. and Mrs. Norbury, Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, Mr. Staines, Mr. and Mrs. Dyett (Totton), Mr. Toomer and Miss Toomer, Mr. and Mrs. Miller (Cadman), Mr. and Mrs. Painter, Mr. and Mrs. Murray. Supper was laid at 12 o'clock. The proceedings on Thursday embraced a tea for the workmen's wives and children, the teachers at the school at Copythorn, the church choir, and a few outsiders. Tea was on the tables at four o'clock, and about 300 sat down, badges having been specially provided for all those who were entitled to be present. Everything that could be wished was supplied, the display being of a high class description. Dancing was indulged in from four in the afternoon till ten in the library and marquee, and between those hours sweets and refreshments were available. Provision had been made for the diversion of the young people by the introduction of swingboats, shooting galleries, &c., and a special afternoon entertainment, comprising nigger performances, singing, and a variety of amusements, was afforded under the superintendence of Mr. E. Bull, of Lyndhurst. A grand display of fireworks was begun at nine o'clock by a salute of twenty-one aerial guns, and numerous beautiful pyrotechnic installations followed. The festivities were remarkable for their wholeheartedness and unblemished cordiality, and the coming of age of Squire Stanley will long be remembered by all who are in any way associated with Paultons. Messrs. Seary and Co., of London, catered for the whole of the festivities, which were on a magnificent scale.<ref>"Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley. Festivities at Paultons Park." ''Eastleigh Weekly News'' 30 May 1896, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a–b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003419/18960530/146/0008. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ==June 1896== The Women Journalist Club's "midsummer party to which all literary, artistic and social London is bidden."<ref name=":2">Krout, Mary H., "Women's Clubs," Chapter 9, A Looker-On in London. Rpt in ''Victorian London: Publications: Social Investigation/Journalism''. Online: https://www.victorianlondon.org (August 2005).</ref> Here, from victorianlondon.org, is Krout's description of that event: <blockquote>In June, 1896, this great function was held at Stafford House - the town residence of the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, and there was such a demand for invitations that the committee was forced to announce through the columns of the morning newspapers that no more cards would be issued, those which had been sent having been inexorably marked "strictly non-transferable." The invitations included every artist, man or woman, every journalist, author, musician and actor of note in London, with scientists, members of Parliament, cabinet ministers, diplomats and those who lived simply to enliven and adorn the social world. Long before ten o'clock there was a line of carriages stretched down Pall Mall, each awaiting its turn at the entrance in the shadow of the great porte cochère around which was stationed an array of footmen in black and gold livery. The guests were received by the President, Mrs. Craigie, a woman of striking beauty and dignity, who was assisted by Mrs. Johnson, the editor of ''The Gentlewoman'', and other women journalists. A remarkably varied programme had been arranged, literally suited to all tastes, and the names of the artists who had contributed their services included Mine. [Mme] Albani and Cissy Loftus, Arthur Roberts, the comedian and Johannes Wolff the violinist, Alice Gomez, the contralto of the St. James concerts, and Letty Lind of the Empire Music Hall. Mme. Albani did not appear, but the beautiful and fascinating Cissy Loftus did not disappoint the company, and she gave an extremely clever imitation of a popular actress whose mannerisms were then the delight [-85-] of the Music Hall artists, and a source of pecuniary profit as well. [The page break in the original print copy is marked in the text as "[-85-]."]<ref name=":2" /></blockquote> ===1 June 1896, Monday=== Not sure of date. The 12 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>It is authoritatively understood that the offer of one of the most important literary positions in London has been made to Mr. Edward W. Bok, editor of The Ladies' Home Journal, of Philadelphia, who is at present in England. Not alone is the position offered Mr. Bok of the most desirable character, but the honorarium attached to it is reported to be several times larger than the salary received by any editor in England. In addition to this, a ten-year lease of a Grosvenor-quare mansion is included in the offer. The position would require Mr. Bok's permanent residence in London. ... / An offer of the magnitude which the negotiations with Mr. Bok are reported to assume is particularly significant from the fact of the recipient's youth. Mr. Bok, if we err not, has just passed the thirty line in point of age, and is the youngest of all the American magazine editors. He was born in Holland, and comes of excellent Dutch / [col. 2] stock. He came to America at the age of six, and his rise there has been phenomenal. ... / Mr. Bok has been a much-dined and fèted man during his present visit to London. Last week, Lady Morell Mackenzie gave a dinner in his honour, and this week will entertain him with a country house-party at her place at Wargrave.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'' (London: James Clarke), 12 June 1896, vol. 53, p. 556, cols. 1-2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.)</ref></blockquote> ===3 June 1896, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? Georgiana, Lady Dudley: <quote>After all that umbrella holding she [Georgiana, Lady Dudley] deserved to be the one whom the Prince chose to sup with on the happiest day of his life. This was June 3, 1896, when H.R.H. won the Derby with Persimmon to tumultuous applause. After the usual dinner at the Jockey Club, Albert Edward, so his engagement diary records, went on to 'midnight supper with Lady Dudley'</quote><cite>(Leslie 74)</cite>. ===7 June 1896, Sunday=== Of Mr. Edward W. Bok,<blockquote>Last Sunday Mr. Bok was the special guest of Madame Adelina Patti at a luncheon of thirty.<ref name=":6">"Table Talk." ''The Literary World: Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews'' (London: James Clarke), 12 June 1896, vol. 53, p. 556, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref></blockquote> ===8 June 1896, Monday=== Of Mr. Edward W. Bok, Lady Morell Mackenzie<blockquote>this week will entertain him with a country house-party at her place at Wargrave." "Table Talk," The Literary World, 12 June 1896, vol. 53, p. 556, col. 2. (Accessed 13 October 2009 in Google Books.) Also, "Sir Douglas also entertained Mr. Bok at dinner a few evenings ago. Mrs. C. D. Gibson gave him a luncheon; he led the Portland House cotilion with the young Duchess of Marlborough, while Anthony Hope, Jerome K. Jerome, Sir Arthur Sullivan, and Beerbohm Tree have all entertained him.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote> === 10 June 1896, Wednesday === [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]] was present at the fashionable wedding of the Hon. John Tufton and Lady Ierne Hastings, which was reported in the "Court Circular" section of the ''Morning Post'' for 11 June 1896:<blockquote>The marriage of the Hon. John Tufton, eldest son of Lord Hothfield, and Lady Ierne Hastings, third daughter of the late Earl of Huntingdon, was solemnised yesterday at St. Anselm's Church, Davies-street, at half-past two o'clock. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. Herbert Moore, vicar of St. Anselm's, assisted by the Rev. W. F. B. Ward, private Chaplain to the Duke of Newcastle. The bride was given away by her brother, the Earl of Huntingdon. The bridesmaids were Lady Rowena and Lady Noreen Hastings, sisters of the bride; Lady Kathleen Hastings and Miss Pasley, nieces of the bride; Lady Muriel Parsons and Miss Campbell. The bridegroom was attended by the Hon. Charles Wyndham, lst Life Guards. Amongst the immediate relatives and friends in the church and afterwards at Grosvenor-square were the Duke of Newcastle, the Countess of Huntingdon, Mr. and Lady Irene Campbell, Sir Thomas and Lady Constance Pasley, Major and the Hon. Mrs. Candy, Major and the Hon. Mrs. Stirling, Lady Dora Yeoman, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Ventry and the Hon. Maud de Moleyns, the Hon. Lady Acland Hood, Lady and the Misses Wilson, General Stracey, Colonel Stracey, Scots Guards; Mr. W. Campbell, Mr. Herbert Wilson, the Countess of Cottenham and Lady M. Pepys, the Countess of Ranfurly, Marchesa Santurce, the Viscountess Galway, Lady Churston, the Countess of Rosse, Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley and the Hon. F. Wolseley, Mrs. Adrian Hope and Miss Hope, Mr. W. Gillett, Mr. Hastings Parker, Sir Hubert Miller, Captain Milner, lst Life Guards; [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber, 1st Life Guards]]; Lord Lovat, 1st Life Guards; Captain Boyce, and many others. The Duchess of Newcastle was prevented by illness from being present. Mr. and Lady lerne Tufton left London for the Isle of Wight in the afternoon.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 11 June 1896, Thursday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18960611/072/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===12 June 1896, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] is at Epsom for the races in Mr, and Mrs.’s D’Arcy’s private stand, which they had lent to Lord and Lady William Nevill, who then “entertained a large party on the Derby and Oak days.”<blockquote>Mr and Mrs D’Arcy owing to their absence on the Continent, lent their private stand at Epsom to Lord and Lady William Nevill, who entertained a large party on the Derby and Oaks days. The Company comprised the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke of Manchester, the Marquess of Abergavenny, the Marchioness of Worcester, Marquis Camdea [?], the Marquis of Waterford, the Marchesa di Serramezzena [?], Donna Flori, Count Palfly, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Earl and Countess Delawarr, Countess Cowley, Lord Sudeley, Lord Suffield, Lady Sandhurst, Lord and Lady Henry Nevill and Miss Nevill, Lord and / Lady George Nevill, Lady Alice Morland, Mr and Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Clementine Walsh, Lady Cicely Gathorne Hardy, and Miss Gathorne Hardy, Hon. Sidney Greville, Hon. F. Stanley, Hon. H. Henniker, Hon. Miriam Thellusson, Hon. R. Molyneux, Hon. Jas. Mansfield, Hon. W. Edwards, Hon. Mrs Oliphant, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Sir George and Lady Lewis and Miss Lewis, Mr Arnold Morley, Hr and Mrs Henry Labouchere, Mr and Mrs Beerbohm Tree, Mr E. Hatch, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Wilson]], and Miss Muriel Wilson, Mr Chas. Wyndham, Mr and Mrs Beresford Melville, and Miss Clay, Madame Van André, Mrs Leslie, Mr and Mrs Adrian Hope, Miss Mary Moore, Mr and Mrs George Alexander, Captain Ellison, Captain Peel, Hr H. Spender Clay, Mr George Ellison, Miss Rollit, Mr and Mrs C. Van Raalte, Mr and Mrs Arthur James, Mrs H. V. Higgens, Mr J. B. Leigh, Mr Walter Leslie, Mr and Mrs B. Crawshay, Mr Brinton, Captain Oswald Ames, and many others.<ref>"Fashionable Intelligence.” ''Kent & Sussex Courier'' 12 June 1896, Friday: 6 [of 9], Col. 3b–4a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000483/18960612/175/0006. Print title ''The Courier''.</ref></blockquote> ===14 June 1896, Sunday=== Of Mr. Edward W. Bok, "For Sunday next Sir Douglas Straight has invited a party of friends to take the young editor on his private steam-launch for a cruise on the Thames."<ref name=":6" /> ===15 June 1896, Monday=== ==== Ladies' Dinner at the New Vagabond Club ==== The 5 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>We understand that Dr. Conan Doyle will preside at the Ladies' dinner of the New Vagabond Club, on the 15th inst., as Mr. Jerome will be absent from London on that date. Eighteen literary ladies have been invited as guests."<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World'', 5 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 532, col. 1. Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.</ref></blockquote>The 19 June 1896 ''Literary World'' goes on at length about the dinner:<blockquote>The Ladies' Dinner of the New Vagabond Club, held on Monday in the King's Hall, Holborn, was a great success. The most interesting feature was the really able speeches given by the two ladies, Mrs. Burnett Smith (Annie S. Swan) and Mrs. Fenwick Miller, who responded for themselves and their fellow-guests to the toast of their health proposed by Dr. Conan Doyle. If this sort of thing grows, male speakers will soon be at a discount, and no public function will be complete without an oration or two from members of the fair sex. When Mrs. Miller rose to follow Mrs. Burnett Smith in thanking her hosts for their entertainment, the happy thought struck her that it would be as well to observe the strict rule on such occasions; so she desired the other lady guests to stand up while she spoke. This request was complied with, and afforded the audience a better opportunity of distnguishing the special guests of the evening from the larger number who occupied seats at the high table. Their names were, in addition to the two speakers, Mrs. Burton Harrison, Mrs. Flora A. Steel, Mrs. Gertrude Atherton, Mrs. Edith E. Cutbell, Mrs. Andrew Dean, 'George Egerton,' 'Helen Mathers,' Miss Mathilde Blind, and Miss Nora Vynne. / The Vagabonds and their guests could not have been less than 500 in number, and overflowed from the floor of the hall into the galleries. But there was no crowding, and the principal speeches were heard better than is customary at such dinners, probably owing to the eagerness of all to hear, thus preventing the usual under-current of chat. It is impossible to enumerate here all the many literary and otherwise distinguished persons who made up the audience, but it included Sir James Linton, Henniker Heaton, M.P., 'Max O' Rell,' Edward W. Bok, Dr. Moncure D. Conway, Silas K. Hocking, Frankfort Moore, A. W. / [col. 2] a' Beckett, Walter Crane, Oswald Crawford, C.M.G., G. Manville Fenn, Robert Barr, Couldon Kernshan, Dr. Todhunter, Walter Jerrold, W. Morris Colles, D. Havelock Fisher, G. Thompson Hutchinson, and, of course, the vice-chairman, Douglas Sladen and G. B. Burgin, to whom the success of the club is largely due. / ... Dr. Doyle concluded by saying that it would be strange if the New Vagabond Club did not make these ladies welcome, for women had always been noted for being charitable to beggars. / Mrs. Burnett Smth began by remarking that twenty years ago such a meeting as that would have caused a flutter in the breast of Mrs. Grundy. But she was delighted to think that women could thus meet their brothers on equal terms of kindliness and goodwill. Whatever might be said of the 'new woman' movement, it made for good in one direction. A number of old-fashioned ideas about women who write had disappeared. She felt the truth of the quotation: / Woman's cause is man's, / They rise or sink together. / She made an eloquent protest against the old theory that the husband of the literary woman lived in a chronic state of buttonless shirts, undarned socks, and ill-cooked dinners. Her wide experience taught her that wmen writers were conspicuous for their excellent housekeeping. / [Col. 3] Mrs. Fenwick Miller, in her splendidly enunciated little speech, took up the same strain of protest against the prejudiced view of women who write. For herself she was glad to live in this age, as in no previous one had comradeship been so strong. It was possible for a woman to believe that her greatest happiness consisted in the love of one man and the pleasures of one home, and yet to learn to extend her sympathies and so gain more happiness. The world was made for both sexes, and not, as some seemed to imagine, for one.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World'', 19 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 581, cols. 1-3. Accessed 13 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.</ref></blockquote> ==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon ==== <blockquote>The Countess of Huntingdon gave a dance at 10, Grosvenor-square, London, on Monday night, when a distinguished company assembled. Previously, the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon entertained a large party at dinner. The ball-room and approaches were beautifully adorned with flowers, the staircase in particular being effectively arranged with pink roses and tall white lilies, palms, and bamboos. Dancing commenced shortly after eleven o'clock to Mitchell's Royal Meister Orchestra, under Eugene Maney, and continued to an advanced hour. The guests present included: — Prince and Princess Henry of Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duchess of Newcastle, Countess Cadogan and Lady Sophie Cadogan, the Countess of Yarborough, Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, the Hon. H. Coventry, the Hon. C. Ward, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. N. Hill-Trevor, Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Mr. and Lady Margaret Loder and Miss Ashton, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Major and the Hon. Mrs. Candy, Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Miss Naylor, Mr. Noel Fenwick, Mr. and Miss Hope, Miss Paget, Miss Burnaby, Mr. Gordon Wood, Mrs. Harry Lawson, Mr. Farquhar, Miss Forbes, Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Miss Muriel Wilson, Mr. Baring, &c.<ref>"The Countess of Huntingdon." ''Grantham Journal'' 27 June 1896, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/18960627/093/0008. Print title ''The Journal'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===17 June 1896, Wednesday=== Of Mr. Edward W. Bok: "On Wednesday next he will sail home."<ref name=":6" /> ===20 June 1896, Saturday=== The 26 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following: Mr. Clement Shorter, by the way, presided at the gathering of the Omar Khayyám Club at Marlow last Saturday evening. Several prominent writers were present, including "Maarten Maartens," Mr. Grant Allen, Mr. J. M. Barrie, Mr. Harold Frederic, Mr. Edmund Gosse, and Mr. George Gissing.<ref>"Table Talk." ''The Literary World'', 26 June 1896, vol. 53, p. 605, col. 3. (Accessed 14 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.)</ref> ===22 June 1896, Monday=== ==== Women Writers' Annual Dinner ==== The 26 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following:<blockquote>Speaking at the Women Writers' Annual Dinner, on Monday last, at the Criterion Restaurant, Mrs. Sydney Webb pleaded for consideration for writers of books which she classed apart from literature, though precisely why dd not transpire. Speaking from her own experience, Mrs. Webb declared that the occupation was a hard one, and that the women who took it up needed all the encouragement presumably that the authors of successful 'Pioneer' and 'Pseudonym' novels could give them. Amongst the speakers were Miss Mary Kingsley, who described the doubtful pleasures of exploring, Miss Clementina Black, and Miss Ella Curtis, who had some serious problems concerning reviewers and reviewing to place before her audience. Others present at the dinner were Mrs. Flora Annie Steel, Mrs. Molesworth, Mrs. Caffyn ('Iota'), Mrs. Sidgwick, 'Helen Mathers,' 'Annie S. Swan,' and Miss Sarah Doudney.<ref>"Table Talk," ''The Literary World'', 26 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 604, cols. 1-2. Accessed 14 October 2009 in ''Google Books''.</ref></blockquote> ===26 June 1896, Friday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ===29 June 1896, Monday=== The 19 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following: "The Authors' Club will entertain Dr. Conan Doyle at dinner at the Club-house on June 29, and Sir Walter Besant will take the chair."<ref name=":7" /> ==== [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|The Wedding of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]] ==== ==July 1896== On 4 July 1896 in ''The Queen'', an article begins, "On Monday last Dr Doyle, who is as much beloved by his friends as by his readers, was entertained at a banquet by his fellow-members of the Authors Club" (Orel 135). Doyle gave a speech at that banquet, which the article reprints. ===2 July 1896, Thursday=== The 5 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following: "The date of the promised revival of Marlow's ''Doctor Faustus'' is fixed for Thursday evening, July 2, when the performance will be given before members of the Elizabethan Stage Society and their friends at St. George's Hall. Marlowe's tragedy differs from Goethe's in this, among other things, that Marlowe wrote, as Goethe could not, in the firm belief in the possibility of the situations he created."<ref>"Table Talk." The ''Literary World'', 5 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 533, col. 2. ''Google Books''.</ref> === 3 July 1896, Friday === Mrs. Goschen's Dance<blockquote>Mrs. Goschen's dance at the Admiralty last night was a great success. Among the guests were the Duchess of Buccleuch and the Ladies Scott, Captain Jedina, Captain Gulich, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Count de Pontavice, M. de la Chaussée, the Lord Chancellor and the Hon. Evelyn Giffard, the Earl of Clanwilliam and the ladies Meade, Earl Granville, the Countess of Belmore and Lady Winifred Corry, the Earl of Donoughmore, the Earl of Eldon and Lady Louisa Scott, the Countess of Dunmore and Lady Victoria Murray, Earl Waldegrave and Lady Mary Waldegrave, and a large contingent of "dancing men."<ref>"Mrs. Goschen's Dance." ''St James's Gazette'' 04 July 1896 Saturday: 13 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18960704/057/0013.</ref></blockquote> ===4 July 1896, Saturday=== The 26 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following: "We understand that one of the principal features of the performance of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus will be the introduction of the Seven Deadly Sins, the designs for which have been taken from engravings belonging to the sixteenth century, and found in the print rom of the British Museum. The first and last parts of the play will reproduce in colour and costume the university life of Marlowe's day. The middle part of the play, the one most difficult for a stage manager to cope with, will consist of tableaux showing Faustus on his travels, and giving living pictures of the Feast of St. Peter, introducing the picturesque incident of the curse with 'bell, book, and candle'; the banquet at the court of Charles V.; and the Flight of Faustus, in his chariot drawn by yoked dragons, 'to scale Olympus top.' In consequence of the heavy expense attending each representation of the play, there will be only one public performance, that on the afternoon of July 4. Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch will supply the music."<ref>"Table Talk." The ''Literary World'', 26 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 604, col. 2. Google Books.</ref> ===13 July 1896, Monday=== ==== Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended a Garden Party at Buckingham Palace given by Queen Victoria. Several thousand people were there, it looks like.<blockquote>Her Majesty the Queen gave a Garden Party yesterday afternoon at Buckingham Palace. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, with their Royal Highnesses Princess Victoria and Princess Maud of Wales, attended by Lady Suffield, Lady in Waiting to the Princess of Wales, and Major-General A. Ellis, Equerry to the Prince of Wales, arrived at the Garden entrance of the Palace from Marlborough House. His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was present, attended by Baron van der Wense and Mr. Hugo Erskine Wemyss. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, accompanied by the Princesses Margaret and Patricia of Connaught, were present, attended by Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. A. Egerton. Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, their Highnesses Princess Victoria, Prince Christian Victor, and Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein, accompanied by his Highness Duke Ernest Gunther of Schleswig-Holstein, arrived from Cumberland Lodge, attended by Lady Edward Cavendish, Baroness Von und zu Egloffstein, and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. Eliot. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, accompanied by her Serene Highness Princess Elizabeth of Waldeck, was present, attended by Sir Robert and Lady Collins. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York arrived from York House, attended by Lady Mary Lygon and Captain the Hon. Derek Keppel. Her Royal Highness Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, and the Duke of Fife were invited to the Party. Her Royal Highness Princess Frederica of Hanover, Baroness von Pawel Rammingen, and Baron von Pawel Rammingen were present. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge arrived from Gloucester House, attended by Major-General Albert Williams. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck were invited. Their Royal Highnesses Prince Charles and Prince Christian of Denmark, attended by Lieutenant Lewald and the Hon. Henry Stonor, were present. Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen, her Serene Highness Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, Count Gleichen and the Countesses Gleichen, his Serene Highness Prince Carl von Urach, Count of Würtemberg, and their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck were also invited to the Party. Their Highnesses the Thakore Sahib and Maharanee of Gondal and Prince Victor, Prince Frederick, and the Princesses Duleep Singh were invited to the Party. The Nawab-Sultan Ul Mulk was also invited. The Royal Body Guard of the Yeoman of the Guard, under the command of Colonel R. Hennell, were on duty in the interior of the Palace. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, with the other members of the Royal Family, conducted by the Earl of Lathom, Lord Chamberlain, and attended by the Ladies and Gentlemen of the Household in Waiting, entered the gardens at five o'clock and proceeded to the Royal Tent. The band of the Grenadier Guards, the band of the Royal Horse Guards, and the String Band of the Royal Artillery performed a selection of music during the afternoon. The following members of the Corps Diplomatique and other foreigners of distinction were invited on this occasion ..... Invitations were also issued to the following: — .... Archbishops Dukes Duchesses Marquises Marchionesses Earls Countesses [7, Col. 6c–7a] Viscounts Viscountesses Bishops Baronesses Lords Ladies ... [7, Col. 7c – 8, Col. 1a] ... Right Honourables Honourables ... A. Bourke ... Honourable Ladies ... Mrs. A. Bourke ... Sirs ... [8, Col. 1c–2a] ... Barons Baronesses Reverends The Sheriffs of London. Doctors Messieurs Mesdames ... [Col. 2c–3a] ... Misses ... Muriel Wilson ... Admirals of the Fleet Admirals Captains Captain, Trinity House, Sir Sydney Webb. Commanders, R.N. Lieutenants, R.N. Field-Marchals Generals Colonels ... [Col. 3c–4a] ... Majors Captains Lieutenants<ref>"The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 14 July 1896, Tuesday: 7, Col. 6a – 8, Col. 4a [of 12 pp and 7 cols]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18960714/099/0008.</ref></blockquote> ===16 July 1896, Thursday=== The 19 June 1896 ''Literary World'' reports the following: "The idea of Ladies' Dinners seems to have caught on in clubland. A dinner is to be given to Mrs. Hodgson Burnett by the Authors' Club on July 16, and as the accommodation at the Club-house is neither suitable nor adequate, the dinner will be held in the King's Hall of the Holborn Restaurant. Members may take as many guests as they like, either ladies or gentlemen."<ref name=":7">"Table Talk." The ''Literary World'', 19 June 1896 (Vol. 53): 581, col. 3. ''Google Books''.</ref> === 21 July 1896, Tuesday === ==== Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar ==== <blockquote>Sir Horace Farquhar, M.P., and Lady Farquhar entertained at dinner, at their residence in Grosvenor-square, on Tuesday evening last: — the Duchess of Manchester, the Marchioness of Ormonde, and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lord and Lady Algernon Lennox, the Hon. Humphrey Sturt, M.P. and Lady Sturt, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|The Hon. Algernon and Mrs Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Maguire, Mr. and Mrs. Von Andre, Lord Kenyon, the Hon. H. Stou [?], Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, the Hon. R. Ward, Col. Dawson, Major Wynne Finch, Mr. Murrieta and Mr. Frank Mildmay, M.P.<ref>["Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar."] ''Marylebone Mercury'' 24 July 1896, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000956/18960724/069/0006. Print: ''The Borough of Marylebone Mercury'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1896== Sometime in August 1896 Lady Gregory met William Butler Yeats (I got this from Wade?). August 1896, the steamer the ''Norse King'' was to take scientists and tourists to the Varanger Fjord to view the solar eclipse. At least in the planning, as reported in January 1896,<blockquote>The official observers of the joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society have arranged to go by the Norse King. Among those on board will be Dr. A. Common, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Sir Robert Ball, who has consented to deliver a series of three lecture on the eclipse while the steamer is in the Varanger Fjord.<ref>From a "special announcement," quoted in "Table Talk," ''The Literary World'' (3 Januray 1896), vol. 53, p. 13 [accessed 10 October 2009 in ''Google Books''].</ref></blockquote> === 5 August 1896 === The ''Queen''<ref>"Bourke — Haines." ''The Queen'' 22 August 1896, Saturday: 40 [of 70], Col. 1c–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18960822/203/0040. Print: ''The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper'', p. 364.</ref> and the ''Gentlewoman'' described the wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines:<blockquote>The Hon. Terence Bourke to Miss Eveline Haines. A smart and very pretty ceremony came off in St. Andrew's Church, Westminster, on the 5th inst., on the occasion of the marriage of the Hon. Terence Bourke, son of the late Earl of Mayo, Viceroy of India, with Miss Eveline Haines, daughter of the late Colonel Haines, of Hasketon Manor, Woodbridge. The bride, who was given away by her brother, Captain Haines, York and Lancaster Regiment, was attended by two pages, Master Dicky and Master Valentine Wyndham Quin, in picturesque white and mauve shirts with knee breeches. The five bridesmaids, Miss Mercy Barnes, Miss Robertson, Miss Powell, Miss Constance Mure, and Miss Edith Dods, were prettily gowned in white muslin trimmed with Valenciennes, and wore large white picture hats. Their presents from the bridegroom were gold chains with enamel hearts; the pages' gifts being gold and enamel sleeve links. The rites were solemnised by the Rev. and Hon. George Bourke, Chaplain to the Queen; and Lieut. Cyril Sloane Stanley, 1st Life Guards, supported Mr. Bourke as best man. After the ceremony Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Robertson, uncle and aunt of the bride, held a large reception at Willis's Rooms, amongst those accepting invitations to be present being the Dowager Countess of Mayo, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, Lady Florence Bourke, the Marchioness of Queensberry, Lord Leconfield, Lady Leconfield, Lord and Lady Milton, the Countess of Bective, Major and Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, Lord and Lady Connemara, General the Hon. John Bourke, the Hon. Gerald and Lady Maria Ponsonby, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Percy and Mrs. Wyndham, Mr. Wilfrid and Lady Anne Blunt, Miss Blunt, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord and Lady Douglas, Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, Captain Haines, Master W. Haines, Mrs. and the Misses Dods, Captain and Mrs. Dods, Mr. and Mrs. Powell, Mrs. and Miss Benest, Mr. and Mrs. Ribton, Mr. Erskine and Miss D. Ribton, Captain and Mrs. Inglis, Colonel the Hon. and Mrs. Hubbard, Admiral and Mrs. Saumerez, Mr. and Mrs. B. N. Everard, Mrs. and Miss Drummond, Lady Stawell, &c. In the afternoon the Hon. Terence and Mrs. Bourke took their departure for Paultons, Lieutenant Stanley's place in the New Forest, kindly lent for the honeymoon. The bride left London in a dainty heliotrope canvas costume over white silk, trimmed with white embroidered lisse and [Col. 2c / 3a] chiffon, and a big picture hat arranged with white feathers and purple irises. The presents, which were very numerous, included: — From bridegroom to bride, diamond tiara, topaz, and diamond necklace, bangle, diamond and ruby ring, ruby ring, fan, stamp album. &c. Mr. Herbert Robertson. M.P., 200 guineas. Mrs. Robertson, silver coffee pot. Miss Robertson and Masters Manning and Nevile Robertson, silver spoons. Captain Haines, silver tea tray, tea pot, sugar basin, and milk jug. The Dowager Countess of Mayo, diamond and turquoise necklace. The Earl and Countess of Mayo, turquoise necklace. Lady Leconfield, pearl, sapphire, and ruby bracelet. Miss E. Dods, pearl bracelet. Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, diamond and sapphire brooch. Lady Florence Bourke, amethyst bangle. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], enamel muff chain. Hon. Harry Bourke, cheque. Hon. Edward Bourke, cheque. Hon. J. Bourke, cheque. Lord Connemara, cheque. Mrs. Dods, cheque. Mr. and Mrs. Powell, silver looking-glass. Mrs. Benest, clock. Master Haines, butter dish. Miss M. Haines, cream jug. Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Louis XV. clock. The Hon. Percy and Mrs. Wyndham, pearl and emerald chain and pendant. Marchioness of Queensberry, crown Derby snuff box. Lady Leconfield, silver tea pot. Major and Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, coffee pot and milk pot. Countess of Bective, turquoise and pearl pin. Earl and Countess of Mayo, carriage clock. Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, gold pencil case. Sir John and Lady Constance Leslie, flower stand. Mr. Wilfrid Blunt, two Arab mares. Sir Raymond and Lady Burrell, Battersea enamel snuff box. Lord Leconfield, cheque £100, &c, &c.<ref>"The Hon. Terence Bourke to Miss Eveline Haines." ''Gentlewoman'' 15 August 1896, Saturday: 24 [of 54], Col. 2b–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18960815/128/0024. Print p. 232.</ref></blockquote> === 19 August 1896, Wednesday === Queen Victoria was at Osborne, accompanied by Princess Henry of Battenberg and the Hon. Frances Drummond, and then also Countess Feodore Gleichen. The dinner party Wednesday night also included people who were at Cowes for the yachting:<blockquote>Her Majesty's dinner party last evening included Captain Acland, her Majesty's ship Australia, guardship at Cowes, and the Hon. Mrs. Acland, Mrs. Lawrence Drummond, [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Sir Allen Young, C.B.]], and Major Strong, 2nd Battalion Scottish Rifles.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 20 August 1896 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18960820/072/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===31 August 1896, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1896== ==October 1896== ===31 October 1896, Saturday=== Halloween. ==November 1896== === 2 November 1896, Monday === The ''Black and White'' hosted a dinner to welcome Special Artist Charles M. Sheldon back from the Soudan:<blockquote>MR. CHARLES M. SHELDON, ''Black and White''<nowiki/>'s Special Artist, received a welcome back from the Soudan at a dinner presided over by the editor and attended by the directors and other officers of the journal, as well as by a large company, including: Messrs. Angus Evan Abbott, A. H. Beaman, A. S. Boyd, F. Whelan Boyle, J. MacLaren Cobban, Oscar Eckhardt, James Greig, Bernard F. Gribble, Paul Hardy, A. S. Hartrick, Lewis Hind, G. Kenealy, A. L. Lazarus, T. J. Lipton, G. G. Manton, Gilbert Marks, G. E. Matheson, F. Frankfort Moore, J. M. Munro, Henry Norman, Barry Pain, R. B. M. Paxton, Ernest Prater, W. Pett Ridge, Charles Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clarence Rook]], R. Savage, J. A. Shepherd, Alexander Stuart, E. J. Sullivan, Adolf Thirde [?], Enoch Ward, and Edgar Wilson. Letters of apology were intimated from Messrs. J. H. Bacon, Robert Barr, H. Brown, L. Cope Cornford, J. Finnemore, H. W. Massingham, Arthur Morrison, W. Mudford, H. H. S. Pearse, Eden Phillpotts, G. E. Webster, H. G. Wells, H. Seppings-Wright [?], &c., &c. The Chairman proposed the health of Mr. Sheldon, a toast which was honoured with enthusiasm, and the guest ot the evening, in a characteristically modest speech, urged that campaigning was its own reward, though it was enhanced by such a welcome home as had been accorded him. During the night members of the company furnished songs and stories, Mr. Sheldon contributing two notable items to the programme — ''Drill ye tarriers'', an Irish ditty which has, through his instrumentality, become the chief marching song of the Egyptian Army, and ''Black Lulu'', a genuine negro melody.<ref name=":0">"Welcome Back from the Soudan." ''Black and White'' 07 November 1896, Saturday: 9 [of 35], Cols. 1a, 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18961107/029/0009. Print p. 587.</ref>{{rp|Col. 1a}}</blockquote> The menu for the dinner was printed in the paper because of the puns on North Africa: * Hors d'oeuvre en Pyramide * Consomé à la Pacha * Purée à la Derviche * Sole à la Noir et Blanc * Filet de boeuf à la Sirdar Kitchener * Galatine de Chapon à la Sphinx * Faisan en Casserole à la Victoria * Salade Égyptienne * Souflé à la Khedive * Bombe à la Dongola * Petit fours Osman Digna * Fromage du Nile * Dessert à la Kartoum<ref name=":0" />{{rp|Col. 2b}} ===5 November 1896, Thursday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 1896 November 6, Friday === ==== Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink ==== The Prince's Club ice-skating rink opened:<blockquote>The building specially constructed at Knightsbridge for the purposes of a skating rink will be formally opened to-morrow. Yesterday the managers invited their friends to a private view of the premises, erected on ground formerly occupied by an oilcloth factory and saw mill. Stoppani's system, which has been in operation for several years at the Palais de Glace and the Pole Nord in Paris, has been adopted, and the sheet of ice, 200ft. long by 50ft. wide, is as perfect as the most fastidious skater could desire. The building is light and airy, and is illuminated at night by arc lamps. M. Olivier Pichat has superintended the decoration of the walls, on which are painted scenes of the Thames, Nile, and Ganges. Among the committee of the club are the Marchioness of Lansdowne, the Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marchioness of Granby, the Earl and Countess of Minto, Countess Carrington, Lady Ribblesdale, Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]], Sir William Hart-Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sir F. Astley Corbett, Bart., [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Sir Arthur Sullivan]], Admiral Maxse, Messrs. Alfred Lyttelton, M.P., [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], W. H. Grenfell, and W. F. Adams. Mr. W. W. Nightingale, who started at Southport in 1878 one of the first artificial ice rinks in the kingdom, is the secretary.<ref>"Prince's Skating Club." London ''Daily Chronicle'' 06 November 1896, Friday: 9 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18961106/125/0009. Print p. 9.</ref></blockquote>The ''Sporting Life'' gave a slightly different account:<blockquote>This club will be opened to-morrow (Saturday) for the purpose of providing skating accommodation, together with the advantages of club life during the winter recess. It will be under the auspices of the Prince’s Racquet and Tennis Club, organised by Admiral Maxse and Mr. Saunders, secretary of the above. The hall in itself is very much the same shape as the Pole Nord in Paris: the sheet of ice being 200 feet long by 50ft. wide, the shape a parallelogram. On first entrance one is greatly struck by the artistic paintings on the walls of the hall, depicting a voyage through the British Empire, the whole executed by the well-known French artist, M. Pichard. The club during the season, which finishes at Easter, will be open to gentlemen and lady members only, the sole idea of the club being to be as select as possible, all candidates being elected by ballot of the committe. The club premises, which are not quite finished, should be the handsomest in London. Needless to say, a band will be provided during part the skating hours, and also on Sundays from 4.0 p.m. to 7.0 p.m. A recherche luncheon was given by the committee of the Prince’s Skating Club to the members the Press yesterday, at which Admiral Maxse took the chair. The committee:— The Marchioness of Lansdowne, the Marchioness of Londonderry, Marchioness of Granby, Countess Minto, Countess Carrington, Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Eva Wyndham Quin, Lady Ribblesdale, Lady Wenlock, Hon. Mrs. Algernon Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, Mrs. Higgins, Miss Balfour, Miss Maxse, Mrs. Asquith, Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Miss P. Laura Cannon, the Earl of Minto, Hon. Algernon Grosvenor, Hon. Alfred Littleton, M.P., Hon. Algernon Bourke, Right Hon. Sir Wm Hart Dyke, Bart., Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Francis Astley-Corbett. Bart., W. H. Grenfell, Esq., W. P. Adams, Esq., Admiral Maxse, Major T. C. P. Calley, Captain J. H. Thomson.<ref>"Prince's Skating Club, Knightsbridge, S.W." ''Sporting Life'' 6 November 1896, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18961106/037/0003#. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===22 November 1896, Week of=== ==== Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire ==== From the ''World'':<blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wilson received a large shooting party last week at Warter Priory, Yorkshire, including Lord Crewe, Lord and Lady Rosslyn, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord Valletort, Lord Willoughby Eresby, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lady Florence Ashley, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mr. Arthur Paget.<ref>"Society Gossip." ''Yorkshire Evening Press'' 1 December 1896, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000632/18961201/070/0003. Print: ''Evening Press'', p. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===23 November 1896, Monday=== "''Little Eyolf'' (in William Archer's translation) opens at the Avenue Theatre, with Janet Achurch, Elizabeth Robins and Mrs Patrick Campbell in the three female roles. [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|[George Bernard] Shaw]]'s review of this production, with a cast including what he described as 'the three best yet undiscovered actresses of their generation', appeared in the ''Saturday Review'' on November 28."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|128}} === '''1896 November 25, Wednesday''' === ==== Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day ==== <blockquote>Lord and Lady Burton's party at Rangemore for the Derby races included Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lady De Trafford, Sir George Chetwynd, Caytain [sic] Seymour Fortescue, Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Baillie, of Dochfour, Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. de Murrieta, and Mr. Menzies.<ref>"What the 'World' Says." ''Sheffield Daily Telegraph'' 25 November 1896, Wednesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/18961125/067/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote>The ''Uttoxeter Advertiser and Ashbourne Times'' reported it slightly differently:<blockquote>The house party at Rangemore as the guests of Lord and Lady Burton for Derby races, included Lord and Lady Hindlip, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady de Trafford, Sir George Chetwynd, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Ballie of Dochfour, Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, the Hon. Cecil Howard, Mr. Menzies, Mr. F. de Murietta, Captain the Hon. Seymour Fortescue, and the Misses Thornewill.<ref>["The house party at Rangemore."] ''Uttoxeter Advertiser and Ashbourne Times'' 25 November 1896, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003211/18961125/062/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==December 1896== ===2 December 1896, Wednesday=== <blockquote>Mr LEOPOLD DE ROTHSCHILD presided over the sixth annual dinner of the Actors' Benevolent Fund, held at the Hotel Métrople on Wednesday evening. Actors have never shown themselves reluctant to assist in the cause of charity, and the profession was strongly represented on this festive occasion. The presence of Sir Henry Irving and other leading actors and managers gave special éclat to the festival, and the dinner proved in all respects to be one of the most successful held since the establishment of the fund. The claims of this admirable charity were pointedly put before the distinguished company by the chairman of the evening, Mr Leopold De Rothschild, who, in the course of his speech, mentioned that at the present time some seventy persons are in receipt of weekly grants from the fund. It is important to bear in mind that the direction of this excellent charity is in the hands of a committee of gentlemen of long and practical experience of the stage, and its modes of assistance are specially devised to meet the contingencies of theatrical life. The dinner took place in the Whitehall Rooms, and the following gentlemen accepted invitations:— [what follows is printed as a 3-column list which in this transcription reads across] Abrahams, Morris / Galer, Elliott / Millwood, W. / Alexander, Geore / Gatti, A. / Morgan, Ernest / Allen, W. E. / Gatti, S. / Mote, Henry / Armytage, H. T. / Gibson, Richard / Mundy, Luther / Asher, S. G. / Gleichen Count / Nathan, L. / Baker, Col. W. H. / Griffith, Murray / Nathan, H. / Baker, E. / Grossmith, George / Nauheim, Carl / Baker, Ernest H. / Hague, Clarance / Nicholls, E. W. / Barnes, J. H. / Hallard, C. M. / Nicholson, G. J. / Benjamin, David H. / Hamilton, A. / Norman, Fredk. / Bell, H. / Hammond, G. J. / Ochs, James / Betty, H. / Harris, Herbert, A. / Ogilvie, R. A. / Bishop, Alfred / Harrison, Fredk. / Pallant, Walter / Blackley, Frank / Harvey, Edward / Paulton, H. / Blumenthal. M. A. / Heilbut, S. / Phipps, C. I. / Bolton, T. H. Henry, C. S. / Pittar, Parke M. / Bouverie, Hon. K. P. / Herring, George / Power, W. / Brown, G. V. / Herts, H. A. / Pyke, Joseph / Pull, E. H. / Hirsch, Adolph / Renwick, G. / Candy, George / Hollands, A. K. / Ritchie, Clement / Cawston, George / Honey, T. / Robinson, Fredk. / Chamberlain, Rich. / Holdsworth, J. / Roche, L. / Chinnery, H. J. / Howard Hon. K. / Samuel, Sir Saul / Chinnery, Ellis / Howson, Charles / Sarjeant, Arthur / Corgialegno, W. / Hurst, Joseph / Scudamore, F. A. / Cohn, M. / Irving, Sir Henry / Schmidt, H. / Cohen, A. L. / Joels, J. / Shade, A. R. / Cohen, Leonard / Joels, Woolf / Shaw, Sir E. M. / Cohen, J. / Johnson, Sam / Shone, R. V. / Coltson, C. L. / Kelly, C. A. / Silverthorne, E. C. / Cole, C. W. / King, A. P. / Skelly, Francis / Conguest [?], George / Kirchner, T. / Spalding, A. F. M. / Cooper, Frank / Langford, A. E. / Stern, James / Coster, Martin / Latham, T. / Stoker, George / Cruickshanks, C. / Lawrence, E. S. / Tapping, A. B. / Dam, H. J. W. / Lawrence, G. W. / Terry, Edward / Dawes, Richard / Lawrence, W. / Thorne, Thomas / Davidson, Louis / Ledger, Edward / Tidd, J. D. / Davies, Charles / Leign, J. H. / Tite, A. / Dornton, Charles / Lindo, Gabriel / Trevoe, F. M. / Duncannon Visent. [?] / Lockwood, Sir F. / Turner, G. H. / Durham, Frederick / Loewe, S. / Tyars, Frank / Edmonds, W. / Lowenfeld, H. / Villanueva, Dr. H. / Edmonds, W. jun. / Lukach, J. H. / Villiers. R. E. / Edwardes, George / Lumley, Ralph / Vincent, Henry / Ellis, Alfred / Macklin, F. H. / Waley, A. J. / Ellis, Granville / Maddick, E. D. / Waterlow, P. H. / Esmond. H. V. / Marks, H. H. / Wells, / Evill, Henry / Marsden, Peter / Westcott, W. / Fos, Raoul / Martin, Robert J. / Wingatr, H. L. / Forbes [?], Norman / Maskall, T. / Winter, M. / ?rece [?], J. De / Maunder. J. H. / Woolf, Lewis / Gabriel, Chas. S.M. / Mellish, Fuller / Wright, Rev. C. E. / Gabriel, S. / Middlemist, Dr. / Wyndham, Charles.<ref>"Actors' Benevolent Fund." ''The Era'' 5 December 1896, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Cols. 1a–3c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18961205/016/0011.</ref></blockquote> ===3 December 1896, Thursday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]]'s name was removed "from the Roll of the Order" of the Golden Dawn (Howe 136). === 9 December 1896, Wednesday === Christmas Dinner of the New Vagabonds, Bohemian Club:<blockquote>THE VAGABONDS' DINNER TO LORD ROBERTS, V.C. S<small>PEECHES</small> <small>BY</small> L<small>ORD</small> R<small>OBERTS</small>, M<small>R</small> J. K. J<small>EROME</small>, D<small>R</small> C<small>ONAN</small> D<small>OYLE</small>, AND S<small>IR</small> J<small>OHN</small> R. R<small>OBINSON</small>. <big>T</big><small>HE CHRISTMAS DINNER</small> of the New Vagabonds, held on Dec. 9 at the King's Hall of the Holborn Restaurant, is one of the occasions on which this Bohemian club admits ladies. It may fairly be described an unqualified success. In the first place, one of the greatest of living Englishmen — Field Marshal Lord Roberts, V.C.— was courteous enough to come all the way from Ireland expressly to be its guest, and among those who accepted the invitation of the club to meet him were Sir John Robinson, manager of the ''Daily News''; Mr and Mrs Humphry Ward; and Messrs Frank Dicksee, R.A.; Henry Norman, of the ''Daily Chronicle''; Clement Shorter, of the ''Illustrated London News''; Sidney Low, of the ''St. James's Gazette''; J. K. Spender, of the ''Westminster Gazette''; while the editor of the ''Times'', who was kept away by a domestic bereavement, and Sir Edwin Arnold, of the ''Daily Telegraph'', Sir Douglas Straight, of the ''Pail Mall Gazette'', and Mr Alfred Harmsworth, of the ''Daily Mail'', and others, who were kept away by previous engagements, sent letters of regret. The chair was taken by Mr Jerome K. Jerome, and the vice-chairs by Messrs G. B. Burgin, Frankfort Moore, and Douglas Sladen, and amongst others [41, Col. 1a / 1b] present were Miss Helen Mathers, Miss Annie S. Swan, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Mrs Clement Shorter, Miss Marie Connor, Lady Cook, Miss Winifred Graham, Mr and Mrs George Grossmith, Sir James Linton, P.R.I., Mr Conan Doyle, Mr H. G. Wells, Mr Wm. Le Queux, Major Arthur Griffiths, editor of the ''World''; Mr J. G. Clarke, editor of the ''Christian World''; Mr Horace Cox, of the ''Field'' and ''Queen''; Mr F. H. Fisher, editor of the ''Literary World''; Mr Anthony Hope and his father, the rector of St. Bride's; Mr J. Penderel Brodhurst, editor of the ''St. James's Budget''; Mr M. H. Spielmann, editor of the ''Magazine of Art''; Mr John Coleman, author of "The Duchess of Coolgardie;" Mr Kenneth Grahame, author of "The Golden Age;" Mr and Mrs Coulson Kernahan, Mr and Mrs E. W. Hornung, Mr Silas K. Hocking, with Miss Hocking; Major and Mrs Nield, of Sydney, N.S.W.; Mr Neil Turner, Mr Robert Leighton, Mr and Mrs Robert Sauber, Col. Nisbet, Mr Alderman Treloar, Mr Frederick Whyte, Mr Percy White (author of "Corruption" and "Mr Baily-Martin"), Mr F. V. White, Mr and Mrs Will. Sharp, Hon. Mr and Mrs Gilbert Coleridge, Mr and Mrs Adam Black, Mr Reginald Cleaver, Mr I. N. Ford, London correspondent to the ''New York Tribune''; Mr McElway, editor of the ''Brooklyn Eagle''; Mr and Mrs A. S. Boyd, Mr Alfred Parsons, R.I.; Mr A. S. Hartrick, Miss Honner Morton, Mr Richard Le Gallienne, Mr Henry Blackburn, Mr Moncure D. Conway, Mr George Manville Fenn, Mr Zangwill, Mr Solomon, Mr Arthur Reed Ropes (the "Adrian Ross" of [41, Col. 1c / 2a] Gaiety librettos), Mr J. M. Dent, Miss Sarah Doudney, Mr James Greig, Mr G. P. R. Burgess, Mr W. W. Jacob, Dr Yorke Davies, Sir Henry and Lady Bergne, Mr A. C. Calmour, Mr Reginald Geard, Mrs T. P. O'Connor, Mr and Mrs W. B. Dalley, of Sydney; Mr H. W. Lowry, Mr H. Hartley and Mr Hart, of the Indian Exhibition; Mr Lewis Hind, editor of the ''Academy''; [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr and Mrs Clarence Rook]]; Mr and Mrs Wilton Jones (Gertrude Warden), Mr Peter Keary, editor of ''Pearson's''; Mr C. F. Keary, Miss Norma Lorimer (author of "A Sweet Disorder"), Dr S. R. Keightley, author of "The Crimson Sign;" Mr and Mrs Max Pemberton, Mr Pett Ridge, Mr Roger Pocock, Mr Sullivan, [[Social Victorians/People/Todhunter|Dr and Mrs Todhunter]], Mr and Mrs C. N. Williamson, Mr and Mrs Morris Colles, Mr G. Herbert Thring, Mr and Mrs Joseph Hatton, Mr and Mrs Jopling Rowe (Louise Jopling), Mr Arthur Morrison, author of "The Jago" and "Tales of Mean Streets." The dinner was held in the King's Hall of the Holborn Restaurant, and the company assembled in the Crown Room, the Entrance Hall, and the Lobby. One room could not contain everybody, for between six and seven hundred assembled to do honour to the guest of the evening, and not only was every inch of the floor used for dining tables, but all the galleries and the adjoining lobby. Grace was said by the chaplain, the Rev. St. Barbe S. Sladen; the company, as is usual at Vagabond dinners, having for the most part taken their places before the dinner was announced, and the guests, headed [41, Col. 2a / 2c] by Lord Roberts with Mrs Jerome and Mr Jerome with Mrs Humphry Ward, filed in. This, indeed, is almost the only trace of vagabondage about the club, unless one takes Vagabond and Bohemian in their most up-to-date sense. A Bohemian nowadays does not mean a man who has no bed to sleep on, or a man who wears no collar, but a spotted handkerchief in its place; it does not even imply drunkenness and disorderly conduct. A Bohemian in the London sense, is a person who does what he or she chooses, who conforms with conventionality and lives the ordinary Philistine life when it suits, and is equally prepared to go to a Covent Garden bal ''masqué''. With one exception, there was not the slightest hitch over seating and arranging the vast assemblage — so skilfully and indefatigably had Messrs Moore and Burgin, who attended to these arrangements, done their work — to the exclusion of all their literary work for the best part of the past month. After the health of the Queen had been drunk with great enthusiasm, the chairman gave the toast of the evening, in a speech characterised by the happiest audacity, which completely captivated the audience, and no one more than its illustrious victim. ... [43, Col. 1a] Mr Conway Dixon, who is Mr Hayden Coffin's understudy at Daly's, then sang, and his singing was characterised by its finish as well as by the beauty of the voice. Mr Dixon will undoubtedly be heard of in the future, for, in addition to the charm of his singing, he has a face and a figure just suited for a ''jeune premier''. He was vigorously encored, but it was getting on for eleven o'clock, and Mr George Grossmith was yet to come. Mr Grossmith gave his Irving and Beerbohm Tree speeches, and, fired by the brilliant and crowded audience, fairly excelled himself. Those who heard the improvisations which concluded Mr Beerbohm Tree's reply (in Mr Grossmith's imitation) are not likely to forget them. They were Tree to the life, and the great audience roared with laughter till tears ran down its cheeks. It also roared for an encore, but Mr Jerome was firm. There were so many people to be presented to Lord Roberts and Mrs Humphry Ward, that an adjournment had to be made that very moment to the Crown Room and the adjoining lobby, where the ''soirée'' which followed the dinner was to be held. Thus ended what the ''Westminster Gazette'' describes as the most brilliant gathering ever held at the Holborn Restaurant.<ref>"The Vagabonds' Dinner to Lord Robert, V.C." The ''Queen'' 19 December 1896, Saturday: 41 [of 96], Col. 1a–3c – 43, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18961219/265/0041. Print pp. 1167–1169.</ref></blockquote> === 10 December 1896, Thursday === Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton<blockquote>Irish Industries. Exhibition and Sale at Brighton. Nothing could have been more thorough than the way in which I did the Irish Industries on the l0th inst. I arrived at the Métropole in the morning and made my way to the Clarence Rooms — a perfectly delightful place for a sale — where, by dint of getting into everybody's way as they were setting out their stalls, I managed to acquire a vast amount of information about Irish work. I knew a good deal to begin with, but what struck me particularly is the resolute way in which the Association refuses to stand still. At one time this sort of work was associated in the minds of the public with some rather dingy, roughly spun tweeds, certainly durable, but having little in their appearance to recommend them, stockings of somewhat harsh wool, fine pieces of crochet, exquisite specimens of lace at unattainable prices to the many, and quite a fair proportion of well-executed embroideries unhappily bestowed upon articles that nobody particularly wished to use. But in the last few years all this has been changed, and perhaps to a greater degree than much of the outside public are aware of. Some of the most beautiful work that the most up-to-date woman could possibly use, lace of a really lovely description at prices far cheaper than what it is customary to spend on laces made abroad, cloths fine of texture and beautiful in colouring, stockings carefully made and pleasant to touch, all coming under the heading of Irish lndustries; and this has been the work of a devoted band of men and women who, moving in the world and seeing what was required, put their heads together and took designs across the Channel to the village workers and told and taught them what the demand really was and how they might supply it. And it seems highly probable that some of the big firms in London will turn their attention to giving their assistance as well, for during the whole afternoon Mr. Fenwick, of Bond-street, showed gown after gown, made of Irish materials and trimmed with Irish work, on a young lady who kindly acted as model; one teagown of white Irish poplin being particularly admired, angel wing draperies falling on either side from under the arm, revealing both back and front a ''ceinture'' of tine sequin embroidery in shades of amethyst just repeating the tone of the heliotrope linings; the front was of white crêpe de Chine draped over heliotrope sufficiently pink in colour to send a glow of warmth through the otherwlse unrelieved white, while a touch of blue at the throat prevented the gown being a mere contrast of colour. Returning in the afternoon, I found I was just in time to hear the address read by Lord Arthur Hill to the Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, who had kindly taken the place at the last moment of H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught, whose sharp attack of bronchitis prevented her fulfilling her promise of opening the sale. After this the crowds flocked from stall to stall, until fresh supplies had to be forthcoming for later arrivals. The stall immediately opposite the platform was especially remarkable for the exquisite ''paillette'' spangle embroideries upon silk and satin, the newest departures being worked upon velvet, a material which was suggested by the Duchess of York. Lady Duncannon, who has done so much for this work at her Garryhill Cottage Industry, and who was gowned in a charming costume of sapphire velvet, was indefatigable in her labours, in which she was assisted by her daughter, the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, the Hon. Mrs. Charles Eliot, the Misses Borton, and Miss Jeffery. The stall of the Lucan Tweed Industry was presided over by the Countess of Lucan and H.H. the Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, who wore a becoming brown toilette and a black bonnet with heliotrope feathers; the other assistants were the Marchioness of Hamilton, Mrs. Sandford, Mrs. Walter B. Puckle, Miss Wates, and Colonel O'Malley, R.A. The demand for stockings at the Arran Industry Stall kept the Countess of Arran, who wore a yellowy-brown coat and skirt, with yellow silk lapels, exceedingly busy, as well as her assistants, the Mayoress of Brighton, the Countess de la Warr, the Viscountess Gage, the Misses Whitmore, Mrs. Pauncerote, Miss Bell, Miss de Robeck, Miss Watson, and last, but by no means least, her little daughter, Miss Claire Stopford, who, in her green accordion-pleated gown, seemed to be absolutely untirable. In the centre of the ballroom were five of the Association Stalls. At the first was Lady Fingall, who, in a Foxford green tweed, turned back with lapels lined with old gold velvet, edged with tiny gold buttons, and a white velvet toque twisted round with brown velvet and upstanding sable tails, was especially persuasive with her delicate lace exhibits; so, too, were her assistants, Mrs. Charles Crawley, Miss Treves, Miss Amy Treves, and Miss Baker. Next came Lady Tweedmouth in a black accordion-pleated skirt with sleeves of emerald green velvet, covered with a lattice work of black braiding, her slim ''ceinture'' being fastened with a large paste buckle at the back of her bodice; at the neck was a high Medici collar of Irish lace, and her toque of green velvet with upstanding bunches of violets had sprays of white camelias at one side. Here, too, was Mrs. Adair, in a brown velvet costume, the bodice being cut in an open-work pattern over white silk, and outlined with flame-coloured paillettes. Miss Thesiger in a pretty heliotrope woollen skirt with sleeves to match, the bodice of white satin being tightly covered with guipure; also Mrs. Fletcher, of Dale Park, and Miss Hasler. Opposite was the Countess of Bective, whose beautiful pearls and diamonds showed well against the grey-green of her blouse, made with a Greek drapery at the back edged with gold braid; with her was Miss Marshall, Mrs. Gore, Mrs. Hoffman, Mrs. Cale, Miss Evelyn Whitmore, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Countess of Mayo]] and Mr. and Mrs. Arnott. Much beautiful lace, including fans, fichus, and handkerchiefs were disposed of at the [Col. 1c–2a] end stall, which was presided over by the Marchioness of Londonderry, in black velvet and sable with touches of blue, and a very becoming toque of brown trimmed with sable and two pink roses at the back; assisted by her daughter, Lady Helen Stewart, who looked charming in a black skirt, shot blue-green chiné blouse striped with black and vise lace trimming, wearing a row of pearls and a large black hat; Mrs. J. S. Wood, in a dark blue-green shot and brocaded glacé silk trimmed with Irish lace; Mrs. Engledow, and Mrs. W. Hardy Beaton. At the next stall the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Henniker presided, wearing a very pretty gold embroidered bolero over a gold satin blouse and black skirt. She was assisted by her cousin, Miss Mary Thornhill, Mrs. Jack Johnson, and Miss Phyllis Johnson. The sixth of the Association Stalls had a room to itself, which was really required, considering the multitude of beautiful tweeds that were piled up on the long counter. Here Lady Arthur Hill — in a black satin bolero coat and skirt, over heliotrope blouse, and wearing a toque trimmed with violets — was kept unceasingly busy during the afternoon, together with her assistants, Lady Fletcher, Mrs. Dudley Sampson, Mrs. Horace Voules, Mrs. Winans, Miss Hill, and Miss Blanche Hasler. Much demand was being made for the handwoven tweeds front the Cottage Industry of Miss H. H. Reeves, of Tramore; and, by the way, I found that "A Collection of Songs," written by Mrs. Alexander (late wife of the Primate of Ireland), and music by Lady Arthur Hill, charmingly bound in Irish linen, can be obtained at Novello's. But there was yet a third room to be traversed, and all sorts of well-executed handicrafts were dispensed by Lade Castlerosse, assisted by the Lady Mary Douglas, Hon. Mrs. Spencer, Hon. Susan Baring in a pretty brown costume, Miss Sullivan, Miss Heatheote, and Mlle. de la Brosse. Some exquisite pieces of embroidery, done on vellum; [sic] were most noticeable on a stall where the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Countess of Mayo]] was assisted by the Lady Dorothy FitzClarence, the Lady Maria Ponsonby, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]; and some very pretty children's [break for photograph] dresses, pinafores, undergarments, and knick-knacks were on show at the Irish Distressed Ladies' Fund Stall held by Georgina Marchioness of Downshire, who was assisted by the Dowager Lady Westbury, Mrs. W. E. H. Lecky, Lady Duke, Lady Sankey, Lady Agnes Daniell, Mrs. Majolier, and Mrs. Trevor. At the Guild of Impoverished Irish Gentlewomen's Stall were Mrs. Dalison, Miss Dalison, Miss A. Dalison, the Misses Stewart, Mrs. Carey Borrer, Miss Borrer, Miss Colburn, Miss Blaker, Miss H. Blaker, and the Rev. E. W. Dalison. Lady Castletown was assisted by [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Florence Bourke]], Miss Wagg, Miss Hennessy, and Sir Egbert Sebright. Thanks were due to the Brighton and Hove Society of Guitarists and Mandolinists, who, conducted by Mr. Frank Mott Harrison, contributed a continuous programme of music throughout each day, among the vocalists being Miss Maud Bond, who sang the solo part in "God Save the Queen"; Miss Aimée Hine Brown, who, in addition to other songs, sang several composed by Lady Arthur Hill, who played the accompaniments, and at the close congratulated the young singer; Miss Aimée Fowler, whose light soprano was much appreciated; Miss Mary Aukett, Miss Clarice Millar (showed herself to be a brilliant young pianiste); Miss Gertrude Hale played the 'cello with good effect; Miss Harrison performed well on the zither, and Mr. F. Mott Harrison's well-known guitar performances were greatly appreciated; so also was Miss Kate E. Peerless on the mandoline, and Mr. Gamble-Blagrove. The Brighton and Hove Society of Guitarists and Mandolinists were well to the fore, amongst them being Lady Blount, Mrs. Stickney, Mrs. Tillstone, Miss E. Aylward, Miss Carter, Miss Finnemore, Miss Harrison, Miss Knowles, Miss Lockyer, Miss A. D. Miller, Miss E. Miller, Miss K. E. Peerless, Miss L. E. Peerless, Miss Routledge, Miss Routledge, Miss G. Search, Miss A. Smith, Miss E. M. Watts, Mr. Hansor, Mr. R. Harrison (leader), Mr. R. Mason, the Lady Alice Morland, the Count Ybanez, Mrs. Grinsted, Mrs. Perrott, Mrs. Vigor, Miss B. M. Gibbs, Miss A. L. Lowndes, Mrs. A. C. Miller, Miss Pennifold, Miss Stickney, Master W. F. H. [Col. 2c–3a] Grinsted, Mr. A. de Burgh Battersby, Mr. Lifford Hewitt, Mr. F. Harrison, Miss A. E. F. Brewer, Mr. H. Gamble-Blagrove, Miss Mary Aukett, Mr. W. Mason, Mr. Gordon Miller, and Master Grinsted. It was gratifying to learn in the course of the afternoon that Mr. Gerald and Lady Louise Loder gave a sum of money to Lord Duncannon to make purchases on their behalf. Miss Thorold and her many friends kindly arranged the admission tickets. Programmes and tea tickets were untiringly dispensed by Miss Wood, Miss Ethel Wood, Miss Florence Beaton, Miss Adolph, and Miss James. It is to be hoped that those who were unable to be present or make purchases at this exhibition will not forget that the depot of the Association is at 20, Motcomb-street, Belgrave-square, where, as I can speak from personal experience, even the smallest order receives the utmost attention.<ref>"Irish Industries." ''Gentlewoman'' 19 December 1896, Saturday: 24 [of 123], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18961219/122/0024. Print p. 882.</ref></blockquote> ===16 December 1896, Wednesday=== Dolmetsch mentioned wanting to go to Florence. "Dolmetsch was always keen to perform in Italy but was unable to afford such a trip on his own account. Horne, as usual, came to the rescue and used his influence to obtain a sponsor, but nowhere is the benefactor named. Although Dolmetsch was scrupulous in limiting his spending to the musical requirements of an undertaking, he was blissfully unconcerned as to the source of the funds so provided. All that occupied his thoughts at the moment was that at last he would be going to Italy — the land where culture pervaded everything and the very speech was music" (Campbell ????). ===25 December 1896, Friday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1896, Saturday=== Boxing Day ===26 December 1896, Saturday=== December Bank Holiday == Footnotes == {{references}} 14v5873st5hfhv6y2ij7w0jmu82qram 0 264286 2719093 2716702 2025-06-18T20:23:15Z Scogdill 1331941 2719093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] 1897 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1897== The year 1897 was the year of Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. ==January 1897== ===1 January 1897, Friday, New Year's Day=== ===18 January 1897, Wednesday=== ==== The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball ==== It looks like this event might have begun on Wednesday, 13 January 1897, and continued at least until 18 January:<blockquote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick are entertaining a large party at the Castle for the hunt ball this evening. The guests include the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis of Waterford, Count Larisch, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Countess Cairns, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Essex, Earl Cairns, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Norreys, Lord Willoughby de Broke and the Hon. Misses Verney, Lord Kenyon, Lord Brackley, Lord Lovat, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and]] [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Bourke]], Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, the Hon. Cyril Ward, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, and the Hon. R. Molyneux.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Evening Mail'' 13 January 1897, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970113/031/0004. Print: ''The Mail'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> The ''St. James's Gazette'':<blockquote> The Earl and Countess of Warwick are entertaining a distinguished party at the Castle for the hunt ball this evening. The guests include the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, Marquess of Waterford, Count Larisch, Viscount and Lady Georgina Curzon, Countess Cairns, Earl of Chesterfield, Earl of Essex, Earl Cairns, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Norreys, Lord Willoughby de Broke and the Hon. Misses Verney, Lord Kenyon, Lord Brackley, Lord Lovat, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Captain Hedworth Lambton, Mr. Cyril Ward, Mr. Sidney Greville, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Mr. H. Molyneux, Captain G. Milner, Mr. H. Milner, Major Orr Ewing, Mrs. Menzies and Miss Muriel Wilson, Mr. J. F. Laycock, Miss Naylor, and [Col. 1c–2a] Captain Haig. There will a meet of the hounds in Warwick Castle Park to-morrow morning.<ref>"Politics and Persons." ''St James's Gazette'' 13 January 1897, Wednesday: 13 [of 16], Col. 1c–2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18970113/064/0013. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> The following account of the [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwickshire]] Hunt Ball is from what was then the ''Leamington Courier'', a local paper:<blockquote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick have arrived once more at Warwick Castle, and have this week entertained a large and distinguished house party numbering over 60 persons. Lord and Lady Warwick and their guests attended the Warwickshire Hunt Ball at the County Hall on Wednesday evening, and also a grand meet of the Warwickshire Hounds in the Castle Park the following morning. Among those included in the house party were:— The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchioness of Ormonde and Lady Beatrice Butler, the Marquis of Waterford, Count Larische, Viscount and Lady Georgina Curzon, Earl and Countess Cairns, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Essex, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Norreys, Lord Willoughby de Broke and the Hon. Misses Verney, Lord Kenyon, Lord Brackley, Lord Lovat, the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, the Hon. Cyril Ward, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, the Hon. R. Molyneux, Captain G. Milner, Mr. H. Milner, Mrs. J. Menzies and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Major Orr-Ewing, Mr. J. F. Laycock, Miss Naylor, Captain Haig, Lord Vernon, and Lady B. Butler. Owing to the accommodation at the Castle being wholly inadequate for the large party entertained, the juvenile portion hare been quartered at the Warwick Arms Hotel, and Park House, in Bridge-End, has been recognised as the bachelors' quarters.<ref>"Warwickshire Hunt Ball." ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 16 January 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970116/027/0005. Print: ''Leamington Courier'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote>The following account is from the ''Gentlewoman'':<blockquote>ROYAL LEAMINGTON SPA, January 18. The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball was held in the Shire Hall, Warwick, on Wednesday, a brilliant company of about four hundred being present. Hunting has this season been a great social success in this county, and no one interested in the chase has done more than the Countess of Warwick. A distinguished house-party has been entertained at Warwick Castle for the annual ball and for hunting. The guests were the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchioness of Ormonde, Lady Beatrice Butler, Viscount Chelsea, Viscountess Chelsea, Viscount Curzon, Viscountess Curzon, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. A. Bourke]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Mrs. Menzies, Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Wilson]], Lady Norreys, Countess [/] Cairns, Lord Willoughby de Brooke, and the Hon. Misses Verney, Miss Naylor, the Marquis of Waterford, Earl Cairns, Lord Kenyon, Lord Brackley, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Captain the Hon. H. Lambton, Mr. Laycock, Captain G. Milner, Earl of Chesterfield, Lord Lovat, Earl of Essex, the Hon. Cyril Ward, Mr. H. Milner, Major Orr Ewing, Captain Haig, and Captain the Hon. Molyneux. The Countess of Warwick wore a lovely pearl-grey satin gown, which had "angel" sleeves falling to the ground, a green sash, and bodice veiled with chiffon; and she wore a superb coronet of pearls and diamonds; the Duchess of Marlborough was in pale green satin, with pink roses and a most lovely tiara of pearls and diamonds; Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox had on a black tulle gown, with silver embroidery and bunches of violets arranged all round the skirt, sleeves, and bodice, and a diamond tiara; Lady Angela Forbes looked lovely in pink veiled with chiffon and shaded roses on the shoulder; Lady Cairns came in white, and the Hon. Misses Verney also in plain white gowns. Lady Norreys wore white and green, and beautiful diamonds; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was in pale green and pink, and Lady Beatrice Butler in blue, while the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]] chose pale pink satin; Lady Eva Dugdale looked her very best in rich white satin trimmed with silver passementerie, and her tiara and rivière of diamonds were perhaps the most beautiful in the room; Lady Mordaunt came in white tulle and diamonds, and brought her daughter, who was in a simple white frock. With Lord Hertford came the Ladies Victoria and Edith Seymour, the former in white with a flounce of lilies of the valley to the skirt, and the latter in plain white. Mrs. W. Mackay Low had magnificent diamonds, and her elegant gown was of pink satin, with lovely Brussels lace and silver embroidery; Mrs. Dennis Granville looked well in white with yellow velvet sleeves; Lady Mary Dashwood had a most becoming pale grey gown and diamonds, and Miss Dashwood looked lovely in white, with bunches of white flowers upon her dress; Mrs. Brinkley's gown was a pretty flowered silk with green velvet sleeves; and Mrs. Thursby Pelham wore yellow satin with pink and diamonds. Lady Clonmel was very pleasing in a pretty figured brocade; Mrs. Ireland Blyth wore pink, and Mrs. Wykeham Musgrave white; with Major and Mrs. Armstrong came Miss Armstrong, Miss Orde, Mrs. and Miss Arbuthnot, Mr. Walter and Mr. C. Armstrong, Captain Dewar, and Mr. Ernest St. Quintin. Mrs. Armstrong wore black satin, the bodice being trimmed with white lace; Miss Armstrong looked extremely pretty in white satin and pink roses; and Miss Orde's gown of white satin had a lovely bodice made with a pink embroidered zouave; Mrs. Arbuthnot was in grey satin and diamonds, and Miss Arbuthnot in white satin with white ostrich plumes. Mrs. Sampson Lloyd wore black embroidered with steel; Miss Lloyd looked charming in white satin, with a hem of pink rose-buds to the skirt, the bodice having a berthe of the same pink roses; Miss Gwendoline Lloyd was equally pretty in white satin, with panels of violets to the skirt, and their sister, a ''débutante'', was in white with lilies. With the party from the Priory came Lady Guendolen Little and Miss Chaplin; Lady Guendolen looked lovely in white, with a pretty sash of brocade tied at the side, and diamonds; and Miss Chaplin was in white, with lilies and white plumes in her hair. (''Continued on page'' xiv.) [/] A large party was brought by Mr. Brooke Robinson, M.P., from Barford House, including Lady Hickman and the two Misses Hickman, of Wightwick; Mr., Mrs., and Grazebrook of Thewford, and Mr. John Brooke Robinson. Lady Hickman had a gown of dark green velvet, trimmed with passementerie and old cream lace, and a tiara of stars of diamonds; Miss Hickman wore black and white striped silk, with bodice made with white chiffon, and geraniums shading from pale pink to red, and diamonds, and Miss Lilian Hickman looked well in white satin, with a lovely bodice of white tulle over white satin, the sleeves made with dainty little flounces. Mrs. Grazebrook wore pink and white brocade, with pink chiffon and pink flowers, and a butterfly of diamonds and aigrette in her hair; Miss Grazebrook had a simple white satin gown, with neck and shoulders trimmed with chiffon and geraniums; the Hon. Mrs. Albert Brassey (Heythrop) wore grey satin and diamonds; Lady Anne Murray had on a black and white striped silk, with beautiful Brussels lace, and was accompanied by Miss Murray, who looked very charming also; Miss Chance wore black velvet and diamonds. Lady Ernest Seymour wore white tulle; Mrs. Henry Allfrey, a smart mauve and green gown; and Miss Allfrey (Alveston) was in black; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Reginald Rankin brought Miss Master and Mr. Edward Rankin; Mrs. Rankin looked well in white satin, with a bodice trimmed, and front of skirt draped with lovely Brussels lace, and stars, rivière and head ornament of diamonds; Miss Master wore pale yellow satin and lace. Mrs. W. R. Verney came in pale blue, with a pink and blue brocaded front; Mrs. Paule [?] looked well in apricot satin and violets; Mrs. Chesshrye Molyneux in black and silver, and Miss Lefroy in white satin; Miss Cook wore a light blue moiré skirt lined with pink, the bodice of blue moiré having rose-like sleeves of pale blue and pink chiffon. Very smart looked Mrs. Shaw, of Leamington, in silver-grey satin, with the hem of the skirt outlined with shaded blush roses, white chiffon sleeves, and silver waistbelt; Mrs. Fosbery came in black and silver, and Miss Fowler (Stratford) in white, with handsome lace.<ref>"Our Country Correspondence." ''Gentlewoman'' 23 January 1897, Saturday: 46 [of 56], Col. 2b–3b [of 3] and 48, Col. 1a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970123/234/0046 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003340/18970123/369/0048. Print: same title, pp. xii and xiv.</ref></blockquote>The ''Lady's Pictorial'' covered this event as well.<ref>"The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 23 January 1897, Saturday: 22, Col. 3c – 23 [of 60], Col. 1b–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0005980/18970123/319/0022 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/18970123/321/0023. Same print title, p. 110–111.</ref> Possibly related to the large house party invited for earlier in the month and associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball is this party at Warwick Castle for the Warwick Dispensary ball, although which Wednesday the ball is to take place is not clear:<blockquote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick will entertain a large house party at Warwick Castle for the Warwick Dispensary ball on Wednesday night. Amongst the guests now staying at the Castle are Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lord Kenyon, Sir Donald Mackensie [Mackenzie?] Wallace, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Hon. Sidney Greville, Hon. J. Ward, M. and Madame von Audré [André?], Captain and Mrs. Laurence Drummond, Mr. Weston Jarvis, Mr. J. Knowles, Miss Naylor, and Mr. and Mrs. Moreton Frewen.<ref>"Warwick." ''Coventry Times'' 03 February 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000755/18970203/003/0003#. Print title: ''The Times'', p. 3.</ref></blockquote>From the ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'':<blockquote>Those who hunt all day have been adding to their exertions by dancing all night recently. Last week the Warwickshire and the Worcestershire Hunt Clubs had their annual dances, and these are among the smartest fixtures of their kind. Lord and Lady Warwick had a very large house-party at the Castle for the former function, including the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Ormonde, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lord Waterford, Lady Cairns, Lord Chesterfield, Lord Essex, Lord and Lady Georgiana Curzon, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lord and Lady Chelsea, Lady Norreys, Lord Kenyon, Lord Brackley, Lord Lovat, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Mr. J. Menzies, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], and Miss Naylor. Lady Warwick, looking as usual lovely, was the heroine of the evening, and Lord Warwick did everything that was possible towards securing the great success in which the ball culminated.<ref>Diana-Up-To-Date. "Sportswoman's Page." ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 23 January 1897, Saturday: 18 [of 40, Col. 1a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18970123/037/0018. Same print title, p. 814.</ref></blockquote> === 30 January 1897, Saturday === The ''Queen'' reports<blockquote>A successful B<small>AL</small> P<small>OUDRÉ</small> was given recently by M<small>RS</small>. J<small>OHN</small> L<small>ANE</small> S<small>HRUBB</small>, at B<small>OLDRE</small> G<small>RANGE</small>, Lymington, Hants. There were over 140 guests, and dancing was kept up with spirit until nearly 4 a.m. The flowers were lovely both in the house and conservatory, and the general effect of the ladies' ''poudré'' and the gentlemen in uniform and hunt coats was particularly pleasing, and added brilliancy to the scene. The band of the Royal Marine Light infantry played with their usual skill and perfection. The house party included Capt. and Mrs [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Hughes Onslow]], Mr Philip Crossley, Mr Bontram, Mr Ross Johnson, Mr and Mrs Breverley Shrubb, Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes Onslow]]. The hostess looked particularly well in dark green velvet and white satin, trimmed with Genoese guipure antique, and carried a bouquet of Solfetaire roses. Her two daughters were dressed alike, in white satin with jewelled lace, and carried bouquets of pink carnations.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." The ''Queen'' 30 January 1897 Saturday: 36 [of 84], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970130/234/0036.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1897== 1897 February, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of a group who visited Dublin Castle to visit the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Cadogan:<blockquote>The following, among other guests, have arrived at Dublin Castle on a visit to the Lord Lieutenant and Countess Cadogan: — The Earl and Countess of Arran, the Countess of Dunraven and the Ladies Wyndham-Quin, the Earl of Portarlington, Viscount and Viscountess Duncannon, Lady Rossmore, Sir Richard and Lady Magdelen / William Bulkeley, Colonel the Hon. Charles and Miss Chrichton, Mrs. Menzies and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Mildmay, M.P., and Miss Mildmay, the Hon. Thomas Egerton, and Mr. Portman. On Tuesday night their Excellencies gave a dinner, followed by a ball in St. Patrick’s Hall, and to-day there will be another dinner and ball. Lord and Lady Cadogan and their guests intended to be present at Lady Roberts’s ball at the royal Hospital last night.<ref>"Court and Personal." ''Public Opinion: A Weekly Review of Current Thought and Activity'' 5 February 1897: 177, Col. 1c–2a. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JEAQAAMAAJ (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===7 February 1897, Sunday=== Probably the second week of February: "… in addition to his own concerts [Dolmetsch] took part in William Poel's ''Twelfth Night'' production at the Hall of the Middle Temple, where the play had been performed in 1601. A very distinguished audience were gathered together, among them [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]], sitting as a Bencher of the Inn, [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and the Duke of Teck."<ref>Campbell, Margaret. ''Dolmetsch: The Man and His Work''. U of Washington Press, 1975: 112.</ref> ===10 February 1897, Wednesday=== The [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Devonshire]]'s second reception for the season, at Devonshire House, Picadilly. ===End of February 1897=== <blockquote>The fun at the end of last week was at Melton where … and Lady Huntington was to entertain Mrs. Hwfa Williams, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Stanley Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Lord Stavordale, and Mr. Marjoribanks.<ref name=":2">"Society Gossip." ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'' 3 March 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18970303/038/0003 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote>Hard to tell if there was one or several parties, including at least one ball:<blockquote>… Lady Dudley stayed with lady Gerard for the Hunt Ball. Everyone said it was the smartest country ball they had seen for a long time. It was, indeed, quite like a very smart London one, only much cheerier and brighter-looking on account of al the men’s red coats. All the hunting world had parties for it, and all the women wore their best frocks and their diamonds too. … The two prettiest girls in the room were Miss Enid Wilson in white and Miss Muriel Wilson in white and silver with a soft blue sash.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote> ==March 1897== Sometime in March 1897, Wynn Westcott resigned from the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]]. Sometime in March 1897, Wynn Westcott of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] wrote Frederick Gardner, telling him to ask Florence Farr to "choose a gentleman adept friend" to act as intermediary -- but not W. A. Ayton.<ref>Howe 169.</ref> ==April 1897== ===16 April 1897, Friday=== Good Friday ===18 April 1897, Sunday=== Easter Sunday ==May 1897== Some William Rothenstein drawings made in May 1897 are now at Jesses, [[Social Victorians/Haslemere|Haslemere]].<ref>Campell 133.</ref> ===3 May 1897, Monday=== "Inaugural performance of the New Century Theatre, a rival to the independent, established by William Archer, Elizabeth Robins, H. W. Massingham, and Alfred Sutro, on order to promote experimental drama."<ref>Gibbs, Anthony Matthew. ''A Bernard Shaw Chronology''. ''Author Chronologies'', ed. Norman Page. Palgrave, 2001: 131.</ref> On '''Monday 3 or 10 May 1897''', a dance in London for 450 people to benefit the Italian Hospital. Benoist catered.<blockquote>Under the patronage of the King and Queen of Italy, the Prince and Princess of Naples, the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Marchioness of Lorne, the Duchess of Teck, the Duke and Duchess of Aosta, General Ferrero, and many others, a most successful dance was held on Monday, of last week, at the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Piccadilly, in aid of the Italian Hospital, at Queen's-square. The guests, who were received by Mme. Ortelei, Lady Seymour, Mrs. Hoffnung-Goldsmith, and Mme. Allatini, included the Duke and Duchess San Germano di Calabrito, General Ferrero, Marchioness Caesar di Sain, Lady Carew, Lady Colin Campbell, Count di Casa Valencia, Lady Jessel, Count di Vaglio, Mr. S. Hoffnung-Goldsmith, Sir Joseph Sebag Montefiore, Count Herschell, Sir Halliday and Lady Macartney, Comm. John Ortelei, Signor and Signorina Bebigani, Signor Strazza, the Messrs. Simmons, Count Sielern, [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Mr. and Mrs. Silverston. Many handsome gowns were worn. Mme. Ortelei was most becomingly attired in grey, Lady Seymour in black, Lady Colin Campbell also in black, and Miss Hoffnung-Goldsmith in white, Mme. de Rinn was in pale blue, and Mme. Allatini in grey brocade. Benoist catered, as usual, perfectly, and some 450 guests supped at the myriad flower-decked little tables.<ref>"Under the Patronage." The ''Gentlewoman'' 15 May 1897 Saturday: 48 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970515/248/0048.</ref></blockquote> === 4 May 1897, Tuesday''', beginning at 4:20 p.m.''' === A disastrous fire in Paris broke out in a charity bazaar run and frequented by celebrities and aristocrats that killed and seriously injured many people. The fire had started in the cinematograph next door, whose ether supply for the light flame seems to have exploded, killing and injuring people in that as well. The ''Sheffield Independent'' published eye-witness accounts the next day.<ref>"The Paris Horror. Further Details. Searching for the Dead. Agonising Scenes. Traces of the Duchesse d'Alencon. Narrow Escape of an English Lady. Personal Narrative." ''Sheffield Independent'' 06 May 1897 Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a-8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18970506/110/0005.</ref> ===5 May 1897, Wednesday=== Florence Farr called a meeting of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] (or the Inner Order?), which was held at 62 Oakley Square.<ref>Howe 126.</ref> ===6 May 1897, Thursday=== About the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]]: H. C. Morris got Edward Berridge's "pamphlet" with the footnote about Annie Horniman and the handwritten "doggerrel."<ref>Howe 173-74.</ref> === 8 May 1897, Saturday === I believe the big funerals in Paris after the fire on Tuesday must have been held on Saturday 8 May, rather than on 15 May, when the story about them appeared in the ''Illustrated Police News''.<ref>"The Awful Catastrophe at a Charitable Bazaar in Paris. Over a Hundred Noble Ladies Burned to Death. The French Aristocracy Thrown into Mourning. Full Details of the Heart-Rending Calamity." ''Illustrated Police News'' 15 May 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 8], Cols. 1a–5c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000072/18970515/009/0003.</ref> ===9 May 1897, Sunday=== Annie Horniman was living at H. I. Montague Mansions, Portman Square, London.<ref>Horniman, Annie Elizabeth Fredericka. Typescript.</ref> ===15 May 1897, Saturday=== '''1897 May 15–17''', [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at a weekend house party at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]]: "The most interesting Saturday-to-Monday house party this year was at Warwick Castle, where Mr Balfour was the fellow-guests with Lord Rosebery and Mr Asquith. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] and Mr Buckle, editor of ‘The Times’ have been among the guests."<ref>''Hull Daily Mail'' 17 May 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' (accessed July 1897).</ref> Same house-party at Warwick Castle:<blockquote>The Countess of Warwick entertained the following distinguished house party at Warwick Castle at the end of last week: — The Portuguese Minister, the Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Crewe, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Right Hon. H. and Mrs. Asquith, the Hon. H. Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lord Kenyon, Lady Gerard, Major-General Arthur Ellis, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Major Wynn Finch, Mr. Buckle (the “Times”), Mr. Cecil Grenfell, Mr. Warrender, and Mr. T. Byard. The distinguished guests arrived at the Castle on Saturday afternoon. The Earl of Rosebery reached Warwick at four o’clock, and was driven to the Castle by Lady Warwick in her carriage and pair. Mr. Arthur Balfour come down to Leamington by the Zulu express, and rode on this bicycle to the Castle. He looked bronzed and healthy, although he has only recently recovered from an illness. On Sunday morning a number of the guests attended Divine service at St. Mary’s Church. Lord Warwick was present with the Corporation, as Mayor of the borough; and Lady Warwick was accompanied by Lord Rosebery. Lord Crewe, Mrs. Asquith, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Rochefort Maguire, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, Miss Muriel Wilson, Lady Marjorie Greville, and Miss Hamilton. The Rev. A. C. Irvine, M.A., was the preacher. Lord Rosebery was at once recognized as he left the church with the Castle party. The appearance of the Countess of Warwick at the meeting of the Birmingham Lifeboat Saturday Committee, held at the Council House, Birmingham last week, caused a big flutter among the ladies present. Her ladyship was attired in a striking costume of navy blue serge, faced with military braid, with lappels of the bodice trimmed with yellow silk. The Countess had travelled from London to preside at the meeting, and had to rush away before the proceedings were over in order to get to Warwick, where she was to preside over another gathering. The pupils of Warwick School of Art have been invited by the Countess of Warwick to prepare designs for the cover of the handbook of the Education Section of the Victorian Era Exhibition, of which her ladyship is president. The Earl and Countess of Warwick will, as stated in last week’s “Courier” entertain all the day and Sunday School children at the Castle on the 1st of June. They number about two thousand five hundred. On the 3rd of June the leading burgesses of the town, to the number of about thousand are invited to a garden party. The Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of London, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Birmingham, the Mayors and Mayoresses of Coventry, Stratford, Leamington, and Sutton Coldfield, will be amongst the guests. The next day the farm tenantry on the estates of the Earl and Countess in Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Somersetshire, Northamptonshire, and Essex, will be entertained, being conveyed to and from Warwick by special trains. Among those who lunched with the Countess of Warwick at the Castle on Wednesday were the Bishop of Worcester, the Hon. T. A. Brassey the Rev. M. Hare, the Rev. Dr. Newman Hall, the Rev. W. J. and Mrs. Mathams, and the Directors of the British and Foreign Sailors' Society.<ref>"Distinguished Guests at Warwick Castle." ''Leamington'' Courier 22 May 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970522/032/0007 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1897, Tuesday=== Arthur Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' opened at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square; Sullivan conducted at least the first performance.<ref name=":0" /> Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Oppenheim]] hosted a "flower ball," which meant that women's costumes represented a flower:<blockquote>THE WORLD OF WOMEN. MRS. OPPENHEIM’S FLOWER BALL. NOW leafy June, the sweet month of roses, has set in right jubilantly in London, it is nice to dwell in imagination on the delicious Flower Ball Mrs. Henry Oppenheim gave on May 25 at her beautiful townhouse in Bruton Street. Is it not captivating to the fancy to learn that the balcony of the magnificent ball-room was arched with evergreens, studded with lovely flowers; that the handsome hostess looked radiant in a Poppy dress with bodice of basket-work in gold embroidery; that Lilian, Duchess of Marlborough, was appropriately attired in lily costume; and that roses garlanded the Duchess of Leeds’s superb brocade and tulle dress; while Mrs. Asquith, the wife of the ex-Home Secretary, also chose English roses? I am glad to know that the dear old Shamrock of Erin was not forgotten by an Irish beauty.<ref>"The World of Women. Mrs. Oppenheim's Flower Ball." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 05 June 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 2a, b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18970605/088/0012.</ref></blockquote> ===27 May 1897, Thursday=== Thursday, 27 May 1897, 2:30 p.m. On Friday, 28 May 1897, in "Court Circular" the London ''Times'' reported on the funeral of [[Social Victorians/People/Augustus Wollaston Franks|Sir Wollaston Franks]]:<blockquote>The funeral of [[Social Victorians/People/Augustus Wollaston Franks|Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks]], F.R.S., president of the Society of Antiquaries, took place yesterday at Kensal-green Cemetery. The service was held at St. Andrew's Church, Ashley-place, the Rev. H. E. Hall, nephew of Sir Augustus Franks, officiating. The chief mourners were Miss Franks, a sister, Mrs. Nesbitt, a sister, the Misses Hall, nieces, Mr. Frederick Franks and Mr. Amyard Hall, nephews, Mr. T. L. Murray Browne, and Mr. C. H. Read, F.R.S. A large number of the members of the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society and others attended, among them being Sir E. J. Poynter, P.R.A., Sir Clements Markham (president of the Royal Geographical Society), Sir John Evans, the Bishop of Stepney, Sir Henry Howorth, M.P., Sir J. C. Robinson, Sir Frederic W. Burton, Sir E. Maunde Thompson (librarian, British Museum), the Earl of Crawford, Viscount Dillon, Professor R. K. Douglas, Mr. J. Luard Pattisson, C.B., Mr. B. V. Head, Mr. E. Freshfield, LL.D. (treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries), Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P., Mr. J. Leighton, Mr. W. Foster (secretary, Hakluyt Society), Mr. E. A. Bond, C.B., Mr. F. G. Hilton Price (director of the Society of Antiquaries), Mr. F. A. Eason (secretary of the Royal Academy), Mr. Philip [Col. 1a/Col. 2b] Norman, Mr. Willis Bund, Mr. H. O. [?] Maxwell Lyte, C.B., Mr. H. B. Wheatley, Mr. C. Purdon Clarke, Mr. W. de G. Birch, and Dr. Hicks. Assembled at the graveside were also Major-General Sir John Donnelly, head of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, Mr. Everard Green (Herald's College), Mr. Charles Welch (Guildhall library), and Mr. T. Armstrong (Science and Art Department).<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'' [London, England] 28 May 1897: 12, Col. 1c–2a. ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 2 May 2013.)</ref></blockquote> On Friday, 28 May 1897, in "The Queen's Reign" the London ''Times'' reported the following "[[Social Victorians/19thC Freemasonry|masonic service]]":<blockquote>A masonic service was held yesterday, at evensong, in the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, to celebrate the record reign of her Majesty and to assist the restoration fund of the church. By special dispensation of the Grand Master the brethren were permitted to attend the service in full masonic attire, and a very impressive scene was thus witnessed by the congregation. Among those present were Lord Lathom (pro-Grand Master), Lord Llangattock, Lord Connemara, Lord Harlech, Mr. Justice Bruce, and also the following brethren:— Mr. W. L. Jackson, M.P., Sir Offley Wakeman, Mr. Causton, M.P., Mr. H. Bancroft, Mr. E. Terry, Mr. Lionel Brough, Colonel A. B. Cook, Mr. R. Eve, Mr. R. Loveland Loveland (president of the Board of General Purposes), the Rev. Dr. Currie, Mr. Letchworth (grand secretary), and Mr. W. Lake (assistant grand secretary). Before the service the following voluntaries were rendered by organ and orchestra:— "Largo" (Handel), "Idyll" (Battison Haynes), and "occasional" Overture (Handel). Immediately preceding the service a procession was formed, in which the grand officers walked from the Ladye Chapel down the north, to the west end, thence up the nave to the reserved seats under the tower and the east end of the nave. The provincial grand officers proceeded from the parochial offices, and occupied the reserved seats at the east end of the nave. Clerical brethren included in the foregoing procession retired to the vestry on the north side of the choir, and joined the procession of the choir, clergy, and chapter to the choir seats and stalls. Clerical brethren with robes — not grand officers or provincial grand officers — after entering the church proceeded to the north choir aisle, where they waited and joined in the last-mentioned procession. The service was intoned by Archdeacon Sinclair (P.G.C.) and Canon Thompson. The opening hymn was "O Jerusalem the blissful," and the proper psalms followed. The special lessons (Haggai ii., 4 to 10 and 1. Cor. iii., 9 to 18) were read by the Rev. Dr. Childe and the Archdeacon of Essex. The Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis were sung to music by Gadsby in C and the anthem was "Lift up your heads" (Handel). The sermon was preached by the Very Rev. Dr. Hole, Dean of Rochester, grand chaplain, from Acts viii., 26, "Sirs, ye are brethren." The financial results of the service were a contribution towards the £7,000 required of about £2,340, including £1,000 from Lord Llangattock, £600 from Mr. Alfred Bevan, over £400 subscribed by the committee, and £320 collected at the service.<ref>"The Queen's Reign." ''Times'' [London, England] 28 May 1897: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 2 May 2013.</ref></blockquote> === 31 May 1897, Monday === ==== House Party at Warwick Castle ==== <blockquote>The house-party being entertained at Warwick Castle consists of Count Albert Mensdorf [Mensdorff?], the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Earl of Essex, Countess of Essex, Earl of Crewe, Earl Cairns, Lady Annaly, Lady Sophie Scott, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lord Rossmore, Miss Naylor, Lady Cardross, the Hon. Muriel Erskine, Earl of Chesterfield, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Mr. and Lady Angela St. Clair Forbes, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algnernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Lady de Trafford, Lord and Lady Chesham, Viscountess Raincliffe, Mr. C. D. Rose, Mr. Milner, My. Laycock, Miss Clara Butt, and Mr. Byard. To-day, Lady Warwick drove her coach and four to the racecourse, where a large and fashionable assembly was present to view the Yeomanry sports. Through the illness of his youngest daughter Lord Willoughby de Brooke was absent.<ref>"Warwick, May 31." ''Gentlewoman'' 5 June 1897, Saturday: 66 [of 78], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970605/348/0066. Same print title, p. xxx.</ref></blockquote> == June 1897 == ===1 June 1897, Tuesday=== The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Wilson hosted a dinner party and dance:<blockquote>The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Wilson entertained at dinner yesterday evening, at her Grace’s house in Grosvenor-square, the Duke and Duchess of Roxburghe, the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke, the Earl of Essex, Lady Georgiana Curzon, the Ladies Margaret and Victoria Innes-Ker, Lady Lilian S. Churchill, Viscount Chrichton, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Lady Gerard, Lord Trevor, Lord Elcho, Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott, Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Lady de Trafford, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, the Hon. Charles Willoughby, the Hon. Claud Willoughby, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Seymour Fortescue, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. J. Menzies, and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Captain Ricardo, and Mr. Wilfred Wilson. There was a dance afterwards.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 2 June 1897, p. 12. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQuW0. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref></blockquote> ===2 June 1897, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball at Devonshire House that night? ==== Reception at the Foreign Office ==== <blockquote>It would require a very graphic pen indeed, to describe the glories of Wednesday evening's reception at the Foreign Office, which far exceeded in brilliancy any function of the kind that has taken place there for many years. The fact that Levée dress was de rigueur in honour of the Diamond Jubilee, added to the gorgeous gowns worn by many of the ladies, accounts for the scene being almost as imposing as a Queen's ball; whilst the staircase, always a unique feature at the Foreign Office, seemed, if possible, gayer with bright blooms than in former years. To attempt a description of all the lovely dresses would be a hopeless task; it must suffice to chronicle those that most readily occur to one. First and foremost, of course, one thinks of the Princess of Wales, who looked splendid in grey satin and many diamonds. Then the Duchess of Portland was magnificent in black and silver, with her usual touch of bright pink carnations; the Duchess of Marlborough looked equally well, if a little fragile, in yellow; Lady Londonderry was magnificently dressed in white brocade, and with her came Lady Helen Stewart, also in white; the Duchess of Roxburghe, in black and silver, brought Lady Margaret Ker, in white, adorned with pale pink roses; the Duchess of Cleveland wore a splendid robe of black and white brocaded velvet, with wonderful jewels. Lady Cadogan looked stately in pale blue satin — a colour also affected by Lady Tweedmouth; Lady Headfort, in black, brought Lady Beatrix Taylour, in pale blue; Lady Lansdowne chaperoned Lady Beatrice Fitzmaurice, who wore pink; and Lady Hothfield, in black, brought Miss Tufton, in white. Lady Pirbright and Lady Stratheden both wore splendid jewels, and looked most imposing; Lady Kilmorey was tall and stately as ever in black and silver; Lady George Hamilton appeared in pearl-grey satin, a colour in which Mrs. Percy Wyndham (who brought her niece) also looked well; the Dowager Lady Mayo was present in black, as well as both her daughters and her daughter-in-law, pretty [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], all in white. Lady Castletown, en route to Lady Duncannon's ball, looked well in black and many diamonds, and both Lady Aline Beaumont and Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour wore "fenders" of the most imposing description. Mrs. Bischoffsheim was there splendidly dressed in black and diamonds. Mrs. Lowther brought her daughter, and other notabilities, too numerous to be mentioned, were to be met with at every turn. One of the sensations of the evening was the appearance of a large contingent of Indians, arrived already for the Jubilee, who made a brave show as they marched through the rooms to supper.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 5 June 1897, Saturday: 32 [of 78], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970605/166/0032. Print title same, p. 784.</ref></blockquote> ===5 June 1897, Saturday=== 1897 June 5?, Mrs. Oppenheim's fancy-dress "flower ball": women came dressed as flowers or decorated with particular flowers:<blockquote>Of course you want to know all about Mrs. Oppenheim’s ball, which was undoubtedly very successful. It would very difficult to say who looked best, or who was the best-dressed person there. The hostess herself looked about twenty-five in a poppy gown with golden basket bodice, and Miss Oppenheim, as a harebell, looked very handsome. Lady De Grey, in red roses, looked magnificent, and Lady Kilmorey, as La France rose, was very artistic. Mrs. Walker, as a pansy, Lady Sarah Wilson, as tiger tulip, Lady Newtown-Butler, as an iris, all wore short dresses, and gave one the impression that they had left part of their costume behind. Miss Brassey’s gown was a heap of roses; Lady Lilian Churchill's was covered with forget-me-nots (and was very pretty); Lady Norah Churchill, with a little hat on her head and her short skirt, looked like a little Dresden Shepherdess. Lady Beatrice Butler, as a pimpernel, was lovely; Lady Vivian’s daughters, as violet and sweet peas, were very fresh and pretty. Miss Norah Bourke and Mrs. Lindsay both looked well. Lilian Duchess of Marlborough wore a white satin dress covered with large lilies, and Mrs. Jack Leslie's gown, with a tall flower growing out of a red velvet flower-pot, was very original. Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], as a dandelion, wore, I think, the whole the most successful gown there, and she looked very handsome.<ref>"Society Gossip." ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'' 5 June 1897, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18970605/122/0009 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote>A week later, in the reporting of the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball, is a story that brings Mrs. Oppenheim's ball to show what Louisa Duchess of Devonshire did not do: <blockquote>Mrs. Oppenheim, wife of the well-known financier, gave a flower party, of which great things were expected, and fairly fulfilled. Every lady personated a flower, and got herself up so far as possible to resemble one, or so decked her dress, with [Col. 1C–2A] simulated blossoms as clearly indicate her preference. Society talked flowers for a fall which was a great extension of the proverbial nine days' wonder. When all was said and done the great world discarded flowers, and decided to have no more of them for personal adornment, and as few as possible for tables and reception rooms. So ungrateful can the pampered world become for nature's prodigality.<ref>Cheltenham Looker-On 1897-06-12.</ref></blockquote> ===6 June 1897, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ===11 June 1897, Friday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended a house party at Chatsworth House, the country house of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] (details on 12 June 1897 and on the page reporting gossip about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July fancy-dress ball]]). On Saturday, 12 June, the fact that people were talking about the Duchess of Devonshire's upcoming ball was part of the story in the newspaper. === 12 June 1897, Saturday === ==== The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute ==== The ''Gentlewoman'' reported on the Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute:<blockquote>A visit to the Duchess of Albany's bazaar at the Imperial Institute on its opening day was quite as interesting to the student of the latest modes as to those of more philanthropic and less frivolous intentions. The Princess of Wales, who opened the sale, was, it need scarcely be said, better draped than anyone else, in black and white striped silk, with a toque of mauve flowers. The Duchess of Albany wore purple and white foulard, trimmed with black lace, and a bonnet adorned with violets, having white tulle strings. At her stall one saw Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein in blue and white, and Princess Pauline of Würtemberg in white and green. The Duchess of Marlborough, also in pale green with white lace, was assisted by [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in a blue and while foulard, with a hat covered in "blues"; Lady Ormonde, in striped grey silk, and Lady Hastings, in black, each bringing a daughter. Lady Romney and Lady Kintore were both amongst the sellers, so was Lady Maitland, who wore pink and white; Lady Jane Taylor (who was assisted at the refreshment stall by her daughters, as well as Lady May Waldegrave) wore black with a coloured bonnet; Lady Miller looked pretty in pale mauve silk; Mrs. Cazalet was accompanied by quite a family of small children; Mrs. Halford was assisted by her daughter in white, and her daughter-in-law in lilac; Mrs. Adrian Hope and Mrs. Charles Pelham Clinton both wore apricot chiné silk, the former having as well a smart little grass-green velvet bolero; and Miss Florence Hamilton Russell looked pretty in grass-lawn and a flowery hat; Mrs. Kendal, in black and gold, with a bonnet profusely decked with roses, was amongst the theatrical celebrities, who also included Miss Mary Moore, in black and blue, and Miss Brandram in black and white.<ref>Psyche. "The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 12 June 1897, Saturday: 27 [of 69], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970612/140/0027. Same print title, p. 816.</ref></blockquote>Two parties took place on this day; according to newspaper reports, costumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]] were discussed. People at the house party at Chatsworth House, the country house of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]], were talking about the upcoming party:<blockquote>The house party at Chatsworth this week included the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord and Lady Gosford, Lord Elcho, the Right Hon. Arthur James Balfour, M.P., Count Mensdorf, of the Austrian Embassy; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] (Tranby Croft), and Mrs. Menzies. The Daily Mail says it is impossible not to talk about the Duchess of Devonshire's grand ball, for people will discuss scarcely anything else, and although each woman can keep the secret of her own intentions fairly well, she invariably betrays the confidences of her dearest friends; while the men, who are less hopeful of making a sensation, frankly discuss the difficulties in their way, and ask for advice or practical assistance from each of their lady friends. [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lady de Grey]] is going as Zenobia, and is getting her dress from Doucet, I hear, while Worth also is making a great many costumes; but the greatest number are being made in England. The [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]], [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Lady Mar and Kellie]], and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] are all going to the costumier in Soho-square, and Alias has also been summoned to Marlborough House for a consultation. As to what the different people will wear people seem to change their minds every day, but according to the present report the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] will be dressed as Louis Seize, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Duke of Devonshire]] will probably represent a portrait of Charles V., while [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]], who was to have been Minerva, has now half decided to be a lady of his Court. Mr. Caryl Craven, who is so clever in such matters, is helping the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]] with her dress; in fact, everyone seems pressed into the service, and the result will be one of the most brilliant sights that ever was seen. [[Social Victorians/People/Adderley|Father Adderley]] (the Hon and Rev J Adderley), who always brings his religion up to date, has already denounced the ball from his pulpit, in imitation of an American divine; but he is probably very far wrong in estimating the cost of any one dress at £2,000! It is certain, however, that the ball, what with one thing and another, will run into enormous sums of money, and some ladies are actually having their jewels altered and reset to suit the costume of a single night. There is a Venetian quadrille, a poudré quadrille, two Empire quadrilles, and last, not least, some of the beauties will be dancing an Oriental measure in Eastern dress with floating scarves, and this will be the prettiest and most picturesque feature of the night.<ref>Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald 1897-06-12.</ref></blockquote>The ''Reading Mercury'' mentions talk at a ball hosted by Queen Victoria on the same day about what people intend to wear:<blockquote>The Marchioness of Londonderry and her sister-in-law Lady Aline Beaumont, intend to wear Polish costumes at the Duchess of Devonshire’s fancy ball. The Duke has almost decided to wear a dress copied from a Titian painting of Charles the Fifth. Lady Gosford, his step-daughter, will personate a lady of his court. The Princess of Wales has not yet chosen her dress. This ball is making a great sensation in aristocratic circles.<ref>“Our London Letter. Up and Down.” ''Reading Mercury'' 12 June 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 12], Col. 7c. ''British Newspaper'' ''Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000369/18970612/100/0008.</ref></blockquote> === 19 June 1897, Saturday === On Monday, 21 June 1897, the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' reported a dinner party at the Savoy Hotel hosted by Madame Melba:<blockquote>Mdme. Melba entertained a large party at dinner on Saturday evening at the Savoy Hotel. The tables were most equisitely [sic] decorated with the rarest flowers, and the menus bore the combined flags of England and Australia. The guests included Mr. and Mrs. Kenyon Mason, M. Bemberg, [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Mr. Caryl Craven]], Mr. Theodore Byard, Miss Ada Crossley, Mr. J. M. Bruce (Melbourne), Mr. Leo Stern, the Misses Donaldson (Australia), and Mr. Landon Ronald. Following the dinner was music, in which the distinguished hostess took part, to the delight of her guests.<ref>"Pall Mall Gazette Office." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 21 June 1897 Monday: 8 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970621/020/0008.</ref></blockquote>The ''British Australasian'' has more detail:<blockquote>Madame Melba entertained a large party of friends at dinner on Saturday evening at the Savoy Hotel. The distinguished singer received the guests in her own salon, and from there the party passed to the grand dining hall, where tables were specially reserved and decorated for the party, which included several of her compatriots. An exquisite array of flowers lent particular beauty to a scene which was much enhanced by a novel and exceedingly pretty scheme of illumination. The menu cards were embellished with the flags of England and Australia, most effectively embossed in gold and colours, and each guest took away a card, which during the evening was made doubly interesting by the addition of the diva's autograph. The dinner was as follows:— Fantaisies Muscovite.<br />Poule au Pat.<br />Veloute à la Reine.<br />Truite à la d'Orleans.<br />Volaille à la Diva.<br />Baron d'Agneau de lait à la Broche.<br />Petits pots à la Francaise [sic].<br />Pommes noissettes.<br />Mousse d'Ecrevisses Rossini.<br />Cailles Rôties aux Feuilles de Vigne.<br />Salade Rachel.<br />Aubergines au Gratin.<br />Peches Glacées Vanille.<br />Friandises. Fruits.<br />Vins.<br />Hochheimer. Bollinger, 1889.<br />Cantenac Brown 1884.<br />Café Turc. Liqueurs. The guests included M. Bemberg, the composer, Baronet Von Zedlitz, Miss Ada Crossley, Mr. Theodore Byard, Miss Dora Mitchell (sister of the hostess), Mr. Landon Ronald, Mr. and Mrs. Kenyon Mason — the latter being a niece of Dr. O'Hara, of Melbourne — Miss Agnes Murphy, [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Mr. Caryl Craven]], Mr. J. M. Bruce of Melbourne, Misses Donaldson, Madame Guy d'Hardelot (the composer), Mr. Charles Ellis (the diva's American manager), Mr. Leo Stern, and other well-known people. A feature of the dinner was an ice-boat of beautiful design, with the word "Melba" in frozen letters graduating from stem to stern. After the dinner the guests returned to Madame Melba's roems [sic], where the pleasure of the evening was crowned by the hostess herself singing with all the purity of tone and perfection of phrasing which have won her the distinction of "prima donna of the world." Miss Ada Crossley's lovely voice was also heard, and Mr. Theodore Byard contributed two songs, and Mr. Stern a 'cello solo. The game of American Post, with the gifted hostess as Postal Director, closed an evening of unique enjoyment.<ref>["Madame Melba..."]. ''British Australasian'' 24 June 1897 Thursday: 35 [of 68], Col. 1b–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003365/18970624/150/0035.</ref></blockquote>"American Post" — or, in the U.S., "Post Office" — is still a kissing game played at parties, often among teenagers.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-01|title=Post office (game)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_office_(game)&oldid=1074645964|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office_(game).</ref> ===20 June 1897, Sunday=== Accession Day: the official Jubilee Hymn, music by Arthur Sullivan and lyrics by William Waltham How, Bishop of Wakefield, was "used in all churches and chapels"; Sullivan's tune is called Bishopgarth and "was later offered in The Methodist Hymnal as an alternative for the Harvest hymn by William Chatterton Dix To Thee, O Lord, Our Hearts We Raise" (Richards 406). Queen Victoria "attended a Thanksgiving service at St George's Chapel, Windsor, at which ... Sullivan's ... hymn ... [was] performed."<ref>Richards 137.</ref> Later that day, perhaps, Alfred Austin (appointed Poet Laureate after [[Social Victorians/People/William Morris|William Morris]] had turned it down) presented his "Victoria," composed for the occasion, to Victoria. === 21 June 1897, Monday === The events of this day were in London. First the Queen, who was still at Windsor, took the train to Paddington Station. She "hosted a State Banquet at in the State Supper Room at Buckingham Palace"; Mr. J. Sommer, Bandmaster, conducted the Band of Royal Engineers.<ref name=":1">"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee — The Music in 1897." The Classical Reviewer 5 May 2012 <nowiki>http://theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com/2012/05/queens-diamond-jubilee-music-in-1897.html</nowiki> (accessed August 2020).</ref> A reception followed in the Ballroom for guests who had been invited to the Diamond Jubilee celebration, most of them the usual crowd and heads of state from Europe and the Empire. ===22 June 1897, Tuesday=== Diamond Jubilee Day<ref>Mackenzie-Rogan, Lt. Colonel John. Fifty Years of Army Music. London: Methuen, 1926: 124.</ref>; a "thanksgiving service" was held in St. Paul's Cathedral in honor of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.<ref>Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984: 12.</ref> Murphy describes the procession to St. Paul's:<blockquote>The procession which took place on 22 June was the culmination of the patriotic fervour that inspired the nation in that summer of 1897. The Queen, accompanied by 50,000 troops, was driven through the streets of London for the thanksgiving service outside St Paul's Cathedral, where she was greeted by her family, headed by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The crowds turned out in their thousands. Every window overlooking the six-mile route, every inch of space available on the streets, was filled with cheering, flag-waving subjects, the majority of whom had never known another sovereign.<ref>Murphy 15.</ref></blockquote>Mackenzie-Rogan describes the procession and service like this:<blockquote>The procession [from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul's] was led by the great imperial warrior Field Marshal Lord Roberts and included Canadian Mounties, Jamaica Artillery, Royal Nigerian Constabulary, the Cape Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales Lancers, Trinidad Light Horse, and New Zealand Mounted Troops, along with a variety of Indian troops. The service took place on the steps of St. Paul's, with the Queen remaining seated in her carriage. The choir contained many of the most famous musicians of the day joining in singing: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Sir Arthur Sullivan]], Sir Walter Parratt, Dr Hubert Parry, Dr Frederick Bridge, Alberto Randegger, Dr A. H. Mann, Barton McGuckin, John E. West, and Joseph Bennett. Sir / George Martin conducted his Jubilee Te Deum, and this was followed by the intoning of the Lord's Prayer, the singing of All People that On Earth Do Dwell to the familiar tune The Old Hundredth and then the first verse of the national anthem. Then the Archbishop of Canterbury on an impulse called for three cheers for the Queen. They could be heard in Trafalgar Square. The service was accompanied throughout by the military bands of the Royal Artillery and the Royal School of Military Music, Kneller Hall.<ref>Mackenzie-Rogan 137–138.</ref></blockquote>Sir George Martin was organist at St. Paul's and knighted in 1897.<ref name=":1" /> About 15,000 people were in the congregation, but Queen Victoria did not leave her carriage, so some ceremony took place on the steps, including a Te Deum written by Prince Albert before his death. The Queen's carriage then went to Mansion House for a ceremony with the Lord Mayor of the City of London. She was then driven around the city, taking her, essentially, to the people, so they could see her. She then was driven back to Windsor. According to the Classical Reviewer,<blockquote>In the evening, a torchlight procession of boys from Eton School sang for Queen Victoria in the Quadrangle of Windsor Castle and the boys created formations on the ground including the letters ‘V.R’. They were accompanied by the band and drums of the Coldstream Guards, performing a number of songs including ‘Auld Lang Syne” and “God Save The Queen”. Afterwards the boys gave Queen Victoria three cheers.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Later that evening was called "Jubilee Night."<ref>Murphy 14.</ref> ===26 June 1897, Saturday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. === 28 June 1897, Monday === Queen Victoria hosted an enormous garden party at Buckingham Palace, with many royals and foreign dignitaries in attendance because they were in London for the Diamond Jubilee. Many of the dignitaries, especially from South Asia, seem likely to have been at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball |Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] on 2 July 1897. The ''Morning Post'' covered the garden party with a great deal of detail about the guests who were invited and who attended.<ref>“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4–5 [of 12], Cols. 1a–1c. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005.</ref> ===End of June 1897=== A few days before 2 July 1897:<blockquote>A few days before the Devonshire House Ball, Joseph Chamberlain had given a party at which the crush had been so great that Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria who was married to the Marquis of Lorne, had been overcome and had nearly fallen underfoot. So dense was the crowd at this party that it had been impossible to clear a path for the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Prince was so angry that he left the party without even being received, much to the shame and embarrassment of his hostess.<ref>Murphy 39.</ref></blockquote> ==July 1897== ===2 July 1897, Friday=== The [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]. Earlier in the day, the [[Social Victorians/Derby Day at Epsom Downs|derby at Epsom Downs]]. === 6 July 1897, Tuesday === Just 4 days after the 2 July fancy-dress ball, Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire and Spencer, Duke of Devonshire hosted a garden party at Devonshire House. No royals are reported as having been present; the list of people who attended is specific and arranged like other kinds of similar parties — including those hosted by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales — with the list generally organized by rank, with immediate families listed together, especially parents and a daughter, though adult children with their own titles are listed by them and their general rank. The list of South-Asian dignitaries is specific and useful to know who was in London from South Asia.<blockquote>DEVONSHIRE HOUSE. The Duchess of Devonshire gave a garden party yesterday afternoon at Devonshire House, when a distinguished company assembled. The band of the Scots Guards, under the ''bâton'' of Mr. Dunkerton, performed a spirited selection of music throughout the afternoon. The company arrived in quick succession from four till nearly seven o'clock by the two side entrances to the grounds, as well as the principal entrance in Piccadilly, and the presence of our Indian and Colonial visitors in their picturesque and varied uniforms testified to the far-reaching popularity of the Duke of Devonshire and the hostess. The Maharajah of Kapurthala, the Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee, the Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh, Thakur Hari Singh, Kumar Dhopal Singh, Rajah Khetri Singh, Rajah Agit Singh, Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura, Bijey Singh, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy, and the Maha Mudalayar of Kandy, besides the officers of the Imperial Service Troops and the Officers of the Native Cavalry Corps were present. Among those who attended were: Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike, Senathi Rajah, Deir Senathi Rajah, Don and Donna F. de Zea Bermudez, Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Princess Sophia Dhuleep Singh and Countess of Selkirk, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the French Ambassador and Baroness de Courcel and Mesdlles. de Courcel, the United States Ambassador, the Spanish Ambassador, Countess Casa Valencia and Madlle. and Madlle. Consuelo de Alcala Galiano, the Turkish Ambassador and Madame Anthopoulos, the Belgian Minister, the Chinese Minister, the Japanese Minister and Madame Kato, the Brazilian Minister, the Portuguese Minister, the Netherlands Minister and Baroness de Goltstein, Madame de Staal, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Count Albert Mensdorff, Count Costa (Secretary Netherlands Legation), M. Boulatzeel, M. and Madame Geoffray, Count Alexander Munster, the Duke of Hamilton and the Ladies Douglas-Hamilton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duchess of Portland, the Duke of Fife, the Duchess of Roxburghe and Ladies Margaret and Victoria Innes-Ker, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos and Lord Egerton of Tatton, the Duke of Grafton, Cardinal Vaughan, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marchioness of Headfort, the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, Georgiana Marchioness of Downshire, the Earl of Clarendon and Lady Edith Viiliers, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, the Countess of Carnarvon, the Earl and Countess of St. Germans, the Countess of Belmore and Ladies Corry, the Countess of Lichfield and Lady Bertha Anson and Miss Mills, the Countess of Caledon, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven aud Lady A. Wyndham-Quin, Evelyn Countess Bathurst and Lady Evelyn Bathurst, Countess Cadogan, the Countess of Derby and Lady Isabel Stanley, the Earl and Countess of Coventry and Lady Anne Coventry, the Countess of Gosford, the Earl and Countess of Cork, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Countess of Kintore and Ladies Keith-Falconer, the Earl of Kenmare, the Countess of Strafford and Misses Egerton, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl and Countess of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Countess of Lathom and Ladies Wilbraham, the Countess of Ancaster and Ladies Willoughby, the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere and Ladies Mabel and Catherine Egerton, the Countess d'Hautpoul and Mrs. Iznaga, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, the Dowager Countess of Mayo and Lady Florence Bourke, the Dowager Countess of Harewood and Lady Mary Lascelles, Countess Manvers and Lady Mary Pierrepont, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Florence Cole, the Earl of Leven and Melville, Viscount Gort, Viscountess Raincliffe and Lady Mildred Denison, Viscount and Viscountess Halifax, Viscountess Boyne and the Hon. Maud and the Hon. Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscountess Portman and the Hon. Mary Portman, Viscountess Helmsley, Viscount and Viscountess Cross and the Hon. Miss Cross, Viscount and Viscountess Knutsford, the Master of the Rolls and Lady Esher, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Helen Grimston and Miss Mackintosh, Lady Rossmore, Lady Reay, Lady Moreton, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Romola Russell, Lady Florence Duncombe, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester, Lady and the Misses Walrond, Lady Mabel Howard, Lady Evelyn Macdonald, Lord and Lady Thring, Lord and Lady Alington, Lord and Lady Blythswood, Lord Dynevor, Lady Margaret Graham, Lord and Lady Hopetoun, Lady Harris and the Misses Maxwell, Lord Stanmore and Miss Gordon, Lady Ardilaun, Helen Lady Forbes and Miss Forbes, Lord and Lady Rothschild, Lady Mary Trefusis and Miss Adela Trefusis, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Muncaster, Lord Morpeth, Lord Lawrence, Lord Hencage, Chief Justice Way (South Australia), Mary Lady Vivian, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lady Stratheden and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Lady Belper and the Hon. Norah and the Hon. Lilian Strutt, Lady Lawrence and the Hon. Anna Lawrence and Miss Deichman, Lady Lilian Yorke and Miss Pelly, Lady Fanny Lambart and Miss Lambart, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill, Lord Barnard and Lady Louisa Cecil, Lord and Lady Pirbright, Lady Lurgan, Lady Elizabeth Williamson and Mr. Williamson, Lady Calthorpe and Hon. Misses Calthorpe, Lady Muriel Boyle, Lady Constance Leslie, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord and Lady Connemara, Lord and Lady John Cecil, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lady Heneage and Hon. Margaret Heneage, Lady Halsbury and Hon. Evelyn Giffard, Lord and Lady Roberts, Lord Shand, Lord and Lady Ashbourne and the Hon. Violet Gibson, Lord and Lady Saltoun, Lady Herschell, Lady Lysons, Lord James and Miss James, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Castletown, Lady Eustace Cecil and Miss Cecil, Lady Burton, Lord and Lady Hillingdon and Hon. Miss Mills, Lady Ventry and the Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Lady Prinsep, Lady Victoria Russell, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot and Miss Evelyn Eliot, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Ramsay, the Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, the Hon. F. Gavan and Miss Duffy, the Hon. D. K. Congden and Mrs.Congden (Western Australia), the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Elliot, the Hon. Mrs. Mallet, the Hon. Percy and Mrs. Wyndham and Miss Wyndham, the Hon. J. B. Whyte and Miss Whyte, the Hon. Mrs. R. Moreton and Miss E. Moreton, Captain the Hon. Arthur and Mrs. Somerset, the Hon. Mrs. Anstruther and the Hon. Miss Hanbury Tracy, the Hon. Mrs. and Miss Haig, Captain the Hon. A. Bagot, the Hon. Mrs. E. Talbot, the Hon. H. Littleton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. G. and Mrs. Keppel]], the Hon. Mrs. W. Farquhar, the Right Hon. R. W. Hanbury, M.P., and Mrs. Hanbury, the Right Hon. Sir William and Lady Marriott, the Right Hon. Ian Hamilton, the Right Hon. Sir John and Lady Lubbock, the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart and Lady Grant-Duff and Miss Grant-Duff, the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid and Lady Laurier, the Right Hon. Sir H. and Lady de Villiers, the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and Miss Faudel-Phillips, the Right Hon. Lord Justice Lopes and the Misses Lopes, the Attorney-General and the Misses Webster, the Right Hon. Sir Richard Paget and Lady and the Misses Paget, Baron and Baroness d'Erlanger, Sir John and Lady Barron and Miss Barron, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Sir Waiter Peace, Sir Wilfrid Lawson and Miss Josephine Lawson, Sir Thomas and Lady Sutherland, Sir James and the Hon. Lady Miller, Sir Reginald and Lady Anson, Sir John and Lady Bramston, Sir Gordon and Lady Sprigg, Sir Charles and Lady Jessel, Sir George and Lady Petre, Sir James and Lady Mackenzie and Miss Mackenzie, Sir George and Lady Allen, Sir William and Lady Whiteway and Miss Whiteway, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Lady Angela Forbes, Sir Cecil Clementi and Lady Smith, Sir E. M. Nelson, Sir Edward and Lady Hertslet, Sir John Donnelly and Lady and the Misses Donnelly, Sir Frederick and Lady Wigan, Sir Henry Doulton, Sir W. J. Farrer, Sir C. and Lady Douglas Fox, Sir M. W. Collett, Sir George Hayter and Lady Chubb, Sir Richard and Miss Temple, Sir George Arthur, Sir Edward Birkbeck and Miss Jolliffe, Sir Edward and Lady Carbutt, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir William and Lady Quayle Jones, Sir Courtenay and Lady Ilbert and Miss Ilbert, Sir George Young, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Sir Weetman and Lady Pearson, Sir W. and Lady Percival, Sir Frederick and Miss Sanders, Sir Augustus and Lady Adderley, Sir David Gamble, Sir Lewis and Lady M'lver, Sir Frederick Young and Miss Young, Admiral and Lady Edith Adeane and Lady Ida Dalzell, Sir Oswald and the Misses Moseley, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. L. de Rothschild, Mrs. C. Wilson and Miss Wilson, Madame von André, Mr. W. Ganz, Mr. Frederick Fitch, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Mason, Mr. Algernon Peel, Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Herbert, Mr. and Mrs. Dunbar Buller, Mr. and Mrs. George Cawston, Mr. Buckle, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Daw, Mr. James Judd, Mr. Wootton Isaacson, M.P., and Mrs. Isaacson, General and Mrs. Pemberton, Mrs. Graham Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. L. Harcourt, Mrs. Ashurst Morris, Mrs. John Delacour, Dr. and Mrs. Wrench, Mr. Sidney Buxton, M.P., Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Neeld, M. and Madame Van Raalte, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Sandeman, Mr. Frederick Dutton, Mr. Blyth, Mrs. Buxton and Miss Buxton, Canon and Mrs. Wiiberforce and Miss Wiiberforce, Mr. Kimber, M.P., Mr. Rochfort Maguire, M.P., and Mrs. Maguire, Mr. F. Morgan Harvey, Mr. and Mrs. Scott Boys, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Stoneham, Mr. H. S. Ashbee, Mr. C. A. Prescott, Mrs. Baker, Mr. Hugh Leonard, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Homewood Crawford, Mr. and Mrs. Paddon, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Beebe, Mr. T. N. Christie, Mr. T. R. Dewar, Mr. H. M. Simons, Mr. J. Matthey, Mr. J. Mackrell, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Briscoe, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Adler, Mr. and Mrs. James R. Bluff, Mr. N. L. Cohen, Mr. William Paterson, Mr. D. M. Fox, Mr. J. Gordon Smith, Mr. Alfred Huth, Miss Harris, Mr. M. P. Grace, Mr. T. W. Aldwinckle, Mr. M. G. Hale. Mr. T. G. Jackson, Mr. Cornelius Hanbury, Mr. A. M'Ilwraith, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Russell, Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Y. Nakai, Mr. A. d'A. Seneviratne (Colombo), Surgeon-General Ryerson (Canada), Mrs. Gurdon, Mrs. Molesworth, Mr. Bagot Molesworth, Dr. and Mrs. Broadbent, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Captain Harrison, Mrs. Mackenzie and Miss Maud Mackenzie, Mr. Rankin, M.P., and Mrs. Rankin, Mr. Seton Karr, M.P., and Mrs. Seton Karr, Mr. and Mrs. W. Bridgeman, Miss Quain, Mrs. and Miss Walter, Mr. Herbert Praed, Colonel Harris, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Gossett, Mr. and Miss Lowther, Mrs. Macdonald, Mr. and Mrs. Beck, Mr. Alfred Duncombe, Colonel and Mrs. Bevington, M. L. Albu, Mrs. Freeman Murray and Miss Newton, Mr. William Murray, Colonel and Mrs. lnnes, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mrs. and Miss Gully, Mr. Guy Pym, M.P., and Mrs. Pym, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer, Major Symon, Colonel Nisbet, Major Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Dawson, Dr. and Mrs. Maclagan and Miss Maclagan, Mr. Moon, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfeli, Mr. and Mrs. North, Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Mitchell and Miss Mitchell (Ceylon), Mr. Cecil Anstruther, Colonel Swaine, Mr. and Mrs. Boulton, Mr. Fleetwood Wilson, Mr. A. F. Wallace, Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur, Captain Abney, Rev. Herbert Rowseil, Mr. Kenny, M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Kenny, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. P. Stoneham, Mr. Robert Duncan, Mr. T. S. Hull, M. and Madame Romero, Mr. J. T. Davis and Mrs. and Miss Davis, Dr. and Mrs. James, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. P. Stoneham [sic repetition], Mr. L. C. Russell Jones, M.P., Mr. G. Lawson Johnston, and many others.<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 07 July 1897 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/069/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===8 July 1897, Thursday=== From this day until the end of the run in December 1897, Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square, "included a cinematograph film of the Jubilee procession."<ref name=":0" /> ==== Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ==== The Prince and Princess of Wales hosted a State Ball at Buckingham Palace, which was held upon the command of Queen Victoria, who was not present. A number of people from the empire were present, especially India. Dancing commenced shortly after the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived, around 11:00 p.m. === 11–16 July 1897, Week Of === ==== The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park ==== <blockquote>The Ladies’ Kennel Association had a fine show last week in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Regent’s Park. The Princess of Wales, says the ''Daily News'', was represented in several classes. In basset-hounds she sent her rough Sandringham Vivian and smooth Zero. Among the black pugs, one of the most largely contested in all the classes, Her Royal Highness’s representative was Black Gin, while to the Dachshund section she sent her favourite Wanghee, which won three prizes at the recent Norwich show. The best of all the Princess’s dogs, however, was her beautiful Borzoi Alex, bred by Mr. Rouseau, and described by Ataman the Great — Outeheschka. Alex, who has already taken seven first and four second prizes, secured two more firsts — that in the challenge class for both sexes and that in the open class for dogs. He also took a special prize a "premiership dog.” Among the prize-takers were the Countess of Carnarvon, Lady Kathleen Pilkington, Lady Cathcart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Mrs. Morrison, Lady Granville Gordon, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, Mrs. Panmure Gordon, Mrs. Rowland Ward, and Major Davis, of whose prizewinners and of the prize collie print Snap-shots.<ref>"Ladies' Kennel Association." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 17 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18970717/050/0007. Print p. 39.</ref></blockquote>More from the ''Gentlewoman'':<blockquote>Venatrix will be pleased to answer any questions about the various breeds of dogs and cats, kennel management, and kindred subjects. Venatrix will also be glad to bear from readers who may have any news of importance to communicate. 0n Thursday of this week opens the Show of the Ladies' Kennel Association, quite the most fashionable canine function of the year. By the courtesy of the hon. sec. I am enabled to a few particulars in advance of this summer Show, which promises to be even more brilliant than its predecessors and, if the list of entries is taken as a guide, the number of fashionable exhibitors is on the increase. The dogs will be benched in three divisions, and not as formerly in one huge imposing tent. The terriers form a group in the rhododendron tent, and, if possible, the lovely flowers will be allowed to remain as an additional attraction. The large breeds will occupy the long corridor tent, where benches will align one side, and foliage, plants, and seats the other. The horticultural tent will be given up completely to the Toy, or small-sized varieties, and the conservatories will form pleasing approaches to the various sections. Pitman's Blue Hungarian Band will play both days. The president of the Club, H.R.H. Princess Mary Adelaide, has graciously signified her intention of visiting the Show on the 8th, to view the judging. As this will be the first public engagement undertaken by the Duchess of Teck since her illness, there is sure to be a large crowd to congratulate her on her recovery, for few of our Royalties are more popular than Princess Mary. There is a whisper that, after all, the Princess of Wales may visit the Botanic on the 9th, but the wish, perhaps, being but the father to the thought, I give it tor what it is worth. It is needless to say that every member of the Club is hoping that Her Royal tliglines will honour the Show with her gracious presence. It is, however, feared that at so exceptionally busy a time as this the Princess will not have the leisure to do so. It is matter for congratulation to the Association that the names of the Duchess of Sutherland and Duchess of Bedford are in the list of exhibitors, the latter, who is also a member of the Grand Council, having entered both a St. Bernard and a retriever, and the former a bulldog. This diminutive bulldog is evidently an aristocratic favourite, for there is also exhibiting in this section, not only the Countess de Grey, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, and Lady Kathleen Pilkington, but also the Countess of Carnarvon and Mrs. Graham Meyers. Dachshunds command large classes, and among exhibitors of breed I note the Princess of Wales and the Countess of Hopetoun. The Princess of Wales is also exhibiting a Borzoi[s?], a Basset, and a Black Pug. The last named being the winner of the Puppy Cup last year, and named Black Ginn, a handsome little creature bred by Miss R. Mortivals from Duke Beira and Tulip, it is to be hoped that the mite will be equally successful this time, and take prizes back to Sandringham. Her quality remarkable as a puppy, and she should have improved. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady]] [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|[sic] Algernon Bourke]] is exhibiting a Chihuahua; Lady Algernon Lennox a handsome Pekinese, and Lady Walrond a Schipperke. The Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison tops the list in number of entries, no fewer than forty-eight having been made, which include several varieties of foreign dogs. One of her Japs [sic] is, I believe, a brother of Lady Probyn's "Hisa," which, with her usual good fortune in procuring rare specimens, Mrs. Morrison secured during her last visit to India. Lady Cathcart has entered a Norwegian and a Collie; Lady Dunsany, Skyes; and Lady Susan Byng, Bobtails; and among those exhibiting for the first time are Lady Galloway, Lady Ingram, and Mrs. Clement Shorter. Altogether the list is far too long for my space, and so I can only say to all dog-loving women, and all who care to be among the smart, "Don't miss the Show at the Botanic on the 8th and 9th." A word in conclusion. The anti-muzzle lists will be there for signatures, and every woman who wishes the measure cancelled or modified should not fail to enrol her name.<ref>Venatrix. "Kennel Column." ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 24 [of 76], Col. 3a–b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/127/0024. Same print title, p. 40.</ref></blockquote> === 13 July 1897, Tuesday === Mr. Schreiber attended a dance at Montagu House, hosted by the Duchess of Buccleuch. [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mr. "Winstone" Churchill]] is listed immediately after Mr. Schreiber.<blockquote>THE DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH'S BALL. The Duchess of Buccleuch gave a dance last evening at Montagu House, Whitehall. The garden was festooned with fairy lamps and Chinese lanterns, and the approaches and paths were outlined with the former. Music was supplied by Herr Wurm's Viennese White Band, and dancing was kept up until an early hour. Among those present were: The Princess Mary Adelaide and the Duke of Teck and Prince Alexander of Teck, Prince and Princess Hohenlohe, Prince and Princess Pless, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh and the Countess of Selkirk, Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador and Miss Hay, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the Spanish Ambassador and Countess Casa Valencia, the Portuguese Minister, Mr. Henry White, the Russian Ambassador, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duchess of Manchester, tbe Duchess of Roxburgh and Lady Victoria lnnes-Ker, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marchioness of Zetland, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Olive Chetwynd, the Dowager Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Lichfield and Lady Bertha Anson, Earl Beauchamp, the Countess of Dunmore and Lady Mildred Murray, the Countess of Powis, the Dowager Countess of Harewood, Lady Mary Lascelles and the Hon. Mary Portman, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Mary Villiers, the Countess of Antrim and Miss Grenfell, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Florence Cole, the Countess of Ancaster and the Ladies Wiiloughby, the Countess of Erne and the Hon. Miss Crichton, the Earl of Granard, Earl and Countess Carrington and the Hon. Bridget Harbord, Countess Grey and Lady Victoria Grey, the Countess of Verulam and Miss Mackintosh, Earl Granville, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Misses Bridgeman, Viscountess Milton, Viscount and Viscountess Emlyn and Miss Campbell, Viscount Doneraile, Viscountess Duncannon and the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Viscount and Viscountess Halifax and the Hon. Miss Wood, Lady Mary Trefusis and Miss Adela Trefusis and Miss Carpenter Garnier, the Ladies Egerton, Lord Clinton and the Hon. Miss Trefusis, Lord and Lady George Hamilton, Lady Mabel Howard and Miss Howard, Lady Evelyn Macdonald, Mr. Victor and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, and Miss Egerton, Lord and Lady Stratheden and the Hon. Miss Campbell, Lady Evelyn Goschen and Miss Goschen, Lady Lilian Yorke and Miss Pelly, Lord and Lady Penrhyn and Miss Bromley-Davenport, Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith and Miss Baring, Lady Mary Lygon, Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach and Miss Hicks-Beach, Lady Leconfield and the Hon. Miss Wyndham, Lord Dunluce, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lord and Lady Burton, Lord Iveagh and the Hon. R. Guinness, Lord B. Blackwood, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester and Lady Beatrice Meade, Lady Edward Cavendish, the Ladies Spencer Churchill, Lady Florence Astley, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lady Cecil Scott Montagu and the Ladies Ker, Emily Lady Russell and the Misses Russell, Lord Ennismore, Lady E. Balfour, Lady Helen Stewart Murray, Lord George Stewart Murray, Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, the Hon. Jean Bruce, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and Miss Faudel-Phillips, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam and Miss Elsie Fitzwilliam. Lord Aberdare, Lord Stanmore, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Count and Countess Gleichen, the Hon. Alec Yorke, the Hon. Kenneth Campbell, the Hon. Reginald Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Hon. Bertha Lambert and Miss M. Cochrane, the Hon. J. Maxwell Scott and Miss Maxwell Scott, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Benjamin Bathurst, the Hon. A. Anson, the Hon. N. Hill-Trevor, the Hon. G. Browne Guthrie, the Hon. William Maxwell, the Hon. Gertrude Walsh, the Hon. W. Walsh, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, Sir C. Dalrymple and Miss Dalrymple, Sir Edgar Sebright, Sir George and Miss Sterling, Sir Robert and Lady Frances Gresley, Mr. and Lady Mary Hope and Miss Hope, Captain Arthur Bagot, Mr. George Phipps, Mr. Francis Egerton, Mr. Wilfred Egerton, Mr. John Thynne and the Misses Thynne, Mrs. and Miss Stanley, Miss Mildmay, Miss Margaret and Miss Isabel Thynne, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Hope, Mrs. C. and Miss Ker, Mrs. Grahame Murray and Miss Murray, Captain and Mrs. Makin, Mr. Packe, Colonel and Mrs. Hegan Kennard, Miss Campbell, Miss Finch, Miss Cornwallis West, Mr. Scott Montagu, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Enid Wilson, Mr. J. Cavendish. Mr. Lane-Fox, Mr. and Mrs. Cazalet, Mr. Guy Campbell, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. Arthur James, Mr. Donald Cameron, Mr. Milbanke, Mr. Ferguson, Mr. Erskine, Mr. Everard Doyle, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Christopher Sykes, Mr. Leech, Mr. and Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Nigel Campbell, Mr. Vivian, Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. Cecil Lowther, Mr. A. M. Southey, Mr. Walter Erskine, Mr. Victor Corkran, Mr. Gully, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Fletcher, Captain Doyle, Captain Holford, Mr. Ralli, Mr. Victor Russell, Mr. Frederick Russell, Captain Cook, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mr. Winstone Churchill]], Mr. Bailey, Mr. Kemp, and many others.<ref>"The Duchess of Buccleuch's Ball." ''Morning Post'' 14 July 1897, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970714/067/0007.</ref></blockquote> === 16 July 1897, Friday === Dinner and ball at Londonderry House, hosted by the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry:<blockquote>LONDONDERRY HOUSE. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princess Victoria honoured the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry by their presence at dinner last evening at Londonderry House. Subsequently a large ball, for which over 1,000 invitations had been issued, was given. Among those who had the honour to join the dinner circle were: The Portuguese Minister, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, the Duke of Roxburghe and Lady Margaret Innes Ker, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Lilian Churchill, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice, the Earl and Countess of Enniskiilen and Lady Florence Cole, the Earl and Countess of Pembroke and Lady Beatrix Herbert, the Earl and Countess of Derby and Lady Isobel Stanley, the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere and Lady Katherine Egerton, the Earl of Crewe, Georgina Countess of Dudley, Viscount and Viscountess Coke, Viscount Crichton, Lady Moreton, Lord Annaly, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest. Lady Gerard, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, Sir Francis and Lady Jeune, Sir Arthur Ellis, Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott, Lady de Trafford, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson, Major and Lady Guendolen Little, Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Captain Ricardo, Colonel and Mrs. Paget, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Beckett, Mr. K. Moncreiffe, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim and Miss Oppenheim, Mr. Sykes, Miss Stanley, Miss Chaplin, and Lady Helen Stewart, Lord Castlereagh, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Mr. C. Willoughby|Hon. C. Willoughby]]. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York arrived for the ball at eleven o'clock, attended by Lady Mary Lygon and the Hon. Derek Keppel, when dancing immediately commenced to Gottlieb's Viennese Orchestra. His Royal Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, the Duke of Teck, Prince Francis and Prince Alexander of Teck, and the Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel FitzGeorge were also present. Among others attending were: Princess Henry of Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, the Russian Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador, Countess Deym and Countess Isabella Deym, the French Ambassador and Baroness de Courcel, Mr. and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Hay, the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Belgian Minister, the Brazilian Minister, Count Kinsky, the Lord Chancellor, Lady Halsbury and the Hon. Evelyn Giffard, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the Countess of Dalkeith and Lady Constance Scott, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, the Duchess of Montrose and Lady Helen Graham, the Duke and Duchess of Somerset, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Duchess of Manchester and Lady Alice Montagu, the Duchess of Roxburghe and Lady Victoria Innes-Ker, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland, Viscountess Milton, the Marchioness of Hastings, Miss Olive Chetwynd, Miss Mary Dyke and Miss de Winton, Marquis Camden, the Marchioness of Headfort and Lady Beatrix Taylour, the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Norah Spencer Churchill, the Earl and Countess of Lathom, Lady Edith Wilbraham and Lady Florence Cecil, Countess Spencer, the Countess of Warwick, the Earl of Cork[,] the Countess of Aberdeen, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of llchester and Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl of Arran, the Countess of Powis and Miss Cotterell, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, Countess Stanhope and Lady Katherine Stanhope, the Countess of Verulam and Mackintosh, the Earl of Denbigh, the Countess of Suffolk and Lady Eleanor Howard, Earl and Countess Annesley, the Countess of Eglinton and Lady Edith Montgomery, Countess Howe, the Countess of Eldon and Lord Kilmarnock, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Barbara Smith, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, the Earl and Countess of Erne and Lady M. Crichton, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Earl of Listowel and Lady Beatrice Hare, the Earl of Granard, Countess Cadogan, the Countess of Jersey and Lady Margaret Villiers, Isabella Countess of Wilton, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Countess Carrington, the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, the Earl of Erroll, the Earl and Countess of Dunraven and Lady Eileen Wyndham Quin, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Countess of Huntingdon, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Ancaster and Lady Alice Willoughby, Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, Viscount and Viscountess Templetown, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Viscountess Boyne and the Hon. Florence Hamilton Russell, Viscountess Duncannon and the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Viscountess Hood and the Hon. Dorothy Hood, Viscountess Barrington, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe and Lady Mildred Denison, Viscount Valentia, Viscount St. Cyres, the Marchesa Santurce, Lord and Lady Ashbourne, Lady Cardross, Miss Erskine, Miss Chaplin and Miss Baird, Lord and Lady Castletown and Lady Florence Bourke, Lord and Lady Glenesk, Lord and Lady de Ros, Lady Cynthia Graham and Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord aud Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lady Elcho, Lord and Lady Inchiquin and the Hon. Miss O'Brien, Lady O'Brien and Miss O'Brien, Lady Aiington, Lady Blythswood, Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Evelyn Cotterell, Lady O'Neill and the Hon. Henrietta O'Neill, Lord and Lady Clonbrock and the Hon. Miss Dillon, Lady Llangattock and the Hon. Miss Rolls, Lady Hillingdon and the Hon. Miss Mills, Lady de Ramsey, Lord Churchill, Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Fitzgerald, Lord Hyde, Lord Alexander Thynne, Lady Hopetoun, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord Villiers, Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Violet Douglas-Pennant, Emily Lady Ampthill and the Hon. Romola Russell, Lady Lister Kaye, Lady Cicely Gathorne-Hardy and Miss Gathorne-Hardy, Lady Ardilaun, Lord and Lady Burton, Lady Constance Combe, Mr. and Lady Florence Astley, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lord Harris, Lord Morris and Miss Morris, Lady Arthur Hill and Miss Hill and the Hon. Miss Hill Trevor, Lord Garioch, Lord Kenyon, Lady Hartopp, Lord Iveagh, Lord Rowton, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lady Helen Munro-Ferguson and Lady Hermione Blackwood, Lady Brabourne, Lady Magheramorne, Lord and Lady Edward Cecil, Lady Audrey Buller and Miss Howard, Lady Emily Van de Weyer and Miss Van de Weyer, Lord and Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, Lord William Beresford, the Right Hon. Sir William Harcourt, M.P., and Lady Harcourt, the Right Hon. James and Mrs. Lowther, the Right Hon. Walter Long, M.P., and Lady Doreen Long, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, M.P., and Mr. and Miss Hicks-Beach, the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen M.P., and Mrs. and Miss Goschen, the Right Hon. Arnold Morley, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, the Hon. Henry Fitzwilliam and Miss Fitzwilliam, General the Hon. Charles and Miss Thesiger, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, General and the Hon. Mrs. Hugh M'Calmont, the Hon. Mrs[.] Lowther, Colonel the Hon. Heneage Legge, the Hon. Mrs. Hill, the Hon. Mrs. Carpenter, Miss Talbot Carpenter, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, Mr. Francis and the Hon. Mrs. Fitzgerald, the Hon. Mrs. Benyon, the Hon. Benjamin Bathurst, the Hon. Mrs. Gerard, the Hon. Arthur Brodrick, the Hon. Mrs. Stirling, the Hon. Charles Harris, the Hon. Gerald Portman, the Hon. Claud Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, Major the Hon. C. Lambert, the Hon. S. Ormsby Gore, the Hon. A. Yorke, the Hon. Michael and Mrs. Herbert, the Hon. Walter Rice, Major the Hon. D. Lawless, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Baron von Oppell, Baron Mirbach, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Watson|Meyer Watson]], Count Hadik, Count Hermann Hatzfeldt, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Sir Henry Edwardes, Sir Robert Hamilton, Sir Donald Wallace, Sir Robert and Lady Penrose.FitzGerald [sic dot], Sir George Stirling, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, Sir Charles Hartopp, Sir Edgar Sebright, Sir G. Arthur, Sir Condie Stephen, Sir Charles Hall, Sir George Wombwell, Mrs. Edward Barclay, Mrs. Hope, Captain Milner, Major Poulteney, Major Wickham, Mrs. Ronalds, Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clerk, Colonel and Mrs. Eminson, Mr. Moon, M.P., Mr. Beaumout, Mr. Edward Packe, Mr. and Miss Sanders, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Philips Roberts, Miss Thellusson, Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis, Mr. George Phipps, Captain Dundas, Captain and Mrs. Wilfrid Marshall, Captain Feilden [sic], Major Shuttleworth, Mr. Hugh Gaisford, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mr. Monro Ferguson, Mr. Henry Petre, Mr. Somerset Onslow, Mr. W. Gillett, Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mr. Millbanke, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Graham Vivian, Mr. Evelyn Cecil, Mr. Herbert Praed, Mr. Farquhar, Miss Cockrell, Major and Mrs. Coddrington, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Villiers and Miss Villiers, Mr. C. Webb, Major Jenkins, Captain and Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mr. Macgregor, Mr. Roberts, Mr. Winston Churchill, Mr. Colin Keppel[,] Mr. Lougley, Miss Herbert, Mrs. Loder, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mrs. Moberly Bell, Mr. Moberly Bell, Mr. Gregson, Mr. R. D. Norton, Captain Elsworthy, Captain Johnson, Colonel Paget Moseley, Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. Vincent, Mr. Francis Whitmore, Mr. Ward Cook, Mr. Balmain, Dr., Mrs., and Miss Maclagan, Mrs. and Miss Chamberlain, and many others.<ref>"Court Circular." "Londonderry House." ''Morning Post'' 17 July 1897 Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970717/076/0007.</ref> </blockquote> ===17 July 1897, Saturday=== <blockquote>During his holiday, Mr. Wyndham has found a sub-tenant in Mr. Horniman, who produced a farce called "Four Little Girls," by Mr. Walter Stokes Craven, on July 17. It tells how two widowers of Wimbledon (Mr. Barnes and Mr. Blakeley) resolve to marry their housekeepers (Miss M. A. Victor and Miss Emily Miller) — four capital studies in old age — on condition that their sons marry the duaghters of the two ladies. The boys, with the connivance of their tutor, Mr. Nuggeridge (Mr. Welch), have already married (one of the brides being Miss Mabel Beardsley, the artist's sister), so that extravagant farce is the result. The piece was played in a lively key, Mr. Blakeley, Mr. Welch (masquerading as a Scot under such a very English name as Muggeridge), and Mr. Kenneth Douglas (as one of the young men) being specially amusing.<ref>"The Playhouses: 'Four Little Girls,' at the Criterion Theatre." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, July 24, 1897; Issue 3040, Col. A.</ref></blockquote> === 23 July 1897, Friday === ==== Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House ==== 23 July 1897 — or 30 July 1897 – Friday<blockquote>Chesterfield House is so beautiful, says the "Daily Mail," as be independent of floral decoration; there were, in fact, no more than the usual amount of flowers and palms on Friday night, so that nothing distracted the attention from the beautiful pictures. The lighting was wonderfully good, and refreshments were served in the library until the supper room was opened — at about half-past twelve. The rooms were never too crowded, and Lady Burton, who looked very well in grey embroidered in black, and who wore a big diamond tiara, had a word of welcome for one of her guests. Prince Francis of Teck represented royalty and took Lady Burton down to supper: while Lord Burton took Countess Deym, who looked very handsome in white. Lady Londonderry went down with Mr. Alfred Rothschilde; Lady Gerard, who looked very pretty in white with blue in and out of her hair, went in with Mr. Craven; Lady Howe went in with Lord Kenyon; and Lady Eva Dugdale went in with Mr. Arthur James. Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair. Naturally, one great topic of conversation was the marriage of the Duchess of Hamilton, and people talked, too, of the religious meetings which have been held lately at Lady Henry Bentinck's house, when the Archbishop of Canterbury has delivered lectures to "young girls only." These have made a very great impression.<ref>"Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House." ''Belper & Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.</ref></blockquote> ==== Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club ==== <blockquote>A large and fashionable company witnessed this match [h is turned 90° to the right] at the Queen's Club, West Kensington, yesterday, the party including the Duchess of Devonshire, Lady Norreys, Lady Chelsea, Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady Alington, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Lady Hastings, Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Col. Arthur Paget, Mr and Mrs Hwfa Williams, Sir C. and Lady Hartopp, Gen. Hon. J. J. Bourke, Mr and Mrs W. H. Grenfell, Lady St. Oswald, Miss Forbes, Lady Wolverton, Mrs H. Higgins, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Cadogan, Lady de Trafford, Lady Georgiana Curzon, and the Misses Thornville. Viscount Curzon's team won easily, thanks to a splendid innings on the part of the Hon. H. Milles. Score: [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|H<small>ON</small>. A. B<small>OURKE</small>]]'<small>S</small> XI. <br>Lord E. Gordon Lennox, b Milles ..... ..... ..... ..... 2 <br>Hon. R. Ward, b Moncreiffe ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 27 <br>D. Spiro, b Moncreiffe ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 16 <br>Hon. R. Brownlow, c Wentworth, b Moncreiffe ..... 10 <br>Lord Athlumney, c and b Leveson-Gower ..... ..... 9 <br>R. Sneyd, b Milles ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 35 <br>H. T. Barclay, run out ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 0 <br>G. Cornwallis West, c Pease, b Moncreiffe ..... 35 <br>Hon. G. Cadogan, c Chelsea, b Moncreiffe ..... 16 <br>Lord H. Vane-Tempest, not out ..... ..... ..... 15 <br>A. Cornwallis, absent ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 0 <br>Byes 29 [?], 1-b ? ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 27 Total ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 192 V<small>ISCOUNT</small> C<small>URZON</small>'<small>S</small> XI. <br>C. Leveson-Gower, c sub., b Sneyd ..... ..... 77 <br>Bruce Wentworth, b Athlumney ..... ..... ..... 17 <br>Lord Chelsea, not out ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 7 <br>J. A. Pease, c Cadogan, b Ward ..... ..... ..... 15 <br>Hon. H. Milles, not out ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 128 <br>H. Moncreiffe, b Ward ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 43 <br>Lord Curzon, b Spire ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 0 <br>Byes 35, w 1,1-b 1,n-b 2 ..... ..... ..... ..... 39 Total (5 wkts) ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 326 H. Millner, R. Elliot, Lord Chesterfield, and J. A. Moncreiffe did not bat.<ref>"Hon. A. Bourke's XI. v. Viscount Curzon's XI." ''The Sportsman'' 24 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18970724/113/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===31 July 1897, Saturday=== The London ''Morning Post'': the wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler: <blockquote>Mr. Henry R. Hohler, eldest son of Mr. Henry Booth Hohler, of Fawkham Manor, Kent, was married to Mabel Caroline, second daughter of Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Saturday afternoon. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge attended the ceremony, accompanied by Colonel FitzGeorge. The bride arrived shortly after half-past two o'clock, and was led to the chancel by her father, who gave her away. She was followed by two pages, Master Alastair Graham Menzies, son of Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, and Master W. Rollo, son of the Hon. Eric and Mrs. Rollo, who were in Highland costume, with their respective tartans. Eight bridesmaids followed: Lady Mary Villiers and the Hon. Ella Peel, cousins of the bride; Miss Hohler, sister of the bridegroom; the Ladies Edith and Mary Dawson, nieces of the bride; Miss Amy Hohler and Miss Torfrida Rollo, nieces of the bridegroom; and the Hon. Theresa Fitzwilliam. The bride wore a white satin gown embroidered with pearls, diamonds, and silver sequins, and trimmed with accordion-pleated chiffon, trails of orange blossoms, and a chiffon sash. Her veil was of lovely old Brussels lace, and her jewels included a large diamond star in her hair, the gift of the Earl and Countess of Dartrey; a diamond heart locket, her mother's gift, and a diamond bracelet, Mr. Holder's present. The bridesmaids were attired in white French muslin over white satin, trimmed with Valenciennes lace insertion and runners of white baby ribbon; they wore fichus of white point d'esprit, and white straw hats trimmed with bows of point d'esprit and pink roses. Gold bangles with light blue enamel and diamond heart lockets and shower bouquets of pink carnations were the bridegroom's gifts. The Service was choral. The Bishop of Sodor and Man, the Rev. H. Montagu Villiers, vicar of St. Paul's, and the Rev. T. Blackall, rector of Fawkham, Kent, were the officiating clergy. Mr. Gerald Hohler acted as best man to his brother. After the ceremony Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell welcomed the relations and friends of both families at the residence of the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, sister of the bride, in Eaton-square, lent for the occasion. Among those present were the Duke of Cambridge, the Marchioness of Blandford, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, the Earl and Countess of Jersey and the Ladies Villiers, the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, the Countess of St. Germans, the Countess of Carnarvon, Viscount Peel, Lady Penrhyn and the Hon. Miss Douglas-Pennant, Lady Constance Gore, Lord Villiers, the Bishop of Sodor and Man and Mrs. Straton, Lord Abinger, Lady Cynthia Graham, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour and Miss Bruce, Lady Hartopp and Miss Enid Wilson, the Hon. Mrs. Wood, the Hon. Mabel Murray, the Hon. Helen Henniker, the Hon. Mrs. Maguire and the Hon. Ella Peel, the Hon. Reginald Villiers, the Hon. Eric and Mrs. Rollo, the Hon. Agnes Peel, Mrs. Hohler, Mrs. Frederick Hohler, Mrs. Wombwell, Mr. F. Wombwell, Captain and Mrs. Wombwell, Colonel Wombwell, Mr. and Mrs. C. Hohler, Mr. Hohler, Mr. Tremayne, Madame and Miss de Bunsen, Mrs. Harry Goschen, Mrs. Charles Van Raalte, Mrs. Gunston, Mrs. Wilfrid Marshall, Mr. Francis Gregson, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mis. Ernest Villiers and Miss Villiers, Mr. Ward Cook, Mr. Frank Green, Mr. and Mrs. Fane, Mr. Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Deacon, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Colonel and Mrs. Livesey Wardle, Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies, Miss Gordon, Mr. and Mrs. Du Plat Taylor, Miss Muriel Blundell, Mr. Edward Hare, Major Victor Farquharson, Mr. and Mrs. William Aston, Miss Julia Ponsonby, Mr. Launcelot Smith, Mrs. Richard Martin, Major Lawes, Rev. T. Blackall, Colonel and Mrs. Alan Gardner, Mr. and Mrs. Harris Saunders, &c. Mr. and Mrs. Henry R. Hohler subsequently left for Clumber, Notts, lent by the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle, for the honeymoon. Among the numerous presents to the bride were: From his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, a gold antique tortoise inkstand, set with various stones; the Bridegroom, diamond tiara, turquoise and diamond bracelet, emerald and diamond clover-leaf bracelet, diamond and turquoise heart, diamond combs, several gem rings; Sir George Wombwell, large diamond cross set with a black pearl, diamond, a hack and hunter; Lady Julia Wombwell, large diamond heart and old lace; the Earl and Countess of Dartrey, large diamond star; Mr. Stephen Wombwell, diamond and sapphire chain bracelet; Mr. Hohler, diamond bracelet, horse and harness; Mrs. Hohler, diamond ring; Prince Frederick Dhuleep Singh, diamond and ruby brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Hohler, diamond sword; Miss Hohler, a very handsomely-fitted dressing bag and enamel pencil bracelet; Mrs. F. Wombwell, diamond crescent; Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies of Hallyburton, diamond tiara; the Earl of Jersey, hair ornament in emeralds and diamonds; the Countess of Jersey, necklet of amethysts and diamonds; the Earl and Countess of Ellesmere, gold and jewelled heart looking-glass; the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, large diamond and sapphire crescent; Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, sapphire and diamond brooch; the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Lady Alice Egerton and the Ladies Ada and Alexandra G. Osborne, amethyst and pearl locket; Lord Balvaird, Tay pearl bracelet; the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, old silver pen tray and tea caddy; the Marchioness of Blandford, large frame; Lady Helen Vincent, gold-handled umbrella; Mrs. Ernest Villiers, old silver wheelbarrow; the Ladies Edith and Mary Dawson, silver frame; the Countess of Lathom, brooch; the Ladies Maud, Bertha, and Edith Wil_____m, scarf pin; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, diamond and sapphire brooch; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Miss Muriel Wilson, turquoise and diamond hair ornament; the Marquis of Abergavenny, pair of silver candlesticks; Viscount Peel, large silver dish; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large silver scent bottles; Viscountess Milton, parasol with jewelled handle; Lady Cynthia Graham, enamel and diamond fox head pencil; the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], white enamel and turquoise sleeve links; Lord and Lady Deramore, tortoiseshell fan; Mr. and Mrs. Vyner, gold pencil studded with emeralds and diamonds; the [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Earl and Countess of Feversham]], silver-gilt inkstand and candlesticks; Viscountess Helmsley, gold-handled umbrella; Lord and Lady Burton, agate and gold-mounted paper knife; the Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, standard lamp; Isabella Countess of Wilton, pair of silver candlesticks; Sir Henry Edwardes, old étui case; the Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe, a fan; the Countess of Ancaster, marqueterie table; the Dowager Countess of Craven, illuminated clock; the Hon. Cecil and Mrs. Bingham, silver dishes; the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Parker, silver inkstand; the Earl and Countess of St. Germans, silver box; the Hon. Hugh W. Fitzwilliam, walking-stick with gold handle encrusted with jewels; Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, diamond and pearl clover-leaf brooch; the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, silver salver; the Earl and Countess of Harewood, silver and enamel smelling bottle; Miss E. Wombwell, silver hand glass and pair of silver-backed brushes; the Earl and Countess of Coventry, large silver tea pot; the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, a fan; Elizabeth Countess of Wilton and Mr. Pryor, large silver inkstand; Lady Rothschild, umbrella with gold handle set with jewels; Captain H. Wombwell, gold-mounted claret bottle; Lord Abinger, Louis XIV. clock; Mr. F. Wombwell, four silver bonbonniere dishes; the Hon. Hubert Duncombe, gold and onyx bangle; the Hon. R. Villiers, set of silver brushes, looking-glass, comb, and tray; the Hon. Mabel and Theresa W. Fitzwilliam, clock with electric light; Lady Skelmersdale, silver-mounted purse; Lady Mildred Denison, writing case; Mr. A. C. Wombwell, breakfast service; Mrs. Graham Menzies, large silver inkstand; General Wombwell, large silver scent bottle; the Countess of Selkirk, four silver bonbonniere dishes and spoons; Sir H. and Lady Evelyn Ewart, silver sugar basin; Sir A. and Lady Edmonstone. silver tea caddy; the Tenantry on the Newburgh and Wass Estates, large silver tea tray; the Tenantry on the Old Byland Estate, alabaster clock; the Indoor and Outdoor Servants of Newburgh, large silver coffee pot; the Indoor and Outdoor Servants of Hallyburton, marble clock and address; School Children of Old Byland, prayer and hymn books. Among the gifts received by the bridegroom were: From the Dowager Duchess of Newcastle, service of silver table plate, 308 pieces; the Duke of Newcastle, silver-mounted spirit table; the Duchess of Newcastle, gold, diamond, and enamel sleeve links; the Duke of Wellington, pair of silver candlesticks; Sir George Wombwell, two Queen Anne silver salvers; Mr. Gerald F. Hohler, cheque; Mr. Stephen Wombwell, old Sheffield and cut glass cruet; Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Hohler, Dresden dessert service and antique cut glass decanters; Mr. Thomas B. Hohler, Persian carpet; Sir Robert and Lady Affleck, pair of jewelled gold links; Mr. and Mrs. C. Hohler, silver soup tureen; the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Rolls, pair of silver baskets; Mr. and Mrs. F. S. Hohler, silver flower basket; Mr. H. B. Hohler. silver George 111. centre piece; the Hon. Algernon Mills, silver hot-water jug; Miss Hohler, pair of old silver sauce boats; Tenants on the Fawkham Estate, barometer; Servants at Fawkham Manor, large silver salver; Men on the Home Farm, Fawkham, silver-mounted walking stick; Major Lawes, dessert service; Mrs. Owen Williams, silver cigarette lighter; Mr. E. P. Hare, gold matchbox; Mrs. Hohler, writing table; Miss C. Gordon, gold-mounted amber cigarette-holder, in silver case; Captain A. Hicks-Beach, pair of silver photograph frames; Colonel and Mrs. Antrobus, gold and amethyst seal; Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher of Saltoun. pair of silver candlesticks; Mr. Arthur Capel Cure, large silver cigarette box; Mr. E. A. Franklin, tortoiseshell and gold cigar case; Mr. T. L. Hare, M.P., double reading lamp; Sir Basil Hall, crystal decanter in silver stand; Captain and Mrs. Torrens, double silver inkstand; Captain Hon. E. Hanbury, silver-mounted letter case; Mr. Frank Deacon, large silver bowl; Colonel and Mrs. Brownrigg, silver salver; Major the Hon. C. Lambton, standard lamp; Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Tremayne, antique silver candlesticks; Colonel and Mrs. Barrington [?] Campbell, settee; besides other presents.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell." ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==August 1897== === 2 August 1897, Monday === ==== Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games ==== The house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick was reported on locally, this one from the ''Chelmsford Chronicle'', repeated a few days later in the ''Essex Herald''.<ref>"Easton Lodge Week." ''Essex Herald'' 10 August 1897, Tuesday: 8 [of 8], Col. 4b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001635/18970810/156/0008. Print: title and p. same.</ref><blockquote> Easton Lodge Week. Easton Lodge cricket week opened on Monday[.] A large company assembled each day at the invitation of the Earl and Countess of Warwick, who extended a hearty welcome to all their guests and showed them great hospitality. The band of the York and Lancaster Regiment discoursed excellent music during the whole week. The Earl and Countess's house party for the week comprised the Earl Cairns, the Earl of Rosslyn, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord George Scott, Lord Athlumney, Countess Cairns, Lady Norreys, Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Taylor, the Honble. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Cardross., the Honble. Ronald Erskine and the Honble. Muriel Erskine, Captain Bruce Wentworth, M.P., Mr. H. Milner, Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], the Honble. Fitzroy St. Clair Erskine, Mr. Hornsby, Mr. Hewett, Mr. W. M. Low, Mr. K. Jervis, Mr. Cecil Grenfell, Mr. Loitus Arkwright, Mr. Crossman, Mr. G. Tufnell, Mr. lnd, [[Social Victorians/People/Todhunter|Mr. Todhunter]], Mr. Cecil Leigh, Mr. Hare, Mr. Bertie Paget, the Messrs. Josetti, and Mr. Bailey (huntsman Essex Hounds).</blockquote> === 3 August 1897, Tuesday === ==== The Most Beautiful Women in England ==== Two essentially identical articles reprinted from ''Vanity Fair'':<blockquote>''Vanity Fair'' asks what country in the world could show a more beautiful bevy of women than England? When Hady Helen Vincent, with her sister, Lady Cynthia Graham; when Lady Warwick, with her sisters, the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Westmorland; and when Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady de Trafford, Princess Pless, Lady De Grey. Lady Naylor-Leyland, the Duchess of Portland, Lady Alington, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Chelsea, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Lady Henry Bentinck, Mrs Willie Grenfell. Mrs Rupert Beckett, Mrs Arthur Paget, and Countess Clary are gathered together it is a sight to make an old man young; while Mrs Gerard Leigh and her sister, Lady Yarborough, and Lady Powis, Lady Norreys, Mrs Farquharson, Mrs Willie James, Lady Dalkeith, Mrs Pretyman, Mrs Gervase Beckett, Lady Rossmore, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Colebrooke, Lady Hartopp, Mrs Willie Walker, and Lady Milton are almost equally admired. The many pretty girls include Miss Enid and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], who still head the list of unmarried beauties. Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Miss Kennard, Miss Madeline Bourke, and Miss Leila Crichton; whileamong [sic] the debutantes Lady Evelyn Crichton and Lady Vivian's daughters have had a very great success, and Lady Alice Montagu, petite and charmingly pretty, has been so much admired. The daughters of Lady Gosford, Lady Verulam, Lady Leitrim, Lady Inchiquin, and Lady Grey have also been admired, well as Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Katherine Scott, and Miss Chaplin.<ref>"Beautiful Women and Beautiful Girls." ''Shields Daily Gazette and Shipping Telegraph'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 3 [of 4], Col. 1c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000287/18970802/007/0003.</ref><ref>"Beautiful Women." ''Liverpool Echo'' 3 August 1897, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000271/18970803/014/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 18 August 1897, Wednesday === ==== The Austro-Hungarian Colony Celebrated the Birthday of Emperor-King Francis Joseph ==== <blockquote>The Austro-Hungarian Colony. — Austro-Hungarians in London celebrated the birthday of the Emperor-King Francis Joseph by a dinner at the Trocadero Restaurant last night. Count Albert Mensdorff, Chargé d'Affaires for Austro Hungary, presided, and amongst the leading members present were [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]], Secretary of the Embassy, Captain Sztrany Asky, the Naval Attaché; Chevalier Princig De Harwaldt, Acting Consul-General; Mr. Leopold Pam, Chairman of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. Pillischer, Vice-Chairman of the Hungarian Association; Mr. Louis Felbermann, hon. secretary of the Hungarian Association; Mr. S. Bodascher, hon. secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. Politzer, Almoner of the Austro-Hungarian Aid Society; Mr. M. Weiss, and Mr. J. Kaufmann, Almoner of the Hungarian Association; Colonel Hain, and many others. A telegram expressing the loyalty of the Austro-Hungarian Colony was despatched to his Majesty the Emperor-King.<ref>"The Austro-Hungarian Colony." ''Morning Post'' 19 August 1897 Thursday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970819/017/0003.</ref></blockquote> ===30 August 1897, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1897== Sometime in September 1897, the Inner Order of the Golden Dawn moved its headquarters from 62 Oakley Square, where they had been from March 1896, to 36 Blythe Road.<ref>Howe 126.</ref> Also during this month a subgroup in the Golden Dawn, including Annie Horniman and Frederick Gardner were meeting in Talgarth Road, West Kensington, London.<ref>Howe 197.</ref> === 16 September 1897 === [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Production of The White Heather at the Drury Lane Theatre in London|''The White Heather'' opened at the Drury Lane Theatre]]. ''The White Heather'' is a melodrama by Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton that opened at the Drury Lane Theatre on 16 September 1897, had another run in spring 1898 and was revived at the Princess in 1899; it ran on Broadway in New York beginning in November 1897.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-10|title=The White Heather (play)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Heather_(play)&oldid=1169721008|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Heather_(play).</ref> The V&A has a collection of 31 photographs of some of the sets for the London production (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?page=1&page_size=15&q=%22White+Heather%22). One scene was a fancy-dress ball that used originals and copies of what was worn at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball on 2 July 1897; the newspaper reports and review articles assume that readers would recognize the reference to the July ball and be interested on that account. The play was produced by Arthur Collins (the theatre producer and director, not the courtier). A story in The ''Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail'' about reports that ''The White Heather'', by Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton, performed at the Drury Lane theatre, included a scene that reproduced the Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball:<blockquote>"The White Heather" is strikingly realistic, the scenes including a reproduction of the recent famous Duchess of Devonshire's ball, a diving expedition, Battersea Bark (that beautiful resort), &c. With respect to the ball scene, the critic quoted above [describing the actress Mrs. John Wood] says: — "The mass of gorgeous colour and dazzling brilliancy in the ball scene was simply overpowering." The drama is of sufficient importance to warrant a little extra space being devoted to it. The following, taken from a contemporary, will be of interest to my lady readers particularly: — The ball scene offers almost a surfeit of brilliant colour to the spectators. The actual costumes worn by some two hundred of the guests at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball have been secured by the management, and are worn by the actors and actresses. Conspicuous among these is the purple velvet of the Earl of Leicester. An exact reproduction of the costume of Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, as worn by the Prince of Wales, is another striking dress. Mrs John Wood, as Queen Elizabeth, wears a costume consisting of a dress with long pointed bodice and farthingale in rich cream broché, the entire petticoat and sleeves in cream duchesse satin, handsomely embroidered in gold and jewels, stomacher and sides of overdress elaborately trimmed with the same ornaments, and the double wing collar and large cuffs in fine lace, thickly studded with jewels. Her mantle is of Venetian red and gold brocade, lined throughout with red and gold-shot gauze, while the headdress and crown are in fine paste emeralds set in gold. Miss Kate Rorke has a Marie Stuart costume in black silk velvet and duchesse satin, handsomely trimmed with gold passementerie and jewels, with large pearl girdle. Her large headdress and collar, combined with long mantle, are in fine white silk gauze-trimmed lace. The principal costumiers in the Metropolis, it should be added, have been employed in making gowns for the play.<ref>"The Stage." The ''Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail'' 25 September 1897: 6 [of 8], Col. 4A–B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/18970925/118/0006.</ref></blockquote>The ''Queen'' also ran a review:<blockquote>REDECORATED, re-upholstered, under new management, and with a brand new melodrama, the "National Theatre," as its late lessee loved to have it called, has once more opened its doors to an eager public. Judging by the warmth of the reception given to Mr Arthur Collins, who has assumed the mantle of the late Sir Augustus Harris, and by the enthusiasm which prevailed throughout the presentation of "The White Heather," there is no manner of doubt as to the success of the new management and the new melodrama. The former has been inaugurated under the happiest possible circumstances, for Mr Collins has had the invaluable assistance of Messrs Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton, than whom none better understand the tastes and requirements of a Drury Lane audience, while never, it can be safely said, has an autumn melodrama, even here, been more strongly cast or better acted than the present one. If there is a fault to be found with the new play, it is, perhaps, that the story is somewhat less powerful than those to which the audiences at this theatre have previously been accustomed. It certainly furnishes incidents thrilling and enthralling enough to satisfy the most captious critic, while it possesses the merit of providing that delightful actress, Mrs John Wood, with as good a part as she has had for years. But the plot is not precisely a strong one, and there is in truth a vast amount of magnificent spectacle and scenery and dresses and effects to a very small pennyworth of story. If, however, Mr Raleigh and Mr Hamilton Lave not much of a tale to tell, they tell it very well indeed, and the dialogue of the new play is wonderfully bright and amusing. It is on the old theme of a Scotch marriage that the authors have built the new drama. Lord Angus Cameron, a stock Exchange "plunger," and heir to a Dukedom, has, during a voyage north on his yacht "The White Heather," married pretty Marion Hume, daughter of a Stock Exchange jobber, according to Scottish law. In course of time he sees someone whom it would be much more convenient for him to make Lady Cameron in proper form, and as the yacht has conveniently sunk off the English coast with the evidences of the marriage with Marion, and only one of the two necessary witnesses survives, he promptly repudiates the poor girl, and brands their small boy as illegitimate. Her father, on learning her story, plunges heavily in South Africans, in order, as he hopes, to obtain money enough to fight Lord Angus at law, but the shock brought about by a disastrous decline in the South African market, and the worry in connection with his daughter, cause his sudden death, and Marion then finds her warmest friend in the kindly Lady Janet McLintock, [53, Col. 1c / 2a] Lord Angus's sister. All manner of troubles beset the heroine, of course, and her cause seems indeed lost when Lord Angus actually descends below the sea to the sunken White Heather, in order to destroy the evidences of his marriage with her. But the inventive genius of the authors does not stop here. They take the audience with them down, down among the fishes and the seaweed in company with a lowly champion of poor Marion, one Dick Beach. The two men fight for the precious document beneath the rolling wave. The villain fatally stabs poor Beach, but he contrives to cut the air apparatus attached to Lord Angus's diving dress, speedily causing his death, of course, and to live long enough to be hauled to the surface and leave the "marriage lines" in safe hands. After this it is easy enough to make matters smooth for the heroine, but this is not accomplished until the great ball scene, which everybody has been anticipating for weeks, and which all London will be anxious to see. A richer or more interesting spectacle than this has never been presented even on the Drury Lane stage. Many of the dresses were actually worn at the now famous ball given during the late season at Devonshire House, and the effect produced by the admirably managed crowds of guests in their fancy costumes is one of exceeding brilliance. The gowns worn in this scene are really magnificent, but the whole play is marvellously well dressed, and on this account is sure to find favour with lady playgoers, who will see here the very newest and prettiest conceits in walking, evening, boating, cycling, and shooting costumes. The same lavishness that marks the dressing of the play is shown in the scenic effects. There is something to interest everybody and excite their enthusiasm in "The White Heather," for, besides the original submarine scene already referred to, there is a most realistic presentment of "Boulter's Lock" on a Sunday afternoon; by a mechanical contrivance we see the lock emptied and the boats, filled with their gaily clad occupants, descend, a scene which provokes the wildest cheers from the audience. But the spectators are transported, too, to a realistic Scotch moor, where real heather is blooming, and where real dogs and gillies and guns and sportsmen are duly to the fore. Nor does this exhaust the wonderful scenic attractions of the new piece, for there is, besides, a lovely picture of Battersea Park with its crowds of fair cyclists in every kind of natty dress, from the tweed skirt and dainty blouse to unmistakable "rationals," and a thrilling Stock Exchange scene, which, in their way, will appeal no less forcibly to many playgoers. Little space is left to speak in detail of the splendid work done by Mrs John Wood, whose vivacity and resource seem to be limitless; by Mr Henry Neville, who astonishes his old admirers by appearing for once as an uncompromising villain; and by Miss Kate Rorke, who invests the heroine with all possible womanly charm, and wins for her the fullest sympathy of the audience. Conspicuous success is achieved by Mr R. Loraine as the faithful Dick Beach, Mr F. B. Gordon as the old Stockjobber, Hume, and by Mr Dawson Millward, the ''jeune premier'' of the piece, which, indeed, is thoroughly well acted all round, Miss Beatrice Lamb, Miss Pattie Browne, Mr H. de Lange, and Mr C. M. Lowne all contributing very well-finished character studies. "The White Heather" promises to bring abundant good luck to Drury Lane.<ref>"Drury Lane Theatre." "The Drama." The ''Queen'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 53 [of 80], Col. 1c–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970925/293/0053.</ref> </blockquote>"Mrs. Aria" has an article in the ''Queen'' about the women's dresses, gowns and cloaks in the play. Here is what she says about the fancy-dress ball scene:<blockquote>The fancy dresses in the ball scene — those which did not previously do their duty at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, and there are many of these amongst the number — were designed by that clever artist, Mr Cumelli [sic, s/b ''Comelli'']; and very gorgeous they are, all velvet and satin and gold embroidery and lace, a decorative note being struck on Miss Kate Rorke's dress, as Marie Antoinette, by long gauze draperies falling from her hair to the hem of the black gown.<ref>Mrs. Aria. "A Vista of Fashion." The ''Queen'' 2 October 1897, Saturday: 58 [of 134; print page # is 628], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971002/171/0068.</ref></blockquote>This article by Mrs. Aria says sketches to accompany this story appear on p. 618 (this article is on p. 628 of the print newspaper). ==October 1897== ===3 October 1897, Sunday=== William Morris died, at Kelmscott House. At Morris's request Arnold Dolmetsch came to play The Earle of Salisbury's Pavin on the virginals.<ref>Campbell 103.</ref> ===5 October 1897, Tuesday=== The Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck, the Duke of Teck, and Alexander of Teck and retinue visited Henry James Tufton, 1st Baron Hothfield of Hothfield in Appleby. Muriel Wilson was in the houseparty to which the Tecks were travelling. Also in the party were "the Hon. John and Lady Ierne Tufton, Mr. and Mrs. William Portal, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Sir George Arthur, Bart., Mr. and Mrs. Charles Van Raalte; the Hon. Rosamond Tufton, the Hon. Sackville Tufton, the Hon. Charles Tufton, Captain George Tufton, Lady Clementine Walsh, and Mr. Leo. Trevor." Hothfield hosted a garden party the next day but otherwise the visit was “of a strictly private character.”<ref>"Arrival of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. The House Party.” ''Penrith Observer'' 5 October 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002296/18971005/088/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref> === 9 October 1897, Saturday === ==== Harrogate ==== <blockquote>Harrogate has been very full during the last fortnight, and in one day upwards of 1,500 person drank the waters, of whom 1,075 consumed their appointed portions before breakfast. There are two first-rate bands, and the new baths are splendidly fitted up. Among the recent visitors have been Lord Stanhope, the Dowager Marchioness of Lothian, Lord and Lady Ilchester, Lord and Lady Morley, Lady Parker and her son, Lord Macclesfield, Lord and Lady Stanford, Sir William and Lady Houldsworth, Dowager Lady Rossmore, Sir Christopher Furness, Sir Henry and Lady Cochrane, Sir William and Lady Lewis, Sir Hugh and Lady Cholmeley, Lady Scott, Lady Corbett, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Slacke, Lady Emma Crichton, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Dawson, and Miss Dutton.<ref>"Personal." ''Manchester Courier'' 9 October 1897, Saturday: 16 [of 20], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18971009/171/0016. Print title: ''Supplement to the Manchester Courier'', p. 4.</ref> </blockquote> === 20 October 1897, Wednesday === 1897 October 16?: the wedding of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]'s gifts to her were a “red leather writing pad”<ref>"Marriage of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice." ''The Waterford Standard'' 20 October 1897, Wednesday: 2 [of 3], Cols. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18971020/024/0002 accessed June 2019).</ref>; Muriel Wilson and Kenneth Wilson also are listed as having given a gift to him, “brocaded stationery case and blotting book.”<ref>"Marriage of Lord Waterford and Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice." ''The Waterford Standard'' 20 October 1897, Wednesday: 2 [of 3], Cols. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18971020/024/0002 accessed June 2019).</ref> The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] as well as many celebrities and familiar names attended and sent gifts. ===31 October 1897, Sunday=== Halloween. ==November 1897== ===1 November 1897, Monday=== The Holderness Hunt:<blockquote>The season of the Holderness pack commenced yesterday, when there was a large gathering at Rise. Before commencing operations the company were hospitably entertained by Mr and the Hon. Mrs Bethell. Amongst those present were the Master ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr Arthur Wilson]]), Mr and Mrs Stanley Wilson, Mr and Mrs Kenneth Wilson, Mr Clive Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr Wellesley Wilson, J. Simons Harrison, Mr R. D. Richardson, Mr Robert Voase, Mr and Mrs Robinson, Miss Bethell, Commander Bethell, M.P., Mr and Mrs Hutchinson, Mr H. Richardson, Captain Samman, Mr W. England. Mr G. England, Mr T. Jackson. Mr Harry E. Bainton, Mr J. J. Ridley, Mr T. Dixon, Mr R. Dixon. Mr Heslop, Riby Wright, Mr W. Todd, Mr Wilfred Harrison, Mr William Robinson, Captain Short, Mr Fisher. Mr E. Harland, Mr J. Nutchey, and others. The staff from the kennels sported their new scarlet, and the whole turn out was excellent. Ash, who had the bitch pack out, first tried the woods, where plenty of foxes were to be found and after a bit of brushing about, two were killed in cover. At Farnton the hounds unkennelled a useful fox, which for nearly half an hour afforded good sport, taking a wide ring by way of Sigglesthorne and back to cover, where he was lost. Catwick Thorns were then successfully drawn. Reynard, on making for the open, shot away in the direction of Brandesburton. Scent being good, the hounds hunted him in grand style. Leaving Brandesburton to the left, he took the direction of Lord Mayor's Whin. Then he made for Newsome and round by Nunkeeling, almost as far Seaton. Swinging back to the left, he ran round Star Carr Hill and Brandesburton village. He then turned and sought his old retreat at Catwick Thorns, where saved his brush, after giving the followers a rattling gallop of nearly an hour. Several were out for the first time in pink yesterday.<ref>"Tally-Ho! The Hunting Season Begins." ''Hull Daily Mail'' 2 November 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 6], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18971102/083/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===2 November 1897, Tuesday=== <quote>Dolmetsch, writing to Horne on 2 November, mentions another visit to Florence which seems to be 'more certain than ever'. The performance of The Tempest at the Mansion House has been postponed until 5 November because of the death of the Duchess of Teck and in turn Dolmetsch's own concert date has been changed. 'But that will do no harm, rather some good, as I have obtained invitations to Mansion House for all my subscribers, and that has been paragraphed in the press (not The Times!). I have got 30 subscribers now. So that is not so bad."<quote><ref>Campbell, Margaret. ''Dolmetsch: The Man and His Work''. U of Washington Press, 1975: 119.</ref> [Was AEFH one of those subscribers? Who was?] ===5 November 1897, Friday=== Guy Fawkes Day ===17 November 1897, Wednesday=== Muriel Wilson took part in the meet of the Duke of Rutland’s hounds:<blockquote>The opening meet of these hounds, which should have taken place at Leadenham a fortnight ago, but was postponed owing to the hard condition of the ground, took place Wednesday at Croxton Park, where a large and fashionable gathering assembled, including several followers of the Quorn and Cottesmore packs. Amongst those present were Sir Gilbert Greenall, Miss Greenall, Mr. Cyril Greenall, Lord Robert Manners, Colonel Theobald, Major Longstaffe (Little Ponton), Colonel Hutchinson, Baron and Baroness Max de Tuyll, Mr. Algernon and Lady Henrietta Turner, the Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, the Hon. Gavin Hamilton, Major Bradford Atkinson, Captain and Mrs. Lawson, Captain Timson, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Mr. and Miss Hodgson, the Hon. H. R. Scott, Colonel Ashton, Captain Boyce, Mr. and Mrs. Long, Mrs. Ellison, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Otho Paget, the Misses Markham, Mr. Maxwell Angus, the Rev. J. P. Seabrooke (Waltham), Mr. Gerald Hansom, the Rev. R. Mirehouse (Colsterworth), and others. In Freeby Wood there was a good show of foxes, and the pack got on the line of one which made for Waltham Village, and then back through the Ashes. From this point Reynard crossed the Grantham road and entered covert known the “Brooms,” but he was lost shortly afterwards in the neighbourhood of Thorpe lngold. Another short spin was had from Brentingby Wood, but the fox, like his predecessor, made good his escape, as did also a third, which went away from Brentingby Spinney. Subsequently the pack was taken to a hen roost at Freeby, where a fox in search of poultry had been incarcerated. On quitting these quarters Reynard was quickly caught and killed. It was a poor scenting day, but in other respects the conditions were nearly perfect. The opening of the active season on the Lincolnshire side will commence to-day, the meet being at Syston Park — the seat of Sir Joint Thorold.<ref>"Hunting. The Duke of Rutland’s Hounds." ''Yorkshire Post'' 19 November 1897, Friday: 10 [of 10], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18971119/183/0010.</ref></blockquote> ===20 November 1897, Saturday=== 1897 November 20, parties for the Derby (reported on Wednesday, 24 November 1897):<blockquote>Ten years ago (writes a correspondent to the Daily Mail) how few of the fashionable people went to Derby races: now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity. The big houses which are in the neighbourbood, no doubt, have considerable influence in this matter, and since the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire had house-parties at Chatsworth, there has been a marked increase in tha attendance. Lord and Lady Burton, Mr. and Mrs. Miller Mundy, Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass, and others, are also bent on hospitalities, and consequently the latter end of last week London was quite empty. The Duchess of Devonshire's party included Lord and Lady Londonderry, Lady Wolverton, Lord and Lady Essex, Mrs. Chaine, Lord Marcus Beresford, and Lord Crewe, as well as Lord and Lady Cadogan, Lord and Lady Howe, Lord and Lady Lurgan, and Mrs. Leo Rothschild, whose names I have already mentioned as staying at the house. Then, at Rangemore there is a very gay party indeed, including Lady Angela and Mr. James Forbes, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady de Traflord, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lady Norreys, Mr. Cecil Howard, Mr. Greenfell, Mr. Wilson, and Mr. Ludwig Neumann. At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel]], Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others. At Foston Lord and Lady Magheromorne are staying, as well as Mrs. Farquharson; while Mrs. Hamar Bass seemed to have a large party, including the Maurice FitzGeralds. Very few people looked better than Lady Essex, in brown, with soft white ermine fur; she is a very pretty woman, with delicate features and complexion, and big, soft, dark eyes. Lady Sarah Wilson, in brown with black braid, and a hat of brown chenille, looked remarkably smart; as also did Mrs. Jack Cumming, who came with Mrs. Bass, and her dress was a tobacco-coloured cloth, with a delightful Russian coat of velvet to match, with a sable collar and small sable toque. Lady Angela Forbes, who dresses almost as well as Lady Algernon Lennox, wore a sort of greeny-blue homespun; and Miss Muriel also looked so well, in simplest tweeds. Lady Norreys, in spite of a cold, looked very pretty, and was warmly clad in an astrachan coat, and sable hat; Mrs. Hamar Bass looked very nice in dull green and chinchilla; Mrs. Farquharson was also at her best; Lady de Trafford was very quietly dressed, while Lady Hartopp wore a very quaint coat of white sheepskin. Among the very many other men were Mr. Montagu Guest, Mr. Hungerford, and Mr. Combe.<ref>"Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races." ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive <nowiki>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> === 25 November 1897, Thursday and Friday === ==== The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition ==== The Irish Industries' Association had a big bazaar at Brighton supporting Irish artists and artisans:<blockquote> An exhibition in connection with the Irish Industries Association, of which Countess Cadogan is President, was opened yesterday at the Clarence Rooms, Brighton. The stallhoiders included Viscount and Lady Duncannon, Lady Louise Loder, the Hon. Mrs. Eliot, the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Lady Maria Ponnsonby, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Dowager Lady Westbury, Lady Pontifex, Countess Lucan, Lady Bingham, Countess of Gainsborough, Countess Swan, Countess Mayo, the Marchioness of Downshire, Lady Arthur Hill, and the Lady Mayoress of London.<ref>"Personal and Social." ''London Evening Standard'' 26 November 1897, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000609/18971126/060/0004. Print title: ''The Evening Standard'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> The exhibition also supported — amazingly — "the Irish Distressed Ladies' Fund, which has for its laudable object the assisting of Irish gentlewomen who are sufferers through the general 'cussedness' of Irish tenants"<ref name=":3">"The Irish Industries' Bazaar at Brighton." ''Gentlewoman'' 04 December 1897, Saturday: 48 [of 188], Col. 1a–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971204/227/0048. Same print title, p. 763.</ref> (Col. 2a):<blockquote>The annual exhibition and sale of Irish work at Brighton last week gave ample proof of the great strides which the association has made in the last few years. The work exhibited represented the many industries of spinning, weaving, knitting, embroidery, &c., which have been started through its enterprise under the patronage of well-known Irish ladies. Among the stallholders were many of these, including the Marchioness of Londonderry (who was unfortunately prevented from being present), Countess of Kilmorey, Countess of Mayo, Countess of Arran, Countess of Lucan, Viscountess Duncannon, Lady Bingham, Lady Fitzgerald, Mrs. T. P. O'Connor, Miss Dease, Countess of Gainsborough, Georgiana Marchioness of Downshire, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, Mrs. Dalison, and others. Some very interesting work done by the Dublin Art School was exhibited on Lady Mayo's stall, including some exquisite ribbon embroidery on parchment. Lady Mayo, with whom was the Dowager Countess, was assisted by Maria Ponsonby and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and was smartly gowned in a green tailor-made gown, with a pale blue vest and blue toque. [image: At the Sale of the Irish Industries' Association held week at the Hotel Metropole, Brighton. (Col. 1b and 2b)] The Garryhill Cottage Industry was represented by Lady Duncannon's stall, and showed some beautiful specimens ot drawn linen work and embroidery. With Lady Duncannon was the Lady Louise Loder, the wife of the member for Brighton, and one of the handsomest women present. She wore a long black velvet Directoire coat over a white cloth petticoat, with a fichu of real Irish lace, and ruffles of the same. Also helping at this stall were the Hon. Mrs. Eliot, the Hon. Irene Ponsonby, Mrs. Bonn, Mrs. Gordon Dill, and Miss Sullivan. On this stall was exhibited an embroidered altar-cloth worked to the order of Her Majesty the Empress Frederick. A bedspread of wonderfully delicate workmanship also attracted much attention. Irish frieze has already made its reputation, and Lady Lucan, assisted by her daughter, Lady Bingham had no difficulty in disposing of large quantities of the homespun fabrics which constitute the "Lucan Tweed Industry." Mrs. Walter Puckle, who was wearing a smart little gown pale green foulard patterned with white, a bolero of green velvet, and a jewelled lace vest, with Mrs. Sandford, Miss Wates, and Colonel O'Malley, also discoursed on the wearing qualities of Irish tweeds. [Col. 1c–2a] Lady Arran, who was wearing a dark green and blue tartan gown turned back with crimson, was selling stockings made by the cottagers in one of the wildest spots in the whole of Ireland, the Barony of Tyrawley, on the Western Coast. She was assisted by Lady Rowley, in black and pale blue; Mrs. de Robeck, Miss Whitmore, Miss Robertson, and Miss Watson. Many people who did not find the pattern they wanted were sending orders to Castle Gore, co. Mayo, which is the headquarters of the industry. Lady Pontifex and her sister, Mrs. Majolie, with Mrs. W. E. H. Lecky, presided over the stall from which the Countess of Erne was unavoidably absent, and sold the daintiest lingerie possible on behalf of the Irish Distressed Ladies' Fund, which has for its laudable object the assisting of Irish gentlewomen who are sufferers through the general "cussedness" of Irish tenants. Lady Pontifex was wearing black with touches of red in the bodice and in her toque, and Mrs. Majolie wore a Russian blouse in navy blue with horizontal braiding. Specimens of the Turbotstown embroideries, which have earned quite an enviable fame for their delicacy and artistic finish, were exhibited on Miss Dease's stall, who was assisted by the Countess of Gainsborough and the Princesse Murat, Miss Ada Hall, Mrs. C. Liddell, Mrs. G. Stanley Carey, and Mrs. Chepnell. Mrs. Dalison, assisted by the Misses Dalison, Mrs. Corey Borrer, Miss D'Avigdor, Miss Blaker, the Misses Stewart, and Miss Colburn, on behalf of the Guild of Impoverished Irish Gentlewomen, sold some very lovely needlework. In the reception-room under the direct control of the Irish Industries' Association were to be found various stalls, attended by Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, Mrs. Davies (the Lady Mayoress of London), Lady Fitzgerald, Mrs. J. S. Wood, the Misses Treves, Miss Thorold, Miss James, Miss La Primandaye, the Misses Baker, Miss Courage, the Countess of Kilmorey, Mrs. Horace Voules, the Misses Wagg, Miss Martin, Miss Marshall, Miss Pocock, Mrs. Pieschell Hoffmann, Mrs. T. P. O'Connor, Miss Little, Miss E. Whitmore, Miss K. Onslow, Georgiana Marchioness of Downshire, Mrs. E. S. Cole, Mrs. Arthur Hoffmann, Mrs. Senior, Mrs. and Miss Stirling, where they did a thriving trade in laces, woollens, lingerie, tweeds, linens, and embroideries; while in one corridor Lady Florence Bourke, Miss E. [image] Baker, Miss Hunter, and Mr. Crosthwaite sold baskets, carved wood, and beaten copper work. Programmes and the tea arrangements were admirably looked to by Colonel Burr, ably assisted by Miss Ethel Wood, Miss Gwyn, the Misses Burr, Miss Jennings, the Misses Denny, Miss Wagstaff, Miss Knox, and Mrs. Dickenson. Mr. J. J. Fenwick, of Newcastle and Bond-street, showed some lovely gowns made and trimmed of materials purchased from the various industries, sketches of which will be found on page 807. Among the numerous people who in the interest of the charity thronged the Clarence Rooms of the Hotel Métropole last Thursday and Friday, besides those already mentioned, were Mrs. Streetter Lambert, in a handsome green gown trimmed with sequins and sable; the Hon. Mrs. Howe-Browne; Hon. Mrs. Eliot; Mrs. Alfred Harmsworth, in a dainty Paris gown of silver-grey; Mrs. Dudley Sampson, Mrs. Christie Miller, Lord Arthur Hill, Lord Duncannon and Lord Bingham; Lady Kilmorey wore a soft grey gown with a braided Russian blouse and picture hat, and Lady Duncannon was in dark green velvet with ruffles of Irish lace; Miss Ada Hale wore an accordion-pleated gown of pale grey with a silver-embroidered bodice; Lady Fitzgerald wore a gown of greenish-grey and a patterned velvet bodice of the same hue. Selections of music were given during each afternoon by the Ladies' Amateur Orchestra and the Brighton Mandoline and Guitar Quartette, and Miss Mary Aimée Hime-Brown and Miss Mary Aukett give welcome service as vocalists under the conductorship of Mr. F. Mott Harrison, Mus. Bac.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote> ==December 1897== === 4 December 1897, Saturday === The wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Mount Stephen|Miss Gian Tufnell and George, Baron Mount-Stephen]], which took place shortly after the death of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, for whom Gian Tufness was a lady in waiting and attendant:<blockquote>LORD MOUNT-STEPHEN AND MISS TUFNELL. The marriage of Lord Mount-Stephen with Gian, daughter of the late Robert George Tufnell, Commander R.N., formerly of Cheney Court, Box, Wilts, and afterwards of Kensington, Bath, was celebrated on Saturday week in the Church of St. Margaret, Westminster. The ceremony was performed by the Bishop of Peterborough, assisted by the Rev. F. E. Coggin, vicar of Lemsford, Herts. The bride, who was given away by her uncle, Mr. Tufnell, was attended by four bridesmaids, all children, viz.: Miss Williams, niece of the bride; Miss Berkeley, Miss Corbet, and Miss Kirby. Major-General Sir John Carstairs M'Neil, K.C.B., V.C., Equerry to the Queen, accompanied Lord Mount-Stephen as best man. The wedding was attended by only the relations and most intimate friends of the bride and bridegroom. The bride wore a simply-made, slightly trained gown of ivory satin, a wreath of orange blossoms, and Brussels lace veil. Her ornaments were pearls. The little girls were in blue silk, veiled with lace, wore lace hats, trimmed with blue bows, and carried baskets of pink roses. Lord and Lady Mount-Stephen left London in the afternoon for Dover ''en route'' for Paris. Among the wedding presents were: From the Prince of Wales, trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch. The Duke and Duchess of Connanght, silver gilt cup. The Duchess of Albany, casket in wood, with ormolu mounts. The Duke and Duchess of York, diamond brooch. Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, silver-gilt salts bottle with medallion in top. Princess Victor of Hobenlohe, silver cigar lighter. Duke of Teck, diamond and sapphire brooch. Field-Marshal Sir Donald and Lady Stewart, silver cigar box. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, gold and enamel whist box and markers. Colonel and Hon. Mrs. Egerton, silver gilt jewel box. Mr. L. Iveson, silver matchbox. Miss Willmott, cigarette case and matchbox in gun metal studded with gems. Countess of Selkirk, silver inkstand. Countess Somers, tortoiseshell and silver photograph case. Lord de Mauley, ivory paper knife. Colonel Rowland Egerton, tortoiseshell cigar box. Sir Stanley and Lady Clarke, Empire box. Mrs. Arkwright, a "Where is it?" silver mounted. Hon. Harriett Phipps, Diamond Jubilee coin. Colonel Bruce Fellows, tortoiseshell and gold mounted walking stick. Lord and Lady Clifford, similar gift. Sir John McNeill, gold mounted umbrella. Mr. Beverley McJones, silver framed almanack. Mr. Vander, tortoiseshell and silver photograph frame. Household and employés at Brocket Hall, silver bowl. Colonel and Mrs. R. B. Lane, travelling clock. Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil, Turkish inlaid table. Miss Flora MacLeod, silver whist markers. Lady Roberts, "Lord Roberts: Forty-one years in India," bound in green morocco. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Skinner, opera glasses in gun metal. Mr. Robert Berkeley, book for notes, ormolu mounted. Mr. Douglas, silver antique cigar ashtray. Hon. Alex. York, silver box. Lord and Lady William Seymour, tortoiseshell and silver paper knife. Mr. Frank Farrer, umbrella with cork handle. Mrs. Vyner, long chain, blue and red enamel. Hon. Mrs. Sartoris, silver pincushion. Hon. Mrs. Halford, silver gilt seal. Mrs. Jago, tortoiseshell and ormolu casket. Lady Mary Lloyd crystal seal. Mr. Alfred Sartoris, silver pencil. Lady Eva Dugdale, buckle. Viscountess Doneraile, china for plant. Miss G. Curtis, gold thimble set with stones. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hopwood, gold, ruby and diamond links. Mr. and Hon. Mrs. West, silver box. Miss Still, silver paperknife. Sir Frederick and Lady Wigan, tortoiseshell and silver clock. Earl Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, enamel and pearl clasp. Mrs. George Peacocke, parasol with violets. Dowager Lady Aylesford, china basket for flowers. Mary Lady Raglan, china bell. Miss Halford, enamel chain, four-leaved shamrock. Miss Willmott, gold hunter repeater watch. Hon. D. Keppel and Captain R. Peel, antique silver box. Mr. Thomas Baring, antique box with miniature. Hon Caroline Roche, silver taper holder. Hon. Mrs. Mitford, photograph frame. Hon. Helen Henniker, cherry silver mounted walking stick. Major Keppel and Mrs. Stephenson, writing pad in heliotrope morocco. Dowager Marchioness Conyngham, tooled leather box with print on lid. Mr. W. Ward Cook, old Sheffield canister. Hon. Mary Thesiger and Miss Wauchope, green morocco writing case. Hon. Mrs. Corbet, enamel charm in case. Mrs. Maxwell Williams, silver and red leather Prayer-book. Mrs. Charles Inge, china ornament. Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Cookson, gold pencil case with diamond monogram. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Berkeley, antique diamond heart bangle. Miss Eleanor Berkeley, mother-o'-pearl fan. Hon. Charles Ellis, sapphire and diamond ring. Mr. and Mrs. Cotton Curtis, silver box. Hon. Mrs. Dalrymple Hamilton, silver heart shaped frame. Miss M. Greathead, heart-shaped photo frame. Mr. Labalmondiere and Mrs. Hext, water colour by Rheam. Lady Maud Warrender, antique silver tray. Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley, stamped leather cabinet box with looking-glass top. Mr. and Mrs. V. F. Tufnell, tortoiseshell tray inlaid gold monogram. Mr. Maxwell Williams, large silver topped salts bottle. Mrs. H. C. Gunston, white leather cardcase with coronet in diamonds. Hon. Osbert Molyneux, tortoiseshell inlaid black lace fan with name. Mr. Gaspard Farrer, enamel and diamond topaz necklace. Mrs. Pratt Barlow, Hymn-book in silver case. Miss Hunter, silver hammered tray. Mrs. Basil Ellis, white silk cushion embroidered. Lady Harcourt, book — "Richard Conway," by G. Williamson. Mr. Laurence Currie, antique tortoiseshell and gold piqué box. Lady Katharine Coke, portrait of H.R.H. Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck in enamel and silver frame. Miss Addie Paget, piece of Turkish embroidery. Mrs. Gannon, heart-shaped silver box. From household 16, James's-street, S. Scun, L. Oldcum, L. Morgan, and A. Butler, silver panel photo frame with monogram. Mrs. Crutchley, white leather purse and cardcase. Mrs. Charles Harbord, silver and tortoiseshell tea canister. Hon. Mr. A. N. Hood, green enamel heartshaped sleeve links. Mr. and Mrs. Wyndham Portal, embossed leather book slide. Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Glyn, pair of antique Sheffield candlesticks. Mr. A. O. Kirby, enamel and gold perforated casket for potpourri. Countess of Sefton, Vienna inlaid leather despatch box, with name in gold. Mrs. [Col. 2c/3a] Adair Bruce, ivory carved cardcase. Miss Sybil Corbet, book bound in brown morocco, "The Child of the House." Mrs. Willmott, "Queen Victoria," by Holmes, bound in green crushed morocco, lined with watered silk. Sir Stafford and Lady Northcote, travelling bag with silver gilt fittings. Lady Margaret Levett, miniature frame in case. Arthur St. Leger Glyn, antique Empire ring stand. Miss Sand, tortoiseshell comb with pearl and diamond top. Lord and Lady Strathcona and Mount Royal, diamond brooch. Blanche Lady Rosslyn, ''Christian Year'' in white vellum binding. Miss Nimmo, red glass jar. Miss J. R. Nimmo, glass box with tray. Dowager Countess of Iddesleigh and Mr. Oliver Northcote, silver box with Turkish d'oyleys. Countess Helena Gleichen, antique ivory and gold fan. Rev. F. and Mrs. Colman, silver notebook. Sir Guy and Lady Campbell, white feather fan with tortoiseshell stick. Mr. William Gillett, silver repoussé hand mirror; Countess Vaida Gleichen, book, "Rubiat of Omar Khayyam," bound in Persian red morocco. Colonel Jago, dark blue despatch box with name. Mr. and Mrs. Philip Walker, silver photograph frame. Sir Whittaker and Lady Ellis, silver gilt sugar sifter and salver. Colonel and Mrs. Tufnell, antique silver box. Countess of Chesterfield, pair of cut glass and silver topped scent bottles. Mrs. Tighe, silver menu holder.<ref>"Marriages. Lord Mount-Stephen and Miss Tufnell." ''Clifton Society'' 09 December ''1897 Thursday: 14 [of 16], Cols. 2a–3a [of 3]. British'' Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18971209/071/0014.</ref></blockquote> ===7 December 1897, Tuesday=== The London ''Daily Chronicle'' reported on the 7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund (the date of the dinner is not reported in the story):<blockquote>Mr. George Wyndham, M.P., presided at the seventh annual dinner in aid of the Actors’ Benevolent Fund, held at the Whitehall Rooms, Hotel Metropole; and among others present were the Earl of Dartmouth, Viscount Dungarvan, Baron Eckhardstein, Mr. Beerbohm Tree, Mr. Edward Terry, Hon. A. Lyttelton, M.P., Lord Ronald Gower, Sir F. Milner, M.P., Hon. T. A. Brassey, Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Sir C. Scotter, Messrs. John Aird, M.P., E. H. Hulse, Alfred Beit, L. Brough, G. Candy, Q.C., George Conquest, W. L. Courtney, J. S. Forbes, H. Gillman, Edward Ledger, H. Lowenfeld, Henry Lucy, and C. I. Coltson (secretary). The Chairman, after submitting the usual loyal toasts, proposed “The Actors’ Benevolent Fund,” and in doing so said an important question was, Does the profession which benefits by this fund meet the benevolence of the public with any corresponding effort? He could only say that this fund was started in 1822, and that for many years it did not look to the public at all. It was only some six years ago, when the managers found their opportunities of doing good were growing beyond their resources, that they appealed to the public through the medium of these dinners; but they did not on that account relax their efforts, as might be judged from the fact that last year, while £16,500 stands on the credit side of this fund, the annual dinner was only credited with £908. One other question was whether this was a deserving charity. In answer to that he pointed out that it gave assistance to actors and actresses who were unfortunate but deserving; it discriminated between the deserving and the undeserving; it provided for the widows and orphans of those who died in the profession leaving their dear ones destitute; it supplied accommodation in hospitals and convalescent homes; and weekly grants were made to fifty-seven aged members of the profession. The Earl of Dartmouth proposed "The Drama," and expressed his sympathy with the charity which had been and was doing so much good, and with the profession which had done so much for our amusement and our profit. He referred to an amusing correspondence which, at the beginning of the century, his ancestor, Lord Dartmouth, when Lord Chamberlain, had with the then Bishop of London, who objected to the proposed appearance of Madame Catalani in male attire in a piece entitled “The Feast of Isis," and quoted Deuteronomy xxii, 5, "A woman shall not wear that which pertaineth to a man. The reply was that if Madame Catalani chose to do so the Lord Chamberlain doubted if he were strong enough to prevent her, but that, in any case, he did not consider that the verse quoted appiied to realism on the stage. (Laughter.) Mr. Candy. Q.C., responded to the toast. Mr. Edward Terry, in replying for the fund, towards the close of the proceedings, said he could assure them that the fund had been a great good to the poorer members of their craft. (Cheers.) At the present time there was no town in the United Kingdom where a deserving actor or actress need starve — (cheers) — and that result had only been achieved by this, the only Actors' Benevolent Fund. They had a number of other funds, it was true, but they were chiefly provident, while this provided for the old, the infirm and the orphans. At the present time they had provided, either directly or indirectly, for twenty orphans, which was a good record considering the short time the fund had been in existence; and when he announced that that evening's collection amounted to no less than £1,300 — (cheers) — they would agree that at the coming Christmastide many a “Tiny Tim" would have cause to bless the Actors’ Benevolent Fund. (Cheers.) The toasts of "The Chairman,” and "The Artists,” brought the proceedings to a close. Among those who contributed to the excellent after-dinner musical entertainment were Madame Zippora Monteith, Mons. Tivadar Nachez, Mr. Ben Davies, and the Meister Glee Singers.<ref>"For Distressed Players. Work of the Actors' Benevolent Fund." London Daily Chronicle 07 December 1897, Tuesday: 6 [of 10], Col. 1b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18971207/055/0006. Print title and p. same.</ref></blockquote> ===25 December 1897, Saturday=== Christmas Day 25 December 1897 or so, Sullivan's ballet ''Victoria and Merrie England'' closed at the Alhambra Theatre, Leicester Square (Richards 31). According to Richards, "members of the royal family attended on nineteen occasions.<ref name=":0">Richards, Jeffrey. ''Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953''. Manchester University Press, 2001: 31.</ref> Since 8 July 1897, the program "included a cinematograph film of the Jubilee procession."<ref name=":0" /> ===26 December 1897, Sunday=== Boxing Day === 30 December 1897, Thursday === ==== Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals ==== The "Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. A. Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Henry White]], and Mr. H. Milner" were at a party at Blenheim Palace in December 1897 in which people performed tableaux that got reported on, many of whom wore the costumes from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|July 1897 Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].<ref name=":32">"Politics and Persons." ''St. James' Gazette'' 31 December 1897, Friday: 13 [of 16]. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> The ''Irish Independent'' reported that "Mr Algernon Bourke, the aristocratic stock broker ... was mainly responsible for the living pictures at the Blenheim Palace entertainment.<ref>"Mr Algernon Bourke ...." ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.</ref> Perhaps this party lasted longer than a single day. The entertainment at the party at Blenheim Palace was a fund-raiser:<blockquote>Dramatic entertainment in aid of the restoration fund of Woodstock parish church were given yesterday afternoon and evening in the long library at Blenheim Palace. The first portion of the entertainment consisted of a series of tableaux in which those who look part included the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord Chesterfield, Lord Churchill, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lady Blandford, Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Mr. and Mrs. Henry White]], and Mr. H. Milner. Except in two cases the tableaux were of an historical character, and they were picturesquely portrayed. Many of the costumes were those worn at the Devonshire House fancy ball last June.<br /><br />The second part of the entertainment consisted of a new musical burlesque in two acts, entitled "An Idle Hour," written by Mr. lan Malcolm, M.P. The Countess of Clondyke was taken by the Duchess of Marlborough, and the Duke represented Septimus Sand in a typical get-up of Cousin Jonathan. Lady Randolph Churchill, in sprightly and amusing fashion, delineated an up-to-date lady journalist in the guise of Mrs. Jubilee Junius. Another character deserving of notice was that of Mrs. Oshant, which was entrusted to Lady Churchill. This was an obvious burlesque on Mrs. Ormiston Chant. The principal portion of the incidental music was furnished by Mr. C. W. Perkins, organist to the Birmingham Corporation.<ref>"Politics and Persons." ''St James's Gazette'' 31 December 1897 Friday: 13 [of 16], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001485/18971231/069/0013?browse=true.</ref></blockquote>Another report that includes "private theatricals" at other country-house parties as well, some of which were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#3 January 1898, Monday|performed at Chatsworth in the week or so following]]:<blockquote>Private theatricals are in great favour at country-house parties, and in many cases are a source of profit to local hospitals and charities. At Blenheim, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough produce a burlesque written by Mr. lan Malcolm, M.P., in which they themselves appear, assisted by Lady Randolph Churchill, Mr. H. Milner, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]]. The proceeds of the performance will go to the local infirmary. At Wynyard, Lord and Lady Londonderry's seat, "Little Toddlekins" is given, with Lady Helen Stewart the title rôle. At Aske, Lord and Lady Zetland are mounting the more ambitious "Rosemary," with Lord Ronaldshay and Lady Melton in the principal characters. At West Dean, Sussex, Mr. William James lately organised a perforniance of "His Little Dodge," with much resultant benefit to Chichester hospitals — in which Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mrs. James, Mr. Trevor, and Lady Randolph Churchill played the principal parts — a performance which is to be repeated at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#3 January 1898, Monday|Chatsworth before the Prince and Princess of Wales next week]].<ref>"County News." ''Evesham Standard & West Midland Observer'' 01 January 1898, Saturday: 3 [of 10], Col. 6c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002560/18980101/062/0003. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 3.</ref></blockquote>The ''Daily Telegraph'' gets into the background and purpose:<blockquote>Woodstock, Thursday Night. When, some few months ago, the question arose among the parishioners of Woodstock how the Restoration Fund of the church dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene — which boasts considerable antiquity — could best be benefited, the idea occurred to the Duchess of Marlborough that the desired result might possibly be brought about by organising a theatrical entertainment within the venerable walls of Blenheim Palace, and inviting a few intimate friends to help in the good cause. The thought may assuredly be regarded as a happy one, more especially in the light of the brilliant success that has attended the realisation of her Grace's excellent project. I am credibly informed that the performance given to-day in the beautiful Library of the Palace has witnessed positively the "first appearance on any stage" of the Duke and Duchess, and certainly the interest attaching to the entertainment was not the less keen on this account. Nor, as will readily be believed, did the fact of the programme chosen being somewhat leas conventional in character than are those usually identified with the “Theatre Royal Back Drawing Room” in any way militate against the success of the scheme. Rather did it serve to whet the appetites of those who came from near and from far to witness the theatricals and encourage with their applause the histroric endeavours of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. The past has witnessed more than one notable function at the historic home of the Churchills, but the appearance this evening of the ducal owners of Blenheim, with some of their distinguished guests, including Lady Randolph Churchill, in a clever new musical burlesque, “written by an esteemed member of Parliament,” possessed a peculiar attraction. A word for the lofty apartment, at one end of which was erected the stage, whereon the distinguished amateurs have disported themselves, to the admiration of their "kind friends in front.” The Long Library, which formerty contained the famous Sunderland Collection, is the largest room in the Palace. Very stately is the aspect of the apartment, with its tall white-fluted pillars, its exquisite ceiling mouldings, and the rare carvings that adorn its bookcases, and are attributed to Grinling Gibbons. There is a highly-ornamented statue of Queen Anne, executed by Rysbrach, inscnbed to the memory of that Sovereign, ‘‘under whose auspices John Duke of Marlborough conquered, and to whose munificence he and his posterity with gratitude owe the of possession of Blenheim." Many are the ancestral portraits, including some from the brush of Van Loo and Kneller, that find a place on its old walls. For these and other beirlooms, however, the audience which gathered to witness the eagerly awaited tableaux and theatricals had, it must be confessed, no eyes. Their whole interest was concentrated on the temporary stage and the illustrious amateurs, who "fretted their hour” upon it, and if the occasion was scarcely one that called for criticism on their part, the element of curiosity was was certainly not wanting during the performance. The "living pictures” that came first in the programme were arranged, I understand, by the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], who is distinctly to be congratulated upon the excellent taste and eye for the picturesque by him in the selection of the subjects and the grouping of the figures. The costumes of the Louis Quinze period must needs always lend themselves admirably to anything in the nature of tableaux vivants, and well did they become their wearers on the present occasion. The Duchess of Marlborough herself was modestly content to appear in two of the scenes only, and with no little grace and distinction did she bear herself, the powdered coiffure and long trains affected by the ladies of the Court of the “Grand Monarque” suiting her to perfection. First her Grace appeared as the Comtesse du Bearne in a gorgeous dress of ''eau de Nil'', upon which glittered silver beads, and in a white headdress adorned with black plumes, the subject being the presentation of Madame du Barri at the Court of Louis XV. The King’s favourite was personated by Lady Sarah Wilson, elegantly attired in pale blue, while his Majesty was represented by the Duke of Marlborough, the Duc de Choiseuil by Mr. Milner, and King’s Cardinal Minister by the Earl of Chesterfield. The Duchess’s second appearance was in the character of Maria Letzinska seen granting an audience. In this scene a right stately and commanding Theodora was found in the person of Lady Radolph Churchill, upon whose head sparkled a jewelled crown, and who wore a resplendent robe heavily embroidered with gold. In the Leçon de Danse, suggested by the well-known picture, the Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill and Mr. Milner figured to advantage, while later on Lord Churchill and Mr. J. Churchill posed dramatically as combatants in a duel following a masked ball, Viscountess Curzon, with scared features, and eagerly watching the development of the encounter, representing, to all seeming, the belle who had been the unwitting cause of the meeting. Among others who bore themselves well in the concluding tableaux were the Marchioness of Blandford and Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, and it only remains to mention, in connection with the first portion of the entertainment the interesting fact that many of the costumes pressed into service were those worn at the historic fancy-dress ball held at Devonshire House towards the close of last London season. To the cheery and delightfully irresponsible "burlesque” upon which the curtain afterwards rose Mr. lan Malcolm had given the engaging title “An Idle Hour,” and it says much for the assiduity with which the merry trifle had been rehearsed by the members of the “Blenheim Palace Musical Comedy Company," that not once in the course of the two acts did I overhear the voice of the prompter. So important a part does that every necessary official play in the performance of the majority of amateurs that I scarcely know whether to felicitate or commiserate Mr R. L. Angas, who kindly undertook the duties in question upon this occasion. As for the author himself, he ingeniously disarmed all criticism at the outset by frankly declaring that his production was wholly devoid of plot and that “the love interest would be sustained in French, Chinese, English, and American." Locating his characters in the “Isle of Whitely,” he was content to allow them to comport themselves as fantastic creatures pure and simple and array themselves according to the immaculate taste of the mercurial Mr. Clarkson. Thus the Duchess of Marlborough, masquerading for the nonce as “the Countess of Clondyke," appeared in a wondrous confection of salmon pink, and was closely followed by a trio of pet King Charles spaniels, whilst Lady Randolph Churchill, in the character of a Lady Journalist, with song, was in truly sportive attire, and the waggish author himself would have made Margate itself open wide its eyes. The Duke of Marlborough as the owner of an hotel and golf links in this strange “Isle of Whitely," Mr. J. Churchill as a Chinaman of the now familiar pattern, Lady Lilian Churchill as a Salvation Lass, Lady Norah Churchill as a pert Abigail, the Hon. A. Bourke excellently made up as a Boots, and Lord Charchill as a French Vicomte, arrayed as all Gallic viscounts are on the English stage, constituted the remainder of the cast. Appropriate music was composed and arranged for the piece by Mr. C. W. Perkins, of Birmingham. and with quip and crank and merry jest and lively songs and concerted numbers the light-hearted trifle evoked the heartiest laughter and applause from the crowded audience which had assembled to witness the charming entertainment given by the ducal owners of stately and venerable Blenheim.<ref>"Amateur Theatricals at Blenheim Palace. Tableaux and Burlesque. From Our Special Correspondent." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 31 December 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18971231/066/0005. Print title: The ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 5.</ref></blockquote> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} s0fs3p5q5ssexa4uavvv7zvnhzy175x 0 264287 2719094 2717061 2025-06-18T20:23:28Z Scogdill 1331941 2719094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] 1898 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1898== Sometime in 1898 MacGregor Mathers translated ''The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage, as delivered by Abraham the Jew unto his son Lamech, A.D. 1458''. Sometime in 1898 the Local Government Act was passed, and [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Gerald Balfour]] was "largely responsible for putting [it] through."<ref>O'Connor 163.</ref> ==January 1898== A [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace, home of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, in late December 1898]] may have continued into the new year. Some of those present included the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord Chesterfield, Lord Churchill, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lady Blandford, Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. and Mrs. A. Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, and Mr. H. Milner.<ref name=":23">"Politics and Persons." ''St. James' Gazette'' 31 December 1897, Friday: 13 [of 16]. ''British Newspaper Archive''.</ref> ===1 January 1898, Saturday, New Year's Day=== ===3 January 1898, Monday=== Bertie and Alex visit the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire's country estate Chatsworth. The last paragraph of this report mentions some [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|private or amateur theatricals, which were worked out and performed earlier]], in the week or so before this house party at Chatsworth. <blockquote>A truly loyal welcome was accorded the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] and the Princess Victoria upon their arrival at Chatsworth on Monday evening as the guests of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] until Saturday. The people assembled at Rowsley Station and on the road to Chatsworth in their thousands, but unfortunately for the would-be-spectators dusk had fallen when the Royal visitors arrived, and very few were afforded an opportunity of gaining a satisfactory glimpse of the genial features of the Heir Apparent or his gracious Consort. The Royal party left Sandringham at 1.40 and travelled by the Great Eastern to Peterborough, leaving at 2.55. From Peterborough the train was worked on the Midland Railway Company's line to Rowsley. The officials of the Midland Company who travelled from Peterborough were Sir Ernest Paget, chairman of the company; Mr. G. H. Turner, general manager; Mr. S. W. Johnson, locomotive superintendent; Mr. L. Mugliston, superintendent of the line; Mr. C. H. Jones, assistant locomotive superintendent; and Mr. Loveday, chief inspector. Rowsley Station was most elaborately and tastefully decorated by the gardeners from Chatsworth, and Mr. Pitt, stationmaster. From the platform to the entrance crimson cloth was laid, and the booking hall was adorned with choice plants. Shortly before five the Duke of Devonshire, accompanied by Lord Stanley and Mr. Dunville, the Duke of Devonshire's private secretary, entered the station. There were also present Mr. Gibson Martin, the Duke of Devonshires [sic] agent; Captain Holland, Chief Constable of Derbyshire, and a number of railway officials. A portion of the platform was reserved for privileged spectators, amongst whom were Mr. R. W. M Nesfield, J.P., agent to the Duke of Rutland, the Misses Cross (Bakewell), Mr. H. Deeley (Rowsley), and others. The train was not a minute late. The first passenger to alight was the Prince of Wales, who smiled very pleasantly as the Duke of Devonshire advanced to meet him. The Prince, who looked remarkably well, wore a brown hat and Chesterfield coat. The Princess of Wales and Princess Victoria having alighted, Sir Ernest Paget and Lord Stanley were introduced to the Prince of Wales. The Princess of Wales wore a sea blue grey travelling coat trimmed with white fox, and Medici collar and toque to match. Princess Victoria was attired in dark velvet, with a double-breasted ulster of dark velvet trimmed with pearl buttons and toque to match. Little ceremony marked the reception of the Prince and Princess at Rowsley Station. The approaches to this somewhat primitive-looking, though modern, building were kept by quite an imposing contingent of mounted constables, whose duties on the whole may be said to have been chiefly ornamental in effect. With dowers and palms and foliage brought from the famous conservatories at Chatsworth, the arrival platform was made positively radiant, whilst bright coloured flags and draperies served to relieve the normally prosaic aspect of the station walls and pillars. As time wore on, and the hands of the clock pointed towards the hour that was to witness the Royal visitors [coming? arriving? Fold in paper] the loyal villagers, who had gathered in the vicinity grew quite [restive?] with expectancy. It was interesting to hear fall from the lips of [some?] of those present recollections of that day, never forgotten seemingly in this part of the country, which saw the first appearance therein of the Princess of Wales. But soon a 1ull in the pleasant chatter of the village folk indicated that their interest in the event to which all had been looking forward had reached its acutest stage, and in another moment the Royal "special" had come to a standstill, and a couple of hundred voices or more proclaimed the loyalty of the restful little Rowsley. In the faint glimmer of the lights the Princess of Wales, dressed wholly in black, could be seen leaning on the arm of the Duke of Devonshire and walking towards the carriage in waiting, followed by the Prince of Wales and Princess Vic[t]oria, who was also attired in black. With their Ro[y]al Highnesses were Captain Holford and Miss Knollys. Preceded by outriders and driven by postillions arrayed in splendid liveries of dark blue and silver, the Devonshire colours, the equipages made their way at a rapid pace through the little streets of Rowsley, in which but for the lateness of the hour many a loyal inscription emblazoned on trim house-front or across a balcony, would have greeted the eyes of the distinguished visitors. As it was, nevertheless, the familar [sic] signs and tokens of devotion were not wanting, and there fell upon the ears of the occupants of the ducal carriages hearty and enthusiastic cheering[.] Holding aloft bright torches, moreover, the presence of the children of the parish schools, assembledon [sic] either side of the roadway imparted a picturesque element to the welcome accorded to their Royal Highnesses. A like reception was extended the guests of the Duke and Duchess as they passed through the old-world village of Beeley; whilst flambeaux, borne by the young tenants on the estate, shed their fitful light on the carriages as they were driven through the beautiful park itself, near the ornate gates of which a large throng had assembled to shout their welcome upon the arrival of the Prince and Princess at Chatsworth. At this moment arc lamps of electric light were making bright the terraces and grounds over- looked by the windows of the old house, the fountains were plashing, and the waters of the cascades falling beneath lights of many brilliant colours, which illumined for the nonce the beautiful gardens of Chatsworth, and proclaimed to all in its neighbourhood that the Royal guests had arrived. The company invited to meet their Royal Highnesses consists of the Earl of Rosebery, Earl and Countess De Grey, the Countess of Gosford, Viscount Acheson and Lady Alexandra Acheson, M. de Soveral, Count Mensdorf, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord and Lady Elcho, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, the Right Hon. Arthur Balfour, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr. and Mrs, [sic] Grenfell, Lord Stavordale, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. W. James. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Captain Jeffcock, Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Leo Trevor, Mr. Strong, Mr. Malcolm Bell, Captain Holford, and Miss Knollys. The week's programme will be largely influenced by considerations of weather, especially as a visit to far-famed Haddon Hall is included for the benefit of the Princess. There will be three days' shooting, and the Baslow, Paddocks. Birchill, Stan Wood, Hare Park, and Bunker's Hill preserves have been expressly reserved for this week. A large marquee will be erected near the scene of the shooting. A prominent feature of the week's amusements will be the theatrical performance, which is to take place on Friday night. That performance is to be repeated for the benefit of the local nursing charity on the Monday night following. In the cast of "His Little Dodge," a three-act farce, are Mrs. W. James, as Lady Miranda Little; Lady Randolph Churchill, as Candy(a maid); Mr. Mildmay, as Sir Hercules Little; Mr. Leo Trevor, as Mr. Hobb; Captain Jeffcock, as Mr. Pollaby Pitlow; and Mr. Malcolm Bell, as Grice (a gardener). The trio of characters in "Kitty Clive," Frankfort Moore's comedy, are taken by Miss Muriel Wilson, who is in the title role; Captain Jeffcock, as Jack Bates (a provincial actor), and Mr. Leo Trevor, as the Landlord of the King’s Head, Thatcham. Mr. Johnston's string band, from Manchester, which is engaged to play at the house every day during the week, will provide the orchestra, the performance taking place in the ballroom.<ref>"The Prince and Princess of Wales at Chatsworth." ''Derby Mercury'' 5 January 1898, Wednesday: 2 [of 8], Col. 2b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18980105/005/0002 (accessed June 2019).</ref></blockquote> === 28 January 1898 === The ''Gentlewoman'' reports that Mr. Schreiber was a member of the house party at Ecton, Northampton, at the Sotheby's:<blockquote>A Small and Early Dance was given by General and Mrs. Sotheby at Ecton, Northampton, on January 28, the night after the Pytchley Hunt Ball. The houses round brought parties. The house party at Ecton included Mr. and Lady Agnes de Trafford, Lady Sinclair, the Master of Sinclair, and the Hon. Ada St. Clair, Lady Ida Dalzell, Hon H. Lee-Dillon, Miss Blois, Miss De Capell Brooke, Mr. Innes Ker, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Miss MacMillar-Scott, Mr. Herbert Sotheby, Mr. Alfred Sotheby, and Mr. Harold Russell.<ref>"A Small and Early Dance." ''The Gentlewoman'' 12 February 1898, Saturday: 19 [of 68], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980212/089/0019.</ref></blockquote> ==February 1898== === 3 February 1898, Thursday === ==== The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo ==== <blockquote>Among present visitors at Monte Carlo are Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Uxbridge, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lord and Lady Savile, Lord and Lady Deramore, Sir E. Price, and Sir Walter and Lady Gilbey.<ref>"Notes — Mainly Personal." ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 3 February 1898, Thursday: 3 [of 6], Col. 3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18980203/001/0003. Print title ''Evening Telegraph'', p. 3.</ref></blockquote> ===22 February 1898, Tuesday=== The ball at which Lord Rosebery’s daughters debuted:<blockquote>The smartest members of London society were present at the ball given on Tuesday by Lord Rosebery in honour of his daughters, Lady Sybil and Lady Peggy Primrose, who affected their début under exceptionally brilliant auspices. Both looked wonderfully nice and fresh in twin frocks of white satin and chiffon with white flowers, of simplest make, but yet so pretty and so picturesque. The Prince of Wales looking all the better for his trip to the seaside opened the ball with Lady Sybil Primrose, while Mrs. Arthur Sassoon danced in the same quadrille with Count Mensdorff. The [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Devonshire]], in pale green and white with embroidery of roses; the Duchess of Marlborough, in white with her magnificent pearls; the Duchess of Buccleuch, in black; the Duchess of Montrose, in pale pink, trimmed with satin of a deeper hue, and wearing a superb diamond coronet; the Duchess of Roxburghe, in black, glittering with diamonds and jet; Lady Spencer, in grey satin, with pink roses, and wearing a tiara and necklace of brilliants; and Lady Tweedmouth, in beautiful rose colour, were only a few of the great ladies present. There was a sprinkling also of foreign Ministers and representatives, including the Russian Minister, the Portuguese and Brazilian Ministers, and Chargé d'Affaires of the United States and his pretty wife. Perhaps the débutantes attracted most attention. The prettiest dress in the room was that worn by Lady Marjorie Carrington, a little soft white dress with garlands of pink roses; and Lady Tweeddale’s daughter, Lady Clementine Hay, was dressed white tulle over satin, with roses and white satin baby ribbon. Among other girls who looked well were Lady Beatrix Taylour, in white satin and tulle embroidered with diamonds, and Lady Helen Stuart, in white and silver with turquoise and diamond ornaments. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] wore white satin with a bright red sash, and her hair threaded with a ribbon of red satin. Lady Katharine Egerton worn white, and Lady Katharine Stanhope wore pink veiled in white embroidered net. Everyone had nice things to say about the young debutantes, who are charming girls, so fresh and unspoiled, entering into everything with the utmost enthusiasm; they have been brought up in such seclusion that all ordinary pleasures are to them as a surprise and a delight. The beauty of the night was Lady Helen Vincent, who looked simply lovely in turquoise blue with pale blue twisted in her soft, fair hair, and a beautiful diamond crown. She is so tall, so slender, and spirituelle in appearance, that everyone turned to look at her as she passed by; Lady Granby was also very noticeable on account of her slender height and picturesque appearance; and she brought with her Miss Pamela Plowden. Mrs. Arthur Pagent [sic?] was a brilliant figure in black, glittering with sea-blue sequins; she wore a rtviere [?] of diamonds on a blue ribbon round her throat, and a diamond comb with trembling diamonds in her hair; while Georgiana Lady Dudley, always beautiful, was dressed all in white, with a pearl coronet on her head and ropes of pearls round her throat; and Mrs. Grenfell was also beautiful in white. Lady Sassoon had a beautiful bow of diamonds glittering in her dark hair; the Marquise d’Hautpoul looked the essence of elegance in pale green satin, with emerald and diamond embroidery; Mrs. Hwfa Williams was in black satin, veiled with jet-embroidered net and embroideries [?] in silver; and Mrs. Asquith wore bright ruby velvet. A very beautiful dress was worn by Mrs. Charles Wilson of black fish net over jetted tulle and glittering chains as sleeves; and Mrs. Henry White wore a handsome dress of pink satin, ornamented with big bunches of purple and white flowers, and in her hair large wings encrusted with diamonds. Among other noticeable in the throng were Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rothschild, Lady Suffield and her daughter, Lord and Lady Carrington, Lady Minto, Lady Romney, in cerise; Lady Cole, looking none the worse for her successful efforts at the Brighton Ice Carnival; and Mrs. Maguire, in black, with little white bows tastefully embroidered all over the skirt. The many men included Lord Cork, Lord Rowton, Lord Stavordale, Lord Hyde, Mr. Ronald Moncrieffe, Mr. Henry Foley, Mr. Chaine, Mr. Montague Wood, Mr. Haldane, and Mr. Gaston Fox [?]. The front staircase leading up to the ball room was at one time completely blocked by two streams of people passing in and out; but the ball room was spacious and prettily decorated in bright red, while the staircase leading to the supper room beneath had little nooks and corners, which were very popular as sitting out places; and the tables in the supper room were beautifully decorated with festoons of pink tulips intertwined with lilies of the valley and Lental lilies mingled with mimosa.<ref>"A Brilliant Ball.” ''Christchurch Times'' 26 February 1898, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002170/18980226/094/0006 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==March 1898== ==April 1898== ===8 April 1898, Friday=== Good Friday ===10 April 1898, Sunday=== Easter Sunday === 1898 April 12, Tuesday === Writing from Cannes on the 13th, the author of "The Gentlewoman Abroad" column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says,<blockquote>I was at Monte Carlo yesterday, and was quite surprised to find how full the place was of notable people, including the Duke and Duchess of Leuchtenberg, the Marquis of Tweeddale, Lady Clementine Hay, the Earl of Kilmorey, Lord Rowton (who is going to Nice for a few days), Lord Henry Grosvenor, the Countess Dowager of Wilton, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir Charles and Lady Jessel, Sir Edward and Lady Hill, Sir Robert and Lady Pollock, Sir Henry and Lady Hawkins, Sir Herbert Oakeley, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Sir Edward and Lady Green, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Mrs. Beaser (a sister of the Duchess of Bedford), the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Fitzwilliam, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Bontheim, Mr. and Mrs. Montagu Baron, and Mr. James Gordon Bennett. There do not appear to be many visitors left at Mentone, but there are still a good many at Cap Martin, including the great "Lipton," who told a friend of mine that the exact amount subscribed for his company was forty-three millions for a capital of only three.<ref>"The Gentlewoman Abroad." ''Gentlewoman'' 23 April 1898, Saturday: 54 [of 72], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980423/346/0054#. Print: same title, p. 566.</ref></blockquote> ===14 April 1898, Thursday=== W. B. Yeats went to Paris to see MacGregor and Moina Mathers (Harper 74 18). ===25 April 1898, Monday=== "On [1898,] 25 April, Yeats wrote to Lady Gregory from Paris, where he had been 'for a couple of days', that he was 'buried in Celtic mythology' and would be 'for a couple of weeks or so'. 'My host', he said in a postscript, 'is a Celtic enthusiast who spends most of his day in highland costume to the wonder of the neighbours.'"<ref>Harper 1974 18.</ref> Maud Gonne was also in Paris. ==May 1898== ===2 May 1898, Monday=== <blockquote>The Annual Dinner of the Incorporated Society of Authors was held on Monday night at the Holborn Restaurant. The Bishop of London presided, and among those present were Colonel Hay, the American Ambassador, Sir Martin and Lady Conway, Mrs. Lynn Linton, Lord Welby, the High Commissioner for Canada, the Servian Minister, the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, Sir Richard Temple, Mr. Anthony Hope, the Agent-General for New Zealand, Sir W. H. Russell, Mr. Sidney Lee, Lord Monkswell, Professor Michael Foster, Professor Skeat, Sir Walter Besant, the Rev. T. G. Bonney, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Greville]], Lady Colin Campbell, Mr. T. S. Townsend, Mr. F. D. Beddard, Mr. Oscar Murray, the Rev. H. R. Haweis, Mr. H. Rider Haggard, Mr. J. Scott Keltie, Mr. A. W. à Beckett, and Mr. J. M. Lely. After the toast of ‘The Queen, which was enthusiastically drunk, [sic] The Chairman submitted the principal toast— viz. “The Society. He said he believed it was generally supposed that a meeting of authors was a meeting of persons whose one desire was to read to one another their own compositions— but he assumed they had all on this occasion left their latest manuscripts in the coat-pocket of their other attire. Of course the most comfortable form of conversation was that of criticising the imbecility of everybody else, and he could only suppose that after-dinner speaking was introduced for that purpose. It was there. fore with a profound consciousness of what the guests might say about them that the speakers would address them that evening. In submitting the toast of the society, he would like to say that authors, in spite of what had been said about them, were a very harmless class of the community. That truth was at all events permeating the youthful mind. He heard the other day of a boy who had arrived at the conclusion that he would go into the Navy, but after hearing his father talk about the probable results of the warfare that was now going on, and suggestions as to what might happen to the ships, he assumed a peaceful air, and approaching his father said, ‘I do not think I shall go into the Navy after all.’ ‘Indeed, said his father, ‘what will you do?' The boy replied, ‘I shall be a poet, it is less dangerous.” Referring to the work of the Society, Dr. Creighton said a good deal had been done, though not all that its most zealous members expected, and he wished it every success. He hoped the time might come when all publishers would compete for the honour of publishing their works. Sir Martin Conway, in responding, said very little had happened worth recording in the past year. They had added the usual 100 members, and they hoped to follow their rule by electing the chairman of their dinner a member. They were, of course, very much interested in the two copyright Bills before Parliament, and, although they could not hope to see them passed into law in the coming session, the fact that they were before Parliament would attract attention to the many questions connected with copyright which demanded attention and solution. With regard to the Canadian Bill, they were likely, owing largely to the energetic and able help of Mr. Hall Caine, to have an Act passed which would be eminently satisfactory to all English authors and to the Canadian people. The Society, he believed, would continue to prosper, and they would ultimately [Col. 1–Col. 2] include all the authors of any importance as well as all the young beginners in authorship that the country contained. Mr. Sidney Lee, in submitting the toast of 'The Guests,' mentioned the names of many who had honoured the Society with their presence. He put the American Ambassador first in the list; and the name of Colonel Hay was received with loud and long-continued cheers. The toast was responded to by Lord Welby. The toast of ‘The Chairman' was proposed by Mr. Anthony Hope, who, in the course of a humorous speech, complained that authors should have been signalled out from all other professions as the class upon whom the doctrines of Socialism should be tried. The Chairman, in responding, remarked that he could hardly claim to be recognised as an author. It was true he had written a few books, but his experience had not been particularly happy, for he had never made enough out of his books to pay for those he had to buy to enable him to write them. (1898-05-07 Publishers' Circular).</blockquote> ===17 May 1898, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy Countess Warwick]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] were at the May Drawing Room: <quote>Lady Warwick's appearance at Tuesday's Drawing Room caused great excitement; she certainly looked most beautiful, and was most graciously welcomed in the Throne Room. The Queen had gone before she passed [through], but the Prince and Princess of Wales and Prince Christian evidently congratulated her on her reappearance after her illness. Mrs. Chamberlain looked exceedingly well, and so did Miss Muriel Wilson.</quote> (1898-05-21 Bridgnorth Journal) Lord and Lady Wimborne hosted a dinner party at Wimborne House that evening. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]] was there, as was Muriel Wilson, among others.<blockquote>Lord and Lady Wimborne entertained at dinner last evening, at Wimborne House, Arlington-street, the Duke of Roxburghe and Lady Margaret Innes Ker, the Countess of Erne and Lady Evelyn Crichton, Mr. and Lady Theodore Guest and Miss Guest, Lord and Lady de Ramsey and the Hon. Alexandra Fellowes, Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lady Muriel Parsons, Lord Percy St. Maur, Viscount Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Baron and Baroness Emile d'Erlanger, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentiuck, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. Penn, M.P., and Miss Penn, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Bingham, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Captain and Miss Keith Fraser, Miss Bernard, the Hon. Robert Grosvenor, the Hon. Claud Willoughby, the Hon. Rupert Guinness, Mr. Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Mr. Brassey, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, and Mr. Du Cane.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 18 May 1898, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18980518/048/0007.</ref></blockquote> ===25 May 1898, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball that night? ==== [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa William's Dinner-Dance at the Savoy]] ==== ===28 May 1898, Saturday=== Gladstone's funeral in Westminster Abbey. The NY Times erroneously reported that he was laid next to Disraeli, but only Disraeli's bust was there; Disraeli was buried in Hughenden. ===29 May 1898, Sunday=== Whit Sunday ==June 1898== Summer 1898: WBY summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===14 June 1898, Tuesday=== Ascot. <quote>House Parties. The largest of the house parties for Ascot is that which is given by Lord and Lady Alice Stanley, who have staying with them Lady Gosford and her daughter, Lord and Lady Derby and their daughter, Lord Curzon and Lady Georgiana Curzon, and Lord and Lady Wolverton; while Mr. and Mrs. Grenfell are bringing over a coach-load from Taplow Court, including Lord and Lady Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart. Lord and Lady Uxbridge have a party, including Sir George Chetwynd and Miss Olive Chetwynd and James and Lady Miller. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Mr. and Mrs. Henry King (who have taken Warfield for the week), are also entertaining parties. Mrs. Bischoffsheim’s party includes Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Lord and Lady Rossmore, Lady de Trafford, Lord Elcho, and M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]]; while the Duke of Portland, Sir Arthur and Lady Hayter, and Mr. Cassel are also entertaining.</quote> (St. James's Gazette 1898-06-14). === 16 June 1898, Thursday === Clarence and Clara Rook attended a "very smart wedding":<blockquote>Mr. J. W. Boyce to Mrs. E. Drinkwater. <big>A</big> <small>VERY</small> smart wedding was that of Mr. J . W. Boyce, of Stroud, with Mrs. E. Drinkwater, on Thursday last at Mary Abbot's, Kensington. Mrs. Drinkwater, who, as Miss Bessie Brooke, fulfilled many engagements with Mr. Sims Reeves and Mr. Foli [?], had quite a professional gathering to wish her success on her marriage. Among those present were Sir James Linton, Miss Lily Hanbury, Mrs. E. L. Curson, Mr. Mowbray Marrus, Sir Charles and Lady Dilke, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Bishop, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Rook]], Mme. Belle Cole, Mme. and Miss Richard, Mr. Wentworth Croke, Mr. Probyn Dighton, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Miss May Whitty, Mr. A. D. Johnstone (who gave away the bride), Mrs. and Miss Owen, Mr. Spurr, Miss Amy Proctor, Captain and Mrs. Adrian Jones, Miss Hetty and Miss Lena Dene, and Mr. Alfred C. Calmour. The E. H. Hawkins conducted the service, and Mr. Dudman presided at the organ. The bride looked charming in a grey brocaded satin trimmed with old lace and pale grey chiffon, and a steel-trimmed bonnet with blush pink roses, her bouquet was composed of white and pink carnations. After the wedding a large gathering of friends took place at 8, Avonmore Mansions, where the numerous presents were on view.<ref>"Mr. J. W. Boyce to Mrs. E. Drinkwater." ''Gentlewoman'' 18 June 1898, Saturday: 47 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980618/216/0047#. P. 859 in the print newspaper.</ref></blockquote> === 21 June 1898, Tuesday === <blockquote><quote>ANGLO-AFRICAN WRITERS' CLUB. The monthly dinner of the Anglo-African Writers' Club took place last night at the Grand Hotel. Mr. Rider Haggard presided over a large attendance, which included as the principal guest of the evening Mr. J. G. Kotze, late Chief Justice of the South African Republic; Dr. Lyne Stivens, Major Ricarde Seaver, Mr. R. F. Hawkesley, Mr. F. Dyer, Mr. W. Carr, jun., Baron Zedlitz, Mr. W. Garland Soper, Mr. J. H. Huddart, and Mr. G. E. Matheson, hon. secretary. The Chairman proposed the toast of "The Health of Mr. Kotze," with whom twenty years ago he was closely associated in Transvaal affairs. He said they had heard of strange things happening in the Transvaal; they had heard of corruption; but it had never been suggested that there had ever been anything that savoured of corruption or partiality in the High Court of the Transval while Chief Justice Kotze presided over it. (Hear, hear.) Chief Justice Kotze was, however, dismissed with as little ceremony as might befit the dismissal of a defaulting usher. (Shame.) He was dismissed because he stood up for the rights and liberties of Justice as represented by the persons of those who administered it; because he stood up for the rights and liberties of civilised men. He now appealed to the only power to whom he could fitly appeal, the Government and the people of this country. (Cheers.) Mr. Kotze, who was accorded a most cordial reception, said he had passed through a very varied experience. In 1877, when for the first time he presided over the High Court of the Transvaal, in his address to the practitioners he stated that the motto on which he would act would be "Onward and upward," and true to the line, he had never deviated from or falsified that motto. (Hear, hear.) Those in England who had been trained to look on the law as laid down by those great lawyers who had made the British Constitution as inviolate could hardly realise in these days the possibility of an onslaught being made on the independence of Justice or of those whose duty it was to administer it. He, as one of the Judges of the Transvaal, was appointed for life, and could only be dismissed after trial before a properly constituted Court, yet in consequence of a question which was submitted to the Judges a new Law was hurried through the Volksraad in three days against the advice of its own legal advisers. The Judges said they would stand together to maintain the independence of the Court in accordance with the Constitution of the Transvaal and in defence of the liberties, the lives, and the property of the people of the country. He was dismissed summarily for the action which he took, and had been denied the right of trial, to which he was entitled, and failing that he had appealed to the British Government and the British people, in whose sense of justice and of right he had every confidence. (Hear, hear.) </quote><ref>"Anglo-African Writers' Club." ''Morning Post'' Tuesday 21 June 1898: 3 [of 12], Col. 4B. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18980621/009/0003.</ref></blockquote> ===26 June 1898, Sunday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==July 1898== === 23 July 1898, Saturday === [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Helena Keith Fraser]]'s wedding:<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF LORD STRADBROKE AND MISS HELENA KEITH FRASER The marriage of the Earl of Stradbroke with [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Miss Helena Keith Fraser]], daughter of the late General Keith Fraser, and granddaughter of Madame de Falbe, was celebrated in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Saturday afternon [sic]. The Princess of Wales was present at the wedding, accompanied by Princeess Victoria of Wales and Princess Marie of Greece, and attended by the Dowager Countess of Morton and Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein also attended, with Major Martin and Miss Emily Loch in waiting. The bride was accompanied to the chancel by her brother, Captain Hugh Fraser, 1st Life Guards, who gave her away. The bridesmaids were Lady Evelyn Crichton, Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lady Kathleen Cole, the Hon. Ethel Fraser, and Miss Honor Leigh (daughter of Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh), and Miss Kitty Leigh (daughter of Mrs. Gerard Leigh), the two little cousins of the bride. The bride was attired in a Brussels lace gown with train of satin trimmed with chiffon and lace. She wore a Brussels lace veil and a crown of orange blossoms. Her ornament was a small diamond pin, which belonged to her father, and she carried a small bunch of lilies of the valley. The bridesmaids wore picturesque dresses of white chiffon, with fichus and narrow blue sashes. Their hats were drawn chiffon, with a blue Louis Seize knot in front and a large pink rose. They carried loose bunches of the same flower, and wore turquoise bracelets given by the bridegroom. The service was choral, and on the entrance of the bride the hymn, "Blest are the pure in heart,'* was sung. The hymn after the address was, "Peace, perfect peace,” and the anthem by Sir John Goss was, ‘‘Praise the Lord, O my soul.” The Bishop of Norwich conducted the service, assisted by the Vicar of Henham and other clergy. Earl Sondes acted as Lord Stradbroke’s best man. Among those present, in addition to their Royal Highnesses, were the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Duke of Abercorn, the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton and Lady Gladys Hamilton, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Chetwynd, the Countess of Rosse and Lady Muriel Parsons, Lady Alington, Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester, the Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, Lady Savile and Miss Helyar, the Dowager Countess of Lonsdale, the Dowager Lady and the Misses Blois, Isabella Countess of Wilton, the Countess of Uxbridge, Lady Hartopp and Miss Wilson, the Countess of Enniskillen, Lady Virginia Sanders, Admiral and Miss De Horsey, the Countess of Westmoreland, the Countess of Kilmorey, Lady Baker, Count and Countess de Torre Diaz and Miss Zulueta, Sir W. and Lady Barttelot, Mr. and Mrs. F. Hartmann, Colonel Rowley, Captain Hugh Fraser, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hotham, Miss Gye, Captain and Mrs. McNeil, the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Mrs. Beresford Melville, Mr. Willie de Falbe, Mrs. and Miss Flower, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. William West, General and Mrs. Stewart, Mrs. and the Misses Wormald, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Colvin, Mr. G. F. Clarke, the Hon. Mrs. R. Greville, Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont Hotham, Lady Maud and the Hon. Randolph Capell, Miss Tatlock, the Rev. J. and Mrs. Patrick, the Rev. A. R. and Mrs. Upcher, Lord Huntingfield, Mr. and Mrs. Kerrison, Miss Sybil Drummond, Colonel and Mrs. Bence Lambert, the Hon. Constance Hamilton Russell, Mrs. Ewart and Miss Bulkeley, Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, Mr. Percy Whittaker, Mr. George Farnham, Miss Hawkes, Mr. Cross, Mr. and Lady Gwendoline Colvin, Lady Jane Combe, Colonel and Mrs. Bagot-Chester, Colonel and Mrs. Burnaby, Captain Hotham, Major Taylor, Mr., Mrs. and Miss Verey, the Hon. A. Yorke, Sir George Hutchison, Mrs. Langenbach, Mrs. C. and Miss Murray, Gen. and the Hon. Mrs. Talbot, Colonel and Mrs. Cavaye, Mrs. Sandham, Major and Mrs. Sclater, Lady St. Oswald, the Hon. Mrs. and Miss Dudley Ward, Helen Lady Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. Gaussen, the Rev. and Mrs. Claude Hope Sutton, Lady Cunard, Mr. Walter Bonham, Lady Wolverton, Captain Heaviside and Mrs. Fane and the Masters Fane, Mr. and Mrs. Lucas, Lady Du Cane, Miss Anna Cassel, Lady Constance Gore, Lady Inchiquin, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Captain and Mrs. Halford, Captain Darby-Griffiths, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hall, Miss Wormald, Lady Swansea and the Hon. Miss Vivian, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Walker, Mr. Morrice, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone, Mr. Remnant, Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, Mrs. and Miss Verschoyle, Alicia Lady Buchanan Riddell, Georgina Countess of Dudley, the Hon. Lady lngleby, Lady Augusta Fane, and many others. Sir William Fraser was prevented from attending by illness. The reception was held after the ceremony at 19, Grosevnor-square [sic], the town residence of de Falbe, and the Earl and Countese Stradbroke left later for Carlton Curlieu Hall, near Leicester, the seat of Lady Hilda McNeil, sister of the bridegroom. The bride’s going-away dress was of silk in cream shade of pale lilac, trimmed with point d’Alencon lace, pale blue vest, and tocque to match. The "Lady's Pictorial" gives the following description of the dresses, etc.: —The bride was attired in a most beautiful gown and veil of exquisite old Brussels lace in a rare design of roses and leaves (the gift of her mother). The lace dress over satin, slightly trained, fell full graceful folds at the back, while the bodice, transparent at the top, formed a small open V between the beautifully scalloped border, and the lace below the waist was drawn into a short soft drapery. Deep flouncing of the lace, which cost a small fortune, was laid on all round the Court train, almost covering it except in the centre, where there was a soft drapery of mousseline-de-soie. The lace veil surmounted a coronet of orange blossoms, and was fastened with diamond pins. The bridesmaids’ dainty and beautiful costumes consisted of white silk muslin dresses over white satin, with over skirts of the muslin sweeping round to the waist in front, and bordered with a flounce hemmed and put on with ruching. Frilled fichus trimmed the bodices fastened in front with large single pink roses on the stem, and their sashes were of pale blue inch-wide satin ribbon with long ends at the back. Their transparent drawn chiffon hats bordered with frill caught up with narrow blue ribbon bows, had a large rose at the side, and a long spray of lovely leaves almost encircling the crowns. The little girls looked quaint and charmingly bonny in similar costumes, their skirts just touching the ground; and their presents from the bridegroom wore gold bracelets set with turqouises and pearls, and loose posies of pink cabbage roses. The Princess of Wales was present in a pale grey gown with a white satin bodice trimmed with lace, and pale pink in her toque; Princess Victoria of Wales was dressed in pale mauve and white, and Princess Marie of Greece wore pale coral pink chiffon and a white hat; Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein wore a handsome black lace gown over pale cornflower-blue silk and white lace at the neck, ruches of the soft blue silk trimming her toque. After the ceremony a reception was held at Madame de Falbe's residence, 19, Grosvenor-square. Mrs. Keith-Fraser was handsomely gowned in delicate peach-colour pear de soie, scarves of lovely old point d’Aloncon lace trimming the skirt, and the fichu drapery on the bodice of peach-coloured mousseline de soie bordered with lace matching the scarves; lace was also carelessly wound round the muousseline sleeves, and pansies trimmed her peach-coloured gauze toque. The bride’s travelling costume consisted of cream-coloured serge, the skirt trimmed with a cluster of rows of stitching, outlining a deep flounce. The coat, with strapped seams, and outlined with rows of stitching, had the fronts arranged in narrow diagonal tucks. The draped revers were of white batiste let in with lace heading and hem-stitched, and the vest was of lace insertion and muslin over pale blue. The sleeves were tucked at the top, there were handsome blue fancy buttons on the coat, and the hat was in blue and white. The wedding presents, numbering over 400, included the following:— From the Prince and Princess [Col. 1c] / [Col. 2a] of Wales, ruby and diamond bracelet; Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, gold-handled parasol and tortoiseshell handled umbrella: the Maharajah of Cooch Behar, diamond and ruby brooch: bridegroom to bride, diamond and opal necklace, diamond and ruby ring, gold sovereign locket, hunting crop, etc.; Madame de Falbe (grandmother of the bride), diamond crown, diamond solitaire earrings, diamond riviere, trousseau, set of Russian furs, Russian fur cloak, diamond tiara, brougham; Lady Stradbroke, diamond and turquoise tiara, grand piano, set of silver spoons; Mrs. Keith Fraser, old lace, jewels, etc.; Sir William Fraser, cheque for one thousand pounds; Mrs. George Falbe, handsome diamond ring; Sir John Willoughby, diamond and sapphire bracelet; Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, sapphire and diamond ring; Captain and Mrs. Leigh, diamond and opal pendant; Captain Hugh Fraser, large diamond ring; Lady Dudley, diamond and turquoise ring; Earl of Wemyss, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Lady Edmonstone, travelling bag with yellow tortiseshell and gold fittings; Lord Kenyon, old fan; Mr. and Mrs. George Dawkins, diamond butterfly; Countess of Erne, gold vases; Duchess of Sutherland, silver tea caddy; Lord Crichton, large silver and tortoiseshell box; Lord Stavordale, antique silver box; Lord Ava, marble and bronze inkstand: Lord Lovat, silver box; Lady Alexandra Hamilton, inland [sic] table; Mrs. Markham, silver looking-glass; Madame de Falbe's household, inlaid satinwood table; choir of Luton, hymn book; schools at Henham, Prayer Book; employees at Luton, silver inkstand, etc. Mrs. Mason, New Burlington-street, made the wedding dress, bridesmaids’ costumes, and Mrs. Keith-Fraser’s gown, and Madame Kate Reily made the travelling dress. Photographs of the bride, bridegroom, and bridesmaids were taken after their return from the ceremony at church by Mr. F. Thurston, F.R.P.S., of Luton.<ref name=":0">"Marriage of Lord Stradbroke and Miss Helena Keith Fraser." Herts ''Advertiser and Times'' 30 July 1898 Saturday: 2 [of 8], Cols. 1a–2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18980730/101/0002.</ref></blockquote> === 1898 July 27, Wednesday === The same article from the Herts ''Advertiser and Times'' on [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Helena Fraser]]'s wedding, which took place on Saturday 23 July 1898. finishes with this description of the servants' dinner hosted by Madame de Falbe on Wednesday:<blockquote>In honour of the marriage, a supper was given to the servants at the Hoo on Saturday, and very pleasant time was spent, toasts, songs, and dances being order of the evening. On Wednesday a dinner was given by Madame de Falbe (who was unavoidably absent) to all the estate servants, the catering being done by Mr. Harris, of the Leather Bottle, who undoubtedly gave every satisfaction. Tbe table was beautifully laid out with a large variety of flowers, etc., and the place of honour was occupied by a portion of the bride cake. Mr. R. Halsey (steward) occupied the chair, and was ably supported by Messrs. Cole and Pigott (vice-chairmen). About 200 sat down. The Chairman, in giving the toast, "The Queen and Royal Family," made sympathetic reference to the Prince’s accident. The next toast was that of Madame de Falbe, submitted by Mr. B. Cole, and received with three cheers. The Chairman replied. Mr. Pigott in felicitous terms proposed the health of the bride and bridegroom, and Mr. Halsey responded on their behalf. During the very pleasant evening, songs were given by Messrs. Maycock, Timms, Whitehead, Coote, Anderson, Dedman, Turner, Brewer (father and son), Nash, Hawkins, Eames, Elder, Cain and Eldred. After the usual votes of thanks to Mr. Harris and family for the excellent catering, and to the Chairman for the very able manner in which he had presided, the happy party broke up at 10 p.m.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> ===26 July 1898, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a guest <quote>at the wedding of Miss Keith Fraser to Lord Stradbroke</quote>, as were [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]], who was in black embroidered with jet, and a black toque, and was accompanied by Miss Muriel Wilson in ecru muslin and a blue hat with blue feathers; while Lady Hartopp, in cream-coloured muslin with a black sash and black toque, chaperoned Miss Enid Wilson, who was in white and blue, with a large white hat.</quote> (1898-07-26 Hull Daily Mail) ===29 July 1898, Friday=== The Goodwood Meet (sports event, racing?): <quote>Mr and Mrs William James’s party at West Dean Park for the Goodwood Meeting includes the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]], Lord and Lady Wolverton, Viscount Curzon and Lady Georgiana Curzon, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, Lady St. Oswald, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr and Mrs Arthur James, and Mr and Mrs John Menzies and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]].</quote> (1898-07-29 Sportsman) ==August 1898== ===29 August 1898, Monday=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1898== ==October 1898== === 29 October 1898, Saturday === ==== Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge ==== The date for this game is in question. The ''London Evening Standard'' puts the date at 19 October 1898 and has a full account.<ref>"The Tennis Championship. An Easy Victory for Latham." ''London Evening Standard'' 20 October 1898, Thursday: 5 [of 12], Col. 4a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18981020/043/0005. Print title: ''The Standard'', p. 5.</ref><blockquote>The Duke of Marlborough, Lord Crichton, Lord Castlerosse, Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Wolverton, the Hon. F. H. Tracey, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Major the Hon. H. Brassey, Hon. S. Fortescue, and Major the Hon. A. H. Henneker, were among the distinguished company at the Prince's Club, Knightsbridge, last Saturday, when T. Pettitt tried without success to give C. Fairs a start of 15, or a stroke in each game, Fairs winning by 13 sets to 1. The play was of a high order; Fairs being in such splendid form, that to find Pettitt unequal to the task which he had set himself was no surprise.<ref>"Tennis." ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 05 November 1898, Saturday: 28 [of 36], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18981105/051/0028. Same print title, p. 348.</ref></blockquote>A fuller account from the ''Morning Post'':<blockquote>LATHAM v. PETTITT. Never, even in the history of one of the most ancient of all games, has a match been looked forward to with greater interest than that which commenced at the Prince's Club, Brighton, yesterday afternoon. The competitors were Peter Latham, of Queen's Club, who holds the unique position of Champion of the World at both Tennis and Racquets, and Thomas Pettitt, of Boston, U.S.A., ex-Champion at Tennis. Pettitt, though born at Beckenham, in Kent, in 1860, has lived in the United States for nearly 20 years, and it was as an American that he visited England in the early eighties, and in 1885 beat George Lambert, of Lord's, at Hampton Court in a contest for the title for which he is playing Latham this week. He subsequently defeated the Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, at the time the holder of the Marylebone Club "Gold Racquet" and the foremost amateur player of the day, and later still he beat Charles Saunders — at Lord Iveagh's Court in Dublin in 1890 — for the Championship. In 1893, however, he voluntarily retired, and Saunders, of Prince's Club, assumed the title and held it until 1895, when Latham challenged and beat him at Brighton with consummate ease. Latham, who is five years younger than Pettitt, came out as a racquet player in 1888, and carried all before him at that sport until, finding no one with the temerity to oppose him he turned his attention to tennis, and gained the highest distinction at that also, as we have mentioned. Only a year back he forsook tennis temporarily in order to uphold his title at racquets against George Standing, whom he beat first at Queen's Club and then in New York, and then returned to his practice at the other game in order to meet Pettitt for the title and the enormous stake of £2,000. The conditions of the present encounter are that the best of 13 sets shall be played, 12 sets in three stages — four yesterday, four to-morrow, and four on Friday, with a fifth set on the last day in case of a tie — while French balls have to be used as a special concession to the challenger, who has been in Europe for some weeks past, diligently training at Paris against the French professionals Ferdinand and "Le Biscon," and at Prince's Clubs in both London and Brighton. Latham, who previously had never tried French balls, of course had taken the opportunity of getting as much practice with them as possible. A large company, which taxed the holding capacity of the galleries at the Brighton Court, assembled yesterday to witness the first series of sets, among them being the Hon. A. Lyttelton, the President of the Marylebone Cricket Club, who is acting as referee; Lord Kilcoursie, Lord Charles Fitzmaurice, the Hen. H. Guest, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Marchioness of Worcester and Madlle. de Montgeon, Sir Richard Webster, Q.C., M.P., Sir E. Sullivan, Sir Andrew Noble, Baron d'Erlanger, Colonel E. H. Kinnard, General Mussenden, Commander Muggeridge, Surgeon-Colonel Roberts, M. Bazin (the famous French player), Sir E. Loder, Messrs. C. E. Sands and F. S. Blake (the American amateurs, who are backing Pettitt), E. H. Miles (present holder of the M.C.C. Racquet), Percy Ashworth, W. Renshaw, S. D. Winckworth [?], H. A. B. Chapman, W. H. Cohen, Russell Walker, J. B. Gribble, Eustace Crawley, H. E. Crawley, J. Oswald, G. E. A. Ross, Julian Marshall, C. D. Rose, E. G. Raphael, Wallace Johnstone, Bewicke, J. H. B. Noble, P. Grove, H. F. de Paravicini, W. Yardley, Herbert Whitfeld, E. Lubbock, and G. F. Adcock. Among the famous professionals who watched were George Lambert and Charles Saunders, both ex-champions; J. Fennel!, of the M.C.C.; Charles Lambert, of Lord Salisbury's Court at Hatfield; A. White, of the Duke of Fife's Court at Sheen; and Gray, of Pangbourne. It was a quarter to two when play began, Pettitt, on the strength of a newly-developed style of serving, called the "Railroad service," being favourite. From the outset, however, this appeared to present no terrors to the Englishman, who "boasted" it back regularly from the side wall. Latham won the first game to 30, and the third to 15, while Pettitt took the second after "deuce," and the fourth and fifth to 15 and 30 respectively. Latham made matters even at the sixth, and he won the seventh after a protracted struggle, in which "deuce" was called five times. The eighth also fell to the Englishman, and after Pettitt had won the ninth to love, Latham secured the tenth to 30, and won the first set by 0 games to 4. So far it looked as if Latham, while playing many brilliant strokes, had been rather feeling his way, for in the second set he simply did pretty much as he liked. He won the first game to 30, the second to love, the third after "deuce," the fourth to 15, the fifth to 15, and the sixth to 30, this giving him the set to love in a quarter of an hour. Continuing, the Englishman won three games off the reel in the third set, and after the fourth had been taken by Pettitt, three more, thus giving him the third set by 6 games to 1 in 23min. [sic] In the fourth Pettitt, who more than once appeared downcast at the ill-success of his much-talked of service, played better. He frequently developed a strong attack on the "Dedans," but Latham took everything as it came, and has certainly never played so finely in his life. Again and again he found the winning gallery or "got up" seemingly impassible strokes, and the result was that Pettitt only won two games — the third and the seventh. "Deuce" had to be continually called, however, before Latham won at 6 to 2, and so left off, having won the whole of the first series of sets to love. While this gives him an immense advantage, it must be remembered that Pettitt is a wonderful player in an uphill game, and that against Lambert he lost three of the first four sets, and against Saunders the whole of the first four, and yet won both matches, so that his friends have still some hope. There was much enthusiasm at the close.<ref>"The Tennis Championship." ''Morning Post'' 18 October 1898, Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 4b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18981018/034/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===31 October 1898, Monday=== Halloween. ==November 1898== 1898 November, the Duke and Duchess of Portland hosted a visit of the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and a ball in Welbeck, which [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended ("Girls' Gossip"). ===5 November 1898, Saturday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 11 November 1898, Friday === [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Edith, Lady Cromer]] had died in Cairo, having gone back although she knew she did not have long to live. Evelyn, Earl of Cromer was Agent and Consul-General of Egypt had to stay in Cairo, but the funeral was in Bournemouth:<blockquote>FUNERAL OF LADY CROMER. The funeral of Lady Cromer took place at Bournemouth on Friday in last week, the interment taking place in a newly constructed doublebrick grave in Bournemouth Cemetery. At 11 o'clock a Requiem Mass was said in the Church of the Sacred Heart, where the coffin had been placed overnight. Viscountess Pollington, sister of Lady Cromer, and Lord and Lady Cromer's two sons occupied seats near the bier. The clergy officiating at the service were the Rev. Father Redman, S. J. (celebrant), the Rev. Father Arthur, Christ Church (deacon), the Rev. Father Dowsett, Poole (subdeacon). In the choir were the Rev. Father de Zulueta, S.J., the Rev. Father Bearne, S.J., the Rev. Father Foxwell, and Rev. the Hon. E. Arundel. After the Requiem followed the absolution. Some of the mourners were to arrive by the 12.30 train from London, but the train was half an hour late, which delayed the service, and in the interval the choir sang the ''Dies Iræ''. The Earl of Northbrook arrived before 11 o'clock, the Mayor of Bournemouth, the ex-mayor, the town clerk, and several of the aldermen being also present. It was nearly half past one (the time fixed for the funeral at the cemetery a mile distant) when the mourners from London arrived. Among those present at the funeral were Viscount Castlerosse, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. Thomas Baring, Lady Suffield, Mrs. Moberly Bell, Mrs. Clinton Dawkins, and Mr. C. R. Spencer. The Queen sent a beautiful wreath, consisting of white Cape everlastings and lilies of the valley, interspersed with foliage, and bearing the / inscription, "A mark of respect from Victoria, R.l." This and another beautiful one from Lord Cromer, composd chiefly of lilies of the valley, Roman hyacinths, white chrysanthemums, and other white flowers, were the only wreaths deposited upon the coffin inside the church. The hearse and two carriages, however, were entirely covered with beautiful floral emblems. Among others who sent wreaths were: Prince Ibrahim Hilmi of Egypt (a large oval wreath of orchids, lilies of the valley, and palm leaves); Sir Philip and Lady Currie, the Marchioness of Ripon, the Marchioness of Queensberry, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Duchess of Grafton, the Earl and Countess of Dudley, Prince v. Hohenlohe, the Duke and Duchess of Wellington, Countess Cowper, Lady D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne, and Lady Ada Godolphin Osborne, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lady Sykes, Lady de Tabley, the Hon. Francis Baring and Lady Grace Baring, Lord Glenesk, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lady Swansea, Lady Anne Murray, Lord and Lady Haliburton, Lady Thorold, Lady Stanley-Errington, Lady Lyall, the Hon. Charles and Lady Alfreda Bourke, Sir Mountstuart and Lady Grant Duff, Mrs. F. Baring Dupré, Sir George and Lady Allen, the Hon. Mrs. Edwardes, Major and Mrs. E. Stuart-Wortley, and many others. At the cemetery there were about 3,000 persons present. SERVICE IN LONDON. Simultaneously a Requiem was sung at St. Mary's Church, Cadogan-street, S.W. The celebrant was the Rev. M. A. Kelly, who was assisted by the Rev. Septimus Jones, deacon, and the Rev. J. A. Mills, sub-deacon, the master of ceremonies being Father W. J. Davies. The music was harmonized by Father Charles Cox, who also led the choir. A catafalque was erected in the chancel which was covered with a pall of black and gold velvet. There was a large congregation, those present including Major the Hon. Charles Harbord, representing the Queen; Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, attended by Lord Edward Cecil, Sir Henry Rawlinson, and Captain Watson, his aides-de-camp; Lord Suffield and the Hon. Judith Harbord, Lord and Lady Hastings, the Dowager Countess of Albemarle, the Countess of Galloway, the Marchioness of Queensberry, the Earl of Desart, Lady and Miss Williams-Bulkeley, Mr. H. St. George Foley (Foreign Office), Lady Du Cane, Lady Grace Baring, the Hon. Hugo Baring, the Hon. Alexander Baring, and the Hon. Susan Baring, Major-General the Hon. R. Talbot and the Hon. Mrs. Talbot, the Hon. Mrs. Henry Edwardes, the Hon. Lady FitzGerald, Lady Swansea, Lady Dorothy Nevill, Mr. White, the United States Chargé d'Affaires, Lady Sykes, Major the Hon. Edward and Mrs. Bourke, the Hon. Mrs. C. R. Spencer, Lady Alfred Spencer-Churchill and Miss Fitzclarence, Lady Hillingdon, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mrs. Derek Keppel, Lord Glenesk, Lady Carrington, Lady Macdonald, the Hon. Mrs. George Napier, Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Newenham, Lady Stanley-Errington, Lady Euan-Smith, Isabella Countess of Wilton, Sir Charles A. Cookson, Lord St. Oswald, Mr. Moberly Bell, Mr. P. Ralli, the Hon. Mrs. Henry Edwardes, Miss Amy Paget, Mr. F. W. Verney (Siamese Legation), Mrs. John Biddulph, Mrs. Rennell Rodd, Mr. W. B. Gair, Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. W. Heskett-Smith, Major and Mrs. Marriott, Captain Jessop, Mrs. Henry Bentinck, Mr. F. B. Hoare, Lieutenant-Colonel Settle, Mr. Arthur Stanley, and Mr. F. S. Clark. At the end of the Requiem the Bishop of Emmaus gave the absolution. R.I.P.<ref>"Funeral of Lady Cromer." ''Tablet'' 19 November 1898 Saturday: 38 [of 40], Col. 1b–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002447/18981119/161/0038.</ref></blockquote> === 22 November 1898, Tuesday === ==== Shooting Party Hosted by William James ==== <blockquote>Earl Cairns, Lord St. Oswald, Viscount Chelsea, the Hon. Henry Stonor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon Bourke]], and Mr. de Murietta have been shooting at West Dean Park, near Chichester, with Mr. William James, and about 2,200 pheasants were bagged in three days. West Dean is a beautiful place, close to Goodwood, where the Prince and Princess of Wales were entertained by Mr. and Mrs. James about two years ago.<ref>"Pall Mall Gazette Office." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 22 November 1898, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18981122/014/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==December 1898== === 1898 December 3, Saturday === ==== The Funeral of Lady Connemara ==== Lady Connemara died on Nov. 28, so the only possible date for the Saturday funeral is 3 December, the same day this issue of the newspaper was published.<blockquote>The funeral of the late Lady Connemara [took] place on Saturday at Kensal Green Cemetery. The first part of the Funeral Service was held at Christ Church, Down street, Piccadilly, and was conducted by the Rev. Herbert Rosewell, M.A., the Vicar. The inscription on the coffin, which was covered with floral tributes from members of the family, was as follows: — “Gertrude Lawrence, Knight Baroness Connemara, died 28rd Nov, [sic] 1898.’’ The chief mourners were — Lord Connemara, the Hon. Major Bourke, the Hon. Harry Bourke, Hon. Gerald Bourke, Mr. B. Walsh, and Mr. G. H. Hill. Amongst those present in the church were — The Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, Count Du Pontavice de Heussy (Military Attache to the French Embassy), Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, Hon. Mrs. Edward and Miss Bourke, Sir C. and Lady Legard, Sir Nigel and Lady Kingscote, Lady Mary Lloyd, General Moncrieff, Lady Flora Bourke, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hanbury-Lennox, the Hon. Mrs Neeld, the Hon. G. Ponsonby, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke]], the Hon. Captain Bourke[.] At the close of the service Chopin’s "Funeral March" was played by the organist. The remains were subsequently interred in the new brick vault at Kensal Green.<ref>"Funeral of Lady Connemara." ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 3 December 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18981203/085/0007. Print: ''The Kildare Observer'', p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ===17 December 1898, Saturday=== On Saturday 17 December 1898 [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] and Bret Harte planned on going to the Brooks' Club and then to the theatre, either the Alhambra or the Empire. On 15 December 1898 Bret Harte wrote Arthur Collins: <quote>"Dear Arthur, — Yes. Saturday 'suits' and looks auspicious. I have had the cook examine the [280/281] entrails of a fowl, and find the omens propitious! Let it be Saturday, then. "You will give me 'bread and pulse' at Brookes', and I will lead you to Arcadian stalls at the Alhambra or Empire. For heaven's sake let us go somewhere where we can laugh in the right place! "I have not yet dared to face my Christmas shopping, but I'll pick up your offering at the Club and send you mine. It is so difficult to find something sufficiently idiotic and useless, to keep up our fond, foolish custom with. — Yours always, Bret Harte"</quote> (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Mead, 1903. Pp. 280–281.) ===25 December 1898, Sunday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1898, Monday=== Boxing Day == Footnotes == <references /> ==Works Cited== *[1898-01-05 Derby Mercury] *[1898-02-26 Christchurch Times] *[1898-05-07 Publishers' Circular] "The Society of Authors. Annual Dinner." The Publishers' Circular 7 May 1898 (No. 1662): 514, Col. 1A–2A. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=b-Y1AQAAIAAJ. *[1898-05-21 Bridgnorth Journal] "From The World." Bridgnorth Journal 21 May 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 6?]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019). *[1898-07-26 Hull Daily Mail] "Social Record." Hull Daily Mail 26 July 1898, Tuesday: 2 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18980726/005/0002 (accessed July 2019). *[1898-07-29 Sportsman] "Vigilant's Note-Book. The St. Leger. The Goodwood Cup." The Sportsman 29 July 1898, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019). *[St. James's Gazette 1898-06-14] "House Parties." St. James's Gazette 14 June 1898, Tuesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2c. British Newspaper Archive (behind paywall: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18980614/044/0008) (accessed May 2019). *["Girls' Gossip"] "Girls' Gossip." Truth 17 November 1898 (Vol. XLIV, No. 1142): 1255, Col. 2a – 1256, Col. 1a. [Right before the ads.] Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=kVExAQAAMAAJ (accessed July 2019). tekiowjzt00sws1di34k57a9t59cdw8 0 264289 2719095 2715083 2025-06-18T20:23:42Z Scogdill 1331941 2719095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] 1899 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s | 1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==Sometime in 1899== In 1899 the International Council of Women was held in London. The year 1899 was the celebration of Victoria's 80th birthday. ==January 1899== ===1 January 1899, Sunday, New Year's Day=== === 11 January 1899, Wednesday === Some social events were organized around Princess Henry of Battenberg's opening of a nurses' home in Romsey:<blockquote>In spite of the bad weather the inhabitants of Romsey gave a hearty welcome on Wednesday to Princess Henry of Battenberg, who came to open a nurses' home which has been built as the borough's Diamond Jubilee memorial. Her Royal Highness, travelling by [a] special train from Southampton, arrived at Romsey Station shortly after 12 o'clock. The station and its precincts had been tastefully decorated, there [the] Princess was met by the Mayor of Romsey (the Right Hon. Evelyn Ashley), and Mr. Basil Montgomery, of Stanfield-hall. Princess Henry, who was accommpanied by Colonel Clerk and Miss Minnie Cochrane, then drove through the gaily-decorated streets, amid the cheers of the crowds, to the Town-hall, where the A and B (Westchester) and D (Romsey) Companies of the Hamps[hire? tead?] Volunteers were drawn up under the command of Major Mortimer. The corps played the National Anthem and the Volunteers gave the Royal salute. Under the awning in front of the Town-hall the Town Clerk (Mr. Harle) read a loyal address from the Mayor aldermen, and burgesses of Romsey. The Princess graciously bowed her thanks for the sentiments contained in the address. The Royal party then moved, amid the cheers of the people and the ringing of the bells of Romsey Abbey to the Royal Nurses' Home, which is situated in Ch[?]ville-street. At the entrance of a pavilion which had been erected for the purpose the Princess was presented by Miss Montgomery with a basket of flowers, and which Mr. Basil Montgomery presented an address on behalf of the committee of management, elected by [?] subscribers, in which it was stated that funds raised for the home had entirely subscribed by subjects of her Majesty in Romsey and the adjacent parts. Not only had the freehold site been purchased and the home built and furnished, but promises of support had been received which justified the committee in conceiving that the success of the institution was assured. The primary object of the institution was to provide nurses for the sick poor in Romsey and the surrounding parishes. An accident ward was attached to the home, where patients would have the double advantage of receiving not only trained care and attention, from nurses, but also the benefit of the skill of the [medical?] men resident in the district, who had [magnani?]mously offered their support to the institution and had agreed to serve as members of the committee. Her Royal Highness in reply said:— "I declare [the?] Royal Nursing Home, in commemoration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, open, and wish it every success. [The?] Princess was then presented with a golden key [that?] opened the home premises, which she inspected. [The?] land on which the home is built was purchased [for?] £l50, and the contractors' price for the [?] £425. The Royal party afterwards drove to Stanfield-hall, the company at lunch including the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress. At 3 o'clock the party privately viewed the abbey, where they were received by the Rev. J. Cooke-Yarborough (vicar) and the churchwarden, and afterwards Broadlands, the residence of the Mayor was visited. After tea at Broadlands, Princess Henry left at 5 o'clock on her return to Osborne.<ref>"Princess Henry of Battenberg at Romsey." ''Evening Mail'' 13 January 1899, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18990113/049/0004. Print title: The ''Mail'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===17–18 January 1899, Tuesday and Wednesday=== ==== Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton ==== Often, meetings of the Ladies' Kennel Association, especially in London, are treated as social events, with the dogs as well as the women's clothing described. In this case, only a few of the exhibitors are in the social networks these pages usually explore.<blockquote>The Ladies' Kennel Association, headed by their energetic secretary, Mrs Stennard Robinson, have made an entirely new departure by holding a dog show, open to men and women alike, in the Corn Exchange and Royal Pavilion ground, Brighton, and a right successful function it proved, taking place on Tuesday and Wednesday in last week. The attendance was large and fashionable, moreover, the collection of dogs brought together was of great excellence, including representatives from most of the leading kennels in Great Britain. It seems a pity that late entries were taken to such an extent as to interfere with the correctness of the catalogue. About 650 dogs were benched, although many classes were cancelled, and many of our readers would be distinctly disappointed by the entire absence of the toy spaniels, Maltese, and black and tan terriers, but, in addition to these, the classes for many other varieties were entirely omitted. The judges included Mrs Jagger, who made the awards in the St. Bernards, and Miss C. M. A. Cresswell, who did likewise so far as the Pomeranians were concerned. Perhaps the leading feature of the show was the larger varieties of the dog, commencing with bloodhounds. Here Mrs D. C. Proctor was fairly successful with Tally Ho, whose condition was something superb, and he beat amongst others Mrs Lee's well-known Harlequin and Lady Mary Swinburne's Panther, the latter of great beauty in head, but in the ring he did not please the judge by the way in which he moved. Mrs Horsfall was, as usual, greatly to the fore with her Great Danes, Hannibal of Redgrave and Lot of Redgrave; indeed, this exhibitress sent a very fine team of these huge and powerful hounds. Mr. Amy Wrentmore, Mrs G. Procter, and Mrs J . Harris showed some very good St. Bernards, Earl Mayo, the property of the last named being an extra fine specimen of his race, a like remark applying to Royal Standard, whose portrait appears on another page. In Newfoundlands all the leading prizes went to dogs owned by women, viz., Wolf of Badenoch (Mrs Ingleton's) and King and Queen of Surrey (Mrs Van Weede's). Mrs H. Armstrong, Mrs Carthew, Miss Bella Rattray, and Mrs R. E. Richardson did very well with their deerhounds, the best of which were Rufford Bend Or, Rugby Brenda, and Black Prince. Irish wolfhounds are making great strides towards popularity, at which there is little wonder, for with enormous size in their favour, they are usually as gentle as kittens and faithful as companions. Mrs George Williams, as heretofore, won the chief honours with Wargrave and Dermot Asthore. Mrs Lane Jackson took a first prize with a young hound celled Sportella, whilst Mrs H. Richardson exhibited a very fine team of hounds, which attracted no inconsiderable amount of attention. With the Princess of Wales sending her handsome borzois Alec, shown in hard-working and thoroughly healthy condition by Bruneden, there was no remain to look further for the winner, and, in addition, the Princess showed a very pretty collie called Lochinvar, a capital black pug, Sandringham Beauty, and an excellent basset hound, Saracenesca. The latter was first in its class, but the remaining Royal exhibits did not specially attract the attention of the judges. Mrs Borham, Mrs Musgrave, Mrs B. Stamp, Mrs Hood-Wright, and the Misses Arnold all showed borzois of more than passing excellence, and received a fair share of the prizes. Again did [Col. 2c–3a] Mrs Faber sweep all before her with Chow VIII., the Chinese edible dog, and Miss Ella Castella was almost equally successful with her well-known Tien; indeed, it seems strange what a fondness ladies have for foreign dogs, as in the next class all the honours went to them, Lady Cathcart securing first and second prizes for a couple of lovely and intelligent elkhounds, Mrs Stoneham's Esquimaus Eric taking third honours. There was little of interest to our readers in what is actually the "sporting section," though Mrs Downes had her greyhound Heterodox entered. Miss Pigott was not so successful as usual with her dachshund Primula, although the group was not a good one, and Mrs Hannay took a third prize in beagles with Little Jack. Collies included several fine animals exhibited by women, Mrs Dunmore being particularly successful with her team, as was Mrs Armstrong with hers, all the way from Durham; Mrs Panmure Gordon and Lady Cathcart were less fortunate. The Old English sheepdogs included the prize winning animals, Mrs Jocelyn-Otway's Bobs Bahadur, Mrs Fare Fosse's Thundercloud, and Mrs Bulmore's Dame Ethel, and undoubtedly the best poodle was Mrs Bennett-Edwards's Ebony King, who won quite an array of prizes, being placed over such excellent specimens as Miss Brunker's Pierette Jackson, Mrs Johnston's Boykie, and Mrs Lee French's Nancy, all of which received honours at the hands of the judge. Mrs B. Parker's The Pilot and Mrs Carstairs's Cricket and Camilla were likewise awarded leading honours. Bulldogs were a fair show, but the leading honours went to men, a remark equally applicable so far as the Dalmatians were concerned, though Mrs Carthew secured a minor honour or two. However, in toy bulldogs the Countess de Grey, with Bite and Pearl, and Miss Mabel Behrens, with Pere Boojum, Beauty, and Glory, sustained their reputation, and, being of the best of their kind, these little dogs were awarded prizes accordingly. '''The terriers''' proved a capital display, though Skyes were absent, and the competition in Dandie Dinmonts was nil. Mrs Waugh took several prizes in Irish terriers with Stackhouse Sportsman, and Mrs Litkie, with Blanche and Gamester, secured the honours for braces. Mrs Hannay's Scottish terriers, Gair, Heworth Flora, Jock, and Geisha, had all the first prizes and many of the seconds, and Mr Peel Hewitt showed the only Dandies benched; and we cannot see why their classes were not cancelled, as surely they ought to have been, through lack of competition — three classes for two doge! In fox terriers Mrs G. B. Atkinson met with pretty fair success with her dog Fryup, and Mrs Houlker did about equally well with Hypatia, and better with her wire-haired Humour, the latter being at the top of her class. Mrs Preston Whyte, Mrs Kindell, and Mrs Crossfield were to the front with some smart little schipperkes which maintain their popularity as ladies' dogs; as do the black pugs, of which the collection was particularly choice, including Chotee, for whom £300 was paid a few months ago, Duke Beira, and others equally good. The latter won on the present occasion. Mrs Dunn was likewise successful with Tierney Ranee [?], which, besides winning in several classes, took a number of specials, and is one of the best of her variety we have seen for some time, and being but a puppy, will no doubt improve. Miss H. E. Cowper won the braces prize with Chotee and Laws Loris, and it may be interesting to note that all the exhibitors in this group were ladies. Mrs Tulk sent several of her rough-coated pugs, which held the honours, whilst of the ordinary fawns, Mrs M. Mayo's Earl Prestbury, Mrs Riley's Haughty Doris, and Mrs Samson's Swarland were at the head of their classes. Miss de Pass, Mrs E. J. Thomas, Mrs Hall-Walker, Miss H. Chell, Mrs Guy Boothby, Miss Lilian Stocker, Mrs C. Harvey, Mrs W. R. Temple, the Dowager Countess of Rosalyn, and the Hon. Rose Hubbard were amongst the most successful exhibitors of Pomeranians, the display of which was very fine, and handsomer little creatures than the chocolate Tina, the sable Dainty Boy, the white Belper Flossie, the blue Blue Boy, with Little Billee Boy, Kaffir Boy, and Hatchem Nap, would be difficult to find. The pick of the Brussels griffons, as they are known in this country, were entered here, and though terribly terrier-like in appearance, a Belgian authority thereon, Count de Bylandt, says are not terriers, nor bred from terriers, but a cross between several varieties, including the pug, Appenpinscher (which certainly resembles a terrier more than anything else), toy spaniel, toy bulldog, and stable griffon. However, as the Count says they have only been known as a variety for something like fifteen years there ought to be no difficulty in tracing their origin. Characteristic though they are in many respects they are nevertheless little mongrels, charming as such if you like. Mrs Moseley's Rouge was the principal winner, rather lucky perhaps, but taking in colour and style; behind him Mrs Dresser's diminutive Princess Quinquish, and Mrs Lynn's Bamboche, all previous winners, so their quality can be easily surmised. Yorkshire terriers, though not numerous, included two capital specimens, Mrs McClellan's Clayton Wonder and Mrs Jackson's Midgy, the latter, who has improved by careful tending, beating the former. Mrs Yeo exhibited two or three nice little dogs, including Blackburn Premier. Mrs L. G. Leverson had the only entries in toy bull terriers, and Miss Mackenzie was the largest exhibitor of Italian greyhounds, though the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]] was successful in the latter division with Brenda, a very small brindled bitch of great quality, and certainly worth the £15 at which she was priced in the catalogue. However, Miss Mackenzie's Stellio was the best of the group, and was awarded accordingly. There were a number of special county classes for lady exhibitors, and other attractions in the way of local and team competitions. The county classes were curtailed of their interest by the fact that several animals competed therein which were not entered under their proper classifications, and how several of the awards will stand in the future it is impossible to say at present.<ref>"The Naturalist. Ladies' Dogs at Brighton Show." ''The Queen'' 21 January 1899, Saturday: 56 [of 79], Col. 2b–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18990121/311/0056. Same print title, p. 124.</ref></blockquote> ===25 January 1899, Wednesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] at the Holderness Hunt Ball:<blockquote>The Assembly Rooms at Beverley were on Tuesday the scene of much gaiety, the occasion being the ball in connection with the Holderness Hunt. The company numbered over 300, the county families being well represented. The spectacle was a brilliant one. The music was supplied by Wolfe's White Hungarian Band. The arrangements were chiefly in the hands of Mr. Clive Wilson and Mr. Harrison Broadley, whose efforts were certainly most successful. Among the guests were the Countess of Huntingdon, Lady Clementine Walsh, the Hon. Mary Hawke, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], Mrs. Lycett Green, Lady de Ramsey, Lady Beatrice Taylor, the Hon. Alexander Fellowes, Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, Miss Muriel Wilson, Colonel and Mrs. Armytage, Colonel Haworth Booth and party, Colonel and Mrs. Grimston, Commander Bethell, M.P., the Hon. Dudley Majoribanks, Mr. Cecil Wellesley, Mr. and Mrs. Calverley-Rudston, Lord and Lady Herries and the Hon. Misses Maxwell, Mr. and Mrs. Gunter, Mr. Marco Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Hall Watt, Captain Battine, Miss Parsons, Mr. and Mrs. George Duncombe, Mr. J. Hotham, Miss Bethell, Miss B. Walker, Mr. J. J. Harrison, Colonel Burstall, Mr. and Mrs. Harrison Broadley and party, Mr. and Mrs. Roland Heathcote Hacker, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|The Hon [sic] George Keppel]], Mr. Arthur Portman, the Hon. Harold Fitzclarence, Miss Daye Baker, Miss Helen Bower, Mr. and Mrs. Ellershaw, Major Macmullen, Sir Spencer Maryon Wilson, Mr. Prince, Sir Charles Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. Kerr, Mr. Walter Burns, Mr. and Mrs. Wade and party, Mr. Harold Brassey, Miss Joan Wilson, Miss Enid Wilson, Mr. Henry Wilson, Lord Acheson, and many others. Dancing was kept up till the early hours of the morning.<p> The meet of the hounds next day was at the Beverley Grand Stand. Owing to the frost it was late before the pack arrived from the kennels. Many hundreds of people were present, tempted by the fine, crisp, bracing morning. Leaving Westwood the hounds proceeded to Broadedge Farm, where a fox was found, and he was hunted on to Bentley and Skidky to Cottingham. The company, having seen the throw-off, returned home.<ref>"Holderness Hunt Ball." ''Yorkshire Herald'' 29 January 1899, Saturday: 10 [of 18], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18990128/086/0010 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==February 1899== === 1899 February 7, Tuesday === ==== Gordon Memorial College Ball ==== A very high-ranking committee organized the Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil held on 7 February 1899. The Morning Post ran an advertisement that is mostly a list of names, but prices.<ref>"Gordon Memorial College Ball." ''Morning Post'' 12 January 1899, 4 [of 10], Col. 2a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18990112/003/0004. Same print title and p.</ref><blockquote>The ball to be held at the Hotel Cecil on the 7th of this month promises to be a brilliant affair. A very influential list of patrons and patronesses has been obtained, and all the principal lady patronesses have intimated their intention of being present, as well as the majority of the officers of the Household Cavalry. Gottlieb's Orchestra has been engaged, and dancing is to commence at 11.30. Tickets are a guinea each, including supper, and may be obtained at the London libraries or of the Honorary Secretary. The supper is to be one of the great features of the ball, and in order to provide the necessary accommodation — it is expected that between seven and eight hundred will sit down to table at once — the grand drawing-room of the Hotel will for the first time be turned into a supper-room. The tables are to be decorated with ivy and roses and Egyptian lilies. A separate entrance will be provided for the lady patronesses, of whom many intend to bring guests. The Grand Hall, in which the dancing will take place, is one of the finest ball-rooms in London, and includes a large gallery at one end, and a room, with bays, overlooking the dancers. The committee includes Prince Francis of Teck, the [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Earl of Crewe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Viscount Crichton]], and Lord Herbert Vane Tempest; and among the patronesses are the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Devonshire]], the Marchioness[es] of [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Ormonde]], the Countesses of Harrington, Erne, [[Social Victorians/People/Desart|Desart]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Gosford]], Lady Clementine Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley|Viscountess Wolseley]], and the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]].<ref>"The World of Fashion." ''Clifton Society'' 02 February 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 16], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18990202/035/0006. Print p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ''Truth'' also ran an extensive ad for this ball: <blockquote>AMUSEMENTS. GORDON MEMORIAL COLLEGE BALL.<br> TO BE HELD at the HOTEL CECIL (Grand and Victoria Halls), on<br> TUESDAY, February 7, 1899.<p> PATRONS.<br> His Grace the DUKE OF RICHMOND AND GORDON, K.G.<br> General Sir RICHARD HARRISON, K.C.B., C.M G., R.N.<br> Major-General the LORD KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM AND ASPALL, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., R.N.<br> The Right Honourable the LORD MAYOR.<p> PATRONESSES.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Somerset.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Buccleuch.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Devonshire.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Roxburgh.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Portland.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Argyll.<br> The Marchioness of Tweeddale.<br> The Marchioness of Londonderry.<br> The Marchioness of Ormonde.<br> The Marchioness of Breadalbane.<br> The Marchioness of Granby.<br> The Lady Georgiana Curzon.<br> The Lady Sarah Wilson.<br> Theresa, Countess of Shrewsbury and Talbot.<br> The Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery.<br> The Countess of Westmorland.<br> The Countess of Dundonald.<br> The Countess of Coventry.<br> The Countess of Jersey.<br> The Countess of Hopetoun.<br> The Countess of Dartmouth.<br> The Countess of Aylestord.<br> The Countess Stanhope.<br> The Countess of Harrington.<br> The Countess Bathurst.<br> The Countess of Erne.<br> The Countess of Carnarvon.<br> The Countess of Desart.<br> The Countess of Gosford.<br> The Countess Howe.<br> The Countess of Yarborough.<br> Georgina, Countess of Dudley.<br> The Countess of Lytton.<br> The Countess of Londesborough.<br> The Countess of Ancaster.<br> The Countess Carrington.<br> The Countess de Grey.<br> The Lady Clementine Walsh.<br> The Lady Florence Astley.<br> The Lady Algernon Gorden-Lennox.<br> The Viscountess Falkland.<br> The Viscountess Falmouth.<br> The Viscountess Hood.<br> The Viscountess Hardinge.<br> The Viscountess Wolseley.<br> The Lady Norreys.<br> The Lady Feodorowna Bertie.<br> The Lady Helen Vincent.<br> The Lady Colville of Culross.<br> The Lady Suffield.<br> The Lady Churchill.<br> The Lady Ashburton.<br> The Lady Stratheden and Campbell.<br> The Lady Fitshardinge.<br> The Lady Wimborne.<br> The Lady Hothfield. The Lady Tweedmouth.<br> The Lady Hillingdon.<br> The Lady de Ramsey.<br> The Lady Savile.<br> The Lady Blythswood.<br> The Lady Loch.<br> The Lady Pirbright.<br> The Lady Farquhar.<br> The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel.<br> The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]].<br> The Hon. Mrs. Henry Trotter.<br> The Hon. Mrs. Henry Corry.<br> The Hon. Lady Jenne.<br> The Hon. Mrs. William Carrington.<br> The Hon. Mrs. Herbert Eaton.<br> Lady Colebrook.<br> Lady Dickson Poynder.<br> Lady de Trafford.<br> Lady Arthur.<br> Lady Faudel-Phillips.<br> The Lady Mayoress.<br> Mrs. Adair.<br> Mrs. John Annan.<br> Mrs. Von Andre.<br> Mrs. Percy Armytage.<br> Mrs. Asquith.<br> Mrs. Chamberlain.<br> Mrs. W. H. Grenfell.<br> Mrs. Murray Guthrie.<br> Mrs. Hatton.<br> Mrs. Henry V. Higgins.<br> Mrs. Hartmann.<br> Mrs. Henry Kimber.<br> Mrs. McDonald.<br> Mrs. Neumann.<br> Mrs. Arthur Paget.<br> Mrs. Harcourt Powell.<br> Mrs. T. Hay Ritchie.<br> Mrs Ernest Villiers.<br> Mrs. Hwfa Williams.<br> Mrs. Charles Wilson.<p> COMMITTEE.<br> H.S.H. Prince Henry of Teck, K.C.V.O. D.S.O. (Royal Dragoons).<br> The Earl of March.<br> The Earl of Chesterfield.<br> The Earl of Hardwicke.<br> The Earl of Crewe.<br> The Lord Hyde.<br> The Viscount Crichton (Royal Horse Guards).<br> The Lord Willoughby de Eresby, M.P.<br> The Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest.<br> The Lord Revelstoke.<br> The Lord Farquhar.<br> Hon. Francis Bertie.<br> Hon. Sidney Greville, C.B.<br> Hon. Charles R. Spencer.<br> Hon. Schomberg McDonnell, C.B.<br> Major Hon. William Lambton, D.S.O. (Coldstream Guards).<br> Hon. Claud Willoughby (Coldstream Guards).<br> Hon. George Peel.<br> Hon. Oliver Borthwick.<br> Lieut.-Colonel Hon. William Carington, C.B.<br> Colonel Hon Henry Corry (Coldstream Guards).<br> Hon. Egremont Mills.<br> Colonel Hon. Herbert Eaton (Grenadier Guards).<br> Major-General Oliphant.<br> Major-General Trotter.<br> Colonel Napier Miles (1st Life Guards).<br> Colonel Brabazon, C.B., A.D.C.<br> Col. RowIand-Martin (Late 21st Lancers).<br> Colonel Rhodes.<br> Colonel R. B. Fisher (10th Hussars).<br> Colonel Fludyer (Scots Guards).<br> Colonel E. Villiers.<br> Colonel Neeld (2nd Life Guards).<br> Colonel Brocklehurst (Royal Horse Guards).<br> Commander Colin Keppel, C.B, R.N.<br> Major Seymour Wynne-Finch.<br> Major Stuart Wortley, D.S.O.<br> Captain Hugh Fraser (1st Life Guards).<br> Percy Armytage, Esq.<br> Walter Burns, Esq.<br> W. R. Chaine, Esq.<br> Cecil Grenfell, Esq.<br> Montague Guest, Esq.<br> A. S. Harvey, Esq.<br> Harry Lawson, Esq.<br> Ronald Moncreiffe, Esq.<br> Martin R. Smith, Esq.<br> William J. Soulsby, Esq. C.B.<p> GOTTLIEB'S ORCHESTRA. DANCING 11.30.<br> Tickets ONE GUINEA EACH, including Supper.<br> Application Forms for tickets can be obtained from the following Libraries: Messrs. Mitchell, Old Bond-street; Messrs. Keith, Prowse, and Co., New Bond-street, and branches; Messrs. Leader, Royal Arcade, Bond-street; Messrs. Hayes, Bond-street, and branches; Messrs. Lacon and Ollier, Bond-street; The Sloane-street Box Office, S.W.; Cecil Roy's Theatre Ticket Office, 53, St. George's-place, S.W.; District Messengers' Offices; and of the Hon. Secretary, Ball Committee, Hotel Cecil, Strand.<ref>"Amusements." ''Truth'' 19 January 1899, Thursday: 52 [of 66], Col. 2a–c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18990119/114/0052. Print: same title, p. 172.</ref></blockquote> === 1899 February 22, Wednesday === ==== Society in St. Moritz ==== <blockquote>The Duke of Manchester is staying with his mother and Lady Alice Montagu at St. Moritz, and all kinds of festivities are going on there now, including theatricals and fancy dress balls. A capital dramatic entertainment was organised the other day, in which the Duke of Manchester, Mrs. Berens, and one or two others took part. No end of smart people are now out there, and Lady Cairns, Lady Naylor- Leyland, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mrs. Murray Guthrie are among the best-dressed women to be seen. Skating has been very good there this winter, and the season generally has been voted a great success.<ref>"In Society." "At St. Moritz." ''Morning Leader'' 22 February 1899, Wednesday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990222/107/0006. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote> ==March 1899== === 29 March 1899, Wednesday === The ''Dundee Advertiser'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke and her brother Cyril Sloane-Stanley in St. Moritz:<blockquote>There are not many fresh engagements just now, but one least has aroused a good deal of interest. The bride-elect is Lady Cairns, the second daughter of Mr and Mrs Berens, who has been a widow for the past ten years, and is going to marry Mr Cyril Sloane-Stanley, who owns Paultons, a beautiful place near Romsey, the New Forest, besides a good deal of London property, and was for a short time an officer in the 1st Life Guards. Mr Sloane-Stanley came of age only a year or two ago, and has lately been spending part of the winter at St Moritz with his sister, Mrs Algernon Bourke.<ref>"What The ''World'' Says." ''Dundee Advertiser'' 29 March 1899, Wednesday: 2 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000295/18990329/063/0002. Print title and p. same.</ref></blockquote> ===31 March 1899, Friday=== Good Friday ==April 1899== ===2 April 1899, Sunday=== Easter Sunday === '''7 April 1899, Friday''' === ==== Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B. ==== It seems odd that [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke]] are not mentioned as having attended this funeral or sent flowers. A little uncertainty about the date, which might have been a week later. The ''Kildare Observer''<nowiki/>'s report on this funeral was published on Saturday, 15 April 1899: The funeral of the Hon Charles Fowler Bourke, C.B., Roseboro’, Johnstown, took place on Friday last in the Johnstown Churchyard. Punctually at the time appointed, one o'clock, the coffin was borne by the brothers, brothers-in-law, and some of the closest and oldest friends of the deceased from the catafalque on which it had rested in the drawing-room at Roseboro’ to tho funeral car, which was covered with moss, violets, and primroses, arranged by Lady Alice Fitzwilliam, and the procession, including nearly all the nobility and gentry of Kildare and Meath, with many friends from the metropolis and the surrounding districts, started tor the graveyard. The wreaths were exccedingly numerous and beautiful, and their inscriptions testified the esteem and affection entertained for the deceased. The outer coffin was of oak, with rich mountings, and bore a shield which contained the followiug inscription—<blockquote> The Honerable [sic] <br>C<small>HARLES</small> F<small>OWLER</small> B<small>OURKE</small>, <br>Born September, 1832; <br>Died April, 1899, <br>"I have redeemed thee, thou art Mine,” Is., xliii.</blockquote> The chief mourners, some of whom followed the funeral car on foot, were the Lady Albreda Bourke, the Countess of Mayo, the Lady Alice Fitzwilliam, the Hon Mabel Fitzwilliam, the Earl of Mayo, Lord Connemara, Hon and Rev George Bourke, Hon Harry Bourke, Viscount Milton and Hon Hugh Fitzwilliam. The coffin was reverently borne into the cemetery in the same manner as previously, and gently lowered into the grave, above which had been placed a vast awning, as the morning had been inclement. At the time of the funeral, however, the weather was very fine. The sides of the grave were lined with moss, into which had been inserted innumerable bunches of violets and primroses, the bottom being constructed as a vault. Its position is at the south-east end of the ancient graveyard, some short distance from the ruined church, in which repose the remains of the deceased’s brother, the sixth Earl of Mayo, Viceroy and the Governor-General of India, who died in 1872. The Burial Service was read in the open air by the Rev H B Kennedy, Vicar of Naas, assisted by his curate, Rev E W Clover. During the course of the service the following hymn was very beautifully sung by a choir of ladies, accompanied by a harmonium — “Now the labourer’s task is o’er,” and at its conclusion “Peace, perfect peace." Amongst those present were the following — Baron de Robeck, Viscount Downe, Major Francis Lambart, Hon Gerald Ponsonby, Capt H Fowler, Mr J Mulhall, Hon Thomas Dundas, Dowager Lady Carden, Miss Carden, Dr Stewart Wodehouse, Sir George O'Farrell, Dr D Coady, Dr E T Coady, Col the Hon Chas Crichton, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice, a number of the tenantry on the Hayes estate, County Meath; Rev Canon Jas Adams, Lord Cloncurry, Mr H Hendrick-Aylmer, Mr T J de Burgh, Mr Edward Moore, Major St Leger Moore, General Weldon, Mr John O’Brien, Mr R Kennedy, Mr Victor Perry, Mr Henry Sharpe, Mr Henry Courtenay, Mr Fred Sharpe, Mr A Poulter, Mr J W Wheeler, Mr Boulger, Col Hon E Lawless, Mr Geo Mansfield, DL; Mr J Whiteside Dane, Mr Algernon Aylmer, Mr E Kennedy, Mr D R Tittle, Mr N J Synnott, JP; Dr Crinion, Major Alexander, Mr and Mrs C de Robeck, Capt and Mrs Loveband, Sir Kildare Borrowes, the Misses Weldon, Mr Thos Cooke-Trench, DL; Rev Thos Morrin, PP; Rev G P Gowing, DD, PP; Mr R J Goff, Mr RJ Goff, jun; Mr J Loch, CI; Rev A Rea, Major Mansfield, Mr H A Henry, Rev W Elliott, Mr T H Campion, JP; and the servants at Roseboro,’ etc, etc. The following is a list of those who sent flowers — Hon Harry and Mrs Bourke, Lord Connemara, Hon and Rev George Bourke, Mr and Mrs Walter Bourke, Major the Hon E Bourke, Mrs Bourke and family, Countess of Mayo (Dowager), Earl and Countess of Mayo, Earl Fitzwilliam (“From his father-in-law, with deep sorrow’), Lady Alice Fitzwilliam, Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, Lady Mary Boscawen, Hon Hugh Fitzwilliam, Lady May Fitzwilliam, Captain the Hon Charles and Mrs Fitzwilliam, the Hon Reginald Fitzwilliam, Mr and Lady Frances Doyne and family, Honorables Mabel and Theresa Fitzwilliam, Miss K Fitzwilliam, Mr Robert and Lady Mary Doyne, Mr George Lambart, the Misses Lambart, Hon Bertha Lambart, Col the Hon H and Mrs Legge, Mrs M‘Donald, Mr and Mrs J Dunville, Lord and Lady Monck, Admiral Hon G and Mrs Douglas, Mr and Hon Mrs Douglas, Lady Carden and Miss Carden, Mr and Mrs G P Talbot, Dr and Mrs Coady, Dr E T Coady, Mr H Courtenay, Mr and Mrs George Brooke, Sir Thomas and Lady Hesketh, Col F R Forster, Lord and Lady Iveagh; Mrs Kenyon-Slaney, Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, Mr and Mrs Frank Brooke, Mr and Lady Rachel Saunderson, the Hayes tenantry, Mr Harris Temple, Mrs Philip Verini, Hon Mrs Thomas Dundas; Selina,” a white cross, “With regret." A large wreath of daffodills came “from the he loved so well. A heap of violets alone remained on the coffin when the vault was sealed up, the other flowers being massed around the grave. The death of the Hon Charles Bourke prompted “An Old Journalist" to send us (''Daily Chronicle'') the following communication: — “In 1866, while Lord Naas, afterwards Earl of Mayo, was Secretary for Ireland, his brother Charles acted as his private secretary in London, and at the time of the [?] [Col. 4c–5a] rising, when telegrams from Ireland were few and far between, Mr Bourke was full of kindness and consideration in giving me for publication all the news he could. Later on Mr J Dyker Thew, proprietor of the local Conservative paper at King’s Lynn, wrote asking me if | could recommend a good speaker as a candidate for the borough, as Lord Stanley was about to be raised to the peerage. I bethought me of Mr Charles Bourke, and telegraphed suggesting him. By some fate I wrote Robert instead of Charles. The late Sir William Bagge wrote to Mr Robert Bourke, then a rising junior at the Parliamentary Bar. He accepted, went down, spoke, was adopted, and was returned by a majority of over 300. On the death of Lord Mayo, the favour Lord Beaconsfield had always shown to that brilliant Irishman was in a measure transferred to his more sedate, but not more solid brother, who became twice Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and was then sent out as Governor of Madras.”<ref>"Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B." ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 15 April 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4a–5a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18990415/017/0002. Print: ''The Kildare Observer'', p. 2.</ref> === 8 April 1899, Saturday === The ''Gentlewoman'' printed some social news from St. Moritz:<blockquote>The St. Moritz winter season has ended with at least one very happy incident. This is the engagement of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Lady Cairns, both of whom spent a good many weeks there this season, and saw a great deal of each other, with the result that they are to be married very soon. Mr. Stanley, who is quite young and very rich, was for a short time in the Ist Life Guards, but preferring to be independent and go a good deal abroad to shoot, he sold out, and now he will probably settle down at Paultons, his beautiful family place close to the New Forest, of which Lady Cairns will be a charming châtelaine. It will be remembered that Lady Cairns is a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Berens, and married more than ten years ago the elder brother of the present Lord Cairns, who only lived a very short time after his marriage, and left an only daughter, who is growing up very pretty, like her mother. Mr. Stanley went to St. Moritz with his handsome sister, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Lady Cairns was there with her sister, Miss Berens.<ref>"The Social Peepshow." ''Gentlewoman'' 08 April 1899, Saturday: 29 [of 65], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18990408/134/0029. Print: same title, p. 466.</ref></blockquote> ==May 1899== ===2 May 1899, Tuesday=== The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] visited Ruthin Castle, in Wales, for the Chester races. Ruthin Castle was the home of Cornwallis-West, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a part of the house party that made up the reception for the prince.<ref>"Prince of Wales at Chester Races. Visit to Ruthin Castle. From Our Own Correspondent." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' 3 May 1899, Wednesday: 10 [of 16], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' (accessed July 2019).</ref> [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jennie Spencer-Churchill]], Lady Randolph Churchill was there, as was [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]]; their relationship was quite controversial and the Prince, normally quite warm to Jennie Churchill, was cold (). ===8 May 1899, Monday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] were at the opening of the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, Wagner’s ''Lohengrin''. The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] was there, as were a number of notable celebrities.<ref>"At the Opening of the Royal Opera, Covent Garden." ''Penny Illustrated Paper'' 13 May 1899, Saturday: 2 [of 16], Col. 2a, 3a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000693/18990513/008/0002 (accessed July 2019).</ref> ===15 May 1899, Monday=== Princess Louise visited Ipswich High School to give away prizes and certificates.<blockquote>On Monday, May 15, the school was honoured by a visit of H.R.H. the Princess Louise, who came, faithful [386, Col. 1–2] to a long-standing promise, to give away the prizes and certificates adjudged on the results of the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board and the Cambridge Local Examinations of last year. Her Royal Highness was accompanied by the Marquis of Lome, K.G., and attended by Mr. E. B. Phipps, Assistant-Secretary to the G.P.D.S. Co., who acted as equerry in the place of Col. Collins. The Princess was received, on her arrival in Ipswich, by Mr. Bousfield, Chairman of the Council of the G P.D.S. Co., and by Lady Digby, Miss Gurney, Mr. Eve, and Mr. Buxton, members of the Council. The visit was of a semi-private character, and hence there was no official reception by the Mayor and Corporation of Ipswich. The High School was reached at two o'clock, and here the Princess was received by members of the Local Committee, with whom were Miss Youngman, the late Headmistress, Miss Kennett, the present Headmistress, and Mr. McDowall, Secretary to the G.P.D.S. Co. The girls, two hundred in number, were drawn up on either side of the Lower Hall, and presented an exceedingly bright appearance in their white dresses and sashes of crimson, the school colour. The Princess graciously consented to walk up the hall between the lines of girls and to receive a bouquet from Janet Stewaid, of Form II , the daughter of Mr. W. Steward, a member of the Local Committee. She then made the tour of the class-rooms, escorted by Mr. Bousfield, Miss Youngman, and Miss Kennett. Luncheon was served in the Upper Hall at 2.15. The number of invited guests included, in addition to those already mentioned, the Mayor of Ipswich, the Marquis of Bristol, Lord Lieutenant of the county, Sir Charles Dalrymple, M.P., Major Bond (in command of the Volunteer guard of honour), and Mr. John Farmer. At four o'clock the party adjourned to the Council Chamber of the Town Hall, where, after several songs by the pupils, under the conductorship of Mr. Farmer, and an exhibition of drill, Mr. Bousfield made a short speech, in which he explained the aims and ideals of the schools of the G.P.D.S. Co., and expressed the gratitude of the Council to Miss Youngman, who for twenty-one years had watched over and guided the development of the Ipswich School with so much energy and judgment. The Princess then distributed the prizes, after which a vote of thanks to her was proposed by Mr. Bousfield, and seconded by the Mayor. Lord Bristol also spoke to the resolution, which was unanimously carried. The Marquis of Lome having briefly responded, the proceedings were closed by the singing of "Auld Lang Syne," the hymn "O God, our help in ages past," and "God save the Queen." The bouquet given to the Princess at the Town Hall was presented by Sybil Casley, of the Kindergarten, and the programme was handed to her Royal Highness by Judith Becher, of the Transition Class. At the conclusion of the afternoon's proceedings the Princess and her party partook of tea in the Mayor's parlour at the Town Hall, and left for London at six o'clock.<ref>"Ipswich High School." ''The Journal of Education''. Vol. 21, New Series (January to December 1899). P. 386 [June 1899], Cols. 1–2. ''Google Books'': http://books.google.com/books?id=jZFIAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote> ===20 May 1899, Saturday=== Emma Nevada at the Crystal Palace.<ref name=":0">Gray, Eugene F. "Chronology of Events in the Life of Emma Nevada." ''Emma Nevada: An American Diva''. https://www.msu.edu/~graye/emma/chronolo.html (retrieved 14 April 2010).</ref> ===27 May 1899, Saturday=== Emma Nevada at the Crystal Palace.<ref name=":0" /> ===31 May 1899, Wednesday=== Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu Duchess of Devonshire, hosted a ball that night? ==June 1899== Summer 1899: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|William Butler Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === 1 June 1899, Friday === ==== Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns ==== The Hampshire Post, reprinting from ''The World'', reports,<blockquote> Thursday, the 1st of June, was a great day for marriages, people having not yet apparently overcome the superstition that May is an unlucky month for weddings. Lady Cairns and Mr. Sloane-Stanley were determined to have theirs as quiet as possible. So they chose the early hour of 11 o’clock, and a church that is little frequented, Trinity Church, Brompton, which adjoins the Brompton Oratory. The Bride was given away by her father, Mr. Berens, and was charmingly dressed; while her little daughter, Lady Rosemary Cairns, was present in the church, and also looked very pretty. Mr. Sloane-Stanley was accompanied by Mr. M. Drummond as best man; and the members of his family who were present included Mr. and Mrs. Shelley-Bontein, his mother and stepfather, and his pretty sister, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]. The Bride and Bridegroom afterwards adjourned to Lady Cairns’s house in Beaufort Gardens, and left in the afternoon for Paultons, Mr. Stanley’s beautiful place close to the New Forest.<ref>"London Gossip." ''Hampshire Post and Southsea Observer'' 9 June 1899, Friday: 9 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004801/18990609/116/0009. Print title: ''Supplement to the Hampshire Post'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> Another paper local to the people involve, the ''Hampshire Advertiser'' also covered the wedding.<ref>"Marriage of Mr. Sloane Stanley and Countess Cairns." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 03 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990603/049/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> The ''Morning Leader'' reported on the wedding as well:<blockquote>Yesterday seems to have been absolutely epidemical as to weddings which goes towards showing that there are still many superstitious people in the world, and that the prejudice against May marriages is by no means done away with. Perhaps the most interesting was that of pretty Lady Cairns, who after nine years of widowhood has married Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons, Hants, to which place, after the quietest of weddings, they went for their honeymoon. The only people who were present were Mr., Mrs., and Miss Berens, her father, mother, and sister, Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein (the mother and stepfather of the bridegroom), and Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], his sister and brother-in-law. Lady Rosemary Cairns was also present at her mother's marriage, as well as Mr. and Mrs. Aleck Berens, Lord and Lady Edward Churchill, and the Misses Ruby and Beryl Churchill, and Lord and Lady Ardilann. Mr. M. Drummond was best man.<ref>"An Epidemic of Weddings." ''Morning Leader'' 3 June 1899, Saturday: 6 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990603/110/0006. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===21 June 1899, Wednesday=== The ''Illustrated London News'' reported on a bazaar to raise money for the Charing Cross Hospital. Many celebrities were present. People whose portraits were drawn were Princess Henry of Pless, Marchioness of Granby, Duchess of Marlborough, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], Countess of Westmorland, Duchess of Sutherland, Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., and mentioned in the story were the following: Princess Louise, Duchesses of Westminster, Portland, Abercorn, Sutherland, and Marlborough; Countesses of Westmorland, Cadogan, Chesterfield, Mrs. Choate (wife of American ambassador; Lord Glenesk (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/18990701/054/0017). Another report:<blockquote>The Charing Cross Hospital Bazaar at the Albert Hall was great success. It was a very hot day, but the aristocracy were present in large numbers. There were many exquisite toilettes. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]] wore black, with cream embroidery, covered with sequinned net; corn-coloured net toque, with sprays of gold and feathers. Mrs Kenneth Wilson’s costume was palest grey voile, tight fitting, with a lace yoke, and a white tulle hat with osprey in front. Mrs Menzies and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] were at “Flowerland," with Ladies Marlborough, Westmoreland. Mar and Kellie, Chelsea, Craven, Juliette Lowther, and Norreys. Miss Muriel Wilson was in white silk and crepe gown, with bands of coarse cream lace and open neck, transparent sleeves of lace and crepe. She wore a large black chip hat of tulle fastened at the chin, and carried a large-handled basket of roses, tied with heliotrope satin ribbon. The three sisters from Warter Priory were at the refreshment stall attired in grey dresses, while fischus, and big white mob caps.<ref>"East Riding Ladies at a London Bazaar." ''Beverley and East Riding Recorder'' 24 June 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001565/18990624/074/0005 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ===26 June 1899, Monday=== There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. According to the ''Morning Post'' for 27 June 1899, Mr. Schreiber danced in the Gainesborough Quadrille at the annual Royal Caledonian Ball on Monday, 26 June 1899.<blockquote>THE ROYAL CALEDONIAN BALL. The annual Ball, held last night at the Whitehall Rooms, Hôtel Métropole, in aid of the funds of the Royal Caledonian Asylum and the Royal Scottish Hospital proved a great success, nearly nine hundred persons being present. The interest ot the evening centred in the eightsome reels and the fancy quadrilles. The former were arranged by the Hon. Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour (who unfortunately through indisposition was prevented attending), and were danced as follows: 1. The Marquis of Tullibardine, D.S.O., Royal Horse Guards, and the Countess of Mar and Kellie. Viscount Fincastle, V.C., 16th Lancers, and Laily Helen Stewart Murray. The Hon. Alexander Ruthven, V.C., Cameron Highlanders, Miss Katharine Ramsay. Mr. M'Neil, Seaforth Highlanders, and Miss Sibyl Murray. 2. The Earl of Mar and Kellie and Lady Helen Graham. Mr. Alastair Murray, younger, of Lochcarron, and Lady Hilda Keith-Falconer. The Hon. Alexander Fraser and the Hon. Cecily Drummond. Mr. M'Lean, Scots Guards, and Miss Baillie. 3. Lord Lovat and Lady Grizel Cochrane. Captain Greenhill-Gardyne, Gordon Highlanders, and the Hon. Ethel Fraser. Mr. Baillie, Seaforth Highlanders, and the Hon. Daisy Fraser. The Hon. Hugh Fraser, Scots Guards, and Miss Marvel MacGregor. 4. Mr. Cameron, younger, of Lochiel, Grenadier Guards, and the Countess of Cromartie. Mr. NIall Campbell and Miss Edith Chaplin. Mr. Douglas Brodie and Miss Elspeth Campbell. Mr. Alastair MacGregor of MacGregor and Miss Vere Brodie. 5. Mr. Ramsay, Black Watch, and Lady Margaret Crichton Stewart. Mr. M'Ray, Black Watch, and Lady Edith Montgomerie. Mr. Matheson, Coldstream Guards, and the Hon. Beatrice Dalrymple. The Hon. Kenneth Campbell and the Hon. Gwendolen Maxwell. The gentlemen wore Highland dress, while the ladies were in white gowns with sashes formed of their respective tartans, the badges of their clans appearing in their hair and on their dresses. The Countess of Hopetoun, one of the most energetic of the ladies patronesses, was responsible for the two fancy quadrilles. The undernamed took part in THE ROMNEY QUADRILLE. Viscount Crichton, Royal Horse Guards, and Countess Hopetoun. Mr. C. C. de Crespigny, 2nd Life Guards, and Lady Constance Scott. Hon. Claud Drummond Willoughby, Coldstream Guards, and Lady Florence Astley. Hon. Gerald Ward, Ist Life Guards, and Lady Beatrice Herbert. Mr. Tryon, Grenadier Guards, and Lady Mary Drummond Willoughby. The Earl of Kerry, Grenadier Guards, and Lady Marjorie Carrington. Mr. Trotter, Grenadier Guards, and the Hon Alice Grosvenor. Mr. Hamilton, Grenadier Guards, and Miss Muriel White. THE GAINSBOROUGH QUADRILLE. Major Gordon-Gilmour, Grenadier Guards, and Lady Alice Shaw Stewart. The Hon. Raymond de Montmorency, V.U., 21st Lancers, and Lady Sybil Primrose Captain Brinton, 2nd Life Guards, and Lady Edith Villiers. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Captain Schreiber]], 1st Life Guards, and Hon. Maud de Moleyna.[?] Captain Heneage, Grenadier Guards, and Miss Long. Mr. Stirling, Coldstream Guards, and Miss Cotton Jodrell. Captain Green-Wilkinson, Rifle Brigade, and Miss Sibell Chaplin. Mr. Vandeleur, D.S.O., Scots Guards, and Miss Muriel Chaplin. The officers were in uniform, and their partners wera attired in gowns of white mousseline-de-soie over silk slips of different colours, those in the Romney quadrille wearing lace fichus, and those in the Gainsborough quadrille chiffon scarves, and all had their hair threaded with coloured chiffon or ribbon to match their sashes or scarves. At eleven o'clock a procession was formed, headed by the Pipers, and the Duke of Atholl, Treasurer of the ball, and those taking part in the Reels and Quadrilles entered the ball-room, dancing immediately commencing to Herr Iff's orchestra. The Ladies Patronesses present included the Duchess of Buccleuch, the Duchess of Atholl, the Duchess of Montrose, the Marchioness of Bute, the Countess of Mar and Kellie, Mary Countess of Mar and Kellie, the Counters of Selkirk, the Countess of Dundonald, the Countess of Ancaster, Viscountess Strathallan, Viscountess Dalrymple, Lady Anne Murray, Lady Eleanor Brodie, Lady Herries, Lady Sinclair, Lady Middleton, Lady Ramsay of Bamff, Lady Maxwell of Monreith, Lady Macpherson Grant, Mrs. Munro, and Mrs. Murray of Polmaise. Before dancing became general the boys and girls of the Asylum, headed by their Pipers and band, marched round the ball-room. Much credit is due to the President and Vice-President of the ball, the Duke of Atholl and Marquis of Tullibardine, for their efforts in the cause of charity.<ref>"The Royal Caledonian Ball." ''Morning Post'' 27 June 1899, Tuesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18990627/063/0007.</ref></blockquote> ==July 1899== July 1899, Emma Nevada sang for Queen Victoria at Osborne House.<ref name=":0" /> === 1 July 1899, Saturday === A meeting was held in London to preserve Kilkenny as a national park:<blockquote>The annual general meeting of the National Trust for for places of historical interest or natural beauty was held at Grosvenor House, under the presidency of his Grace the Duke of Westminster. The meeting was largely attended in view of the proposed formation of a special committee, consisting of members of the Trust and others, to consider what steps can be taken to secure to the nation the enjoyment of the celebrated scenery of the Killarney district. Among those present were — The Earl of Cork, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], the Lord Mayor of Dublin, the Earl of Rosse, Mr V B Dillon (Dublin), Mr H W Crossley, Right Hon James Bryce, M.P.; Sir M Grant Duff, Mr Seymour Lucas, R.A.; Miss Oc[t]avia Hill, Mr J St Lee Strachey, Editor of the "Spectator"; Sir Joshua Fitch, Sir Benjamin Stone, M.P.; Mr F C Penrose, Hon [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], etc. Letters expressing their inability to attend, but expressing sympathy with the object of the meeting, were received from the Earl of Meath, Mr Lecky[, M.]P., and Lord Carlisle. The [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]], in moving the adoption of the annual report, pointed out that an opportunity now existed of acquiring Killarney as a National park, and said a very important question that had arisen lately was the fact that the Lakes of Killarney and the Muckross property was in the market. England had its public parks in the New Forest, and it would be, perhaps, only right that Ireland should have a playground, though it was a good way off, and though it did rain occasionally in that country. (Laughter.) It would be most unfortunate if, by private purchase, any of the parks and private drives in Killarney should be shut up for evermore. They had an unpleasant example in the Giants' Causeway, which, he believed, had been purchased by private individuals and a toll demanded — a state of things that ought not to be. (Hear, hear.) Lord Dufferin, who too ka [sic] great part in the acquisition of Niagara, would move the resolution respecting tho Muckross property. Sir Robert Hunter, who seconded the resolution, pointed out that under the Irish Local Government Act County Councils were authorised to put in force the provisions of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, so that in Ireland they had not only a wider scope, but the local authorities were authorised to acquire and preserve those monuments. The report was adopted. The Bishop of London remarked that he had never been to Killarney, but he hoped they would preserve it so that he may have an opportunity of visiting tho lakes at some future date. Mr Shaaw-Lefevre said people were willing to pay £5,000 for a picture of a landscape, then how much more important was it to secure the original from which the picture was taken. The Marquis of Dufferin moved — "That this meeting desires to record its conviction that it would be deeply to be deplored were the Lakes of Killarney, perhaps more widely celebrated for their natural beauty than any other spot in the British Isles, to be closed against the public or marred by vulgarising and incongruous treatment, and urges that the opportunity offered by the sale of the Muckross Estates should be embraced to secure the lakes permanently to the nation, as the Falls of Niagara have been secured by the joint action of the United States and the Dominion of Canada. That with this object it is desirable that the council of the Trust do organise a special committee of members of the Trust and others, to take such steps as may be practicable to bring about the desired result." In America there was a vast region which had been entirely devoted as a kind of park or place of recreation for the public at large. In another part of America there was another region equally extensive, he believed, which was devoted to the preservation of all the wild animals which could be found upon the Continent. Again, Canada and the State of New York joined together in the most generous manner to rescue the neighbourhood of the Falls of Niagara from the innumerable quantity of sheds and shanties and every kind of disfiguring buildings which were encroaching upon that beautiful region. (Hear. hear.) One could not but ask oneself whether it was altogether impossible thta [sic] they might induce her Majesty's Government to take the same kind of vview of its obligations. If that appeal were addressed to deaf ears they were not altogether without resources to fall back upon. Ireland was the home of patriotism. Every city in Ireland could point to the various magnificent buildings, public halls, and churches, asylums and hospitals, which were monuments of the munificence of private individuals, and he felt sure that there could be found in Ireland a man or group of men who would combine for this noble and patriotic purpose and if they would do so their names would be regarded with the utmost gratitude by innumerable generations. (Cheers.) The Right Hon James Bryce., M P, seconded the resolution, which was supported by the Earl of Mayo and Sir Benjamin Stone. M P. Lord Mayo suggested that the name of some Irishmen could be added, and form a committee in Dublin to work with the National Trust. They were as follows:— The Lord Mayor of Dublin, the Marquis of Dufferin, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Lord Dunraven]], Lord Ardilaun, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Lord Iveagh]], Lord Rosse, Mr Lecky, M P; the Mayor of Cork, Mr Thomas Lough, M P; Mr John Redmond, M P; Sir Thomas Esmonde, M P; the Hon Horace Plunkett, M P; Mr John Jameson[,] Mr James Talbot Power, Mr V B Dillon, Mr F W Crossley, Mr Robert Saunders, and Mr D J Wilson. The Lord Mayor's name was also added. The resolution was adopted. The Hon [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], rising at the end of the room, said he had been authorised by another gentleman to say that he was negotiating for the purchase of the property, and if the negotiations were successful he would be willing to treat with the society to enable them to purchase the right of way over Muckross Estate. The speaker did not mention the name of the purchaser. A vote of thanks was then passed to the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]] for his kindness in allowing the use of his house, and for presiding over the meeting. The proceedings then ended.<ref>"The Muckross Property. Important Meeting in London. Killarney as a National Park." ''Cork Weekly News'' 01 July 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 2a–b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004163/18990701/122/0007. Print n.p.</ref></blockquote> ===4 July 1899, Tuesday=== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was at a garden party hosted by Lady Rothschild and Mrs. Leopold Rothschild after the end of the Women’s Congress:<blockquote>Not the least interesting features of the Women's Congress have been the social entertainments. On Tuesday, after the final sessions had been held, Lady Rothschild and Mrs. Leopold Rothschild invited the delegates to a garden party at Gunnersbury Park. Special trains conveyed the guests to Mill-hill Station. The guests were received by Lady and Mrs. Leopold Rothschild, the former in black lace over pale mauve silk, and the latter in blue and white muslin, and Lady Battersea, in a charming light grey and white frock and a little yellow bonnet that suited her to perfection. By five o'clock the grounds were crowded, and among the well known people to be seen walking about there were Lady Battersea, Lady Harcourt, Mr. and Lady Clementine Walsh, the latter in pale grey and white, Lord and Lady Gosford, and with them Lady Aldra Acheson; Lady Alice Stanley, in rose-pink; Mrs. Rolands [Ronalds?] in white; Mr. and Lady Barbara Smith, and Mrs. Maguire in a becoming frock of pale yellow. Lady Kilmorey, who came quite early in the afternoon wore white muslin, with a large straw hat with roses; Lady Chelsea, in mauve; and Miss Muriel Wilson, in a lovely dress of pale blue, with transparent lace sleeves, and large white hat with roses, looked particularly well. Lady Blandford was in pale grey; Mrs Arthur Sassoon was also in grey. Among some of the late arrivals were Lord and Lady Crewe, with Lady Annabel Milnes, Lady Crewe in a pretty white dress. From the terraces the scene was magnificent. The park stretched over a velvety green lawn, dotted with beds of of [sic] exquisite flowers; bridged over with roses, that gave them the appearance of great baskets. A fountain, with pond lilies nestling in its shadowy spots, lay at the left. At another side of the lawn was an artificial lake, with boats and boatmen at the disposal of visitors. A string band at the bank and a second marquee afforded rest, music, and refreshment to those who preferred to remain in a little world of their own. A three band played lively airs for the American bicycle polo team, who gave an exhibition of their skill on the lawn. And both circus and stage were utilised for the afternoon amusements.<ref>"Women’s Congress Ended." ''Bridgnorth Journal'' 8 July 1899, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001961/18990708/138/0008 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> === 5 July 1899, Wednesday === ==== Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House ==== A young Winston Churchill was present. Fanny Ronalds was present, but Arthur Sullivan was not.<blockquote>The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire entertained at dinner at Devonshire House last night Prince and Princess Demidotf, Prince Francis of Teck, the Portuguese Minister [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]]], Earl and Countess Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Derby, the Earl of Essex, Comte and Comtesse de Ganay, the Earl and Countess of Gosford and Ladies Mary and Aldra Acheson, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lady Wolverton, Lord Charles Montagu, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, and General Oliphant. The dinner was followed by a dance. The garden was illuminated with numerous coloured lamps, and the night being warm many availed themselves of the cool retreat between the dances. Leader's Blue Hungarian Band performed during dinner and afterwards in the ball-room, and Karl Kaps' Viennese Band played in the garden. The company included His Royal Highness Prince Christian, Prince and Princess Ruspoli, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Princess Pless and Miss Comwallis West, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, the French Ambassador, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Choate, Count Mensdorff, M. and Madame Dominguez, Count and Countess Carrobio, Count Constantine Deym, Baron Eckhardtstein, Mr. Henry White and Miss White, M. and Madame Von Andre, M. Grunelius, Prince and Princess Victor Duleep Singh, the Duke of Sutherland and Miss Chaplin, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke of Manchester, the Duchess of Abercorn and the Ladies Hamilton, the Duchess of Roxburghe and the Ladies lnnes Ker, the Duchess of Westminster and Lord Gerald Grosvenor, the Marquis of Graham and Lady Helen Graham, the Marquis of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Camden, the Marchioness of Blandford, Lady Norah Spencer Churchill and Miss Lambton, the Marchioness of Hamilton, Lady Clodagh Beresford and Miss Wyndham, the Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Beatrix Herbert, the Marchioness of Dufferin and Miss Stevenson, the Marchioness of Anglesey and Miss Chetwynd, the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey, the Earl and Countess of Yarborough, Countess Spencer and Miss Stirling, Countess Howe, Earl and Countess Bathurst, the Earl of Durham, Georgina Countess of Dudley, the Countess of Leicester and Lady Mabel Coke, the Countess of Coventry and Lady Dorothy Coventry, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, the Countess of Erne and Lady Mabel Crichton, the Countess of Powis, the Countess of Dudley, the Countess of Kintore and Lady Ethel Keith-Falconer, the Earl and Countess de Grey and Lady Juliette Lowther, Viscount Villiers, Viscountess Coke, Viscount Cobham and Hon. Maud Littleton, Viscount St. Cyres, Viscount and Viscountess Valentia and Hon. Vere Annesley, Viscount and Viscountess Morpeth, Lord Belper and Hon. Miss Strutt, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lord and Lady Bingham, Lord and Lady Farquhar, Lord lveagh, Lord Stanley, Lord Burton, Lady De Ramsey and the Hon. Rosamond Fellowes, Lord Wenlock, Lord Belper and the Hon. Miss Strutt [sic 2x], Lady Evelyn Ewart and Lady Mary Willoughby, Lady Magheramorne, Lady Ribblesdale and the Hon. Barbara Lister, Lady Doreen Long and Miss Long, Lady Louisa Egerton and the Misses Egerton, Lord Vivian, Lady Fitzgerald, Lady de Trafford, Lady Louise Loder, Lady A. Beauclerk and Lady Victoria Grey, Lord St. Oswald, Lord Kenyon, the Right Hon. St. John Brodrick, M.P., and Lady Hilda Brodrick, the Right Hon. H. Asquith, M.P., and Mrs. Asquith and Miss Plowden, the Right Hon. Arnold Morley, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, the Hon. Harry and Mrs. Bourke, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie and Miss Thorniwell, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, the Hon. Alec Yorke, the Hon. Humphry and Lady Feodore Sturt, the Hon Hugh Grosvenor, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Sir Frank Lascelles, Mr. George Wyndham, M.P., and Countess Grosvenor, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain and Miss Chamberlain, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Rochfort Maguire, Mr. George Wyndham, Mr. Buckle, Mr. Leveson-Gower, Mr. Winston Churchill, Mrs. and Miss Walter, Lady and Miss Mure Mackenzie, Lady Lister Kaye, Lord Herbert, Lady Florence Duncombe and Miss Dyke, Lady Ampthill and Hon. Miss Russell, Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, Lady Bigge and Miss Victoria Bigge, Lady Vivian and the Hon. Violet and the Hon. Doris Vivian, Lady Ebury and the Hon. Miss Grosvenor, the Hon. Arthur O'Neill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Henry Stonor, the Hon. Charles FitzClarence, the Hon. R. Guinness, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. G. and Mrs. Keppel]], the Hon. V. Russell, the Hon. C. Harris, the Hon. Mrs. Lowther, the Hon. H. Coventry, the Hon. Claud Hay, the Hon. W. Coventry, Hon. E. St. Aubyn, Hon. Mrs. Bass aud Miss Bass, Hon. Arthur and Lady Clementine Walsh, Hon. E. J. Mills, Hon. Mrs. Ronald Greville, Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Goschen and Miss Goschen, Mr. and Lady Harriet Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Susan Towneley, Mr. and Lady Alice Egerton, and Lady Alexandra Osborne, Baroness and Madlle. de Brienen, Sir E. Hamilton, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey-Thompson, Sir Donald Cameron, Sir Charles Cust, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir James and the Hon. Lady Miller, Sir Donald Wallace, Sir A. and Lady Edmonstone, Sir A. Young, Sir R. Blois, Sir C. Hall, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mr. and Mrs. Hope Vere, Mr. Wentworth and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. Cecil Brownlow, Mr. Wilson, Captain Feilden, Mr. and Mrs. Story, Mr. Oliver Howard, Mrs. Macdonald, Mr. Milner, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, Captain White, Mr. A. FitzClarence, Mr. Leveson-Gower, Major Doyle, Mr. and Mrs. Beckett, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim and Lady Kathleen Cole, Captain Hayworth, Mr. Condy Stephen, Mrs. Adeane, Mr. Clive, Mrs. James, Miss Dawnay, Major O. Ames, Mr. Lambton, Mr. Ruthven, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Captain and Mrs. Greer, Mr. Reuben Sassoon, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Chamberlain, Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Bertie, Mrs. Menzies, Mr. William Lambton, Mrs. and Miss Vaughan, and many others.<ref>"Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' 6 July 1899, Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18990706/050/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 6 July 1899, Thursday === ==== Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding ==== The Yorkshire papers covered this event extensively. The report below is from the ''Yorkshire Herald''; a fuller one is at the ''Yorkshire Post''.<ref>"Wedding of Miss Joan Wilson." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 7 July 1899, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 5a–6c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/18990707/108/0005.</ref><blockquote>The fashionable church of St. Mark's, North Audley-street, which is close to Qrosvenor-square, was on Thursday the scene of a fashionable wedding in which Yorkshire society played a prominent part, the occasion being the wedding of Miss Joan Wilson to Mr. Guy Fairfax, of Bilborough Hall and Steeton, York. The bride is one of the beautiful daughters of Mr. C. H. Wilson, M.P. for Hull, of Warter Priory, and a niece of Mr. Arthur Wilson, of Tranby Croft, the popular Master of the Holderness Hounds. The church was elaborately decorated with tall palms and white flowers, and the service was fully choral. An uncle of the bridegroom, the Rev. Charles Fairfax, conducted the ceremony, being assisted by the Rev. R. H. Hadden, rector of St. Mark's. The brother and uncle of the bride, Mr. C. H. Wellesley Wilson and Mr. C. G. Wellesley, acted as ushers, and conducted the guests to their seats. On the arrival of the bride, who was accompanied by her father, she was met at the church doors by the choir, who proceded the bridaly [sic] party to the chancel, singing the nuptial hymn, "Lead us Heavenly Father, lead us." Here they were joined by the bridegroom, who had with him Mr. Stephen Wombwell as best man. Mr. Wilson gave his daughter away. She looked charming in her picturesque costume of soft cream satin made in the Empire style, embroidered round the hem and up the front with myrtle in natural colour, and silver garlands and bows. The train, which fell from the shoulders, was of fine Brussels lace lined with chiffon and silver. Instead of the usual wreath of orange blossom a wreath of myrtle was worn, surmounted by a veil of tulle embroidered in silver. The little daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], attired in a pretty costume of white relieved with green, acted as train-bearer. Then followed six bridesmaids, Miss Enid Wilson and Miss Gladys Wilson, sisters of the bride, Miss Era Fairfax, sister of the bridegroom, the Hon. Ethel Gerard, the Hon. Gwendoline Maxwell, and Miss Milner. They wore costumes of ivory white satin made in the princess style, with lace coats fastened with diamond and emerald buttons, large toques of green tulle with white ostrich feather plumes and diamond and emerald ornaments. A long end of tulle fell from the toque, and was caught on one side of the dress with a spray of myrtle, the end falling to the bottom of the skirt. The service concluded with Rossini's anthem "To thee 0 loving Saviour! our Spirits turn for rest." The marriage registers having been signed, the bridal party drove to the town residence of the bride's parents in Grosvenor Square, where Mrs Wilson held the wedding reception. Subsequently the newly married couple left town for Scotland, where they intend passing the honeymoon. The bride's going away dress was of ivory mousseline de soie, the corsage being formed of narrow tucks over a transparent chemisette of rich Brussels applique. Around the waist was an Empire sash of china blue chiffon, and over the costume was worn a cloak of cream Cluny lace and hat to match. Among those present were: — The Princess Henry of Pless and Mrs. Corwallis West, Princess Dolgoronky, the Duchess of Devonshire, the Duchess of Abercorn, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland, the Earl and Countess Howe, the Earl and Countess Carrington, Lady Savile, Lord Decies, the Countess of Westmorland, Lord and Lady Herries, Lord and Lady Wenlock, Lord and Lady Middleton, the Earl of Ava, Lady G. Gordon Lennox, Lady Decies, Lady Markham, Lord and Lady Muncaster, Lord Acheson, Lord and Lady Bolton, Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Earl and Countess of Enniskillen, the Earl and Countess of Errol, Lady Sheffield, the Marquise d'Hautpoul[,] Victoria Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, Lord Wandsworth, Dorothy Viscountess Cantelupe, Lady Vivian and the Honourable Violet Vivian, Lord Newport, Lord and Lady Ribblesdale and the Hon. Miss Lister, the Earl ond [sic] countess Carnarvon, the Earl and Countess of Rosse and Lady Muriel Parsons, Lord and Lady Bingham, Lady Hothfield and the Hon. Rosamund Tufton, Lord and Lady Gerard, Earl Cairns, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, Lord and Lady Churchill, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, the Marquis of Headfort, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, the Earl of Chesterfield, Count Constantine Deigm [Deyn?], Lord Hyde, the Earl and Countess of Jersey and the Ladies Villiers, Lady Brougham and Vaux, the Hon. H. Stonar [Stonor?], the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon, the Countess of Powis, Viscount and Viscountess Duncannon and the Honourables Olivien and Irene Ponsonby, Sir Francis and Lady Jeune, Sir Charles and Lady Tennant, the Right Hon. Philip Stanhope and Countess Tolstoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mrs. Ronalds]], Mrs. Spencer Graves, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, Mrs. Lycett Green, Mr. C. H. Wellesley Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wellesley, Colonel Hamilton, Colonel and Mrs. Gunter, Mrs. Burroughs, Major the Hon. E and Mrs. Bourke, Mrs. Harris, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, Mr. W. W. Astor and Miss Astor, Mr. Markham, Captain St. Aubyn, Mr. Hugh Grosvenor, Mr. Hodgson, Mr. Heseltine, Mr. Hall Walker, Mr. James Harrison, Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Lady Lilian Ogle, Sir George and Lady Julia Wombwell, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Mrs. Percy Mitford, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Major and Mrs. Boyd, Mrs. Constable, Mrs. W. Thomson, Lady Henry Neville, Mrs. Lousada, Miss C. Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. B. Cammell, Mrs. Slade, Mr. C. Lambton, Miss Metcalfe, Mrs. Fitzwilliam, Mrs. Guy Palmes, Mrs. Preston, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mr. E. Beckett, Mr. and Mrs. Garbutt, Mrs. Burns, Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Menzies, Mr. and Mrs. Farquharson, Captain and Mrs. Langdale, Mr. and Mrs. H. Sykes, Mrs. Quhling, Mr. and Mrs. Eason Wilkinson, Mr. T. Landon, Mr. Spender Clay, Mrs. and Miss Wellesley, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Green, the Hon. B. and Mrs. Maxwell, Mr. Fitz Patrick, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. and Mrs. Bardwell, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Rand Grant, Major Shuttleworth, Mrs. Heseltine, the Hon. Guy Dawnay, Lady Beatrice Lister Kaye, Lady Feo Sturt, the Hon. Mrs. R. Greville, the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel]], Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mrs. Sanderson, Mrs. Thomson, Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. and Mrs. George Duncombe, Mrs. Tatton Bower, Mrs. Dennison, Mrs. Barclay, Major Lawley, Mrs. E. Gray, Mr. E. Meysey Thompson, Mrs. T. Willoughby, General and Mrs. Thynne, Mr. G. Hartopp, Mrs. Jack Lane-Fox, Captain and Mrs. A. Bethell, Mrs. Munro, Mrs. W. Blundell, Mrs. Gerald Wellesley, Mr. H. Milner, and Mr. Cyril Wellesley.<ref>"A Yorkshire Wedding. Marriage of Mr. Guy Fairfax and Miss Joan Wilson." ''York Herald'' 8 July 1899, Saturday: 13 [of 16], Col. 6a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000500/18990708/112/0013. Print title: ''The York[s]hire Herald'', p. 13.</ref></blockquote> === 14 July 1899, Friday === Ernest Beckett hosted a "big dinner-party":<blockquote>Mr. Ernest Beckett had big dinner-party on Friday night, when his guests included Lady Fee Sturt, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mr. Waldo Storey, the sculptor.</blockquote> === 15 July 1899, Saturday === <blockquote>Lord Kenyon, Mr. Schomburg McDonnell (Lord Salisbury's private secretary), Colonel Dawson, Mr. H. Ridgway, Lady Gerard, the Hon. Miss Gerard, Mrs. Hartmann, and [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Mdlle Jancourt]] arrived at Broughton Castle on Saturday night on a weekend visit to Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox.<ref>"Local Town and Country Notes." ''Banbury Guardian'' 20 July 1899 Thursday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001523/18990720/116/0008.</ref></blockquote> === 18 July 1899, Tuesday === ===== Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism ===== <blockquote>On Tuesday, the 18th inst., a very interesting "Causerie Artistiqué [sic]," of which the subject was impressionism, took place at the house of the Countess of Mayo, who kindly lent her drawing room for the occasion. Lady Florence Bourke presided, and the discussion was preceded by Mr Ludovici reading an extremely able paper upon the matter in hand. The questions which were asked of the lecturer elicited the most original and pertinent replies, and the principles of the impressionist belief were most thoroughly and lucidly enunciated. More than a hundred people were present at Mr Ludovici's lecture, including the Dowager Countess of Mayo, the Countess of Mayo, Lord Wemyss, Lady Eva Wyndham Quinn, Lady Robinson, Mrs Dawkins, Mrs Percy Wyndham, Miss K. Kinsella, Mrs Warden, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]], the Countess of Gleichen, Lady Edith Fox Pitt, Mrs Craik, Mme. Ludovici, and Miss Ash, the Hon Gerald Ponsonby, the Hon. Terene [Terence?] Bourke, Mrs Pitt Fox, Mrs Douglas Robinson-Painter.<ref>"Entertainments, Balls, &c." "Society." ''The Queen'' 29 July 1899, Saturday: 41 [of 70], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18990729/233/0041. Print title: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 190.</ref></blockquote> ==August 1899== ===28 August 1899=== Summer Bank Holiday ==September 1899== ==October 1899== ===31 October 1899, Tuesday=== Halloween. ==November 1899== ===5 November 1899, Sunday=== Guy Fawkes Day === 23 November 1899, Thursday === Captain C.S. Schreiber attended a Royal and Imperial Dinner Party at Windsor Castle:<blockquote>The Imperial and Royal dinner party included their Imperial Majesties the German Emperor and Empress, their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness Princess Louise Marchioness of Lorne and Marquis of Lorne, their Royal Highnesses Princess Henry of Battenberg, Princess Victoria of Wales, his Serene Highness and her Grand Ducal Highness Prince and Princess Louis of Battenberg, his Highness Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein, the Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes; Fraulein von Gersdorff, the Countess Stollberg, the Dowager Lady Ampthill, the Danish Minster, Mons. de Bille; the Belgian Minister, Baron Whettnall; the Portuguese Minister, Mons. de Soveral ; the Greek Chargé d'Affaires, Mons. Metaxas; the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, his Excellency Count von Bülow, his Excellency Count Eulenburg, his Excellency General von Plessen, Lord Suffield, the Right Hon. Sir Frank Lascelles, Lord Colville of Culross, Sir Francis Knollys, Vice-Admiral Sir John Fullerton, Major-General Swaine, commanding North-Western District, and Signor de Martino. The band of the Royal Artillery, conducted by Cavaliere L. Zavertal, played the following selection of music in St. George's Hall in the evening: March from tlie Suite "Sylvia" Delibes. Vorspiel "Das Heimchen am Herd" Goldmark. Three Dances from the music to "Henry VIII." Ed. German. 1, Morris; 2. Shepherd's; 3. Torch. (a) Adagietto from the Suite "L'Arlésienae" Bizet. (b) "La Chaise-à-Porteurs" Chaminade. Ballet Music, "Der Damon" Rubinstein. "Abendruhe " Loeschhorn. Angelus from the Suite "Scènes Pittoresques" Massenet. Overture, "Cleopatra" Mancinelli. York March. Her Majesty's guests invited to dine at the Castle, together with the Ladies and Gentlemen of the Royal Household and the suites in attendance on the Queen's Imperial and Royal guests, had the honour of joining the Royal Circle in St. George's Hall. The following had the honour ot receiving invitations to be present: Lord and Lady Esher, Lady Edwards, Lady and Miss Victoria Bigge, Mr. and Lady Emily Van de Weyer, Miss Loch, Miss Emily Loch, and Miss Catherine Loch, Sir Walter Parratt, the Head Master at Eton and Mrs. Warre, the Provost of Eton and Miss Hornby, Mr. E. C. Austen Leigh, M.A., Mr. A. C. Benson, M.A., Baron and Baroness Campbell von Laurentz, Lieutenant-Colonel C. N. Miles, Captain G. F. Milner, and [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Captain C. S. Schreiber]], 1st Life Guards; Major the Hon. J. St. Aubyn, Captain the Hon. W. Cavendish, and Lieutenant and Adjutant E. Gascoigne, 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards; and Colonel Swinfen, Major Bolton, and Lieutenant-Colonel Tighe, Military Knights of Windsor. The Queen did not attend the dinner or the concert in St. George's Hall, owing to having so recently received the news of the death of her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess of Leiningen, her Majesty's niece.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Morning Post'' 24 November 1899, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18991124/045/0005.</ref></blockquote> ==December 1899== ===25 December 1899, Monday=== Christmas Day ===26 December 1899, Tuesday=== Boxing Day === 1899 December 29, Friday === ==== Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough ==== <blockquote>The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough are entertaining for Christmas at Blenheim Palace Viscount and Lady Georgiana Curzon, Mr. F. Curzon, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lady Norah Churchill, Mr. Cecil and Lady Lilian Grenfell, the Earl of Chesterfield, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Colonel Henry Norris, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]. The party have had excellent shooting.<ref>"London Day by Day." ''Daily Telegraph & Courier'' (London) 29 December 1899, 8 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18991229/150/0008. Print: ''The Daily Telegraph'', p. 8.</ref></blockquote>Algernon Bourke was present as well, according to the Western Times:<blockquote>The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough have been entertaining a large house-party at Blenheim Palace, which will break up to-day [on 2 January 1900]. The Earl of Chesterfield, Earl Cairns, the Earl and Countess of Warwick, Viscount Curzon and Lady Georgiana Curzon, Lady Randolph Spencer Churchill and Mr John Churchill, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs Bourke]] are among the guests at Blenheim.<ref>["Duke and Duchess of Marlborough."] ''Western Times'' 2 January 1899, Monday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000265/18990102/006/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> === 30 December 1899, Saturday === [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle| Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s New Year's Eve party at Hindhead, [[Social Victorians/Haslemere | Haslemere]]. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 43p6w0gcgxxiyrq1x0l9rt5jfn1sddj 0 264290 2719096 2717452 2025-06-18T20:24:01Z Scogdill 1331941 2719096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] 1900s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s–1930s]] ==1900== 1900, early, [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 87 Rue Mozart, Paris (Howe 203). ===January 1900=== ====1 January 1900, Monday, New Year's Day==== ====13 January 1900, Tuesday==== <blockquote>THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS. ENTERTAINMENT AT HER MAJESTY'S. The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince Charles of Denmark, attended the entertainment to aid the widows and orphans of her Majesty's Household Troops, organised by Mrs. Arthur Paget and presented under the direction of Mr. H. Beerbohm Tree at Her Majesty's Theatre last night. ... [The major part of this story is the program of the entertainment, in which [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], among others, played an important part.] Among those present at the entertainment were: The Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, and Prince Charles of Denmark, the French Ambassador, the Russian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, the Austrian Embassy, Prince and Princess Demidoff, Prince and Princess Hatzfeldt, Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, Count and Countess Roman Potocki, Count and Countess Alexander Münister, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Marquis of Downshire, the Earl and Countess of Cork, the Earl and Countess of Westmorland, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Earl of Lathom, the Countess of Ancaster, the Countess of Wilton, the Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Huntingdon, Viscount Curzon, Lord and Lady Farquhar, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Rowton, Lord Westbury, Baroness d'Erlanger, Count and Countess Seilern, Lord and Lady Ribblesdale, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lord Wandsworth, Lord Charles Montagu, Lady Cunard, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, Lady Kathleen and Mr. Pilkington, Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Grey Egerton, the Hon. Humphry and Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Lady Ripley, Lady Katherine Coke, Lady Agneta Montagu, Lady Tatton Sykes, Lady Templemore, Lady Florence Grant, Lady Garrick, Lady Pearson, Lady Constance Haddon, Sir F. Burdett, the Hon. M. Charteris, Sir A. de la Rue, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, the Hon. E. Stonor, Sir Edward and Lady Sassoon, Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain, the Hon. Mrs. Lawrence, the Hon. Mrs. Napier, Sir Charles Forbes, Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mrs. Cornwallis West, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mr. L. Neumann, Madame Vagliano, Mr. Gillett, Mrs. Godfrey Samuelson, Mrs. Reginald Ward, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Menzies, Mr. Dreyfous [sic], Mrs. George Coats, Mr. Hartmann, Mrs. Rube, Mrs. Neumann, Mr. Lukach, Mrs. Candy, Mr. Bargrave Deane, Mr. L. V. Harcourt, Mrs. Oppenheim, Mrs. Lionel Phillips, Mr. King. Mr. James Finch, Mrs. Clayton Glyn, Miss Van Wart, Mr. Hall Walker, Mr. Drexell, Mrs. Van Raalte, Mr. Alfred Beit, Mr. Douglas Uzielli, Mrs. Alfred Harmsworth, Mr. Munday, Mrs. William James, Mrs. Newhouse, Mrs. Max Waechter, Mr. G. Prentis, Mrs. M'Calmont, Mr. Blacklock, Mrs. Ausell, Captain Holford (Equerry to the Prince of Wales), Mr. De Nino, Mrs. Keyser, Mrs. Fleming, Mrs. Breitmeyer, Mrs. Wernher, Mrs. Armour, Mr. Van Alan, Mrs. Ewart, Mrs. Carl Meyer, Mrs. Powell, Mr. Hambro, Colonel Charles Allen, Colonel Cunningham, Mrs.Hutchinson, Mrs. Schumacher, Colonel Kennard, Mrs. Fludyer, Mrs. Williamson, Mr. Thellusson, Mr. Sackville West, Captain M'Neil, Mrs. Dalrymple Hamilton, Mrs. Penn Curzon, Mrs. Hamar Bass, Mrs. Kuhliug, General Stracey, Mrs. Jeffcock, Colonel Thynne.<ref>"The Household Troops. Entertainment at Her Majesty's." ''Morning Post'' 14 February 1900, Wednesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19000214/014/0003 (accessed February 2020).</ref></blockquote> ====17 January 1900, Saturday==== 1900 February 17, Lady Greville writes about the amateur theatricals Muriel Wilson is involved in: <blockquote>The most notable social event of the week was the amateur performance of tableaux at Her Majesty's Theatre. One is accustomed to the amateurs under every aspect, leaping in where angels fear to tread, essaying the most difficult parts, dabbling in the arts of music and literature, but so full and rich and interesting a performance has rarely been given before. To begin with, there was a masque, modelled on the Elizabethan lines, with song and dance, and special music composed for the occasion by Mr. Hamish McCunn, dresses statuesque and graceful, and a bevy of pretty women to carry out the idea. One original feature there was, too, which certainly did not present itself before our Virgin Queen, and that was the graceful fencing of Miss Lowther, who looked an ideal young champion in her russet suit and jaunty little cap. A very young debutante appeared in the person of Miss Viola Tree, who, dressed in the nest diaphanous garments, acted with a grace and lightness that promises well for her future career. Mrs. Crutchly, as "Glory," appeared amid a din of thunder and a rosy glare of limelight, and clashed her cymbals in truly determined fashion. An element of wildness suited to the character, distinguished her agreeable posturing, and her high spiked crown gave distinct individuality to the representation. Mrs. Martineau, Hebe-like in a white robe and a large crown of roses, as if she had just stepped out of a picture by Leighton, then danced and took the palm for poetry and suppleness of movement; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], meanwhile, having daringly shot up through a trap-door in scarlet robes with a flaming torch, announced herself as "War," and beckoned to Glory, Victory, and Prosperity, when they finished their performance, to sit beside her on her throne. "Rumour," alias Mr. Gervase Cary Elwes, sang an excellent topical song, attired in a quaint garb covered with interrogations, and carrying an electric telegraph-post in her hand. Lady Maud Warrender, as "Pity," advanced from a barge that had just arrived, and sang a doleful ditty which made one wish "Pity" might combine a sense of gaiety. But as Mrs. Willie James, in the part of "Mercy," dressed as a nurse, recited some bright lines anent Tommy, to the accompaniment of distant fifes and drums, the audience decided to take this as a satisfactory compensation. All being now harmoniously arranged, "War" performed a sleight-of-hand feat, divested herself of her red dress, her headgear of flaming serpents, and her glistening breastpiece, and appeared in virgin white, crowned with roses, as “Peace," surrounded by “Music" in a gorgeous gown of gold tissue, by “Painting," “Science," and “Literature." A pleasant finaleof gay music brought the Masque to a close, and left a decidedly agreeable and novel impression behind it. Tableaux then followed, all more or less well grouped by well-known artists, and represented by beautiful women of Society. Among the familiar faces were Lady St. Oswald, Lady Mary Sackville, Miss Agatha Thynne, Mrs. Fitz Ponsonby, Lady Maitland, Madame von André, &c., but neither Lady Helen Vincent, Lady De Grey, Lady Cynthia Graham, the Duchess of Portland, nor many other well-known and lovely ladies took part in the performance. Finally, came the Patriotic Tableau, which had evidently engaged all the energies of the organisers of the fête. On a high throne, with a most realistic lion, open-mouthed and fierce-looking, beside her, sat Lady Westmoreland as "Great Britain," a stately and dignified figure in white satin, draped in a red cloak and crowned with a large wreath of laurel. The stage on each side was lined by genuine stalwart Guardsmen, and to the sound of lively martial music, composed and conducted by Sir Arthur Sullivan, slowly advanced a procession of Great Britain's dependencies, figured by ladies magnificently costumed, their long jewelled trains borne by two little pages in cloth of gold brocade coats, with black silk legs. Very beautiful were the blendings of the colours in this tableau, artistically designed by Mr. Percy Anderson. Lady Claude Hamilton, as "British Columbia," moved with stately gait in a robe of palest green; Lady Feo Sturt glittered barbarically with jewels; her headdress and her bosom were covered with gems. As the typical representative of "India," she was dressed in apricot colour and bore branches of hibiscus in her hands. Mrs. Hwfa Williams, in blazing red, carried a parrot and some red flowers. The Hon. Barbara Lister looked lovely and picturesque in her violet robes under a massive wreath of wisteria blossoms; Lady Raincliffe, wearing a curious high head-dress, was dressed in white to represent "Canada." "Rhodesia" made one of the prettiest figures in her khaki gown and cloak, with the coquettish hat and feathers and the red trimming associated with the Colonial Volunteers. "Natal" appeared appropriately clad all in black, while little "Nigeria," for the nonce, wore spotless white robes. / Miss Muriel Wilson spoke an ode, and looked striking in apricot and white, with a high diamond crown and a long standing-up white feather. None of the ladies suffered from shyness; they showed thorough acquaintance with the stage, and moved easily thereon. In fact, costumes, arrangements, music, and the glorious feast of beauty left nothing to be desired. The final impression in one's mind was that the stage produces strange effects. It idealises some faces, hardens others, and alters many. The large wreaths, almost grotesque in size, proved eminently becoming, and the Grecian draperies carried away the palm for beauty. After them our modern dress seems stiff, angular, and inartistic. The whole performance was one to be commended, and will no doubt be as successful financially as it was from the aesthetic and spectacular point of view. Mrs. James Stuart Wortley, who died last week, will be regretted by every class of society. This lady, a beauty in her youth, devoted the latter part of her life entirely to works of charity. She founded the East London Nursing Society, to the tender and skilful ministrations of which many a poor woman owes her return to health, and in every philanthropic scheme, emigration, the befriending of young servants, and the education of youth, she took a lively interest. Her clear sense, her logical grasp of subjects and her immense activity were of infinite service in everything she undertook, and her memory will smell sweet in the hearts of the many who loved and depended on her. I really wonder at the patience of the British taxpayer. During the snow of this week Belgravia, Eaton, and other fashionable squares, remained a morass of slush, ice, and half-melted snow. The pavements as slippery as glass had not been cleansed, and only at the risk of one's life one made one's way from street to street.<ref>Greville, Lady Violet. "Place aux Dames." ''The Graphic'' 17 February 1900, Saturday: 7 [of 40], Col.1a–2a, 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/19000217/008/0007 (accessed July 2019). [Col. 2c only for the last 2 paragraphs, not really relevant to Muriel Wilson]</ref>{{rp|Col. 1a-2a}}</blockquote> '''25 January 1900, Thursday''' David Lindsay, [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]] and Constance Lilian Pelly married: <blockquote> MARRIAGE OF LORD BALCARRES. The marriage of Lord Balcarres, M.P. for North Lancashire, eldest son of the Earl of Crawford of Balcarres House, Fife, and Haigh Hall, Wigan, to Miss Pelly, daughter of the late Sir H. Peily, Bart., and granddaughter of the Earl of Wemyss, was solemnised yesterday (Thursday) at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, in the presence of a large gathering of friends. Among the invited guests were the Earl and Countess of Crawford, the Dowager Countess of Crawford, the Earl of Wemyss, Lord and Lady Elcho, the Hon. E. Lindsay, the Hon. Lionel Lindsay, the Hon. Ronald Lindsay, Lord and Lady Cowper, Mr. A. J. Balfour, the Hon. L. Greville, and many othsrs. The service was fully choral, and was conducted by the Bishop of Stepney, assisted by the the Rev. Canon Gore. Mr Yorke, the stepfather of the bride, gave her away. She wore a dress of white velvet, draped with old Brussels lace, the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford: chiffon veil and wreath of natural orange blossoms. Her only ornament was a Maltese cross of diamonds, also the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford. There were nine bridesmaids. Miss Pelly, sister of the bride) [sic], the Hon. Mary Vasey, the Hon. Cynthia Charteris, Miss Brodrick, Miss Sybil Brodrick, Miss Benita Pelly, the Hon. Aline Menjendie, Miss Daisy Benson, and Miss Madeline Bourke. They were attired alike in costumes of white de chine, with lace insertions, with blue chiffon hat, trimmed with plumes of white and blue ostrich feathers. They carried bouquets of violets, and wore red enamel brooches with diamond centres and pearl drops, the gifts of the bridegroom. The Hon E. Lindsay supported his brother as best man. At the conclusion of the ceremony the guests drove to the town residence of the bride's mother in Queen Anne's Gate, where the wedding reception was held. Later in the day the newly-married couple left town for Wrest Park, Ampthill, kindly lent them for the honeymoon by Earl and Countess Cowper. Princess Louise (the Marchioness of Lorne) sent the bride a handsome silver basket as a wedding present.<ref>"Marriage of Lord Balcarres." ''Dundee Courier'' 26 January 1900 Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000164/19000126/105/0004.</ref> </blockquote> ===February=== 1900, February, a brief account of the Matherses' Isis ceremony appeared in "the New York periodical the ''Humanist'', February 1900" (Howe 201). ==== 15 February 1900, Thursday ==== [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield Wedding]] ==== 27 February, 1900, Tuesday ==== Mardi Gras ===April 1900=== ==== 8 April 1900, Sunday ==== Palm Sunday ====14 April 1900, Saturday==== Wynn Westcott assumed W. A. Ayton was on, as he wrote, "the Committee to investigate the G. D. which contains Yeats, Bullock and I suppose Ayton" (Howe 217). ====20 April 1900, Friday==== The R.R. et A.C. was code named Research and Archaeological Association (Howe 226) ====21 April 1900, Saturday==== The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at 116 Netherwood Road, West Kensington (Howe 227). ==== 27 April 1900 ==== ===== The Thames Salmon Experiment ===== <blockquote>The fact that they were taking part in what may in after years be considered an historical event was no doubt the cause of the little crowd which gathered round Teddington Weir on Shakespeare's day. It is getting on for half a century since Stephen Ponder and Frank Dockland hatched out some thousands of salmon eggs, at Kingston-on-Thames and South Kensington respectively, and turned the resulting fry into the Thames. In the light of our present knowledge the failure of their experiments was a foregone conclusion; but that no salmon were found ascending the river in after years was very generally considered a sufficient proof that the Thames was for various reasons no longer capable of becoming a salmon river. In the sixties the art of rearing healthy fry was only beginning to be understood, and the fearful mortality which takes place among infant Salmonidæ both in stew and river was by no means appreciated. It is the A B C of modern fish culture that even if some thousands of ordinary brown trout fry are turned into a suitable stream successful results cannot be, as a rule, expected. The yearling form is invariably recommended. Our greatest experts now hold the opinion that, if salmon rivers are to be stocked by means of fry, the little fish must be placed in large quantities in the head-waters, and by large quantities is meant not thousands or even hundreds of thousands, but millions. The Thames, however, is not in its characteristics an ordinary salmon river. For many years coarse fish have been preserved in the interests of the angler; thus pike, perch, chub, and barbel, all fish of cannibalistic habits, are so numerous that if fry were placed in the headwaters they would have to run the gauntlet through considerably over a hundred miles of current in which voracious fish are plentiful. Dangers of pollution above London can be put out of the reckoning, for, owing to the water supply being largely taken from the river, the duty has been placed upon the Thames Conservancy of stopping pollution of all kinds above the intake of the metropolitan water companies. The river below London, however, still presents many dangers to fish owing to pollution from manufactories, gas and chemical works, though the London County Council have done much towards improving matters. The tideway is in appearance infinitely cleaner now than it has been for many years, and the fact that smelts can push their way up through portions of the river which it was believed would prove fatal to fish, while not being conclusive proof, certainly gives fair grounds for hope that the young salmon may descend to the sea in safety. Though the tideway has much improved in one respect, it has, in another, seriously deteriorated, for, owing to imperfect dredging, the channels have silted up. At certain states of the tide even steamers of light draught churn up the foul deposits at the bottom, and the water becomes charged with matter of a very offensive and possibly, from the salmon's point of view, dangerous character. The Royal Commission which is now inquiring into the matter may lead ultimately to the formation of a new authority for the port of London with power and funds to deepen the river. Should this body be brought into existence, and extensive dredging be carried out, the chances of salmon running up the Thames will be materially increased. Had it been decided to place fry by the million in the headwaters of the Thames, there would still have remained the almost insurmountable difficulty of getting a sufficient number of eggs. Now that salmon have become so scarce, local fishery authorities are most reluctant to allow ova to bo taken from their districts, and until we have a fishery department with a river providing a supply of spawning fish and a hatchery of its own, it is hardly likely that an adequate supply of salmon eggs will ever be forthcoming for the purpose of restocking any of our large rivers. The Thames Salmon Association unquestionably had a most difficult problem to grapple with, and the committee's decision to place no fry in the river was undoubtedly a wise one under all the circumstances. The system adopted by the association is to rear the fry until they put on smolt livery, and then turn them into the upper portions of the Thames tideway; they thus largely escape danger from pike and other predatory fish. It is only [Col. 1c–2a] reasonable to assume that one smolt placed in the tideway is worth some thousands of fry turned in higher up. We may here remind our readers that the association was formed in 1899, and in July of that year the subject was discussed at a public meeting held at the Mansion House under the support of the Lord Mayor. In the previous year there had been a meeting of a few persons interested in the question, called together by the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], at White's Club; but the leading spirit of the present association is Mr W. H. Grenfell, M.P. What success has been obtained is largely owing to him and to the enthusiasm and liberality of Mr W. Crosbie Gilbey, who has devoted the whole of his trout hatchery at Denham, on the Misbourn, a tributary of the Colne, to hatching salmon for the association, Mrs Goodlake, his neighbour, rendering very valuable assistance. It is an interesting fact that the great majority of the little fish which were turned into the Thames on Tuesday were Irish, having been presented to the association by Mr W. L. Moore from his Boyle and Bank fishery. A smaller number were obtained from Scotland. The result of the first year's hatching and rearing is about 8000 samlets. Of these, only the 600 which were turned into the Thames had assumed, or partially assumed, smolt livery, and there are hopes of turning in some additional hundreds this year; but the bulk of the 8000 will have to be retained until their second year at Denham, when we may expect most of them to put on the silver vesture which, with a certain restlessness, may be considered a decisive indication that they are ready to descend to the sea. How many of the 600 will return? It is difficult even to make a surmise on the point, the element of chance being so very considerable. As the little fish descend the great estuary of the Thames they may be met by the sudden outpour of a manufactory's destructive refuse; but, on the other hand, they may escape all dangers and reach the sea in safety. When there they have, of course, many natural enemies to meet, and at the best we could only reasonably expect a small percentage to return to their river of adoption. Those who are well acquainted with fish culture will perhaps say that the scale upon which the Thames Association is working is not likely to restock the Thames with salmon, but the actual restocking of the river is not the immediate object of the committee. It is well to understand that what is now being done is merely in the nature of an experiment to test the question whether salmon can exist in the Thames, passing down the estuary as smelts, finding their river again, and returning to fresh water as mature fish. If a few salmon are sooner or later seen in the river then the experimental stage will be probably considered at an end and the question of how to stock the Thames on an efficient scale will have to be considered. When that time arrives there will no doubt be questions arising as to the interests of those for whom coarse fish have been so long preserved; for it is not unnatural to suppose that, should the Thames become again an important salmon river, fishery rights which now lie dormant will be asserted, and pike and other coarse fish will not be viewed with favour. Meanwhile the Association will be turning out its few thousand smelts annually for the next three or four years, and questions of conflicting interests are not likely to arise yet awhile, though if, by happy fortune, a single returning grilse were to be taken in the Thames on its return from the sea before the end of the coming summer, the public interest would be instantly aroused and events would march rapidly.<ref>"The Thames Salmon Experiment." ''Field'' 27 April 1901, Saturday: 28 [of 76], Col. 1b–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/19010427/266/0028. Print title: ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 562.</ref></blockquote> ===May 1900=== ====26 May 1900, Saturday==== Arthur Sullivan is visited by "Sir George Martin, the organist at St. Paul's Cathedral, and Colonel Arthur Collins, one of the royal equerries" to get him to write a Te Deum thanking God for the end of the Boer War (Ainger, Michael. Gilbert and Sullivan: a Dual Biography. P. 381.). ====30 May 1900, Wednesday==== Derby Day. According to the Morning Post, <quote>The Derby Day. / The Archbishops of Canterbury and York hold a Reception of Colonial and Missionary Church Workers in the Great Hall of the Church House, 4.30 to 6.30. / ... May Fair and Bazaar, St. George's Drill Hall, Davies-street, Berkeley-square, opened by Lady Edward Spencer Churchill, 2.30.</quote> ("Arrangements for This Day." The Morning Post Wednesday, 30 May 1900: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6C) ===June 1900=== Summer 1900: WBY summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==== 3 June 1900, Sunday ==== Whit Sunday (Pentecost) Whitsun party at Sandringham House, described by Lord Knutsford in his letters and summarized by Anita Leslie, whose parent's generation remembered some of these people Knutsford mentions as present: * The Prince and Princess of Wales * Princess Victoria * Other daughters of the Prince and Princess of Wales * Lord Knutsford * [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lord and Lady Gladys de Grey]] * Luís De Soveral * Tosti * [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. George Lambton]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|Holford]] * Lady Musgrave Leslie's summary of Knutsford's letters:<blockquote>The Whitsun party that year included Lord and Lady de Grey, De Soveral, whose caustic wit always lightened Edward's humour, Tosti, the famous baritone-songwriter (Alexandra and her daughters were so musical — strumming away ''à quatre mains'' while Totti's voice made chandeliers vibrate in after-dinner songs), the Hon. George Lambton (racing trainer), and Lady Randolph Churchill, "just back from her hospital ship which had been a boon in South Africa, but fractiously insisting she is going to marry George Cornwallis-West." Lord Knutsford describes the chattering guests travelling in that special train coach from St. Pancras to Wolverton Station where the house party was met by royal carriages with officious flunkeys in red livery who dealt with the luggage — and ''such'' luggage! Big trunks had to be brought for a few days' stay so that the correct attire could be produced for every meal and outing. How exciting to drive through a forest of rhododendrons and to disembark in front of Sandringham House. The royal host and hostess stood in the hall to welcome their guests. After handshakes Queen Alexandra sat down to pour tea. Dinner was at 9 <small>P</small>.<small>M</small>. (at Sandringham all clocks were kept half an hour ahead of time). Footmen informed the gentlemen what waistcoats were to be worn. Ladies' maids scurried to the ironing rooms. At nine, having assembled in the drawing room, each man was told whom he must escort into dinner and where to sit. This saved hesitation and embarrassment. On this occasion Knutsford describes the Prince giving his arm to Lady de Grey, while Alexandra walked beside De Soveral and Lord de Grey escorted the unmarried Princess Victoria. There were, of course, no cocktails, but exquisite wines accompanied each course. The Prince never drank more than a glass or so of claret at dinner and a brandy after the last course. When the ladies left the dining room cigarettes and cigars were brought by footmen. Heavy drinking was never encouraged, and / after half an hour the gentlemen moved to the drawing room to chat with the ladies, until Alexandra rose and they retired to their bedrooms where the ladies' maids would be waiting to unlace them from their gorgeous satin and velvet gowns. Hard as the existence of a servant might be, they were perhaps consoled by the colossal meals offered in recompense for late hours. A five-course breakfast could be consumed by every scullery maid if she so desired, and many a working-class mother strove to "get her daughter's knees under a good table." When the ladies had disappeared upstairs the men went to the billiards room, where the Prince, who idolised his dogs, would roar with laughter when his black bulldog nipped the legs of players. No one could go to bed before Edward, but at twelve-thirty he would certainly retire. There was no thought of any hanky-panky after hours at Sandringham. That would have been considered bad taste and an insult to the royal hostess. On Sunday morning the breakfast gong sounded at 10 <small>A</small>.<small>M</small>. Then came church and a stroll in the garden until lunch at one-thirty. After a fairly heavy meal the ladies went upstairs to change into walking skirts and strong boots. The whole party then underwent a slow three-hour walk to the kennels and stables and farm. Talk was almost entirely about animals — dogs, pedigree cattle and, of course, race horses. Knutsford noticed Alexandra's "touching girl-like love" for every stone and corner of Sandrringham. She reminded him of "a bird escaped from a cage." Certainly the royal pair were never so happy as in this big Norfolk house, which they regarded as home, but guests grew weary of trying to do the right thing. Knutsford found dinner very wearing, with the conversation in mingled English and French: "they drop from one to another in the same sentence." Then came the local Whitsunday sports. Off drove the house party — Lady de Grey and Holford in the first carriage with Edward. Knutsford found himself in the second carriage with Princess Victoria and Lady Randolph Churchill and Lady Musgrave. The ladies wore coloured blouses and contrasting skirts and jackets over their blouses, white gloves and feather boas. A brisk wind nearly blew off their huge hats. Lady Musgrave in particular had difficulty with her concoction. "Send it to the bazaar!" cried Alexandra, and everyone roared with laughter. Sandringham parties were called "informal," but what a relief, nevertheless, when they all got back to the station in those regal carriages followed by the four horse-drawn vans of luggage. In this spring of 1900 the visitors departed to their homes full to / the brim of food and anecdote. Jennie, who had been argumentative all weekend, would almost immediately marry her young George. Gladys de Grey would get on her newly installed phone to admirer number one, the Hon. Reginald Listen, or if he was not available to admirer number two, Sir John Listen-Kaye. Ladies were now able to ring the men up and guardedly converse instead of sending dangerous notes. Servants might overhear but there would be nothing ''on paper''.<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973.</ref>{{rp|195–197}}</blockquote> ====26 June 1900, Tuesday==== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ==== 28 June 1900, Thursday ==== Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge.<ref>Martin, Ralph G. ''Lady Randolph Churchill : A Biography''. Cardinal, 1974. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/ladyrandolphchur0002mart_w8p2/.</ref>{{rp|220–223}} ===July 1900=== ==== 17 July 1900, Tuesday ==== A number of Society women took part in the Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children:<blockquote>In the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society yesterday afternoon a very delightful Children's Fete was organised by the Countess of Ancaster in aid of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The good work of the society, of which the Queen is patron, is well known, and the need for its existence is emphasised by the fact that, whereas in the year 1888–89 it dealt with only 737 cases, the number increased to 28,165 in 1898–99. Its operations are, of course, limited by the funds placed at its disposal, and though the income last year amounted to £51,300, a still larger sum is needed to meet all the claims which come before the society. In the organisation of yesterday's fête Lady Ancaster was assisted by the Ladies' Committee for London, of which the Hon. Mrs. Stephen Coleridge is hon. secretary. The list of stewards included Lady Blanche Conyngham, Lady Florence Bridgman, Lady Grizel Cochrane, Lady Victoria Grey, Lady Sybil Grey, Lady Agnes Noel, Lady Norah Noel, Lady Elizabeth Northcote, Lady Alice Willoughby, the Hon. Ethel Fraser, Miss Aermonda Burrell, Miss Nina Hill, Miss Ceciie Drummond, Miss Euphemia Drummond, and Miss Linda Oppenheim.<p> The fête opened with a procession of children, a large number being in fancy costume, and many bearing wands and floral symbols. This was the prelude to the Floral Feast and many other events. The feast was arranged by Sybil Marchioness of Queensberry and Mrs. Wordsworth, and among the "flowers" who took part were Miss E. Grove (white lily), Misses Olline and Katherine Wyndham-Quin (tiger lily and bluebell), Misses Pamela, Sibyl, and Madeline Adeane (sweet pea, Canterbury bell, and daffodil), the Hon. May Charteris (rose), Miss Joyce Knatchbull-Hugessen (snowdrop), Miss Elsie Gorell Barnes (wild rose), Miss A. Smjth (daisy), Miss Currie (convolvulus), and Miss Clare Tennant (daisy). Master Terence Grove, the Hon. Ivor Charteris, Master Gorell Barnes, Master Desmond Smith, Master Edward Tennant, the Hon. Thomas Boscawen, Master Harold Farquhar, and Master Chanler also assisted.<p> A gavotte arranged by Lady Helen Stewart was a very pretty feature, among those taking part being children of Lady Aline Beaumont, Lady Wenlock, Lady Doreen Long, Lady Meysey-Thompson, Lady Eden, Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, and others.<p> The Gainsborough quadrille, arranged by Lady Milner and Mrs. Wordsworth, was most charmingly executed by the Hon. M. and R. Thellusson, Miss Murray, Misses Beckett, the Hon. E. Gerard, Miss Stanley, Miss Muir Mackenzie, Miss Evelyn, Miss Padelford, Miss Hadow, Miss Grosvenor, the Hon. Marie Hay, and the Hon. Hilda Chichester.<p> For the Highland dances the Countess of Ancaster and Mrs. Wordsworth were responsible, Miss Wickham, Miss Le Blanc, and the Masters Fairbairn doing full justice to the music of Pipe-Major Fraser, of the Scots Guards.<p> A Pavane arranged by Lady Victoria Grey, an Irish jig by Mr. and Mrs. d'Egville, and pas seuls by Mrs. Walter Cave and Mrs. Gerald Maltby were most attractive. Of the pas seuls, the Spanish dance by Miss Hersey Maltby, and the gavotte by Miss Violet Asquith were greatly admired, and the same young ladies also performed a pas de deux.<p> Perhaps the favourite events of the afternoon were the flower dance and the maypole dance, both being, as one might say, intermittent, recurring at intervals, for the young people, despite the heat, never seemed to tire. Lady Florence Astley was responsible for the flower dance, and the children who took part were the representatives of Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady de Trafford, Mrs. Stanley Wilson, the Countess of Yarborough, Lady Eden, Mrs. Hartmann, Lady Naylor-Leyland, Lady Barnard, the Hon. Mrs. Lambton, Lady Constance Combe, Lady Newton Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Mrs. Alwyne Greville, Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, the Hon. Mrs. Pelham, Mrs. Walter Campbell, Lady Meysey-Thompson, the Duchess of Wellington, Lady Hastings, and Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe. This dance was given on a platform under the shade of the trees on the north-west side of the gardens, and was watched with much delight by the crowd of spectators seated around. The maypole, gaily adorned with the traditional ribbons, was erected on the opposite side of the grounds above the lake, and the dances were supervised by the Hon. Mrs. Cecil Bingham and Miss Miller. Most of the children were dressed in shades of pink or green.<p> Near the maypole a flower market and a fruit market were disposed in a variety of tastefully-decorated stalls. Mrs. Charles Wilson arranged the flower market, and was assisted by Lady Mary Willoughby, Miss Gwladys Wilson, Lady Aldra Acheson, Lady Marjorie Carrington, the Countess of Chesterfield, Viscountess Castlereagh, Lady Alexandra Carrington, Lady Mary Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, the Hon. Alexandra Fellowes, Miss Madeline Stanley, Lady Florence Astley, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]]. Lady Faudel-Phillips conducted the fruit market, with the assistance of Mrs. Phillip Henriques, Miss Hope, Miss Cockerell, and the Misses Faudel-Phillips.<p> In the course of the afternoon there was a juvenile cricket match between Lady Evelyn Ewart's eleven and an eleven from Mr. E. T. Bull's School, which resulted in a draw. The band of the Royal Artillery played a delightful selection of music, led by Cavalier Zavertal. The whole fête was most successful.<p> The Princess of Wales, attended by Lady Suffield and Sir Dighton Probyn, visited the gardens shortly after four o'clock and remained until half-past five. Her Royal Highness, escorted by Lady Ancaster, witnessed the maypole and flower dances and other events of the fête, and on leaving expressed herself as having been greatly delighted with the juvenile revels.<ref>"For the Protection of Children. A Charming Fête." ''Morning Post'' 18 July 1900, Wednesday: 5 [of 12], Col. 5a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19000718/033/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ====27 July 1900, Friday==== The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] had dinner at the Arthur Wilsons’:<blockquote>[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson]] were honoured with the presence of the Prince of Wales at dinner on Friday night. Amongst the guests were the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, Duke of Roxburghe, Lady Georgina Curzon, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson (arrived that morning from South Africa), Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Viscount Villiers, Lady Norreys, Lady Gerard, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon Mrs Keppel]], Sir Edward and Lady Colebrook, Mr and Mrs Grenfell, Lady Lister Kaye, Mrs Arthur Paget, Mr and Mrs Arthur Sassoon, Hon. W. Erskine, Mr and Mrs J. Menzies, General Oliphant, Miss Jane Thornewell, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]].<ref>"Social Record." ''Hull Daily Mail'' 30 July 1900, Monday: 2 [of 6], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19000730/007/0002 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==== 30 July 1900, Monday ==== ===== ''Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden ===== <blockquote>In spite of the fast waning season there was a very considerable audience at Covent Garden to witness the performance of the "Barber of Seville" last Monday. The honours of the evening lay chiefly between Mine. Melba and Signor de Lucia, while M. Edouard de Reszké was a very humorous and entertaining ''Basilio''. Mme. Melba sang part of the mad scene (from "Lucia di Lammermoor," in what is popularly known as the "Music Lesson Scene"; needless to say she was vociferously applauded, and for an encore she sang Tosti's "Mattinata," accompanying herself very charmingly. Lady de Grey was in her box, and wore cream colour with a pink rose in her hair; Lady Charles Beresford was in Lily Duchess of Marlborough's box; and the Countess of Carnarvon wearing black, with touches of heliotrope and diamonds in her hair, was in Mr. Alfred Rothschild's box. Among others present were Lady Cynthia Graham, Lady Colebroke wearing pink, Lady Chelsea, and Mrs. Arthur Paget; Mrs. Higgins in white, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]; Mrs. Murray Guthrie, Lord Westbury, and Captain Hedworth Lambton. The Princess of Wales, with the Duke of Sparta, was in the Royal box.<ref>"'Barber of Seville' at Covent Garden." ''Gentlewoman'' 4 August 1900, Saturday: 20 [of 52], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19000804/104/0020. Same print title, p. 144.</ref></blockquote> ===October 1900=== ====31 October 1900, Wednesday==== Halloween. ===November 1900=== ====5 November 1900, Monday==== Guy Fawkes Day ====9 November 1900, Friday==== A debutante dance for Miss Helyar:<blockquote>In honour of the coming of age of Miss Helyar, a small dance was given by Lady Savile, at Rufford Abbey, last night. The number of invitations was not so large as it would have been but for the war. The house party included Mrs. and Miss Cavendish Bentinck, Lady Juliet Lowther, Lady Evelyn Ward, Lady Mabel Crichton, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Sir Berkeley Sheffield, Miss Sheffield, Lord Hyde, Lord Herbert, the Hon. B. Ward, the Hon. E. FitzGerald, the Hon. W. Erskine, Mr. Laycock, Captain Brinton, the Hon. George Peel, Mr. Harris, Captain Tharp, Captain Heneage, and the Hon. G. Portman.<ref>"Court and Personal." ''Yorkshire Post'' 10 November 1900, Saturday: 6 [of 14], Col. 4c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19001110/099/0006 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ====27 November 1900, Tuesday==== Arthur Sullivan's funeral:<blockquote>At eleven o'clock on Tuesday, November 27th, the [366/367] funeral procession set forth from Victoria Street, Westminster, on its mournful way, first to the Chapel Royal, St. James's, where, by command of the Queen, part of the Burial Service was to take place, and thence to St. Paul's. Throughout the line of route flags drooped at half-mast, whilst beneath them people crowded in their thousands, bare-headed and in silence, waiting to pay their last tribute of respect and gratitude to the lamented master whose genius had done so much to brighten their lives for the past five-and-twenty years. [new paragraph] Into the Royal Chapel, where Arthur Sullivan had begun his career as a chorister, was borne the casket containing his remains. On either side stood men and women famous in society and the wider world of Art in all its branches. The Queen was represented by Sir Walter Parratt, Master of Music, who was the bearer of a wreath with the inscription: "A mark of sincere admiration for his musical talents from Queen Victoria." Sir Hubert Parry represented the Prince of Wales; the German Emperor was represented by Prince Lynar, Attache of the German Embassy; Prince and Princess Christian by Colonel the Hon. Charles Eliot, and the Duke of Cambridge by General Bateson. Among the congregation at the Chapel Royal were seen the United States Ambassador; the Earl and Countess of Strafford; Theresa, Countess of Shrewsbury; the Countess of Essex; Lord Glenesk; Lord Rowton; Lord Crofton; Lady Catherine Coke; the Dean of Westminster; Lady Bancroft; Lady [367/368] Barnby; Mr. Arthur Chappell; Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Burnand; Mr. Arthur W. Pinero; Mr. Haddon Chambers; Lieutenant Dan Godfrey; Signor Tosti; Mr. George Grossmith; Mr. Rutland Barrington; Miss Macintyre; Mrs. Ronalds; Canon Duckworth; Lady Lewis; Miss Ella Russell; Mr. Augustus Manns; Mr. Charles Wyndham; Captain Basil Hood; the Chairman and Secretary of Leeds Musical Festival; and Representatives of various British Musical Associations. The Pall-bearers were Sir Squire Bancroft, Mr. Francois Cellier, Colonel A. Collins (one of the Royal Equerries), Sir Frederick Bridge, Sir George Lewis, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Sir George Martin, and Sir John Stainer. [new paragraph] he chief mourners were Mr. Herbert Sullivan (nephew), Mr. John Sullivan (uncle), Mrs. Holmes, and Miss Jane Sullivan (nieces), Mr. Wilfred Bendall (Sullivan's secretary), Mr. B. W. Findon, Mr. Edward Dicey, Mr. C. W. Mathews, Mrs. D'Oyly Carte, Dr. Buxton Browne, Mr. Arthur Wagg, Mr. Fred Walker, Mr. Dreseden and Sir Arthur's servants. [new paragraph] Much to their regret, neither Mr. Gilbert nor Mr. Carte was able to attend the funeral. The first was on the Continent for the benefit of his health, the second was laid up by serious illness. The present writer also, having been absent from London at the time, has not the advantage of an eye-witness to give a graphic description of the funeral obsequies of his old friend; and so, rather than attempt to paint the picture from imagination, he gladly avails himself [368/369] again of the courtesy of his brother-author who is so generous as to lend the aid of his experience. [new paragraph] In these sympathetic words, Mr. Findon describes the scenes and incidents in which, as a chief mourner, he took part at the Chapel Royal and St. Paul's Cathedral: <blockquote>". . . As the casket was borne into the Chapel, it was impossible to avoid thinking of those days when Sullivan himself had worn the gold and scarlet coat of a Chapel Royal Chorister, and his sweet young voice had rung through the sacred edifice. Then the world and its honours lay before him, but we doubt if even in the most sanguine moments of impulsive boyhood he imagined the greatness that one day would be his, or that his bier would pass within those honoured walls amid the silent demonstration of a mourning people. The anthem, 'Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,' from his oratorio 'The Light of the World,' was beautifully sung, and the pathos of the music bathed many a face in tears, and touched a tender spot in more than one loving heart. Another of the dead master's exquisite thoughts, ' Wreaths for our graves the Lord has given,' brought the Service at the Chapel Royal to an end, and the procession passed on its way to St. Paul's Cathedral, which was crowded with sympathetic spectators. "Clerical etiquette and cathedral dignity compelled the beginning of the Burial Service anew, and when the coffin had been lowered into the crypt there came the most poignant moment of the long ceremonial. [new paragraph] "Close to the open vault sat the members of the Savoy Opera Company, including his life-long friend, Mr. Francois Cellier, who had been associated as chef d'orchestre with all his comic operas, and, after [369/370] the Benediction had been given, they sang in voices charged with emotion the touching chorus, 'Brother, thou art gone before us,' from ' The Martyr of Antioch.' The effect was quite remarkable, inasmuch as it was one of those incidents which come but rarely in a life-time."</blockquote>It was not in London alone that people mourned for Arthur Sullivan on that November day. Throughout Great Britain and Ireland, on the Continent of Europe, in America and farther across the seas, thousands of fond and grateful hearts ached with grief at the thought that England's dear master of melody had passed away into the silent land. From high-born personages and from people of low estate came floral emblems, wreaths, crosses, and lyres innumerable. Conspicuous among them was a beautiful harp of purple blossoms with strings — one broken — of white violets. To this offering was attached a card bearing the inscription:<blockquote>In Memoriam ARTHUR SEYMOUR SULLIVAN Born 13 May, 1842. Died 22 Nov., 1900 FROM MR. D'OYLY CARTE'S "ROSE OF PERSIA" TOURING COMPANY IN TOKEN OF THEIR AFFECTIONATE REGARD <poem>Dear Master, since thy magic harp is broken, Where shall we find new melodies^ to sing? The grief we feel may not in words be spoken; Our voices with thy songs now heav'nward wing. Whilst on thy tomb we lay this humble token Of love which to thy memory shall cling.</poem> BELFAST, 24th November, 1900.</blockquote> [370/371] These simple lines but half expressed the love and esteem in which Sir Arthur Sullivan was held by all whose privilege it was to have been associated with him, and to have served, however humbly, his proud and brilliant life-cause.<ref>Cellier, François, and Cunningham Bridgeman. ''Gilbert and Sullivan and their operas: with recollections and anecdotes of D''. Pp. 366-371. ''Google Books'': http://books.google.com/books?id=Au05AAAAIAAJ.</ref></blockquote> ====30 November 1900, Friday==== The wedding between Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis West at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, occurred about this time. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended, as did much of Society.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 30 July 1900, p. 6. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHR8r5. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref> ===December 1900=== ===25 December 1900, Tuesday=== Christmas Day ====26 December 1900, Wednesday==== Boxing Day ==1901== ===January=== "There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times: there was, in 1901, only a summer season" (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell). ====1 January 1901, Tuesday, New Year's Day==== ====16 January 1901, Wednesday==== Arnold Dolmetsch sent out notices that he was moving to 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38). ====22 January 1901, Tuesday==== Queen Victoria died at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight. ====23 January 1901, Wednesday==== Edward VII formally proclaimed “King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, Defender of the Faith” "at Temple Bar, on St. Paul's Cathedral steps and at the Royal Exchange." "The Privy Council met in St. James' Palace at 2 o'clock in the afternoon for the purpose of signing the accession proclamation of Edward VII. The attendance at the meeting of the Council was more than 200." (Merrill, Arthur Lawrence, and Henry Davenport Northrop. Life and Times of Queen Victoria: Containing a Full Account of the Most Illustrious Reign of Any Soveriegn in the History of the World, Including the Early Life of Victoria; Her Accession to the Throne and Coronation; Marriage to Prince Albert; Great Events During Her Brilliant Reign; Personal Traits and Characteristics That Endeared Her to Her People; Graphic Descriptions of Her Charming Home Life; Noble Qualities as Wife and Mother; Royal Castles; Public Receptions; Wonderful Growth of the British Empire, Etc. To Which is Added the Life of King Edward VII., and Sketches of the Members of the Royal Family. Philadelphia, PA: World Bible House, 1901. Page 437. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=Kx48AQAAIAAJ) ====26 January 1901, Saturday==== Arnold Dolmetsch gave a performance at his new domicile at 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38). ===February 1901=== ====2 February 1901, Saturday==== Queen Victoria’s funeral at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Chapel. Consuelo (Vanderbilt), Duchess of Marlborough was there: <blockquote>The service itself was magnificent. The stalls of the Knights of the Garter were occupied by the German Emperor and a dazzling array of kings, queens, ambassadors extraordinary, Indian princes, Colonial dignitaries, generals, admirals and courtiers. Consuelo wore the prescribed deep black mourning and crepe veil, which rather suited her, and it had the effect of extracting what she describes as a 'rare compliment' from her husband who remarked: 'If I die, I see you will not remain a widow long' — a conceit which suggests that he was more of his father's son than he cared to acknowledge. Consuelo later reflected that the funeral of Queen Victoria was a moment when it truly appeared that no other country in the world had an aristocrac so magnificent, nor a civil service so dedicated, which is precisely what was intended. The great doors were flung open as the royal cortege mounted the steps, a boom of distant guns and clanging swords the only sound other than the funeral march, until Margot Asquith broke the reverential silence with a quip. Consuelo thoroughly enjoyed herself at the reception in the Waterloo Chamber afterwards too. (Stuart, Amanda Mackenzie. Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt: The Story of a Daughter and a Mother in the Gilded Age. New York and London: HarperCollins, 1005. Page 228. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=44mhoIv12rEC)</blockquote> Also Henry James saw the funeral procession. ====3 February 1901, Sunday==== 1901 February 2–4?: Queen Victoria lay in state for 2 days between her funeral and her interment. ====4 February 1901, Monday==== Queen Victoria’s interment at Frogmore Mausoleum, Windsor Great Park. ====23 February 1901, Saturday==== The wedding of Hugh Richard Arthur, 2nd Duke of Westminster and Constance Edwina Cornwallis-West (1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer). ===March 1901=== Sometime in March 1901 Arthur Conan Doyle and Fletcher Robinson "were on a golfing holiday at the Royal Links Hotel at Cromer in Norfolk," where Robinson told Doyle a Dartmoor legend of "a spectral hound" (Baring-Gould II 113). Doyle's "The Hound of the Baskervilles" began publication in the ''Strand'' in January 1902. ===April 1901=== ====18-20 April 1901, Thursday-Saturday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Mrs. Beerbohm Tree took part in 3 performances of <quote>Masks and Faces. The matinées have been organized by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, in aid of the local fund of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families Association. It was originally intended that the matinées should have been given in January last, but, owing to the death of Queen Victoria, they were postponed until Thursday, Friday, and Saturday last week. Additional interest was centered in the event, owing to the cast including no less a name than that of Mrs. Beerbohm Tree, while the fact that Miss Muriel Wilson was to appear as Peg Woffington aroused expectation.</quote> (1901-04-25 Stage) ===May 1901=== ==== '''1901 May 30, Thursday''' ==== The London ''Daily Express'' reported on the opening of the Ladies' Dog Show:<blockquote>There was a very large attendance yesterday at the Botanic Gardens for the summer fête of the Ladies’ Kennel Association, which is under the patronage of the Queen, and the charming grounds had quite the aspect of a garden-party at tea-time, when the band played under the trees. Among well-known exhibitors to be seen were Sir Claud and Lady Alexander, who was showing a number of cats, Lady Aberdeen, Lady Angela Foster, and the Princess de Moniglyon, who took a first prize. Neither Lady Decies nor Lady Maitland was exhibiting on this occasion. Others to be seen were Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox in black and white, Mrs., Algernon Bourke all in mauve, the Duchess of Newcastle, Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, and Mrs. Greville. The Dogs’ Brigade Parade, which takes place to-day at 4.30, will be in aid of the Princess of Wales' Soldiers and Sailors' Widows and Orphans Fund.<ref>"At the Botanic Gardens." ''Daily Express'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004848/19010531/086/0004?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004848/19010531/086/0004]. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote>The ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'' has a different list of names:<blockquote>Yesterday the annual show of the Ladies' Kennel Association was held in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Regent's Park, and attracted a highly fashionable gathering. Among the ladies represented were Princess Victor Dhuleep Singh, Princess Sophie Dhuleep Singh, the Marchioness of Nottingham, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Countess of Aberdeen, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Helen Forbes, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, Lady Moor, the Hon. Mrs. Alwyne Greville, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Chetwode, Lady Cathcart, Lady Angela Forbes, the Hon. Mrs. Fellowes, Lady Gooch, Princess de Montglyon, and Viscountess Southwell, Mrs. Samuelson, Miss Serena, Mrs. Bosanquet, Mrs. Williams, and Mrs. Ingle Bepler. Cats and poultry are also exhibited.<ref>"Ladies' Dog Show." ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000667/19010531/124/0006. Print p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1901=== Summer 1901: William B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ====17 June 1901, Monday==== <quote>The "Women Writers" held their dinner at the Criterion on Monday, the 17th. Now Mr. Stephen Gwynn, in his paper entitled "A Theory of Talk," roundly asserts that women are less amusing than men. He says that there is no reason in nature why they should be, but that their inferiority is obvious. He points out that "thirty or forty men will meet at seven o'clock, dine together, and pass the evening very agreeably till midnight. Imagine thirty or forty women called upon to do the same; would they be able to amuse themselves?" It seems almost a pity that the exclusiveness of the women writers would not allow Mr. Gwynn personally to observe whether they were amused or bored on Monday night. In number there were nearly two hundred, and there certainly did not appear to be any lack of enjoyment or of laughter, but then it is also a fundamental belief with men that women are early adepts at hiding their true feelings. / Lucas Malet occupied the chair, and her carefully prepared speech was read out by Miss Sydney Phelps. Standing at the base of the statue of one of the world's greatest authors, and that, we regret to say, not a woman but a "mere man," Miss Phelps, speaking for Lucas Malet, said there was good cause for women to congratulate themselves that, whereas there had been Thackeray, Dickens, the brothers Kingsley, and Wilkie Collins among authors, authoresses could boast of George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, [33 Col B / 34 Col A] Miss Yonge, &c, and she felt that in the future they might equal, she would not say rival, their "brother man." At this courageous vaunt our glance involuntarily strayed to the statue, anticipating that it would be moved to at least a wink; but overwhelmed, perhaps, by the presence of so many "sisterwomen," it gave no sign. The speech was long, lasting for over thirty minutes. It touched on the evils of lowering work to what might be a present commercial but fleeting value; it contained much that was excellent, and tendered some good sound advice; perhaps it dwelt a trifle too insistently upon the obvious, and it was serious even to solemnity. But then "women are so serious." / Mme. Sarah Grand's reply was couched in far lighter vein. It slipped into the anecdotal, and was altogether more in the masculine line of after-dinner speaking. It offered no advice save on the advisability of laughter; it lingered for a moment on the sorrows of misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and included some amusing examples. Mme. Sarah Grand possesses a sympathetic voice, and is very pleasant to listen to. / It is characteristic of the gravity with which even in play hours women regard their "work" that the majority of guests preferred the more serious matter of Lucas Malet to the light personal note of Mme. Grand. The dinner itself was very good, and it was noticeable that whilst at the Authors' dinner on May 1 but few women availed themselves of the permission to smoke, at the women's function scarcely one was without a cigarette. Coffee was served at the table, and afterwards the company broke up into groups. / The committee numbered among its members Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Steel, Mrs. Craigie, Miss Christabel Coleridge, Miss Violet Hunt, and many other favourite writers. In the company present there were Dr. Jex-Blake, Mrs. Ady, Dr. Margaret Todd, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs. Mona Caird, Mrs. Burnett-Smith, Mme. Albanesi, Miss Nora Maris, Miss Kenealy, and others; and the following presided at the tables : Lucas Malet, Mme. Sarah Grand, Mrs. de la Pasture, Miss Montresor, the Lady Mayoress, Mrs. L. T. Meade, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Mrs. Walford, Mrs. B. M. Croker, Miss Violet Hunt, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Belloc Lowndes, Miss Violet Brooke-Hunt, Miss Thorneycroft Fowler.</quote> ("The Women Writers' Dinner." The Author. Vol. XII, No. 2. 1 July 1901. Pp. 33–34.) ====26 June 1901, Wednesday==== There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902. ====29 June 1901, Saturday==== "To-day sees the public inauguration of the Horniman Musem at Forest Hill. This collection of marvels from many lands, gathered together by a member of the Horniman family, has been generously presented to the public and housed in a handsome new building — set in the midst of fifteen acres, which are now dedicated to use as a public park. The entrance to the museum will be free." ("The Horniman Museum." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 29, 1901; pg. 928; Issue 3245, Col. B) ===July 1901=== ==== 1901 July 2, Tuesday ==== The Earl and Countess of Kilmorey hosted a children's party at the Botanic Gardens:<blockquote>The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P., and the Countess of Kilmorey gave a charming children's fête on Tuesday (2nd) at the Botanic Gardens. It began to rain just as the little people commenced to arrive, so the gardens were abandoned for the large pavilion, where a sumptuous birthday tea was provided in honour of little Lady Cynthia Needham's birthday, also a conjuror; and before leaving, they all danced or played games. The Countess of Yarborough was in a grey silk; Lady Naylor-Leyland, all in pale grey; Ellen Lady Inchiquin, with her little children, and pretty [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque. There were also present H.S.H. Prince Francis of Teck, Count Mensdorff; Mrs. Adair, smart in black and white; lady Hood , with the Ladies Conyngham; the Hon. Mr. George Keppel ' s pretty little girl; Lady Grey Egerton, in rose colour; Lady de Trafford's small schoolboys, Hon. "Buddy" Needham, and little Miss Knollys, who came with her mother, Lady Knollys.<ref>"The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P." ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.</ref></blockquote> ==== 1901 July 4, Thursday ==== ===== The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party ===== <blockquote>The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.<ref>"The Countess of Yarborough ...." ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.</ref></blockquote> ==== 1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday ==== ===== The Great County Sale ===== The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association held a benefit sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition. Alexandra's last act as Princess of Wales was to make an appeal for this organization.<ref>"The Great County Sale." ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 42 [of 72], Col. 1a–3c [of 3] – 44, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003340/19010629/222/0042. Same print title, pp. 678–680.</ref> The coverage in the ''Gentlewoman'' was extensive in the 29 July issue, just before the event, as well as in issues after, in which the newspaper published portraits of some of the people who worked in the stalls. ====19 July 1901, Friday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] hosted a concert at the Wilson house in Grosvenor-place in London:<blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson lent their house in Grosvenor-place on Friday afternoon for Miss Gwendoline Brogden’s concert. Miss Brogden, who is only eleven years old, is quite a prodigy. She sings quite exquisitely, and great many people, including Lady de Grey and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, are much interested in her future, which promises to be a very brilliant one. Lady Maud Warrender, Miss Rosamond Tufton, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Bernard Ralt, Signor Ancona, and Signor Tosti, all promised to assist at the concert, and the tickets were a guinea each.<ref>"Stray Notes." ''Beverley Echo'' 24 July 1901, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001561/19010724/037/0002 (accessed July 2019).</ref></blockquote> ==== 23 July 1901, Tuesday ==== ===== Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox ===== <blockquote>Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox are entertaining at Broughton Castle, Banbury, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Schomberg McDonnell, the Hon. Mrs. Bourke [possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Gwendolen Bourke]]], Senator Walcot, Miss Naylor, and Mr. Moreton Frewen. Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady North, the Hon. Mrs. Albert Brassey, and Viscount Valentine will take part in opening a fete at Banbury next week for the National Schools.<ref>["Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox."] ''Leamington, Warwick, Kenilworth & District Daily Circular'' 23 July 1901, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002102/19010723/028/0002. Print: ''Leamington Warwick & District Daily Circular'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> ==== 25 July 1901, Thursday, 2:30 p.m. ==== The wedding of William Dixon Mann Thomson — Captain Mann Thomson in the Life Guards — and Violet Hemsley Duncan. Captain Mann Thomson's father had died in 1899. (Guests' names with their gifts set as an unordered list here, to save space; it was typeset as a long list of paragraphs in the newspaper story.)<blockquote>MARRIAGE OF CAPTAIN MANN THOMSON AND MISS DUNCAN. The marriage of Captain Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, and Miss Violet Duncan, eldest daughter of Mr. A. Lauderdale Duncan, Knossington Grange, Oakham, took place in St. Peter's Chnrch, Eaton-square, London, on Thursday, the inst., 2.30 p.m. The bride, who was given away her father, wore a dress of white satin, draped with white and old Brussels lace, wreath of orange blossoms, and tulle veil. Her ornaments were pearls. She was attended by seven bridesmaids, viz.: — Miss Adèle, Miss Marjory, and Miss Esmè Duncan, sisters; Miss Dorothy and Miss Sybil Thompson, cousins of the bride; Miss Villiers, cousin of the bridegroom; and Miss Joan Dawson. They wore dresses of the palest pink silk, covered with pink gauze, collars of white lace, and pale pink chiffon baby hats. The bride's train was carried by Miss Duncan, her youngest sister. The bridesmaids carried bouquets of pink carnations, and wore diamond brooches in the shape of a violet with sapphire centre, the gifts the bridegroom. A detachment of non-commissioned officers and men of the bridegroom's troop lined the aisle during the ceremony. The bridegroom was supported by the Earl Arran as best man. The officiating clergy were the Rev. Ravenscroft Stewart, Vicar of All Saints', Ennismore-gardens, the Rev. G. Tanner, Rector of St. Peter's, Knossington, Leicestershire, and the Rev. H. Trower. After the ceremony, a reception was held at 8, Rutland-gate, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Lauderdale Duncan. Among those present were the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield, Sir William and Lady Houldsworth, the Hon. C. and Mrs. Stanhope, Miss Hay, Lord and Lady Eglinton, Lord and Lady Castlereagh, Lord Ernest St. Maur, Lord and Lady Pembroke, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Mann Thomson, Miss Mann Thompson, Earl Arran, Lord Cecil Manners, Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps, and many others. Later, the bride and bridegroom left for Dover, ''en route'' for the Continent, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of pale blue crepe-de-chine, and black hat. There were about five hundred gifts from relations and friends. The following is a list:— * Bridegroom to Bride — Large diamond spray * Mrs. Mann Thomson (mother of bridegroom) — Diamond ring, diamond and sapphire bangle, and cheque * Mr. Lauderdale (father of bride) — Diamond and sapphire necklace * Mrs. Duncan (mother of bride) — Silver-mounted travelling bag * Dowager Lady Hay (bride's aunt) — Silver tea service * Miss Mann Thomson (bridegroom's sister) — Brougham * Mr. and Mrs. Butler Duncan (uncle and aunt) — Gold-mounted claret jug * The Misses Jackson (bridegroom's aunts) — Silver plate * Mr. H. Mann Thomson (brother) — Silver-mounted portmanteau * Mr. Charles Hunt — Diamond and pearl brooch * Miss Adele Duncan — Gold match-box * The Earl Arran — Gold cigarette case * Mr. and Mrs. Lucas — Bracelet * Earl of Arran — Set of diamond and pearl studs * Capt. and Lady Riddell — Bracelet * Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps — Gold and ruby buckle * Hon. H. Stanhope, R.N. — Brilliant buckle * Mr. and Mrs. Pennington — Ruby necklace * Mr. A. Butler Duncan — Necklace (old design) * Mr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett — Sleeve links * Duke and Duchess of Westminster—Pair of silver candlesticks * Duchess of Roxburgh—Dresden china coffee service * The Countess of Shaftesbury — Walking-stick * The Earl of Arran — Umbrella * Lady Napier Magdala — Snuff-box * Sir Richard Waldie Griffith — Fan * Officers of the Royal Horse Guards — Massive silver vase * Lady Houldsworth — Silver inkstand * Viscount Ingestre — Silver waiter * Miss Hay — Silver coffee pot * Lady Hay — Silver tea caddy * The Countess of Chesterfield — Silver and brilliant-mounted photo frame * Lord Manners — Set four silver candlesticks * Lord and Lady Eglinton — Silver cigarette box * Earl and Countess of Ancaster — Pair of silver peppers * Lady Augusta Noel — Book-slide * Mr. and Mrs. Bradley-Martin — Old china coffee service in case * Mr. and Lady Wilfred Renshaw — Leather-covered book, "Where It?" * Mrs. Duncan — Silver-mounted stationery case and blotter * Sir Arthur Fludyer — Hunting crop * Lady Katherine Cole — Walking-stick * Lord Hamilton — Oak card table * Sir John Kelk — Writing case * Capt. Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Set of silver spoons in case * Capt. and Mrs. Burns-Hartopp — Set of silver asparagus tongs in case * Capt. Trotter — Silver sealing-wax stand * Capt. E. W. Clowes — Silver tobacco box * Mr. and Mrs. Sands Clayton — Silver scent bottle * Mr. and Mrs. John Hunt Clayton — Thermometer in silver-mounted case * Mr. and Mrs. Evan Hanbury — Clock * Major Atherley — Cigarette box * Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tryon — Card case * Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Stubber — Table mirror in silver frame * Mr. and Mrs. Gretton — Pair of silver candlesticks * Miss Adele Duncan — Silver tea service * Hon. G. Crichton — Silver-mounted paper-knife * Mrs. Norman Lampson — Parasol * Capt. Gregson — Photo, "Guards at Pretoria" * Mr. Alfred Keyser — Leather bag * Mr. and Mrs. Armytage — lvory paper knife * Mrs. Boyce — Leather tray with two painted china plaques * Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Norman — Silver-mounted paper knife * The Master of Elibank — Pair of silver ash trays * Mr. Adrian Rose — Pair of silver toast racks * Mr. Archibald Smith — Hunting crop * Major Bradford Atkinson — Walking-stick * Mr. and Mrs. Stanhope — Painted china tea service * Mr. G. A. Grant — Stationery case * Mrs. Charles Inge — Copper and brass jardiniere * Col. and Mrs. Makins — Hunting crop * Mr. G. F. Trotter — Walking stick * Mr. and Misses Cardwell — Fan * Mrs. Dana — Thermometer * Mrs. Nugent — Card case * Mr. and Mrs. Ovey — Tortoiseshell box * Mr. F. Peake — Writing table * Capt. Boyce — Embroidered table cover * Mrs. Duncan — Dressing bag case * Mr. F. C. Fardell and Miss Gilbert Day — Brocaded satin cushion * Mr. and Mrs. Niel Robson — Visiting book * Mrs. R. B. Hay — Silver salts in case * Mr. and Mrs. Harold Broadbent — Pair silver peppers in case * —— Set silver knives in case * Mr. and Mrs. Greville Clayton — Six silver vases in case * Mr. and Mrs. Reginald H. Lewis — Pair silver peppers * Lord Ernest St. Maur — Set four silver fruit spoons in case * Rev. Geo. and Mrs. Tanner — Pair of silver salts * Capt. Thomson's Valet and Groom — Pair of silver peppers * Mr. Alick Duncan — Silver jug * Mr. and Mrs. A. Brocklehurst — Silver timepiece in case * Lieut.-Col. and Mrs. Blackburn — Silver fruit spoon * Mr. and Lady Georgiana Mure — Silver-mounted ink [sic] * Mrs. Gerald Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted inkstand * Mrs. Ruthven — Set of silver knives in case * Mrs. Blair — Umbrella * Mrs. Willie Lawson — Hunting crop * —— Three driving whips * —— Tea tray * Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay — Umbrella * Mr. George Hunt — Silver flower bowl * Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Cookson — Silver biscuit box * Mr. Arthur and V. James — Silver two-handled cup and cover * Mr. Robbio Stubber — Pair of silver scent bottles * Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Baird — Silver bowl * Mr. and Mrs. Harrison Broadley — Pair of silver flower vases * Mrs. Grant—Silver flower-pot stand * Mrs. Villiers — Silver corkscrew * Capt. Spender Clay — Antique silver snuffbox * Mr. and Mrs. Weir — Silver bacon dish * Mr. Baird — Pair of silver candlesticks * Mr. Athol Hay — Silver sugar bowl * Capt. Ewing — Pair of silver fruit dishes * Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Phillips — Pair of silver baskets * Miss Esmé Duncan — Silver box * Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Paton — lvory paper knife * Dr. Freshfleld — Work case * Mrs. Arkwright — Silver-mounted blotter * Mr. and Mrs. Peake — Silver-mounted stationery case * Miss Goddard — Book * Mr. D. Baird — Silver inkstand * J. G. and Jane B. Hay — lnkpot, with silver watch top * Mr. and Mrs. Wadsworth Ritchie — Pair of silver dishes in case * Mr. and Mrs. Guy Fenwick — Set of twelve silver knives in case * Jane and Uncle Willie — Silver sugar basin in case * Mr. and Miss Millington Knowles — Set of four silver dessert spoons in ease * Herbert and Lady Beatrix Herbert — Silver flower dish * Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Thorneycroft — Four silver candlesticks * Mr. and Mrs. Russell? M [illegible, ink has spread] — Silver bowl [Col. 2c / Col. 3a] * Mr., Mrs., and the Misses Wm. Cooper — Fan * Miss Winearls — Silver-mounted scent bottle * Sir Ernest Cassel — Diamond and enamel brooch * Mr. John S. Cavendish — Gold pencil case * —— Diamond and sapphire bracelet * Miss Lottie Coats — Diamond and pearl brooch * Hon. T. Robarts — Diamond brooch * Mr. and Mrs. Chas. E. Hay — Enamel and pearl miniature holder * Evelyn Ward — Cornomandel [sic] box * Mr. and Mrs. Slade — China clock * Lieut.-Col. Jervoise — Fan * Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Fergusson—Set of four silver menu holders * Mr. Guy R. F. Dawson — Silver card case * Rev. E. V. and Mrs. Hodge — Silver dish * Mr. C. S. and Mrs. Newton — Silver waiter * Mrs. Metcalfe — Gold, turquoise, and ruby brooch * Lord and Lady Erne — Set of three gilt decorated liqueur decanters * Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Grant — Two silver-mounted spirit decanters * Mr. and Mrs. George Baird — Set of three cut-glass decanters * Mr. Peter Cookson—Pair of silver-mounted decanters * Mrs. Featherstonehaugh — China ornament * Aunt Mary — China coffee service in case * Mr. H. S. Sykes — Silver-mounted telegram form case * Capt. Meade — Pair of engraved claret jugs * Lord and Lady Binning — Silver-mounted claret jug * Mr. and Mrs. Baldock — Silver-mounted water jug, with inscription * Mrs. and the Misses Chaplin — Pair of gilt decorated vases * —— Silver-mounted claret jug * Kittie, Margie, Hestie, Walter, Phillip, and Millicent Tanner — Pair of silver peppers case * Mr. J. R. J. Logan — Silver-mounted claret jug * Miss Ethel Baird — Painted china box * Mrs. D. A. Neilson — Pair of female figures with Cupids * M. M. Phillips — Painted china miniature box * Lady Waldie Griffith — Stationery case * —— Painted two-fold screen * Miss Mabel Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted vase * Major Bouverie — Silver-mounted match holder * —— Enamelled inkstand and candlesticks to match * Mrs. Duncan — Stationery case and blotter * —— Silver-mounted stationery case * —— Tortoiseshell and silver-mounted paper-knife * Miss Mills — Dresden china vase, cover, and stand * —— Six Vols. of Ruskin's "Modern Painters" * Mrs. W. Baird — Leather bag * Miss Langridge — Four silver spoons * Miss Kirk and Miss Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame * Miss Nessie Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame * Captain and Mrs. St. Aubyn Loftus — Silver vase * Decima Walker Leigh — Pair of silver-mounted menu stands * Mrs. Charles Thomson — Mirror in silver frame * Miss Reese — Silver crumb scoop * —— Silver-mounted seal and case * Mary Abercorn Alexander and Gladys Hamilton — Silver inkstand * Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Chaplin — Silver pen, pencil, and knife in case * Miss Gwendoline Brassey — Silver-mounted ice pail * Mr. and Mrs. and Misses Clifford Chaplin — Pair of silver candlesticks * Mr. and Mrs. Magee — lvory paper knife * Misses Dorothy and Maude Pilcher — Scent bottle * Miss Ashton — Silver-mounted clock * Mrs. William Clarence and Miss Watson — Silver crumb scoop * Major and Mrs. Ed. Baird — Egg-boiler on silver stand * Mr. A. F. H. Fergusson — Pair of silver coffee pots * —— Table mirror * —— Pair of silver vases * Mrs. R. B. Mnir — Silver fox ornament * Mr. H. Brassey and Mr. H. R. Molynenx — Silver teapot * —— Pair of silver sauce boats * Mr. and Mrs. Heathcote — Silver cream jug * Misses Thompson — Silver photo frame * Mr. C. D. Rose — Pair of silver fruit dishes * Mr. T. Archibald Hope — Silver toast-rack * Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hunt — Pair of silver sauce boats * Major and Mrs. Candy — Pair of silver fruit baskets * Misses Trefusis — Silver-mounted owl mustard-pot * Mrs. Frank Chaplin — Silver photo frame * Major Vaughan Lee — Silver waiter * Major Byng — Pair of silver menu stands * Lady Wilton — Silver photo stand * Geoffrey and Sibyll Palmer — Scent bottle * Dr. Clement Godson — Silver salad cruet * Mr. Mackenzie — Silver cigar case * Mr. G. Colvin White — Set of four silver trays * Mr. Edgar Brassey — Silver pipe lighter * Miss Emily Dawson — Photo frame * Mrs. Gerald FitzGerald — Silver match-box holder * A. Barns — Silver waiter * Miss Palmer — Letter-clip and dish * Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey Coventry — Photo frame * —— Silver bowl three feet * Mr. and Mrs. Hornsby — Openwork silver basket * —— Antique silver box * Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Baird — Silver coffee-pot * —— Pair of silver salts * Mr. Hugh Wanemley — Silver-gilt match-box * Captain Gordon Wilson — Silver snuff-box * Mrs. Whitelaw — Silver mustard-pot * Mrs. Palmer — Silver spoon * Mr. Dudley Majoribanks — Silver bowl and cover * Mr. Wilfred F. Ricardo — Pair silver candlesticks * Indoor Servants at Knossington Grange and 8, Rutland Gate — Breakfast warmer and two silver entree dishes and covers * Outdoor Servants at Knossington Grange — Silver stationery case * Mr. Waterman (coachman) — Driving-whip * Mr. Alexander (coachman) and Mrs. Alexander — lnk-stand * Villagers of Knossington — Silver sugar bowl, sugar tongs, and cream ewer in case * Silver vase, with inscription — "Capt. Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, from the Estate and Household at Dalkeith, on the occasion of his marriage, 25th July, 1901." * Miss Baldock — Pair of scent bottles * Captain Cook — Paper-knife * Sir A. Baird — Pair of silver muffineers * Rev. H. W. Trower — Pair of silver peppers * Mr. T. Vandeleur — Silver cigarette box * Lady Miller — Silver milk jug * Mr. Hedworth Barclay — Silver muffineer * Miss May A. Jackson — Photo frame * Mr. Geoffrey Heneage — Silver ash tray * Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Hay — Pair silver mustard-pots * Mrs. George Charteris — Silver-mounted calendar * Royal School of Art Needlework, Exhibition-road — Silvered copper heart-shaped box * Mr. A. C. Newbigging — Silver fox ornament * Mr. S. Schreiber — Silver match box * Mr. and Mrs. J. H. J. Phillips — Silver muffineers * Mr. and Mrs. Fyfe Jameson — Silver flask * Mrs. Beaumont Lubbock — Silver bon-bon dish * Lord Castlereagh — Salad bowl * Captain Hambro — Silver card case * Lord Longford — Silver bowl * Captain —— Silver waiter * Mrs. Forester — Silver frame * Mrs. Martin — Tea cloth * Mr. and Mrs. Cooper — Whip * Earl Lonsdale — Silver tray * Lady Augusta Fane — Red box * Mr. Paul Phipps — Clippers * Mr. E. Herlick — lnkstand<ref>"Marriage of Captain Mann Thomson and Miss Duncan." ''Grantham Journal'' 27 July 1901 Saturday: 2 [of 8], Cols. 2a–3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/19010727/003/0002.</ref> </blockquote> ===August 1901=== ====30 August 1901, Friday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Horos|The Horoses]] (troublesome members of the Golden Dawn) were thrown out of 99 Gower Street and moved to Gloucester Crescent (King 89 91). ===October 1901=== ==== 26 October 1901, Friday ==== ==== The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening ==== <blockquote>The season at the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince’s Skating Club|Prince’s Skating Club]] has opened up with better prospects of success than ever before. Friday, October 26th, was the night of the re-opening, and many of the best known women in London’s social world were present. There was a large attendance, including the following members of the strongest Committee the Club has ever known: The Duchess of Portland, Lady Carrington, Lady Granby, Lady Archibald Campbell (a very graceful skater), Lady Helen Vincent, Mrs. Harry Higgins and Mrs. Asquith. The Committee is headed by the Princess Louise. The men’s Committee includes Lord Edward Cecil, Sir William Hart Dyke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], Sir E. Vincent, Mr. Evan Charteris and Viscount de Manneville. The skaters were perhaps not so numerous as on an ordinary occasion, but the crowd of guests was exceptionally large. Miss Marshall, who is perhaps one of the best skaters in the club, executed some daring and intricate figures with Mr. Clayton, of the Grenadier Guards, She looked very smart in a short black skirt with a white lace blouse. A hat of pale blue completed her costume. Another graceful and well-known skater is Miss Wood, who wore a black dress with black sequin blouse and white fox boa and blue hat. Among the spectators were Count de Vernon, Mrs. Forbes Robertson, Mrs. Nat Goodwin, Miss Cassel — a young American — and many others. The skating men included Lord Doneraile, Lord Archibald Campbell, and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor.<ref>Sportswoman, A. "Roundabout Notes." ''Lady's Pictorial'' 2 November 1901, Saturday: 54 [of 84], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19011102/146/0054. Same print title, p. 786.</ref></blockquote> ====31 October 1901, Thursday==== Halloween. ===November 1901=== ====5 November 1901, Tuesday==== Guy Fawkes Day ===December 1901=== ====25 December 1901, Wednesday==== Christmas Day ====26 December 1901, Thursday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *[1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer] "Duke of Westminster. Brilliant Function." Cheshire Observer 23 February 2901, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–6c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/19010223/114/0006 (accessed July 2019). *[1901-04-25 Stage] "Provinces." "Amateurs." The Stage 25 April 1901, Thursday: 11 [of 24], Col. 3c, 4b–c [of 5]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001179/19010425/028/0011 (accessed July 2019). ==1902== Sometime in 1902, London publisher [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#George Newnes|George Newnes]] published an edition of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s first (1892) collection of Holmes stories. ===January 1902=== ==== 1 January 1902, Wednesday, New Year's Day ==== ==== 25 January 1902, Saturday ==== [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25]] Lady Helen Stewart, daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester ===February 1902=== ==== 13 February 1902, Thursday ==== King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra were present with some of their friends at Niagara, which must have been an ice-skating rink. Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] are Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West.<blockquote>SOCIAL & PERSONAL Royalty at Niagara. Quite a record audience was present at Niagara yesterday, when the free skating and waltzing competitions were skated off to the sound of gay music in a brightly lighted, warm atmosphere. The royal box made a goodly show with its trappings of Oriental hangings and decorations of palms. The Royal Box. The King and Queen were accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales having previously arrived. Their Majesties were conducted to the spacious box by Mr. Hayes Fisher. All the royal ladies wore black, the Queen adding a bunch of yellow Lent lilies to her sombre attire. Her two daughters lightened their mourning with touches of white, and the Princess of Wales wore a bunch of violets in her toque, with a twist of white. In the adjoining box, among members of the suite were the Countess of Gosford, Earl Howe, Mr. Sidney Greville, Mr. H. J. Stonor, Lieut.-Colonel Davidson, Lieut.-Colonel Legge, and Viscount Crichton. In boxes on the other side of the royal box were Lady Alice Stanley, with the Ladies Acheson, the Countess of Derby, Countess De Grey and Lady Juliet Lowther, [Col. 3c/4b] Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] [Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West], Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, the Duchess of Bedford and the Marquis of Tavistock, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de Soveral, the Portuguese Minister]], and Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth. Others to be picked out in the crowd were Consuelo Duchess of Manchester, Viscountess Coke and Mrs. Ellis, Lady Archibald Campbell and her son, Mrs. Grenander, Lord and Lady Lilford, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Stonor, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Algernon Grosvenor, and Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams. The royal party took a great interest in the contests, and especially applauded the Swedish couple in their graceful evolutions. Their Majesties remained over an hour, the royal party taking their departure shortly after five.<ref>"Social & Personal." ''Daily Express'' 14 February 1902, Friday: 4 [of 8], Cols. 3c–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020214/088/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===March 1902=== The last time Bret Harte and Arthur Collins saw each other: "They dined at the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and Collins found his 'poor old friend' 'saldly aged and broken, but genial and kind as ever.' They sat an hour at a music hall and Harte wrote afterwards to thank Collins for having 'forced him out.'" (Nissen, Axel. Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 262) ===April 1902=== ====9 April 1902, Wednesday==== According to a letter to Lady Gregory, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] dictated "2000 words in an hour and a half" "to a typewriter; he was working on his novel (Wade 370). At this point, a typewriter was a person who used the machine called typewriter to type. ====10 April 1902, Thursday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from 18 Woburn Buildings about working on his novel "-- dictating to a typewriter" (Wade 370). ===May 1902=== ====5 May 1902, Monday==== Bret Harte died. Arthur Collins does not seem to have been there at his death; “his dear friend Madame Van de Velde and her attendants” were, though (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ). Not sure when the funeral occurred, but he is buried “in quiet Frimly churchyard,” (341) and <quote>In accordance with his well-known views on such subjects the funeral was a very simple one. Among the few who followed him to his ivy-lined grave were Mrs. Bret Harte, his son and daughter-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Francis King Harte, his daughter, Miss Ethel Harte, Madame Van de Velde, Colonel Collins, Mr. A.S. Boyd, and a small cluster of grief-stricken friends.</quote> (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ (accessed November 2014). ====8 May 1902, Thursday==== Bret Harte's funeral:<blockquote>On Thursday, May 8, 1902, in the squat, mid-Victorian church of St. Peter's in the Surrey village of Frimley, a group of about twenty people had come to show their final respects to Francis Bret Harte. Outside it was raining steadily . In the subdued light from the stained-glass windows, one cold discern a small group at the front of the church consisting of Anna Harte, her son Frank, her daughter-in-law Aline, and her daughter Ethel. Another small group was formed around Madame Van de Velde, including one of her unmarried daughters, Miss Norris (the sister of her son-in-law Richard Norris), and Mrs. Clavering Lyne. Of Harte's closest friend, only Arthur Collins and Alexander Stuart Boyd were present. Pemberton had written to Frank the day before that he wished to attend the funeral but that in his "deplorable state of health" it was impossible for him to travel. Beside the small group of family and old friends, the rest of the people who heard the service conducted by the rector of Frimley, Reverend W. Basset, were recent acquaintances from among the local gentry. As one newspaper noted: "The funeral was of the simplest possible character and the phrase 'this our brother' had a peculiar poignancy, for, though a group of villagers stood in the rain under the trees as the hearse arrived, there were few in the church, who had not the right to call Mr. Bret Harte friend." The simplicity of the service was in keeping with Bret Harte's wishes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper|last=Nissen|first=Axel|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=2000}}</ref>{{rp|263}}</blockquote> ==== End of May 1902 ==== The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough hosted a party at Blenheim Palace:<blockquote>The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough entertained a party at Blenheim Palace last week. Their guests included the Duke of Roxburghe, Lord and Lady Churchill, Sir George and Lady Maud Warrender, Lady Juliet Lowther, Mr. Cecil and Lady Lilian Grenfell, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Norah Spencer-Churchill, Lady Lurgan, Mr. lan Malcolm, Mr. Frank Mildmay, and Mr. Beaumont.<ref>"The World of Fashion." ''Clifton Society'' 05 June 1902, Thursday: 6 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/19020605/018/0006. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1902=== Summer 1902: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until Yeats bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?) ====3 June 1902, Tuesday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote Arnold Dolmetsch, asking him to "chair ... a lecture he [was] soon to give": "You are the only one, I suppose, in the world now, who knows anything about the old music that was half speech, and I need hardly say that neither [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Miss Farr]] nor myself, could have done anything in this matter of speaking to notes without your help" (Campbell 142). ====7-9 June 1902, Saturday-Monday==== The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]] hosted a house party:<blockquote>The Earl and Countess of Warwick entertained a distinguished house party from Saturday to yesterday, including the Grand Duke Michael of Russia and the Countess of Torby, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey, Earl Cairns, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Chesham, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Colonel and Lady Gwendoline Colvin. Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing, Lady Eva Dugdale. Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Right Hon. H. Chaplin, M.P., Hon. H. Stonor, Mr. J. Pease, M.P., Captain Brinton, and Captain J. Forbes.<ref>"Court and Personal." ''Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser'' 10 June 1902, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19020610/033/0006 (accessed July 2019).</ref> (1902-06-10 Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser)</blockquote> ====10 June 1902, Tuesday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]]'s first public performance in which she "recit[ed] to her own accompaniment on the psaltery was at the Hall of Clifford's Inn, Fleet Street, on 10 June 1902 (Campbell 144, n. 18). ==== 11 June 1902, Monday ==== ===== Ladies' Kennel Association Show ===== The newspaper report was on 11 June, the show likely before that.<blockquote>A Maharajah's Trophy. It will be recollected that the Ladies’ Kennel Association possesses the most valuable challenge cup offered at any dog show. This is the trophy given by the late Maharajah of Dholpore, and won the first year by the Queen with her borzoi Alix. It is to be competed for by black pugs this time, and every champion in existence (except the judge's own) will stand in the ring amongst the 42 competitors for judgment this afternoon. The Countess of Lonsdale won three first prizes and one second prize with her beagles, and amongst other society ladies who sent their pets to the show-pens were Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, Princess Victor Duleep Singh, Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Lady Alexandra Darby, Lady Hope, Lady Algernon Lennox, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Hon. Mrs. Alwynne Greville, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Cathcart, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Decies, the Hon. Sybil Edwardes, Lady Good, the Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison, Lady Harris, Lady Sybil Tollemache, Lady Edith Villiers, and the Marchioness of Waterford. For Cats and Pouitry. There are also sections in the show for cats and poultry. The exhibitors of cats include the Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, the Countess of Aberdeen, and Lady Decies, while in the poultry section can be seen twelve pens of bantams sent by the Queen from Sandringham, and exhibits from the Countess of Aylesford, the Countess of Craven, the Hon. Helena Coventry, Lady Alington, the Hon. Florence Amherst, and the Hon. Mrs. Anson. Amongst the attractions of the show today will be the parade of champions on the lawn and the presentation of the Queen's Cup prizes. To-morrow two attractive competitions are announced, one for dogs belonging to actresses, the other for children's pets. Given fine weather the Coronation Show should be one of the events of the season. There is military music, and even the crisp weather did not prevent a host of society people from visiting the Botanic Gardens yesterday afternoon.<ref>"A Maharajah's Trophy." ''Morning Leader'' 11 June 1902, Wednesday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/19020611/037/0003. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ==== 12 June 1902, Thursday==== 12 June 1902:<blockquote>Thursday, the 12th inst., being the grand day of Trinity term at Gray's-inn, the Treasurer (Mr. Herbert Reed, K.C.) and the Masters of the Bench entertained at dinner the following guests: The Right Hon. Lord Strathoona and Mount Royal, the Right Hon. Lord Avebury, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, K.C, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Frank Lascelles, G.C.B. (British Minister at Berlin), General Sir Edward Brabant, K.C.B., the Right Hon. Sir Edward Carson (Solicitor-General), Sir Squire Bancroft, Colonel Alfred Egerton, C.B. (Equerry to H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught), Mr. Austen Chamberlain,M.P., Colonel Royds, M.P., and Mr. Frank Dicksee, R.A. The Benchers present in addition to the Treasurer were H.R H. the Duke of Connaught, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Shand, Mr. Henry Griffith, Sir Arthur Collins, K.C, Mr. Hugh Shield, K.C, His Honour Judge Bowen Rowlands, K.C, Mr. James Sheil, Mr. Arthur Beetham, Mr. John Rose, Mr. Paterson, Mr. Mulligan, K.C, Mr. Mattinson, K.C, Mr. Macaskie, K.C., Mr. C. A. Russell, K.C., Mr. Montague Lush, K.C., Mr. Dicey, C B., Mr. Barnard, Mr. H. C. Richards, K.C., M.P., Mr. Duke, K.C., M.P., Sir Julian Salomons, K.C., with the Preacher (the Rev. Canon C. J. Thompson, D.D.).<ref>''The Solicitor's Journal and Reporter''. June 21, 1902. Volume XLVI. 1901-1902 [November 2, 1901, to October 25, 1902]: 588. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=9T84AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA588</ref></blockquote> ====26 June 1902, Thursday==== Edward VII crowned King of England. 26 June 1902. There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare.<ref>Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper. 2002. Google Books http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC.</ref> (239) Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in May 1902, so the celebration with Harte present did not take place this year. Did it take place at all? ===July 1902=== ====3 July 1902, Thursday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 28 Rue Saint Vincent, Buttes Montmartre, Paris (Howe 244). ===September 1902=== ''Tristan and Isolde'' at the Covent Garden. ==== 22 September 1902, Monday ==== ===== Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party ===== <blockquote>The Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie have a large houseparty at Allca [?] House, Clackmannanshire. Their guests include Lord Charles Montagu, Viscount Chelsea, the Hon. Alexander M'Donnell, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Sir George and Lady Maud Warrender.<ref>"Rank and Fashion." ''St James's Gazette'' 22 September 1902, Monday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/19020922/105/0017. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ====25 September 1902, Thursday==== "There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times .... In 1902 an autumnal series was added, and there were several Wagner nights, the last of which was on Thursday, 25 September, when Philip Brozel and Blanch Marchesi were starred in ''Tristan and Isolda'' with Marie Alexander as Brangane" (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell). ===October 1902=== ==== Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink ==== The newspapers reported on 2 Fridays in 1902, October 24th and 31st, on the opening of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club]] Ice-skating Rink. ===== 24 October 1902, Friday ===== The ''Daily Express'' reported on the annual opening of the Prince's ice-skating rink, revealing who had an interest in skating:<blockquote>The first ice of the season was skated upon yesterday. It was the carefully-prepared ice which Mr. H. W. Page and Mr. Nightingale offer to the members of Prince’s Skating Club, in Knightsbridge, and was in grand condition. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] opened the rink for the seventh season, and in the afternoon and evening the West End patronized the popular club to skate or to lounge to the pleasant strains of the Viennese band. [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] is again at the head of the ladies’ committee, with the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as co-members, and Lord Edward Cecil and many other well-known skaters are identified with the committee work. The skating hours are from 9.30 to 1 and 3 to 7, and on Sundays 3 to 7 only.<ref>"Prince's Rink Opens." ''Daily Express'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19021025/132/0005.</ref></blockquote> ===== 31 October 1902, Friday ===== ==== Halloween. ==== The 7th seasonal opening of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]] and its committees:<blockquote>Until some genius, at present undiscovered, can cheapen the process of the manufacture of “real ice” we are not likely to become a nation of figure skaters, but where there are opportunities for practising the fascinating art of edges and turns development has proved to be rapid. This was noticeable on Friday at the opening of the seventh season of Prince’s Skating Club, a large number of really good skaters being present, who all found the fine hard surface to their Iiking, and there was a capital display of ice waltzing, the true poetry of motion, to the music of the Blue Viennese Band. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvenor]], an enthusiastic member of the committee, who presided at the little ceremony preceding the opening to members, referred to the prospects of continued success for the present season, which lasts until April next, and said that improvement might be expected, as the end of the war had brought many competent skaters home. A well-deserved tribute was paid to the work of Mr. H. W. Page, the secretary, on behalf of the club, which includes on its ladies' committee [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]; and on the men's committee, Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]].<ref>"What the 'World' Says." ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ===November 1902=== ====5 November 1902, Wednesday==== Guy Fawkes Day. ==== 8 November 1902, Saturday ==== The Earl and Countess of Warwick hosted a shooting party at Easton Lodge:<blockquote>The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]] are entertaining a large party at Easton Lodge this week-end for [?] shooting, and among their guests are the Grand Duke Michael of Russia and Countess Torby, the Duc d'Alba, the Duke of Sutherland, Earl Howe, Earl Cairns, Lord Dalmeny, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, the Hon. John and Lady [Choely?] Scott-Montagu, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., General and Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Miss Leila Paget, Miss Naylor, Miss Deacon, and Mr W. M. Low.<ref>"Guests at Easton Lodge." ''Birmingham Mail'' 08 November 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000644/19021108/091/0002. Print title: ''Birmingham Daily Mail''; p. 2.</ref></blockquote>The Friday 14 November 1902 ''Melton Mowbray Times'' reported a slightly different list of people present:<blockquote>Lord and Lady Warwick's party for shooting at Easton Lodge, Dunmow, last week included the Grand Duke Michael and Countess Torby, the Duke of Sutherland, the Duc d’Albe, M. de Soveral, Lord Howe, Lord Cairns, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lord Dalmeny, Mr John and Lady Cecil Scots-Montagu, Mr Henry Chaplin, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]], and General and Mrs Arthur Paget and Miss Leila Paget. — ''The World''.<ref>"Local News." ''Melton Mowbray Times and Vale of Belvoir Gazette'' 14 November 1902, Friday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001806/19021114/144/0008. Print title ''Melton Mowbray Times'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> ====29 November 1902, Saturday==== [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]’s cousin, Lady Hartopp, was involved in a divorce case: <blockquote>Society Women in a Law Court Case. Mr. Justice Barnes’s Court is now crowded by society people. What is the strange fascination which brings elegantly dressed ladies, accustomed to luxurious surroundings and all the external refinements of life, to sit for hours in stuffy court, where the accommodation is all the plainest, and the surroundings are none too attractive. It would need some assurance to invite a Belgravian Countess, or the wife of Mayfair Millionaire to spend the morning under such conditions unless there were the attraction of a very strong piece of scandal. One could not presume to suggest she should attend Missionary meeting, or social reform movement, under any such conditions. At least I must confess that I never heard of one being packed with a West End crowd as the Court just now. Of course it cannot be mere idle curiosity. Our higher education for girls must have cured Mother Eve’s failing long ago. Cynics suggest that it is the survival in our highly-civilised modern conditions of that instinct of the wild creature which incites attack on the wounded or injured fellow. Wild birds will sometimes peck injured bird to death. Are these fair and soft-voiced ladies animated by the same spirit when they throng witness the ordeal through which a woman of their own class is passing? The Latest Divorce Case. Lady Hartopp, the heroine of the story which has been occupying the tongues and thoughts of the upper ten thousand for the last 48 hours, is a member of a well-known and wealthy family, and is herself remarkable for her beauty. Her two sisters are as famous for their charms as herself, and society has given them many flattering titles. The daughters of Mr. C. H. Wilson, the great shipowner, whose sails are on every sea, are as favoured by Fortune as Venus. Miss Muriel Wilson, the society beauty, is a cousin of Lady Hartopp, and Lady Chesterfield is her sister. It was at Tranby Croft, near Hull, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, that the famous baccarat case occurred some years ago. Lady Hartopp is the niece of Mr. Arthur Wilson, and no doubt recollects that incident, and all the consequent stir. It attracted all the more notice at the time, because the then Prince of Wales had taken part in the game; but the Prince, who had nothing to be ashamed of, with characteristic straightforwardness, asked to go into the box and state all he knew. (1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury)</blockquote> ===December 1902=== ==== 9 December 1902, Tuesday ==== "Severe weather" did not prevent Lady Eva Wyndham's "at home" from being a success:<blockquote>Lady Wyndham-Quin's "At Home." The severe weather proved to be no detriment to the many visitors who had accepted Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's invitation to an "at home" at the Welch Industrial depot on Tuesday afternoon, and the admirers and purchasers of the fascinating Christmas gifts were numerous. Lady Eva received her quests wearing a coat of Persian paw and a white feather toque, whilst her two tittle daughters the Misses Olein and Kethlean Wyndham-Quin wore pelisses and hats of pale blue Welsh frieze, trimmed with grebe. Amongst those present were Lady George Hamilton, all in black; Lady Brassey, wearing a lovely sable cape; the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], in a fur coat and a black picture hat; and the Hon. Mrs Herbert, of Llanever; Mrs Brynmor Jones was fall of her coming visit to Paris to see her young daughter, and Mrs Richard Helme came with her son, Mr Ernest Helme. Mrs Brenton and her sister, Mrs Ashurst Morris, were also present, as were Lady Eafield, the Dowager Lady Hylton, Lady Dennison Pender [Ponder?], and Lady Blanche Conyngham. Mrs Grinnell Milne brought Miss Murray end Mrs Shelley Bontens, and Mrs James Head came in for a few minutes. Everybody bought largely and the Welsh Christmas cards were an attractive feature, as were some artistic muff chains. Another specimen of Welsh lace sent by Miss Jenkins, of Denbighshire, was much admired and resembles Irish lace both in style and design.<ref>"A Lady Correspondent." "Society in London." ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ====16 December 1902, Tuesday==== A poem satirizing Florence Farr and Arnold Dolmetsch was published in ''Punch''. ====25 December 1902, Thursday==== Christmas Day ====26 December 1902, Friday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *[1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury] "Society Women in a Law Court Case." And "The Latest Divorce Case." Norwich Mercury 29 November 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001669/19021129/072/0005 (accessed July 2019). ==1903== From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1903 Eduoard de Reszke was "a leading bass" at the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114). "[I]n England in 1903, gramophone distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder machines were known as phonographs or graphophones " (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). Gerald Balfour was "largely responsible for getting the important Land Acts of 1903 under way" (O'Connor 163). ===January 1903=== ====1 January 1903, Thursday, New Year's Day==== ====3 January 1903, Saturday==== Madame Troncey was doing a portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] (Wade 392). === February 1903 === ==== 6 February 1903, Friday ==== ===== Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley ===== <blockquote>Their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley gave a dinner party last night at the Castle. Prince Francis of Teck was present, and the following had the honour of receiving invitations: — The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn and Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Catherine Duchess of Westminster and Lady Mary Grosvenor, the Earl and Countess of Essex, the Countess of Fingall, the Earl and Countess of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess Annesley, the Earl of Enniskillen, the Viscountess Castlerosse, Viscount Crichton, Viscount Braskley [?], Lady Mabel Crichton, Lady Evelyn Ward, Lady Plunket, Lady Lurgan, Lord Vivian, Lord and Lady Fermoy, the Hon. Sybil Roche, Lady Barrymore and Miss Post, the Hon. Gerald Ward, Colonel the Hon. Charles Crichton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Hon. Hugh Fraser, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, the Right Hon. the Attorney-General, M.P., and Mrs. Atkinson; the Hon. Kathleen Plunket, Hon. Arthur Crichton, the Hon. Clare U’Brien, Sir Algernon and Lady Coots, Lady Milbanke, Sir John and Lady Colomb, Sir John and Lady Colthurst, Sir Arthur Vicars, Sir James and Lady Henderson, Admiral Singleton, C.B., and Mrs. Singleton; President of the Queen's College, Belfast, and Mrs. Hamilton; the President of the Queen's College, Galway; Colonel and Mrs. Vandeleur, Major and Mrs. Pakenham, Mr. and Mrs. H. White and Miss White, Miss Madeline Bourke, Colonel Sitwell, Captain and Mrs. Greer, Mrs. and Miss Hastings, Captain Fetherstonehaugh, Mr. H. R. Reade, D.L.; Mr. Dunbar Buller, Mr. A. More [?] O'Ferrall, D.L.; Captain Hall, Lord Plunket, Private Secretary; Lord Lurgan, State Steward; Major Lambart, Comptroller; Sir Gerald Dease, Chamberlain; the Viscount Castlerosse, Master of the Horse; Mr. Lionel Earle, Additional Private Secretary; Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh, Gentleman-in-Waiting; Captain the Hon. Gerald Cadogan, A.D.C.; Lord Cole, A.D.C.; Hon. Cyril Ward, R.N., A.D.C.; Major the Hon. M. O'Brien, and Major C. Heseltine, Aides-de-Camp in-Waiting.<ref>"Viceregal Court." ''Irish Times'' 7 February 1903, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001683/19030207/177/0007. Same print title and p.</ref> </blockquote> ==== 9 February 1903, Monday ==== The beginning of the Viceregal season in Dublin with a house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley:<blockquote>Monday last week the Viceregal season commenced, and the following guests arrived at Dublin Castle, where the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley have been in residence since the preceding Friday: H. H. Prince Francis ot Teck, Catherine Duchess of Westminster and Lady Mary Grosvenor, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn and Lady Phyllis Hamilton, the Earl and Countess of Annesley, Earl and Countess of Essex, Countess of Fingall, Viscount Brackley, Lord Vivian, Lady Barrymore and Miss Post, Hon. H. Fraser, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] and Miss Madelaine Bourke, Mr. and Miss White.<ref>"The Irish Gentlewoman. The Dublin Season Commences." ''Gentlewoman'' 14 February 1903, Saturday: 42 [of 60], Col 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19030214/194/0042. Same print title, p. 222.</ref></blockquote> === March 1903 === ==== 1903 March 17, Tuesday ==== Aristocratic women supporting Irish-made laces, needlework, and clothing:<blockquote>It was unfortunate weather for the St. Patrick’s Day sale of the Irish Industries Association, yesterday afternoon; but, in spite of this disadvantage, the rooms were crowded, and orders wore being given and taken on all sides. [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] was, as usual, presiding over the laces of the London depôt, though she often left her stall to her assistants and went about receiving her friends. The lace shown on her stall was beautiful. The needlepoint, Limerick, and Carrickmacross flounces, collars, and coatees finding many buyers during the afternoon. The Dowager Lady Downshire presided over the Association’s stall of embroideries, and Lady Gage arrived betimes to arrange them, wearing a dress of black lace over white, trimmed with appliques, also in black and white. Lady Aberdeen, as usual indefatigable, was at the Association’s stall of knitting, carving, and baskets. And Mrs. Marjoribanks was with her, showing in her own white dress how well Irish tweeds can look when made up. Lady Marjorie Gordon was also helping her mother. As for the 21 stalls representing the various cottage industries, these were once again covered with the beautiful work the Irish peasants, or (as in the case of the Gentlewomen’s Guild Handicrafts, the Ulster Ladies’ Work depôt, and the Irish School of Art Needlework) with work done by Irish ladies. The art needlework done by the Irish School needs little recommendation, it known so well for its excellence. And there were beautiful things on its stall this year, including many portières and some very finely-worked pictures. The stall was in charge of [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]], being always on the watch for extending the sale of the tweeds woven by the Castlebar Homespun Industry, this year shows some of a rather heavy description, made for motor coats, and one of these was on show yesterday afternoon. A pretty coat it looked, too, being carried out in cream cloth, with strapped back, and narrow collar of black velvet. Toys and furniture came from the Cushenhall and the Killarney Industries respectively, and were by no means the least patronised yesterday afternoon, whilst there was steady sale of little bunches of shamrock, which came from poor Ulster lady, who grows and gathers the plant for such occasions as these. The sale is continued to-day from 12 until 6.<ref>"A Sale of National Work." ''Daily News'' (London) 18 March 1903, Wednesday: 12 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030318/236/0012. Print p. 12.</ref></blockquote>In a display of "too little, too late," on March 18, the day after St. Patrick's Day, the ''Daily Mail'' talks about events in London and Dublin in honor of St. Patrick's Day:<blockquote>The bells of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, were rung yesterday morning in honour of Ireland’s patron Saint. Sprays of shamrock were worn as “button-holes” by some of the residents in Windsor, Eton, and the surrounding districts.<p> For the first time on record, St. Patrick’s Day was observed as a general holiday in Dublin. A large crowd witnessed the ceremony of the trooping of the colour by the 4th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, in Upper Yard, Dublin Castle. The Lord Lieutenant, on horseback, attended by his staff, was present.<ref>"A Sale of National Work." ''Daily News'' (London) 18 March 1903, Wednesday: 12 [of 12], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030318/236/0012. Print p. 12.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1903=== Summer 1903: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==== 19 June 1903, Friday ==== ===== Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle ===== King Edward and Queen Alexandra hosted a grand ball at Windsor Castle as "a wind-up to the Ascot festivities."<ref>"The Court at Windsor. Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber. Eight Hundred Guests." ''London Daily Chronicle'' 20 June 1903, Saturday: 4 [of 10], Cols. 6b–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0005049/19030620/053/0004. Print title: ''The Daily Chronicle'', p. 4.</ref> ==== 1903 June 23, Tuesday ==== A children's party at Buckingham Palace:<blockquote>(From the Court Circular.) Their Majesties gave a children’s party in the garden of the Palace this afternoon in honour of the ninth birthday his Highness Prince Edward of Wales, at which their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales with their children, Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, and the Duke of Fife, with their children, the Princess Victoria and their Serene Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Teck, with their children, were present. The following, with their children, some of whom were unable to obey their Majesties' command, had the honour of receiving invitations: The Duke and Duchess of Beaufort, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Constance Scott, the Duke and Duchess of Leeds, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, Catherine, Duchess of Westminster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton, the Countess of Airlie, the Earl and Countess of Albemarle, the Countess of Antrim, the Earl and Countess Carrington, the Earl and Countess of Dalkeith, the Earl and Countess of Denbigh and Desmond, the Earl and Countess of Essex, the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie, the Earl and Countess of Normanton, the Earl and Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery, the Earl and Countess of Selborne, the Earl and Countess of Stradbroke, the Countess de Mauny-Talvande, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh, Viscount and Viscountess Churchill, Viscount and Viscountess Coke, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, Lord and Lady De Ramsey, Lady Farquhar, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lord and Lady Hastings, Lord and Lady Hillingdon, Lord and Lady Knollys, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord and Lady Settringto, Lord and Lady Alice Stanley, Lord and Lady Suffield, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Mr and the Hon. Mrs. Gervase Beckett. Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Lionel Cust, Hon. Mrs. Geoffrey Glyn, Lientenant-Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Harbord, Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hardinge, Hon. Sydney and Lady Mary Holland, Hon. Derek and Mrs. Keppel, Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel, Hon. Frederick and Mrs. Lambton, Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, Sir Richard and Hon. Lady Musgrave, Hon H. and Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Hon. Dorothy Violet and Hon. Alexandra Vivian, Mr and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Lady Katherine Brand, Mr. and Lady Violet Brassey, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Sir E. and Lady Colebroke, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Sir H. and Lady de Trafford, Mr. and Lady Eva Dugdale, Sir E. and Lady Edmonstone, Major-General Sir R. and Lady Beatrice Pole-Carew, Sir G. and Lady Maud Warrender, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Revd. Canon and Mrs. Dalton, Mr. and Mrs. Farquharson of Invercauld, Mr. and Mrs. W. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. A. Hay-Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. W. James, Mr. and Mrs. Blundell Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. Sartoris.<ref>"Prince Eddie's Birthday." ''Daily News'' (London) 24 June 1903, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030624/197/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> === July 1903 === ==== Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough ==== 1903 July 10, Friday, or so, the ''World'' reported (reprinted by the ''Melton Mowbray Times'') on a party hosted by the Duchess of Marlborough:<blockquote>The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough's week-end party consisted of the Duchess of Sutherland, Lord Rosebery, Lady Lansdowne, Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, the Russian Ambassador, Lady Huntingdon, Count Albert Mensdorff, Lord Percy, Sir lan and Lady Hamilton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hardinge, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. George Cornwallis-West, Colonel W. Lambton, Mr. and Mrs. Maguire, Miss Deacon, and Captain Brinton. — ''The World''<ref>"Local News." ''Melton Mowbray Times and Vale of Belvoir Gazette'' 17 July 1903, Friday: 8 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001806/19030717/166/0008. Print title: ''Melton Mowbray Times'', n.p.</ref></blockquote> === August–September 1903 === ==== 20 and 25 August and 3 September 1903 ==== The 1903 America's Cup yacht race in New York Harbor with Nathaniel Herreshoff's ''Reliance'' for the US and Sir Thomas Lipton's ''Shamrock III'' for the UK,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-09-11|title=1903 America's Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_America%27s_Cup&oldid=1109663279|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_America%27s_Cup.</ref> the 12th challenge for the cup and "the most expensive Cup challenge in history."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE|title=LIPTON’S THIRD CHALLENGE|last=Cup|first=America's|website=37th America's Cup|language=en|access-date=2024-07-02}} https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE.</ref> The first race was run on 20 August 1903, the 2nd on 25 August and the 3rd on 3 September.<ref name=":0" /> Because the ''Reliance'' won the first 3 races, the best 3-out-of-5 race ended after the 3rd one. ===October 1903=== Sometime in October 1903, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s "The Adventure of the Empty House," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 331). ====31 October 1903, Saturday==== Halloween. ===November 1903=== Sometime in November 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 415). ====5 November 1903, Thursday==== Guy Fawkes Day ===December 1903=== Sometime in December 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Dancing Men," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 529). ====16 December 1903, Wednesday==== "On 16 December, Punch satirised an activity in which Dolmetsch was concerned. [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] was acting as secretary for a newly-formed fellowship known as 'The Dancers', a body whose aim was to 'fight the high and powerful devil, solemnity'. In a poem entitled L'Allegro up to date, the final stanza is devoted to Dolmetsch: <poem>:The old forgotten dancing-lore, :The steps we cannot understand, :DOLMETSCH agrees to take in hand, :These on the well-trod stage anon, :When next our learned sock is on, :We’ll show, while ARNOLD, Fancy’s child, :Tootles his native wood-wind wild.</poem> This verse is curiously prophetic for Dolmetsch had not yet introduced the recorder into his concerts, although he occasionally included a flute. Dolmetsch did know something of the steps of the old dances but it was his wife who later researched the subject most thoroughly and wrote two books on the subject." (Campbell 151–52) ===25 December 1903, Friday=== Christmas Day ====26 December 1903, Saturday==== Boxing Day ===Works Cited=== *Baring-Gould. *Campbell. ==1904== ===January 1904=== Sometime in January 1904 [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 399). ===March 1904=== Sometime in March 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of Black Peter," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 384). ===April 1904=== Sometime in April 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 558, n. 1, and 559). ===May 1904=== ==== 17 May 1904, Tuesday ==== ===== Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar ===== The ''London Daily Chronicle'' reported about this event but does not name the date. Also, this report mentions outbreaks of measles and chicken pox among children.<blockquote>Sir Philip Burne-Jones has offered to arrange the tableaux vivants that are to take place at the Albert Hall on the opening day of Countess Cadogan’s great bazaar. One of the tableaux will represent "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, how does your garden grow?” and a very pretty little girl has been selected as the central figure. A pleasing feature will be the grouping of children dressed as flowers to represent the garden. Many well-known people in London have been asked to allow their children to take part, but as there is at the present time a good deal of sickness about, such as measles and chicken-pox, a considerable number have had to decline. The following ladies, however, have consented to let their children appear: — The Marchioness of Granby, the Countess of Huntingdon, the Countess Bathurst, the Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady St. Oswald, Lady Dickson-Poynder, Lady Griffin, the wife of Sir Lepel Griffin, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mrs. Drake, and Mrs. Calverley.<ref>"Society and Personal." ''London Daily Chronicle'' 17 May 1904, Tuesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19040517/073/0004. Print title: ''The Daily Chronicle'', p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1904=== Sometime in June 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Three Students," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 370). Summer 1904: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===July 1904=== Sometime in July 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 351). ===August 1904=== Sometime in August 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 476). ===September 1904=== Sometime in September 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Abbey Grange," illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 491). ==1905== ===April 1905=== ====3 April 1905, Monday==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from Dublin, saying he had "dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== 1905 April 26, Wednesday ==== ===== New Forest United Hunt Ball ===== <blockquote>The annual New Forest United Hunt ball was held at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst, on Wednesday night, and it was a very brilliant and highly successful and enjoyable gathering, other hunts being represented, besides those of the New Forest. The decorations were, as usual, entrusted to Mr. W. Gerrard, the proprietor of the hall, who carried it out in a most artistic manner. The ball-room presented a very grand appearance with the green and white muslin curtains draped at the windows, and the panels on the walls, while the ceiling beams were also festooned in green and white. The room was exceedingly well lighted, and plants and flowers for the front of the orchestra were lent by Mr. R. G. Hargreaves, J.P., of Cuffnells Park, and those for the windows and other parts by Mr. H. F. Compton, J.P., of Manor House, Minstead. The floor was in splendid order for dancing, and the company were quite delighted with it. The supper room was adorned with red and white, the retiring rooms with pink and white; the cool retreats from the ballroom were lit with fairy lamps, and the tea-room was adorned in white and gold. The stewards were the Hon. Gerald Lascelles and Mr. E. L. Wingrove (hon. sec. of the New Forest Hunt Ciub), and Mrs. Lascelles and Mrs. Compton took a leading part in carrying out the arrangements, which left nothing to be desired to secure the comfort and enjoyment of the guests, who commenced to arrive about ten o'clock, soon after which dancing began to the strains of Leader’s Radelki Band, from London, conducted by Norman Denarius. The programme was as follows:— Valse — Wein, Weib und Gesang . . . . . . . . . Strauss<br> Valse — Tout Passe . . . . . . . . . Berger<br> Valse—Veronique . . . . . . . . . Messager<br> Two Step — Mosquito Parade . . . . . . . . . Bendix<br> Valse — L’Amour et a la vie Vienne . . . . . . . . . Kornzak<br> Lancers — The Orchid . . . . . . . . . Caryll<br> Valse — Choristers . . . . . . . . . Phelps<br> Valse — Luna . . . . . . . . . Lincke<br> Valse — Les Amourettes . . . . . . . . . Dubois<br> Polka — Whitling Rufus . . . . . . . . . Mills<br> Valse — Amoureuse . . . . . . . . . Berger<br> Lancers — Veronique . . . . . . . . . Messager<br> Valse — Midsummer . . . . . . . . . Marigold<br> Valse — Gold and Silver . . . . . . . . . Lehar<br> Valse — Casino Tanze . . . . . . . . . Gung'l<br> Two Step — Hiawatha . . . . . . . . . Moret<br> Valse — Bleue . . . . . . . . . Marcis<br> Valse — Caressante . . . . . . . . . Lambert<br> Lancers — Earl and the Girl . . . . . . . . . Caryll<br> Valse — Blue Danube . . . . . . . . . Strauss<br> Valse — Eton Boating Song . . . . . . . . . Kapa [?]<br> Galop — John Peel . . . . . . . . . Hunt<br> In addition to this there were a couple of valses extra, at the conclusion of the programme, and it was not until four o’clock on Thursday morning that the playing of the National Anthem announced the conclusion of the ball, which will be long remembered by those who participated in it for the great amount of enjoyment it afforded, and the admirable manner in which it was carried out, thanks to the indefatigable exertions of the stewards. All the guests expressed their extreme pleasure and satistaction with it, and it was unanimously voted as one of the most delightful reunions of the kind ever held in connection with the hunts. The refreshment department was again entrusted to Mr. G. Etheridge, of Southampton, who gave the utmost satisfaction, his catering being deservedly praised. The menu is appended:— Soups.<br> Clear Turtle. Consomme. Printeniere.<br> Lamb Cutlets and Peas.<br> Cold.<br> Quenelles of Chicken en Aspec.<br> Salmon Plain. Salmon Mayonnaise.<br> Roast Turkeys.<br> Boned Turkey and Cailles Farcie.<br> Roast Chicken.<br> Braized Ox Tongues. York Hams.<br> Raised Pies.<br> Pressed Spiced Beef. Galantine of Chicken.<br> Galantine of Veal.<br> Patties — Assorted. Lobsters Plain.<br> Lobster Salad. Plain Salads.<br> Foi Gras en Aspec.<br> Plovers Eggs.<br> Sweets.<br> Maraschino Jellies. Pine Apple Jellies.<br> Noyeau, Vanilla, and Strawberry Creams.<br> Meringnes [sic]. Triffles. Fancy Pastry.<br> Maids of Honour.<br> Buffet.<br> Tea. Coffee. Home Made Lemonade.<br> Claret Cup. Hock Cup.<br> Sandwiches — Assorted.<br> Cakes (Fancies), etc. Ices.<br> Strawberry and Vanilla Creams. Lemon Water.<br> The number present was 205, some fifty more than last year, and among them — and many gentlemen were in scarlet coats — were Lord Leconfield, M.F.M., Lord Wodehouse, Hon. E. Perrlepont [Perriepont?], Hon. John Scott-Montagu, M.P., and Lady Cecil Scott-Montagu, Sir Charles and Lady Darling, Miss Darling, Hon. Dudley Carleton, Hon. Gerald and Mrs. Lascelles, Miss Lascelles, Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Sir George Meyrick, Lady Meyrick, Miss Meyrick, Miss Phipps, the Count de Miremont, Hon. Mrs. Alwyn Greville, Captain G. D. Jeffreys (Grenadier Guards) and the Viscountess Cantelupe, Mr. G. and Lady Augusta Fane, Mr. B. Howard, Miss Clara Howard, Mr. F. M. Sibbald Scott (3rd Battalion Royal Scots), Mr. Camellan (Hampshire Regiment), Miss M. Bowden Smith, Miss Cumberbatch, Miss Sibbald Scott, Mr. and Miss Pitcher, Captain and Mrs. Maitland, Miss Maitland, Mr. Vachell, Mr. Noel Baxendale, Mrs. Heathcote, Miss Heathcote, Miss M. Heathcote, Miss Bainbridge, Mr. Woodyatt, Mr. Noel, Miss Laura Jones, Major Dalrymple, Mrs. Dalrymple, Miss Dalrymple, Miss Anderson, Mr. H. R. Dalrymple, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Nevile Henderson, Mr. C. L. Hargreaves, Mr. R. Gand, Mrs. Hargreaves, Mr. John Jeffreys, Mrs. Jeffreys, Miss Gwendolin Jeffreys, Miss Mildred Jeffreys, Mr. Cosmo Douglas, R.N., Lieutenant R. D. Ward, R.N., Mr. J. L. Forbes, R.A., Mr. E. Scott Mackirdy, Mr. Robert Pearce and Mrs. Pearce, Miss E. Ward, Major H. L. Powell, Mrs. Powell, Mr. Salt, R.H.A., Mr. Balston, R.H.A., Miss Inagh Frewen, Mr. W. S. D. Craven, Mr. Gerald Duplessis, Miss Duplessis, Captain and Mrs. Standish, Miss Beatrice Pulteney, Mrs. Pigott, Captain Granville, Mrs. Granville, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Martin Powell, Colonel Fowle, Captain Halaban, Captain Bathurst, Mr. Gillson, Lieutenant Eric Fullerton, R.N., Mr. C. Herbert, Colonel Barklie McCalmont, C.B., Mrs. McCalmont, Miss McCalmont, Miss M. Phelps, Captain A. C. Herbert, Captain and Mrs. Burns Hartopp, Miss Bodkin, Mr. Edward Hawkins, Mrs. Hawkins, Miss Abercromby, Mr. A. Bazley-Worthington, Mr. Meyrick, Mr. Nugent, Miss Morant, Captain H. T. Timson, Mrs. Timson, Mr. G. Eyre Matcham, Mrs. Matcham, Miss Jeffreys, Mr. Ralph Macan, Captain W. A. Grant and Mrs. Grant, Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Glasgow, Miss Alyn Mazall, Dr. Hastings Stewart, Mr. Fitzgerald, Mr. Butler, Miss Arnold, Mrs. Robinson, Captain Synars, Mr. N. Learmonth, Captain Warren Peacocke, Mrs. Peacocke, Mr. John Peacocke, Miss Wade, Miss Frewen, Miss Pryor, Miss Bodkin, Mr. Marriott, Mr. and Mrs. Dixon, Mr. H. Fane, Mr. Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Rayleigh Phillpotts, Miss Lyon, Mrs. Butler, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan, Mr. Arthur L. Watson, Mr. C. H. Wilmer, Miss M. Farquharson, Mr. Merric Bovill, Mr. Skeene, Miss Chandos Pole, Colonel and Mrs. Spurgin, Captain Johnston Browne, Mr. J. Darling, Mr. Hugh Neville, Miss G. Milne, Mr. E. Martin, Miss Gossip, Mr. J. Blake, Mr. R. E. S. Pearce, Rev. C. Maturin, Major Wyndham Pain, Mrs. Wyndham Pain, Mr. A. C. Crossley, Captain Innes, Mr. L. R. Hargreaves, Miss Bryan, Mr. A. K. Hargreaves, Miss Skene, Miss Merehouse, Mr. Thornhill, Mr. and Mrs. Price, Mr. Freeland, Mr. E. Meade-Waldo, Mrs. Meade-Waldo, Mr. W. I. Whitaker, the Hon. Mrs. Whitaker, Miss Blythe, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Douglas Scott, Major R. E. Bolton (Scots Guards), Mr. E. Harington, Miss Meade-Waldo, Miss Dorothy Meade-Waldo, Mr. Ernest L. Wingrove, Mr. H. F. and Mrs. Compton, Miss Jeffray, Mr. Farquharson, Captain Godfrey Heseltine, Mr. D. Grimmell-Milne, Mrs. Godfrey Baring, Mr. T. C. Musgrave, Mr. H. W. Eaden, Mrs. Eaden, and party, Captain Granville, Mr. A. L. Duncan, Miss Arkwright, Mrs. Crofton, Captain Ellis.<ref>"New Forest United Hunt Ball. A Brilliant Gathering at Lyndhurst." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 29 April 1905, Saturday: 6 [of 12], Col. 2a–b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/19050429/163/0006. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1905=== Summer 1905: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===July 1905=== ====10 July 1905, Monday==== 1905 July 10, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador hosted a dinner party:<blockquote>The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador entertained the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia of Connaught at dinner at the Embassy in Belgrave-square on Monday evening. There were also present the Spanish Ambassador and Mme. Bernabé, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Whitelaw Reid, Princess Hohenlohe, Prince Francis of Teck, Princess Teano, the Earl of Essex, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, Viscount Villiers, Viscount Errington, Viscount Newry, Mrs. J. Leslie, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. R. Graham, Mrs. Astor, Lady Maud Warrender, Prince Furstenburg, Count Szenchenyi, Captain A. Meade, and Miss Pelly and Colonel Murray in attendance on the Duke and Duchess.<ref>"Court Circular." ''Times'', 12 July 1905, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHRNq6. Accessed 20 June 2019.</ref></blockquote> ==== Last week of July, 1905 ==== Lady Cadogan hosted a children's party at Chelsea House:<blockquote>Lady Cadogan’s children’s party last week at Chelsea House was one of the prettiest sights imaginable. Her grandchildren, the little Chelseas, came to help entertain the guests, and nearly all the smart women in London brought their small folk. One of loveliest little girls present was Daphne Bourke, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]]’s only child; and Lady De Trafford’s young daughter Violet was much admired, and Lady Maud Ramsden’s little people were among daintiest of the small children.<ref>"Court and Social News." ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ===September 1905=== ==== 1 September 1905, Friday ==== ===== Society Sportswomen ===== The ''Willesden Chronicle'' published a piece on sportswomen, as did the ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-Western Press''.<ref>"Society Sportswomen." ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-Western Press'' 1 September 1905, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19050901/191/0007.</ref> The article does not list Lady Violet Greville, who did deer-stalking in Scotland, but perhaps she wasn't as good as these women or she was not socially important the way many of these women were; she was certainly not in the social networks that included some of them.<blockquote>Each season sees new recruits in the ranks of Society sportswomen. Princess Charles of Denmark is a skilled shot, and as a child was taught to shoot at a target. Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg, formerly Grand Duchess of Hesse, and niece to King Edward, is another famous markswoman. The Duchess of Bedford is a splendid shot, and so is the Duchess of Newcastle, who killed many head of big game in the Rocky Mountains. The Marchioness of Breadalbane is a first-rate rife shot and deer-stalker. Lady Loch shoots well, and many fine stags have fallen to her rifle. Lady Sandhurst and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] must also be included among noted deerstalkers. Lady Hindlip is another big game shot, and brought down and brought home a giraffe from her recent travels in East Africa. Lady Delamere has also secured some notable trophies from the African jungle. Lady Wolverton, Lady Helen Stavordale, Lady Vivian, and Lady Juliet Duff are all good markswomen, and Lady Constance Stewart- Richardson is, of course, second to none as a noted sportswoman. She has shot stags in Scotland, big game in the jungles of Ceylon, and wild hogs on the plains of South-West Texas. Lady Beatrice Pole-Carew is another splendid shot, and the list also includes Lady Wickham, sister to the Marquis of Huntly, Lady Constance Scott, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, Mrs. Asquith, and Miss Muriel Wilson. Mrs. Alan Gardner, daughter Sir James Blyth, has killed big game in the four quarters of the globe; and Mrs. George Cornwallis West shoots as well she writes or plays on the piano. The Hon. Mrs. Lancelot Lowther is a good rabbit shot, and Violet Lady Beaumont and the Countess of Warwick are deadly with partridges and pheasants.<ref>"Society Sportswomen." ''Willesden Chronicle'' 1 September 1905, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001721/19050901/127/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===October 1905=== ==== 1905 October 14, Saturday ==== A "send-off dinner" for Jerome K. Jerome before his trip to the U.S. occurred at the Garrick Club "the other evening" before October 14:<blockquote>Jerome K. Jerome has undertaken a six months lecturing tour in the United States. I believe that this tour will be a great success, particularly when the Americans come to realise that Mr. Jerome is not only a humorous writer but a brilliant, serious writer with very genuine pathos. His appeal on this side has not, perhaps, gone home to the English people as much as it should, but the quick-witted Americans will not be slow to recognise his talents of both kinds, nor will they fail to appreciate the significance of the fact that the other evening a send-off dinner was given to Mr. Jerome at the Garrick Club. The hosts of the evening were Mr. Pett Ridge and Mr. W. W. Jacobs, which shows that there is no such thing as literary jealousy among our best humorists. The presence of quite a galaxy of novelists to the dinner to Mr. Jerome, including Mr. Barrie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mr. Max Pemberton, Mr. H. G. Wells, Mr. G. B. Burgin, Mr. Arthur Morrison, and Mr. Israel Zangwill, serve to indicate the existence of a pleasant brotherhood among the writers of fiction. The readers of ''Three Men in a Boat'' may be interested to know that there were also present Mr. Jerome's companions in that famous journey — Mr. Carl Hentschel and Mr. C. Wingrove. When I have named further the presence of three artists in Mr. A. S. Boyd, Mr. John Hassall, and Mr. Will Owen, and two journalists in Dr. Robertson Nicoll and [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], I have given some record of an exceedingly pleasant dinner party. The essential point, however, of this enumeration of names is that many of them are among the most highly honoured of Englishmen in the United States, and that thus Mr. Jerome cannot fail to reap additional benefit from this dinner so thoughtfully given in his honour by Mr. Jacobs and Mr. Pett Ridge.<ref>S., C. K. "A Literary Letter." ''The Sphere'' 14 October 1905, Saturday: 16 [of 20], Col. 2a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19051014/022/0016. Print p. 56.</ref></blockquote> ===November 1905=== Sometime in November 1905, "Arnold Dolmetsch was again asked to provide music for a Been Greet season in New York — an engagement that brought about his first meeting with two young actors on their first American tour, Sybil Thorndike, and her brother, Russell" (Campbell 169). Dolmetsch's return to the US; was [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] still with the Thorndikes? ==1906== ===March 1906=== ====5 March 1906==== "Mr. Frederick John Horniman, who died on March 5, in his seventy-first year, was the son of that well-known Quaker and tea-merchant, John Horniman, who made a magnificent fortune by retailing tea in air-tight packets, and, like his father, devoted both time and wealth to charitable objects. A great traveller, both for business and pleasure, Mr. Horniman gathered togther an admirable collection of curios, and this is housed at Forest Hill in the museum that bears his name. His private benefactions were also large. Mr. Horniman, who was a Liberal, sat in two Parliaments, representing Penrhyn and Falmouth Boroughs in one. He did not seek re-election in January last." ("The World's News." Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 10, 1906; pg. 338; Issue 3490, Col. C) ===June 1906=== Summer 1906: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === December 1906 === ==== 1906 December 10, Monday ==== Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework:<blockquote>Quite a large number of Americans attended Lady Dudley's sale of beautiful Irish needlework at 7, Carlton-gardens on Monday. The Duchess of Roxburghe, in mouse-coloured velvets and sable, was one of the earliest buyers. Mrs. Astor was another American who bought extensively, and the Duchess of Marlborough, who visited the sale on Sunday, secured a couple of charming water-colours, "Dusk in Glasnevin "and "The Circus Clown," while Lady Essex bought the six-guinea cushion cover made at [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|Miss Yeats]]'s school at Dundrum. [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], who came over from Ireland especially to help, had a table heaped with embroidery, and Adeline Duchess of Bedford presided over the raffles, and disposed of guinea chances for an exquisite panel enamelled on silver. Lady Mar and Kellie remained until her sister, Lady Maud Warrender, had sung her last song, and Lady Dickson-Poynder came with her pretty little daughter and Mrs. Asquith. Lady Kenmare and her daughter were selling from a central table, and the Duchess of Rutland, in deep black, Mrs. Harry Lindsay, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Lady Grosvenor were among those to be seen in the tea-room downstairs.<ref>"London Gossip." ''American Register'' 15 December 1906, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003338/19061215/035/0004. Print title and p. the same.</ref> </blockquote> ==1907== ===April 1907=== April 1907, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] went to Italy with Lady Gregory (Harper 80 28). ===June 1907=== Summer 1907: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). '''1907 June 22, Saturday''' The annual dinner of the Correctors of the Press was held at De Keyser's Royal Hotel:<blockquote>The London Association of Correctors of the Press held their annual dinner at De Keyser’s Royal Hotel on Saturday. The Chairman was the Lord Mayor, and among his supporters were Sir John Cockburn, Colonel David Bruce, Colonel Earl Church, Lieutenant-Colonel Alsager Pollock, Sheriff Dunn, Mr. J. W. Cleland, M.P., Mr. R. Donald, Mr. T. Seccombe, Mr. Francis H. Skrine, Major H. F. Trippel, Mr. Walter Haddon, Mr. W. Pett Ridge, Mr. W. H. Helm, Mr. R. Warwick Bond, Mr. F. W. Rudler, Major Vane Stow, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], Mr. J. Randall (Chairman of the Association), Mr. Foxen, and Mr. Feldwick. Proposing the toast of "Literature,” Mr. W. H. Helm speculated as to what would follow the banning of "Mary Barton" by the Education Committee of the London County Council. In his opinion "The Swiss Family Robinson" was a more immoral book, because beyond any other work it had fostered the Micawber view of life. (Laughter.) The LORD MAYOR [init caps large, rest sm, throughout], submitting the toast of "The Readers' Pension Fund,” apologised for appearing in morning dress. The reason was that he had been to the King’s Garden Party at Windsor, and whlle he was returning to London by motor something burst. (Laughter.) Only that morning he had arrived from Berlin, where he learned some lessons useful to people who give dinners. When the Oberburgomeister of Berlin proposed the health of, say, the Lord Mayor of London, there was an end of the business. He did not push forward the Houses of Parliament, the Navy and Army, or even Literature. (Laughter.) Being a practical people the Germans when they met for a particular purpose applied themselves to no other, and the English would well to copy them. (Hear, hear.) Mr. J. RANDALL said that last year the Association helped five readers and one reader’s widow to pensions, and this year it had done the same for two readers and two widows. One of the men assisted last March had taught himself Greek, Arabic, and Sanscrit, and in leisure moments amused himself by making object glasses for microscopes and telescopes. At this very gathering there was a printer’s reader who was Hebrew scholar. (Hear, hear.) With regard to finance Mr. Randall was happy to say that this dinner would enable the Association to establish a fourth pension. (Cheers.) The Lord Mayor, [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Lord Glenesk]] (President of the Readers' Pensions Committee), the Clothworkers’ Company, and the Cutlers’ Company had contributed ten guineas each, and the total addition to the fund resulting from the dinner was £l90. During the evening excellent entertainment was provided by Miss Helena Foxen, Miss Kathleen Dwyer, Mr. T. C. Bell, Mr. P. E. Syrett, Mr. Prank Rhodes, and Mr. E. Croft-Williams, the last-named being the hon. musical director.<ref>"Correctors of the Press." ''Morning Post'' 24 June 1907, Monday: 4 [of 14], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19070624/074/0004. Print p. 4.</ref></blockquote> ===August 1907=== ==== Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster ==== On 24 August, the Queen reported about the week at Eaton Hall:<blockquote>My Cheshire friends have written me a most interesting account of the polo week at Eaton Hall, where the Duke and Duchess of Westminster have been entertaining a large party, including the Duke's sister, Lady Beauchamp; his cousin, Mrs Ivor Guest, and her husband; Lady Constance Stewart-Richardson, Lord Cholmondeley and his lovely daughter, Lady Lettice Cholmondeley; and Miss Millicent Grosvenor, whose engagement to Mr Wallis, of the Scots Guards, was announced at the end of the season. Others of the party at Eaton were Lord and Lady Arthur Grosvenor (of caravan fame), Mr and Mrs Frank Bellville (who had been entertaining at Papillon Hall the week before for the Rugby polo tournaments), Mr G. and Mr C. Miller and their wives, Lord Shrewsbury, Lord Wodehouse, Lord Ingestre, Mr Osmond Hastings, Capt. de Crespigny, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr Algernon Bourke]], and several others. At Saighton Grange Lady Grosvenor's guests included Lady Marjorie and Lady Violet Manners, Lady Mildred Follet and her husband, Lord Hugh Cecil and Mr Banbury, as well as Lady Grosvenor's handsome young son, Mr Percy Wyndham; and these were all day at Eaton taking part in the polo or looking on. Capt. Miller, who helps the Duke to organise the tournament, brought with him his pack of beagles from Rugby, and when not following these in the early morning the indefatigable guests were cubhunting at dawn. This in addition to the polo matches every afternoon held on the Duke' s private ground — one of the best in England — in the beautiful park. Eight teams competed, and the play was most exciting, especially in the final on Friday, contested by the two teams that had hitherto won all the ties. These were Hotspurs — Mr Banbury, Capt. de Crespigny, Mr Nickalls, and Capt. Campbell — and Eaton Hall — Mr Percy Wyndham (the Duke's half brother), Major Hobson. Mr J. A. Miller, and the Duke of Westminster. The Hotspurs won a most thrilling game by five goals to four. The Duchess had engaged Gottlieb's delightful band for the week, and in the evening she often sang to the accompaniment of some of its members, which delighted her guests, for her voice is quite beautiful. On Thursday the party was joined by Lord and Lady Mary Crichton and Lord and Lady Hugh Grosvenor; Lady Grosvenor brought over her guests from Saighton, and there was a small dance in the evening. The day before, it being too wet to play polo, a cinematograph show was got up for everyone's amusement in the ballroom. On Saturday the party scattered, and the Duke and Duchess went north to Lochmore, and are due in Ireland later on for the horse show week. Princess Henry of Pless, the Duchess of Westminster's only sister, has been thrown into mourning by the death of her father-in-law, the Duke of Pless, to whose title and vast possessions her husband now succeeds.<ref>Mouche. "My Social Diary." ''The Queen'' 24 August 1907, Saturday: 18 [of 68], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19070824/115/0018. Same print title, p. 348.</ref></blockquote> ===November 1907=== ====10 November 1907==== <quote>On 10 November, Dolmetsch, 'awfully tired and disquieted with overwork', writes to Horne, 'longing for Florence'. 7, Bayley Street<br />W.C.<br />My concert went very well last night. Melodie quite distinguished herself, and a sister of [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] Lucy Carr Shaw sang delightfully. …<br />But Symmons [sic] … did not go before 1 o'cl. and yet, by the first post this morning, I got a charming poem on Rameau. … He must have spent all night on it.</quote> (Campbell 120) ==1908== In 1908 Sidney Paget died in 1908 in some "untimely" fashion (Baring-Gould II 239). === April 1908 === ==== 1908 April 9, Thursday ==== The Provisional Committee for the Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre met at the Hôtel Métropole:<blockquote>SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL. A meeting of the Provisional Committee for the forthcoming Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre was held yesterday at the Hôtel Métropole. Mr. T. P. O’Connor, M.P., presided, and there were present : The Earl of Lytton, Mr. Percy Alden, M.P., Mr. Henry Ainley, Mr. Percy Ames, Mr. Robert Barr, Mr. Arthur à Beckett, Mr. Austin Brereton, Mr. Acton Bond (General Director of the British Empire Shakespeare Society), Mr. Dion Boucicault, Mrs. Bateman-Crowe, Professor Boss, Mr. Norreys Connell, Mr. W. M. Crook, Mr. John Cutler, K.C., Mr. J. Comyns Carr, Mr. Ernest Carpenter, the Rev. P. H. Ditchfleld, Mr. Robert Donald, Mr. A. C. Forster Boulton, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Gomme, Mr. A. A. Gardiner, Mr. C. T. Hunt (hon. secretary London Shakespeare League), Mr. Laurence Housman, Mr. J. A. Hobson. Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, Mr. Selwyn Image, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, Mr. Frederick Kerr, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Professor Knight, Mr. Matheson Lang, the Hon. Mrs. Alfred Lyttelton, Miss Lillah McCarthy, Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy, Colonel Henry Mapleson, Dr. Gilbert Murray, Mr. T. Fairman Ordish, Mr. A. W. Pinero, Mr. Ernest Rhys, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], the Rev. J. Cartmel Robinson, Mr. George Radford, M.P., Mr. Clement Shorter, Mr. Otto Salimann (hon. secretary of the Elizabethan Society), [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Mr. Bernard Shaw]], Mr. H. W. Smith, Mr. Herbert Trench, [[Social Victorians/People/Todhunter|Dr. Todhunter]], and Mr. James Welch. It was agreed that the Lyceum demonstration should take place in May, and a resolution should be moved in favour of the establishment of a National Theatre as a memorial to Shakespeare.<ref>"Shakespearea Memorial." ''Morning Post'' 10 April 1908, Friday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19080410/126/0007. Print p. 7.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1908=== Summer 1908: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==== 1908 June 21, Sunday ==== Very large demonstration for women's suffrage in Hyde Park coming from "seven points in London."<blockquote>WOMAN'S VOTE. SUFFRAGISTS' GREAT MARCH TO HYDE PARK TODAY. WHITE DEMONSTRATION. AMUSING ADDRESS TO M.P.'s. FROM RIVER LAUNCH. From seven points in London to-day seven big prossesions will march to Park, and there jointly demand the Parliamentary franchise for women. The whole town will be alive with demonstrating suffragists. The streets will resound with the cry of "Votes for Women." In Hyde Park eighty speakers will voice the demand from twenty platforms. London has been divided into districts for the purposes of the mighty demonstration, and each of theee has an assembling place, from which the processions will move off to Hyde Park, as given in the following official list: — A. — Euston-road. — Form up at 12 o'clock, east of Euston Station. Start at 1 p.m. March via Euston-road, Portland-place, Upper Regent-street, Oxford-street, to the Marble Arch. B. — Trafalgar-square. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Pall Mall, Regent-street, Piccadilly, Berkeley-street, and Mount-street to the Grosvenor Gate. C. — Victoria Embankment. [sic] Form up 12.30. Start from Westminster Bridge 1.30. March via Victorla-street, Grosvenor-place, to Hyde Park Corner. D. — Chelsea Embankment. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Oakley-street, King's-road, Sloane-square, Sloane-street to Albert Gate. E. — Kensington High-street. — Form up 1 o'clock. Start 1.30. March via Kensington into the Alexandra Gate of the Park. F. — Paddington Station. — Form up 1 p.m. Start 2 p.m. March via Victoria Gate into Hyde Park. G. — Marylebone-road. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Seymour-place, Seymour-street, and Into the Park close to the Marble Arch. The demonstrators will come from all parts of the country, some seventy special trains being run from the big towns in the provinces. These will be met at the London stations by white-garbed "Captains" and "Stewards," and their occupants marshalled in proper divisions. Literature and the drama will be represented in several of the processions. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Shaw will join in Trafalgar-square, and so will Mr. Pett Ridge. Starting from Euston-road will be a coach carrying Mrs. Parkhurst, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Mona Caird, and Miss Elizabeth Robins. Mrs. Israel Zangwill will chaperon a party on a coach from the Thames Embankment, which will include Professor and Mrs. Ayrton, Madame Sarah Grand, Miss Lillah McCarthy (Mrs. Granville Barker), Miss Marian McCarthy, Mr. Lucien Wolf, Professor Perry, F.R.S. (scientist), Mrs. H. G. Wells, Mrs. Alice Meynell, and Suffragist leaders from Sweden, Finland, and Norway. In Finland women not only have the vote, but they sit in Parliament. Madame Stromberg, from that country, is now in London attending the Horse Show at Olympia, and will be present at to-day's demonstration. Mr. H. Nevinson and Mr. H. N. Brailsford will walk in the Embankment procession. On the Kensington four-in-hand coach will be:— [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mrs. Clarence Rook]], Mrs. Jopling Rowe, Mlle. Stavance (Norwegian editor and authoress), Mrs. French Sheldon, F.R.G.S., and Miss Christine Silver. ... In addition to seven four-horse coaches — one for each procession — there will be more than sixty brakes, filled with country suffragists, and elaborately decorated. [Story continues.]<ref>"Women's Vote. Suffragists' Great March to Hyde Park To-day. White Demonstration. Amusing Address to M.P.'s from River Launch." ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 21 June 1908, Sunday: 1 [of 28], Col. 1a–c [of 5], 2, Col. 5. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003216/19080621/002/0001. Print p. 1.</ref></blockquote> ===Works Cited=== *Baring-Gould === July 1908 === ==== 30 July 1908, Thursday ==== ===== Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses. ===== <blockquote>Cup day at Goodwood, says the “Daily Telegraph,” is always looked upon as the occasion for a display of beautiful toilettes, and Thursday was no exception to the rule: in fact, the scene reminded one more of Ascot on a miniature scale. Some very beautiful Directoire gowns were to be seen, and in all materials. There was the ever-delightful satin charmeuse, silk voile, ninon, embroidered muslin, chiffon, and hand-painted muslins in endless variety. Shantung, too, played its part, and so did broderie Anglaise, and other cool and diaphanous materials. One could not help noticing the important part that embroidery plays in modern toilettes. Some of it is very elaborate, the most fashionable being worked in floss silks, while old Oriental patterns have been copied with considerable success. Persian, Indian, and Algerian motifs were to be seen on many wearers. Marquisette is an admirable material to embroider on, and here again floss silk was used in profusion. The embroidered linens seem to grow more elaborate every year. In many cases beautiful incrustations were used half way up the skirt, and many little coats were almost covered with these elaborate designs. Gold, silver, and platinum have also played a great part in the decoration of toilettes this year, and these tinsels, when skilfully blended with colours, have proved extremely beautiful. The great heat last week made the fashionable long satin cloaks of various colours quite unnecessary, and in their place were seen sleeveless coats of silk muslin or short jackets of Irish lace. One lady was noted wearing a little hanging cape of cyclamen-coloured satin over a white dress, and the touch of colour was very becoming. Large hats have again been to the fore, and those trimmed with aigrettes of various colours have been very plentiful, but not to the extent one saw at Ascot. A tendency to introduce antumn flowers has been distinctly noted, and more than one smart hat has been decorated, with cornflowers and poppies. The blossoms of iris, fuschia, wistaria [sic], and roses have been the ideal floral decoration, and, here again, gold, silver, and platinum tissue have played a great part. One or two mole-coloured hats, trimmed with plantinum tissue, were very becoming. The reign of the natural ostrich feather, too, continues, and wings on a very large scale have also been seen. Quills of parti-colours found many wearers, and shaded feathers, going from very dark to light tones, have been greatly in evidence. The Elizabethan ruffle, which at the beginning of the season promised to be so fashionable, has almost disappeared, and in its place were to be seen short ruffles of tulle finished off with rosettes and ends of coloured satin. Another fashionable item at Goodwood was the wearing of coloured shoes and stockings to match the gowns, the more popular being those made of suede, and one lady was wearing a gown of grey silk muslin, with grey silk stockings to match, and shoes of grey suede, with paste buckles. Much jewellery has been seen, nearly every woman having a pearl necklace, and the vogue of the emerald must certainly be noted. The Queen set the example by wearing a long emerald pendant, from which fell a cabochon ruby. Jewelled hat pins, too, have played their part, and jewelled butterflies have been very fashionable to fasten veils. The King and Queen, with Princess Victoria and the Duke of Richmond, arrived about a quarter past one. Some very lovely toilettes were to be noted in the Royal party. The Queen chose a delicate toilette of lavender grey, with a cross-over bodice, and a small grey toque trimmed with ostrich feathers. Princess Victoria wore a delicate shade of blue, with a hat trimmed with black and white feathers and pink roses. The Countess of Mar and Kellie appeared to great advantage in white crepe de chine and a large floral-trimmed hat. The Countess of Ilchester's gown of small black and white checked muslin was relieved by a mauve waistbelt and a large shady bat, trimmed with mauve irises. Lady Helen Gordon Lennox was in white, striped with mauve, the revers of the bodice being of pale mauve satin, and ber hat was trimmed with roses. Lady Anne Lambton wore white, with a hat of dull purple flowers and leaves relieved by pink roses here and there. Lady Muriel Beckwith was in blue, and the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel wore white crepe de chine, with many upstanding feathers in her hat. The Marchioness of Salisbury chose a very light gown, with a purple hat, trimmed with a purplish-blue feather, the brim of the hat being lined with rose colour. Lady Cooper was another of the many ladies present to appear in white embroidered muslin, and her hat was trimmed with many flowers. Lady Bernard Gordon-Lennox wore painted crepe, and a flower-trimmed hat. Miss Ivy Gordon-Lennox was in girlish white, the Hon. Charlotte Knollys wore a toilette of mauve and pink and white, Lady Sassoon in black and white striped silk muslin. Viscountess Crichton was wearing embroidered muslin: Lady Juliet Duff wore a mauve neck ruff, and a pale coloured hat with a dress of white lace and muslin. The King wore a lilac tie and a pink flower, with a blue frock coat and grey trousers and a tall grey hat. Quite a bevy of beautifully-dressed women were to be seen sitting in the shade of the telegraph pavilion, which is situated in between the club enclosure and the paddock. Here were noted the Countess of Lonsdale, in dahlia-coloured crepe and satin, and Lady de Trafford, who chose a very successful gown of black and white striped muslin, the effect being almost grey, and with this she wore a beautiful hat of pure moonlight blue, which suited her to perfection. Lady Noreen Bass, in rose-red silk gauze, had a large white hat, with upstanding ospreys, and by her side sat Lady Rowena Paterson, in white, with a hat trimmed with lilac and roses. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] chose a beautiful shade of salmon-pink [Col. 1c–2a] voile, and her hat had flowers of the same colour. By her side might have been seen the Hon. Mrs. Lancelot Lowther, in pervenche-coloured silk voile, striped with bands of satin of the same shade. Mrs. Farquharson, of Invercauld, looked charming in white, with a mauve waistband and parasol, and mauve and pink flowers in her hat. The Hon. Mrs. Rochfort Maguire chose white crepe de chine, slightly trimmed with gold embroidery; and yet another to be seen here was Mrs. William James, who was in ivory crepe de chine, with touches of gold embroidery on the bodice. The Hon. Mrs. William Lawson was in mauve and white striped gauze, and Mrs. Arthur James wore rose pink voile. The scene in the paddock was as interesting as ever. Here were noted Earl and Countess Fitzwilliam, who motored to the races from Portsmouth Harbour, where they entertained a party of friends on the “Kathleen.” Her ladyship's gown was most original. It was of orchid mauve silk gauze, with a short over-skirt of golden gauze, a mauve hat slightly touched with gold, and her cream sunshade was veiled in gold gauze. The Countess of March, in unrelieved black, was accompanied by her three children, Lady Amy and Lady Doris Gordon-Lennox, and little Lord Settrington. Her sister-in-law, Lady Evelyn Cotterell, in a large black and white checked gown, accompanied her also. Lady Teynham's white embroidered muslin, with a short cloak of rose pink satin, was greatly admired, and so was the black satin charmeuse toilette, with gold embroideries, on a blue ground, worn by Mrs. Turner. The Countess of Sefton wore a simple little frock of silver grey silk ninon, and a low-crowned hat trimmed with lace, and the Hon. Mrs. Cyril Ward looked very pretty in white linen, with a large straw hat trimmed with blue ribbons and pink roses. The large general attendance included: the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Earl of Sefton, the Earl of Essex, Lord Albert Osborne, Lady Clifford of Chudleigh, General Sir Albert Williams, Colonel Sir Augustus FitzGeorge, Lord Wolverton, Viscount Valletort, Major Eustace Loder, Colonel Holford, Colonel Sir Arthur Davidson, the Countess of Aylesford, Lady Theo. Acheson, the Hon. Cyril Ward, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Mr. Blundell Leigh, Mr. Montagu Elliott, Sir Hill Child, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, and Miss Ivy Gordon-Lennox, Lord and Lady Gifford, Viscount Royston, Captain and Mrs. Bingham Turner, the Countess of Verulam, and Lady Vera Grimston, Lord Somers, Major Trotter, and very many others. Among the local gentry were to be seen: Mrs. John Orr-Ewing with the Misses Orr-Ewing (both in white), Lady Gifford in grey satin with hat to match, Mrs. Agar in grey, Mrs. W. Dundas in black, and Mrs. Hankey, Miss Leslie, charmingly gowned in yellow, Mrs. Lacaita (of whose party was Lady Isobel Browne), Miss Gladys Grace, Mrs. Bradey Frith, Mrs. and the Misses Lees (the former wearing a charming cream dress and mauve hat), Major and Mrs. Layton, Capt. and Mrs. Bellamy, Capt. and Mrs. Griffin, Miss Buchanan, Mrs. and Miss Wood, Mr. and Mrs. P. de Bathe, Lady Dorothy Mercer Henderson in white stripped [sic] ninon and a large black picture hat, Miss Millicent James in pale blue with a black hat, and Miss Drexel.<ref>"Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses." ''Chichester Observer'' 5 August 1908, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001917/19080805/074/0006. Print title ''Chichester Observer and West Sussex Recorder'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ==1909== ===January 1909=== ====1 January 1909==== Rev. [[Social Victorians/People/Ayton|W. A. Ayton]] died (Howe 85 10-11). ==== 20 April 1909, Tuesday ==== The wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Rosemary Cairns]] and Wyndham Portal in St. Margaret's, Westminster.<blockquote>The marriage of Mr. Wyndham Portal and Lady Rosemary Cairns takes place on the 20th at St. Margaret's, Westminster. The bride will be given away by her stepfather, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Roger Sloane Stanley]]. She will wear a gown of white meteor satin, embroidered with crystals and silver. The train will be of silver tissue, also embroidered with crystals. The bridesmaids are Miss Sherborne (a cousin of the bride), Miss Glynn, Miss Comb, Miss Alex [comics panel on "Clothes to Wear During the Holidays"] Bertie (a daughter of Lord and Lady Norreys), Miss Taylor, and Miss Larnach. These young ladies will wear gowns of pale primrose and silver, with black hats trimmed with pale yellow feathers. There are also five small bridesmaids, these being the bride's two baby sisters, Miss Lavender Sloane Stanley and Miss Diana Sloane Stanley, Lady Ursula Cairns, Miss Timson, and Miss Fetherstonhaugh. The bridegroom's nephew, Master Henry Monck, will act as train-bearer. Lord Gifford (eldest son of Lord Tweeddale, and a brother-officer in the 1st Life Guards) will act as best man. After the ceremony, which will be performed by the Bishop of Peterborough, Olivia Lady Cairns, mother of the bride, will hold a reception at 78, Harley-street.<ref>"This Morning's Gossip." ''Daily Mirror'' 10 April 1909, Saturday: 7 [of 16], Col. 2a, 2c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19090410/067/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> ===June 1909=== Summer 1909: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === September 1909 === ==== Visitors in Venice from the U.K. ==== <blockquote>Venice has become a great rendezvous of cosmopolitan society in the early autumn, and the Piazza San Marco and the Grand Canal have been full of animation all this month. The Duke of Marlborough, Louise Duchess of Devonshire, with her daughter, the Countess of Gosford, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Lilian Wemyss, the Hon. Mrs. Page-Roberts, Mr. Gordon-Lennox, Mr. and Mrs. Guy Paget, Lady Hadfield, who motored from Lucerne, Sir Benjamin Whitney, has been at Aix-les-Bains, Sir Charles and Lady Swinfen Eady, General de Horsey, and Mr. Claud Phillips have been among the many English visitors. Lady Helen Vincent has been entertaining at Palazzo Giustiniani. Lady Layard has returned to Casa Capella. Prince Frederick Charles pf Hohenlöhe is at his residence on the Grand Canal. Princess Edmond de Polignac is residing at her palace. Mr. and Mrs. Hummphrey Johnston are back at Santa Maria dell'Arto. Mrs. and Miss Gebhardt and Countess A. Morosini have return3ed once more.<ref>"Venice." ''Daily Express'' 29 September 1909, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19090929/052/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Bibliography == #"Calendar for the Year 1900." Jumk.de Webprojects. https://kalender-365.de/public-holidays.php?yy=1900. Accessed November 2023. #Howe == Footnotes == {{references}} 9tj2ai4f8wbs26p4d42b8fazjmyzqlm 0 264302 2719098 2696839 2025-06-18T20:24:46Z Scogdill 1331941 2719098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s | 1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s | 1920s-30s]] ==1924== 29 November 1924 — Puccini died of cancer, age 66, in Brussels, having written 30 minutes of music beyond "Nessun Dorma" of ''Turandot'' (Johnson 39). ==1926== 25 April 1926 — Premiere of ''Turandot'' at La Scala, Milan, with Toscanini conducting. Puccini's pupil Alfano had finished the opera, but the premiere "ended on the last note which Puccini committed to the score. The conductor, Toscanini, then turned and addressed the audience. Accounts differ as to his exact words. According to one report they were: 'Here, at this point, Giacomo Puccini broke off his work. Death on this occasion was stronger than art.' Another report has him saying: 'At this point, the maestro laid down his pen.'"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Frank|date=23 July 1990|title=Puccini Scores|journal=National Review|pages=39}}</ref><blockquote>The first performance of ''Turandot'' on 25 April 1926 ended with Liù's cortège. Eugenio Gara, who was present, gives a firsthand report of Toscanini turning round to face the audience and saying 'in a voice hoarser than usual: ''Qui finisce l'opera, perché a questo punto il Maestro è morto''<nowiki/>' (The opera is ending here because at this point the Maestro died …). The appropriateness of Toscanini's gesture was generally appreciated because the evening was dedicated to Puccini, seventeen months after his death. Toscanini's words have been variously reported, but were frequently interpreted to suggest that Puccini had died shortly after composing the episode of Liù's death, which allowed the sentimental to regard the passage as Puccini's own requiem. The facts are quite otherwise, as we know: "Puccini had finished orchestrating the passage in late February 1924, nine months before he died, and in it he probably utilized material — the 'musichetta di sapore chinesa' — that dated from 1921, the first year of intense work upon the score. Nor should it be overlooked that Toscanini's remarks could have served him as a diplomatic excuse for not conducting Alfano's ending to Turandot. Though Alfano's completion of Puccini's score was not performed on the evening of the prima assoluta, it had been played and sung at the prova generale, the dress rehearsal two days earlier, to which the critics many of them from abroad, had been admitted. It was no secret that Toscanini's dissatisfaction with Alfano's first attempt was because the conductor did not regard it as conforming sufficiently closely to his memory of Puccini's playing and discussion of the final duet in September 1924, and that a revision had been ordered.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition|last=Ashbrook|first=William|last2=Powers|first2=Harold|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|series=Princeton Studies in Opera}}</ref>{{rp|152}}</blockquote> ==1936== <quote>Meanwhile, unbeknown to Dolmetsch, Robert Donington (then secretary to the Foundation) had written to a number of well-known public figures asking them to support an application for a Civil List pension for their paterfamilias. His letter outlines the appalling state of affairs that had persisted, despite the partial recognition Dolmetsch had achieved at this time: <blockquote>'I am sorry to say that Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch is in great need of help. His health has become very precarious of late and it is imperative that he should be relieved now of the need to support himself by strenuous concert-giving. His life has been a very disinterested one, and his financial position has recently been terribly difficult and obscure.'</blockquote> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]] had drafted the letter of support to be sent to the Prime Minister, and Donington carefully points this out to the potential signatories. Separate letters were sent to the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, from Ramsay MacDonald, Donald Tovey and R.C. Trevelyan; the list of supporters contained 31 names, amongst whom were G. Bernard Shaw, John Masefield, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]], T.S. Eliot, Laurence Housman, Walter de la Mare, Siegfried Sassoon, Bertrand Russsell, The Earl of Lytton, Lord Berners, David Lloyd George, Sybil Thorndike, Walford Davies, Vaughan Williams, Henry J. Wood, Thomas Beecham, Adrian Boult, Henry Hadow, Arthur Somervell, Percy Scholes, Granville Barker and Granville Bantock. But if the musical world in general remained unconvinced of Dolmetsch's unique contribution to the researches of his time, the artistic following in particular responded to Donington's request with extraordinary enthusiasm. The appeal was successful and in March 1937, Dolmetsch was awarded a pension of £110 per annum</quote> (Campbell 276). ==Works Cited== *Campbell *Johnson, Frank. "Puccini Scores," National Review 23 July 1990: 39. gskpzhw7laoer17wywpno5sp6tnda2f 2719100 2719098 2025-06-18T20:56:20Z Scogdill 1331941 2719100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s | 1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s | 1920s-30s]] = 1920s–30s = ==1924== 29 November 1924 — Puccini died of cancer, age 66, in Brussels, having written 30 minutes of music beyond "Nessun Dorma" of ''Turandot'' (Johnson 39). ==1926== 25 April 1926 — Premiere of ''Turandot'' at La Scala, Milan, with Toscanini conducting. Puccini's pupil Alfano had finished the opera, but the premiere "ended on the last note which Puccini committed to the score. The conductor, Toscanini, then turned and addressed the audience. Accounts differ as to his exact words. According to one report they were: 'Here, at this point, Giacomo Puccini broke off his work. Death on this occasion was stronger than art.' Another report has him saying: 'At this point, the maestro laid down his pen.'"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Frank|date=23 July 1990|title=Puccini Scores|journal=National Review|pages=39}}</ref><blockquote>The first performance of ''Turandot'' on 25 April 1926 ended with Liù's cortège. Eugenio Gara, who was present, gives a firsthand report of Toscanini turning round to face the audience and saying 'in a voice hoarser than usual: ''Qui finisce l'opera, perché a questo punto il Maestro è morto''<nowiki/>' (The opera is ending here because at this point the Maestro died …). The appropriateness of Toscanini's gesture was generally appreciated because the evening was dedicated to Puccini, seventeen months after his death. Toscanini's words have been variously reported, but were frequently interpreted to suggest that Puccini had died shortly after composing the episode of Liù's death, which allowed the sentimental to regard the passage as Puccini's own requiem. The facts are quite otherwise, as we know: "Puccini had finished orchestrating the passage in late February 1924, nine months before he died, and in it he probably utilized material — the 'musichetta di sapore chinesa' — that dated from 1921, the first year of intense work upon the score. Nor should it be overlooked that Toscanini's remarks could have served him as a diplomatic excuse for not conducting Alfano's ending to Turandot. Though Alfano's completion of Puccini's score was not performed on the evening of the prima assoluta, it had been played and sung at the prova generale, the dress rehearsal two days earlier, to which the critics many of them from abroad, had been admitted. It was no secret that Toscanini's dissatisfaction with Alfano's first attempt was because the conductor did not regard it as conforming sufficiently closely to his memory of Puccini's playing and discussion of the final duet in September 1924, and that a revision had been ordered.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition|last=Ashbrook|first=William|last2=Powers|first2=Harold|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|series=Princeton Studies in Opera}}</ref>{{rp|152}}</blockquote> ==1936== <quote>Meanwhile, unbeknown to Dolmetsch, Robert Donington (then secretary to the Foundation) had written to a number of well-known public figures asking them to support an application for a Civil List pension for their paterfamilias. His letter outlines the appalling state of affairs that had persisted, despite the partial recognition Dolmetsch had achieved at this time: <blockquote>'I am sorry to say that Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch is in great need of help. His health has become very precarious of late and it is imperative that he should be relieved now of the need to support himself by strenuous concert-giving. His life has been a very disinterested one, and his financial position has recently been terribly difficult and obscure.'</blockquote> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]] had drafted the letter of support to be sent to the Prime Minister, and Donington carefully points this out to the potential signatories. Separate letters were sent to the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, from Ramsay MacDonald, Donald Tovey and R.C. Trevelyan; the list of supporters contained 31 names, amongst whom were G. Bernard Shaw, John Masefield, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]], T.S. Eliot, Laurence Housman, Walter de la Mare, Siegfried Sassoon, Bertrand Russsell, The Earl of Lytton, Lord Berners, David Lloyd George, Sybil Thorndike, Walford Davies, Vaughan Williams, Henry J. Wood, Thomas Beecham, Adrian Boult, Henry Hadow, Arthur Somervell, Percy Scholes, Granville Barker and Granville Bantock. But if the musical world in general remained unconvinced of Dolmetsch's unique contribution to the researches of his time, the artistic following in particular responded to Donington's request with extraordinary enthusiasm. The appeal was successful and in March 1937, Dolmetsch was awarded a pension of £110 per annum</quote> (Campbell 276). ==Works Cited== *Campbell *Johnson, Frank. "Puccini Scores," National Review 23 July 1990: 39. amx61iflave7oc96uyats2fsm8jt6xc 0 264303 2719097 2703378 2025-06-18T20:24:15Z Scogdill 1331941 2719097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s | 1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s | 1920s-30s]] ==1910== ===May 1910=== Friday, 1910, 6 May, [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Edward VII, King of England]], died. Saturday, 1910, 7 May, The Abbey Theatre in Dublin did not close for Edward VII's death, so [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] cut them off. ===June 1910=== Summer 1910: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ===September 1910=== 1910, 26 September, [[Social Victorians/People/Less Well-Known G.D. Members#George_Pollexfen|George Pollexfen]] died. ===December 1910=== Sometime in December 1910, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot," illustrated by Gilbert Holiday, was published in the Strand (Baring-Gould II 509). ==1911== ===June 1911=== Summer 1911: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === November 1911 === ==== 21 November 1911, Tuesday ==== The Duchess of Marlborough held an at-home that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners:<blockquote>The Duchess of Marlborough held an "At-home" on Tuesday at Sunderland House, when there was a sale of work executed by prisoners' wives, in whom her Grace is greatly interested, and for whose benefit she has founded a home in Endsleigh-street. The sale began in the morning, and in the afternoon tea-tables were set out and prettily decorated with flowers in the beautiful entrance-hall, where a buffet was arranged. The Duchess of Marlborough received her guests at the entrance to the ballroom, wearing a gown of purple velvet, of a rather light shade, trimmed with old rose, and she had a long string of pearls round her neck. Assisting her Grace in selling were the Marchioness of Blandford, dressed entirely in black, the Hon. Mrs. Rupert Beckett, in a black coat and skirt, with white feathers in a black hat, the Hon. Mrs. Arthur Crichton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Mrs. lan Malcolm, who was much admired in dull purple, with pretty pink flowers in her hat.<ref>"Oxford." ''Oxfordshire Weekly News'' 22 November 1911, Wednesday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002304/19111122/027/0003. Print: same title and p.</ref></blockquote>Another report:<blockquote>The Duchess of Marlborough was at home to her friends yesterday at Sunderland House, where a miscellaneous collection of needlework made by the wives of prisoners, who are provided for in a home supported by her grace, was displayed for sale. The duchess devotes a great deal of time and much money to the maintenance of this institution, her main object being to help the wives of men who are undergoing short sentences to keep the home intact, and to clothe and feed the children, so that when the men are released they may have some incentive to turn to honest pursuits. In connection with the women’s home there is a crêche, where children too young for school are cared for. Nurees bathe, dress, and feed the children, teach them instructive games, and in the summer play with them in the garden, where there is a sandpit. The equipment includes 12 cots for infants under 12 months. The duchess also supports a wood-chopping yard in Holloway, where many of the prisoners are given employment on their release. In the beautiful ball-room at Sunderland House, constructed of multi-coloured marbles, costly buhl and lacquer tables were used as counters at which prisoners’ wives sold articles of clothing made by themselves, being assisted by Lady Blandford, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mrs. Ian Malcolm, and the Duke of Marlborough's sisters. The duchess, who entertained her helpers to luncheon, wore amethyst velours intersocted with bands of cerise galon, and a diamond neckband, and Lady Blandford and Lady Derby were dressed in black charmeuse. Lady Wemyss arrived late from Lady Glenconner’s concert, and Lady Newborough and Lady Massereene came in towards tea-time. The duchess had the support of numerous compatriots.<ref>"Social and Personal." ''London Daily Chronicle'' 15 November 1911, Wednesday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19111115/079/0006. Print title ''The Daily Chronicle'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ==1912== Sometime in 1912, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] moved to Ceylon "to accept a position as Principal of Ramanathan College for Hindu Girls. According to W. B. Yeats, in the words of 'All Souls' Night', she <poem> :Preferred to teach a school :Away from Neighbour or friend :Among dark skins, and there :Permit foul years to wear, :Hidden from eyesight, to the unnoticed end. (Harper 74 175, n. 17)</poem> ===June 1912=== Summer 1912: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==1913== Summer 1913: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === 7 May 1913, Wednesday === A Drawing-room was held:<blockquote>The first Court after Eaeter is always the one at which pretty ''débutantes'' make their appearance. This year of 1913 has provided no exception to the rule; indeed, seldom have so many charming girls passed through the Throne Room as upon Wednesday night of last week upon the occasion of Their Majesties’ third Court. Everyone remarked Lady Iris Campbell, who came with her pretty mother, the Countess of Essex. With the Countess of Huntingdon appeared her second daughter, Lady Norah Hastings, just launched in the gay world; Lady Elcho, herself a beautiful woman still, presented a ''débutante'' daughter, Miss Mary Charteris, as well as her daughter-in-law, Lady Violet Charteris; Lady St. Levan introduced a second daughter, Miss Hilaria St. Aubyn; Viscountess Goschen presented her ''débutante'' daughter as well as her niece, the Countess of Cranbrook, and with [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] (very handsome in blue and gold) came Miss Daphne Bourke. Miss Edith Winn, instead of coming with her mother, Lady St. Oswald, was presented by Mrs Lawrence Drummond. who was also responsible for her own daughter, Miss Stella Drummond; unluckily, Lady St. Oswald was taken ill with an attack of phlebitis at the very last moment. The Countess Ferrers, herself presented on becoming a peeress, brought her daughter, Lady Joan Shirley; and Mrs Heber Percy, a daughter of Viscount Portman, brought the daughter for whom she has arranged a ball at the Ritz. Other ''débutantes'' of last week were Miss Joyce Calverley, a niece of the late Duchess of Rutland; Miss Phyllis Compton, a granddaughter of Lady Brougham; Miss Mary Studd, the handsome daughter of Major Studd, of the Coldstream Guards; Miss Maude, whose mother, with her twin sister, Mrs Skeffington Smyth, were well-known beauties in the eighties, and quite a number of others. The prettiest bride was Mrs Percy Wyndham, presented by her mother-in-law, Countess Grosvenor, whose apricot-coloured toilette suited her to perfection. A resplendent matron (English by birth, but German by adoption) was Princess Münster, who wore a wonderful confection of plum colour and gold. Mrs Lowther, wife of the Speaker, also looked splendid in mauve and apple green; with her came Miss Mildred Lowther. Two other very handsome brides were Mrs Kay-Shuttleworth and Mrs Bulkeley. The latter wore her wedding dress of white and gold brocade, and was presented by the Duchess of Devonshire.<ref>["The first Court after Easter."] The ''Queen'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 40 [of 110], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19130517/302/0040# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19130517/302/0040]. Print title: ''The Queen: The Lady's Newspaper and Court Chronicle'', p. 882.</ref></blockquote>Other articles about this Drawing-room were published in the London ''Daily Chronicle'',<ref>"Social and Personal." London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.</ref> Pall Mall Gazette,<ref>"Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court." ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.</ref> and the ''London Evening Standard''.<ref>"Some of the Dresses." "The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year." ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.</ref> ==1914== Summer 1914: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === 11 May 1914, Monday === ==== Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks ==== <blockquote>Mrs. George Marjoribanks gave a dance last night at the Ritz for her daughter. The ballroom was decorated with gilt baskets filled with crimson rhododendrons, while in the supper-room and foyer were large masses of Dorothy Perkins roses and hydrangeas of the same colour, relieved with variegated maples and other foliage. Among those who gave dinner parties, afterwards taking their guests on to the dance, were the Duchess of Rutland, Lady Tweedmouth, the Hon. Mrs. Cecil Bingham, Mrs. Gerard Leigh, Mrs. Caverley, Mrs. Julian Steele, and Mrs. H. Samuelson. Among the guests present were the Spanish Ambassador and Mme. Merry del Val, the United States Ambassador, Mrs. Page, and Miss Page, the Belgian Minister, the Countess de Lalaing and Countess Isabella de Lalaing, the Netherlands Minister and Mme. van Swinderen, the Liberian Minister and Mme. Crommelin, the Duchess of Abercorn and Lady Mary Hamilton, Mrs. John Astor, Sir George and Lady Alexander, the Marquess of Bath and Lady Emma Thynne, General and Mrs. Cecil Bingham, Earl Curzon and Lady Irene Curzon, Lady Cunard and Miss Cunard, Mr. and Mrs. George Burroughes and Miss Pamela Burroughes, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] and Miss Bourke, Lord and Lady Binning and Miss Helen Baillie-Hamilton, and Viscountess Allendale and the Hon. Mary Beaumont.<ref>"Court and Society." ''London Evening Standard'' 12 May 1914, Tuesday: 6 [of 20], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19140512/101/0006. Print title: ''The Standard'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote> ==1915== Summer 1915: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === 1915 January 1, Friday === The ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'' dedicated an entire page to announcing the Emergency Food Fund, an association "Originated under the auspices of the Women's Emergency Corps." At the bottom of the page is a paragraph describing its purpose:<blockquote>The National Food Fund is an Association formed for the purpose of undertaking certain work for the alleviation of distress caused by the war. In order not to interfere with or overlap the activities of other societies, it is confining its own activities to two main channels, neither of which encroaches in any way on ground already covered by other organisations. These two branches of activity are (1) the collection and distribution of food, and (2) the prevention of waste of the national food resources by means of a scheme of educational propaganda on a wide scale.<ref name=":0">"National Food Fund." ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'' 01 January 1915, Friday: 13 [of 17], full page. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002230/19150101/028/0013. Print same title, p. viii.</ref></blockquote>The people involved take up the rest of the page:<blockquote>National Food Fund.<br> President ... ... CHRISTOPHER TURNOR. Esq.<br> Vice-Presidents:<br> Charles Bathurst. Esq.. M.P.<br> Rowland Prothero, Esq., M.P., M.V.O.<br> The Lord Henry Bentinck.<br> C. V. Sale. Esq.<br> The Lord Hugh Cecil, M.P.<br> The Lord Saye and Sele.<br> Professor Dunstan, Principal of Wye College.<br> The Countess of SeIborne.<br> The Lord Farrer.<br> J. St. Loe Strachey, Esq.<br> The Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn Fellowes, K.C.V.O.<br> The Hon. Edward Strutt.<br> Miss Hamilton, M.D., Warden of Studley College.<br> Mrs. G. F. Watts.<br> Miss F. R. Wilkinson, Principal of Swanley College.<br> The Rt. Hon. Henry Hobhouse.<br> Miss Gertrude Jekyll, V.M.H.<br> The Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Winchester.<br> The Lady MacDonnell.<br> The Viscountess Wolseley, Citizen and Gardener of London.<br> Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough.<br> Miss More, Principal of Glynde College.<br> <br> Executive Committee:<br> Chairman ... ... J. A. Eshelby, Esq.<br> Hon. Treasurer: The Countess Brassey.<br> Hon. Press and County Organising Secretary: Lady Chance.<br> General Superintendent: Miss C. F. C. Philpotts.<br> Miss Cawthra (Transport).<br> Eustace Miles, Esq. (Chairman of Public Meetings Sub-Committee).<br> F. Beckham. Esq.<br> W. F. Bonser, Esq.<br> Mrs. Eustace Miles.<br> The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]].<br> G. Stevenson, Esq. (Representative of Billingsgate Fish Market).<br> Sir William Chance, Bt. (Chairman of Investigation Sub-Committee).<br> R. D. Ashbee, Esq. (Representative of Covent Garden Market).<br> The Lady Emmott.<br> H. S. Fitter, Esq. (Representative of Central Meat Market).<br> Hon. Solicitors: Messrs. Watkins, Baylis & Chidson, 11, Sackville Street, W.<br> Hon. Auditors: Messrs. Tansley, Witt & Co., Chartered Accountants, 5, Chancery Lane. E.C.<br> Bankers: Capital & Counties Bank (Piccadilly Branch).<br> Secretary and General Manager: MR. H. Parker (to whom all communications should be addressed).<br> Offices: 1a, Dover Street, W.<br> TeI. — REGENT 1019<br> <br> Contributions of Food should be sent to the Offices. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to the National Food Fund and crossed, and sent to the Secretary.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> ==1916== Summer 1916: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). ==1917== 1917, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] died, in Ceylon. Summer 1917: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?). === 7 June 1917, Thursday === Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue married:<blockquote>June lived up to her promise as a record month of interesting marriages last week, and almost every day saw more than one such function. For sheer prettiness the palm would probably go to that which turned [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Miss Daphne Bourke]] into the bride of Mr John Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. True, it took place in the Guards’ Chapel, and this in iteelf is a big factor in the [image of the Queen] picturesque effect, for the chapel with its exquisite mosaics glittering golden in the sunlight when the wide west door opened, the romance of its honoured banners, the beauty of its architecture, lends a charm all its own in ordinary times. How much more so now, when the sounds of martial steps from the parade ground mean so much, when the roll of the drums from the band heralding the wedding march, the earnest chanting of “God Save the King” have a thrill all their own. The Dowager Lady Leconfield, who lent her house in Great Stanhope-street for the reception of the wedding, came to the church with the bride's mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]], and both stopped to speak to the group of little bridesmaids and pages who waited in the wide-spaced porch. And truly they made a charming picture, both then and later when the two small boys holding Lady Mainwaring's baby girl by the hand between [Col. 2c–3a] them stood, the picture of decorum throughout the service, with the bride’s train like a silver waterfall and placid pool before them and the two taller little maids behind. The small Lord Elcho with Humphrey Whitbread were the pages, their pale apple-green tunics finished with soft falling frills; while the bridesmaids were in short full dresses of chiffon of the same shade, and the baby Diana Mainwaring in a very bunchy frock of the same. Wreaths of apple blossom rested on the little girls' curly heads, and there were minute buds of the same in the baby’s golden curls, while sheaves of pale purple sweet peas tied with apple-pink ribbon completed a pretty colour scheme. The bride, with her wonderful train of silver, amidst the gleam of which silver fern leaves could be traced, had a short dress of foamy chiffon and lace, a spray of orange blossom extending almost all round her waist on a girdle of silver tissue, and a narrow chaplet of the same pressed low upon her brow to hold her fairy-like tulle veil in place. Lady Elcho stayed with her small son at the back of the church, a beautiful Latin cross of diamonds suspended on a chain of pearls being conspicuous on the heavy black silk of her coat frock, with which she wore a high-crowned, untrimmed hat, of black silk too. Lady Diana Manners was also with her small nephew, though she left when the ceremony was in full swing. Her frock of sunny yellow muslin had a fichu bodice, into the folds of which a purple orchid was thrust; while her hat was of pale heliotrope straw trimmed with faint sea-green beads and embroidery, and finished with a floating dark blue veil. Lady Desborough's little daughter Imogen, with Lady Maud Ramsden's little girl, were the two “big” bridesmaids; the former is becoming quite an experienced exponent of such functions, and was one of the pretty group who attended Lady Mary Cecil to the altar when, in the village church of Hatfield, she was transformed into Lady Hartington the other day. Lady Desborough brought an elder daughter with her, and Lady Jane Combe came with her two schoolgirl daughters, the one in fawn colour voile, her sister in the same pretty stuff in a yellow shade, and both wearing high square-crowned hats of stretched black silk wreathed with tiny silken flowers. Mrs Bourke, who came a few minutes before the pretty, tall young bride, was in a diaphanous gown of dark blue, the faint grey of an underdress showing through it matching the dull silver embroideries of its adornment. The Dowager Lady Leconfield came with her, and was wearing black with an ostrich feather ruffle. Lady Maud Ramsden, in a soft black gown mounted over white and worn with a rose-crowned hat, came with her little bridesmaid daughter, arriving almost simultaneously with Lord and Lady Mayo, the bride's uncle and aunt. Lady Yarborough, in black with a black tulle toque, was there too, as were Lady de Trafford with Miss de Trafford. Lady Mary Conynghame came early, as did Lady Chichester and Lady Wentworth-Fitzwilliam; but Lady St. Germans preceded the bride by only a few minutes, while Lord Desborough joined his wife after the ceremony had begun.<ref>"The Week in London." ''The Queen'' 16 June 1917, Saturday: 26 [of 54], Col. 2b–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19170616/169/0026. Print title ''The Queen, The Ladies' Newspaper'', p. 708.</ref></blockquote> ==1918== ==Works Cited== * Ashbrook, William, and Harold Powers. ''Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition''. Princeton Studies in Opera. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. * Baring-Gould * Johnson, Frank. "Puccini Scores," ''National Review'' 23 July 1990: 39. aaeiew5hv7wjbn0lbslh0xzhfnytlem 0 264334 2719099 2718940 2025-06-18T20:53:45Z Scogdill 1331941 2719099 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Mail == "In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however -- if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger" (Baring-Gould I 349, n. 17). == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year" (Baring-Gould I 407 and n. 13). John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates" (Baring-Gould II 153-54, n. 2, quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his).</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} 3sdq7p1z3gcp5b1ya9yn86aryh4krsw 2719103 2719099 2025-06-18T21:23:59Z Scogdill 1331941 2719103 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref> (349, n. 17).</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" /> (407 and n. 13). John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates" (Baring-Gould II 153-54, n. 2, quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his).</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} sace97a1h5oefbcsxcauv26te7uk6mf 2719104 2719103 2025-06-18T21:24:25Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Mail */ 2719104 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" /> (407 and n. 13). John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates" (Baring-Gould II 153-54, n. 2, quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his).</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} ksr7gdiqyets7u0jb563ly2rt0hhej3 2719105 2719104 2025-06-18T21:24:49Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Money */ 2719105 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|407 and n. 13}} John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates" (Baring-Gould II 153-54, n. 2, quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his).</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} 7kkj9ddmtr5t9vyo5imdoqdqj5361ym 2719106 2719105 2025-06-18T21:25:53Z Scogdill 1331941 2719106 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|407 and n. 13}} John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates."<ref>Baring-Gould II.</ref> ( 153-54, n. 2, [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} pxrkyye0qt64400nzx2qnk4j4w1tl9s 2719107 2719106 2025-06-18T21:26:25Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Money */ 2719107 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|407 and n. 13}} John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates."<ref>Baring-Gould II.</ref>{{rp|153-54, n. 2}} [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator. Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020). == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} jwcjjugmvlciiucwr0a2jl1f2rlsemn 2719108 2719107 2025-06-18T22:40:15Z Scogdill 1331941 2719108 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == === Doiley === On 22 January 1895, the New Zealand ''Bruce Herald'' reprinted this story from the ''New York Recorder'':<blockquote>The word doyley, now a familiar one with ladies, is derived from the name of Robert D'Oyley, one of the followers of William the Norman. He received a grant of valuable lands on the condition of a yearly tender of a tablecloth of three shillings' value at the feast of St. Michael. Agreeably to the fashion of the time the ladies of the D'Oyley household were accustomed to embroider and ornament the quit-rent tablecloths; hence these cloths, becoming curiosities and accumulating in the course of years, were at length brought into use as napkins at the royal table and called doyleys.<ref>"Origin of the Word Doyley." ''Bruce Herald'', Volume XXVI, Issue 2617, 22 January 1895, p. 3. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BH18950122.2.20.</ref></blockquote> === Vitrine === A vitrine or vitrine case is a display case made of glass. According to the Oxford English Dictionary<blockquote>OED's earliest evidence for ''vitrine'' is from 1880, in the writing of Charlotte Schreiber, translator, businesswoman, and collector.<ref>“Vitrine, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1091506473</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote>Lady Helen Stewart received 2 vitrines plus a vitrine table for her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]]. == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|407 and n. 13}} John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates."<ref>Baring-Gould II.</ref>{{rp|153-54, n. 2}} [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator<ref>Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020).</ref> == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} nsa2oof3dponlx2ubeap9mj5es2gn8c 2719112 2719108 2025-06-19T02:44:17Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Vitrine */ 2719112 wikitext text/x-wiki = Victorian Things and Everyday Objects = == Barristers and Solicitors == The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call "prep" schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on. == Bathing Machines == Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits. For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing. In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, "Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)" (Simons "More on bathing machines"). Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in "The Hunting of the Snark" and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called "Pool of Tears":<blockquote>"In that case, I can go back by railway." (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).</blockquote> In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, "For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25" (Speranza "something between a large bathing-machine"). In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size "'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage." == Brand Names == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]] * House of Worth * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]] * Pepsi Cola * Vaseline: "the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough" in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, "It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876." (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13). == Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls == === Cartes des Visites === From Victoriana.com Study Center, "Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)": <blockquote> "Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50. One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence." (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html) </blockquote> E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards. === Visiting and Calls === Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, "morning calls" occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. "Morning," used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like "daytime," the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent. Food was not likely to be served. '''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon. Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well. Daniel Poole says,<blockquote>If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)</blockquote> == Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works == === Dictionary of Slang === John Stephen Farmer. ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''. Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.] === Encyclopaedia Britannica === It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> ==== The 9th Edition ==== Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]]. If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge. The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the "Scholar's Edition" — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.<ref name=":7" /> [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.<ref>Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.</ref> Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref> * Grant Allen (G.A.): "Mimicry" * Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): "Mummy" * James George Frazer (J.G.F<small>R</small>.): "Pericles," "Taboo," "Totemism" * Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): "'''Actinozoa'''," "'''Animal''' Kingdom," "'''Biology'''," "Evolution: Evolution in Biology" * Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): "Moscow", "Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya]," "Odessa," "Siberia" * Andrew Lang (A.L.): "'''Apparitions'''," "Family," "Molière" * Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): "Francis '''Atterbury'''," "John '''Bunyan'''," "Samuel Johnson," "Oliver Goldsmith," "William Pitt [the Younger]" * Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): "Geography (Historical Geography)" * James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): "'''Atom'''," "Ether" * William Minto (W.M.): "'''Byron'''," "'''Chaucer'''," "'''Dickens'''," "Poe," "Wordsworth" * William Morris (W.M<small>O</small>.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): "Mural Decoration" * Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" * Lord Rayleigh (R.): "Optics, Geometrical" and "Wave Theory of Light" * William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): "Bartolemé Esteban Murillo," "Percy Bysshe Shelley" * George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S<small>A</small>.): "Pierre '''Corneille'''," "Daniel '''Defoe'''," "Clément Marot," "Michel de Montaigne," "Jean Racine," "Jean-Jacques Rousseau," "François Marie Arouet de Voltaire" * Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): "Spiritualism" * Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): "Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''" * Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): "John Keats" *John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): "Renaissance" *William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T<small>H</small>.): "'''Ether'''," "Elasticity," "Heat" [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a "Mathematical Appendix," so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends] *Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): "'''Acclimatisation'''," "'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life" The 25 volumes had<blockquote>thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.<ref>"Ninth edition, 1875–1889." {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.</ref></blockquote> The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.<ref name=":7" /> Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'': * Index volume here: * List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — "10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].</ref> — were made in the US. ==== The 10th Edition ==== The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is "an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].</ref> The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers. John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition. == Drugs == Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now: *Arsenic *Laudanum *Cocaine *Coca wine *Heroin According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s "health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes" (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up "monkey glands" in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?). Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character: <blockquote> Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned ("Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine") Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since "Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied ("A Narcotic Monograph") that "although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was." It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): "In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) …." (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).'' </blockquote> === Popular Medicinal Products === [[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer & Co.]] ==== Beecham's Pills ==== The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, "advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found." It lists the ingredients for each pill thus: :Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain. :Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 " :Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 " Liz Calvert Smith says that "aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'" (Smith 2003). ==== Coca wine ==== Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.</ref> It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.<ref name=":5" /> Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), "was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas & Arthur Conan Doyle" and Thomas Edison, and that it "contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce."<ref>Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).</ref> ==== Heroin ==== Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.<ref name=":6">"History." {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].</ref> Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer & Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.<ref name=":6" /> Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name=":6" /> == Electricity and Gas == === 1840s–1850s === The "moniker" ''city of light''<blockquote>had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”<ref name=":10">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (33–34 of 667)</blockquote> === 1870s === Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,<blockquote>Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January. With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.<ref name=":10" /> (276–278 of 667)</blockquote> === 1880s === Electricity<blockquote>would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)</blockquote> === 1894s === Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19). The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators. Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey. == Food == === Punch === Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch, <blockquote>Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of "Regent's punch," champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; "Norfolk punch" requires Seville oranges; "milk punch" may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are "Wine punch," Tea-punch" [sic] and "French punch," made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American "mint julep" is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — "Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink." The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the "Comus" of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)</blockquote> === Biscuits === Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers. == Grooming and Hygiene == Macassar Oil == Home Furnishings == === Doiley === On 22 January 1895, the New Zealand ''Bruce Herald'' reprinted this story from the ''New York Recorder'':<blockquote>The word doyley, now a familiar one with ladies, is derived from the name of Robert D'Oyley, one of the followers of William the Norman. He received a grant of valuable lands on the condition of a yearly tender of a tablecloth of three shillings' value at the feast of St. Michael. Agreeably to the fashion of the time the ladies of the D'Oyley household were accustomed to embroider and ornament the quit-rent tablecloths; hence these cloths, becoming curiosities and accumulating in the course of years, were at length brought into use as napkins at the royal table and called doyleys.<ref>"Origin of the Word Doyley." ''Bruce Herald'', Volume XXVI, Issue 2617, 22 January 1895, p. 3. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BH18950122.2.20.</ref></blockquote> === Vitrine === A vitrine or vitrine case is a display case made of glass. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''<blockquote>OED's earliest evidence for ''vitrine'' is from 1880, in the writing of Charlotte Schreiber, translator, businesswoman, and collector.<ref>“Vitrine, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1091506473</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote>Lady Helen Stewart received 2 vitrines plus a vitrine table for her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]]. == Mail == <blockquote>In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.<ref name=":11">Baring-Gould I.</ref>{{rp|349, n. 17}}</blockquote> == Money == The denominations: * Penny * Shilling * Pound In "A Case of Identity," Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, "I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds." Baring-Gould says that this is a "highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|407 and n. 13}} John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:<blockquote>It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates."<ref>Baring-Gould II.</ref>{{rp|153-54, n. 2}} [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]</blockquote>Resources for understanding Victorian finances * Inflation Calculator<ref>Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020).</ref> == Newspapers == [[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry. == Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers == For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. In her "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade," Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry<blockquote> was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.<ref name=":4">Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade." ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.</ref> (774)</blockquote> It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and "eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women."<ref name=":8">Handley, Miriam. "Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage." ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].</ref> (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were "his." The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, "as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn first by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s."<ref name=":8" /> (35) The "popular women's fashion" of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:<blockquote>A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....<ref name=":4" /> (778)</blockquote> === Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries === Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a "Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers."<ref name=":0">Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. "Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide." ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021<nowiki/>https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).</ref> Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, "Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: "Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers."<ref name=":1">Candice Hern. "Court Dresses, Overview." ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).</ref> Every illustration on "Court Dresses, Overview" in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.<ref name=":1" /> === Victorian Era === The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.<ref>"Her Majesty's Drawing-Room." ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&pg=PA371&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).</ref> Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white. What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote> It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote> In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, "Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds."<ref name=":2">Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.</ref> Stein says, "Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost" when ''Titanic'' sank.<ref name=":4" /> (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: <blockquote>London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote> The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely "immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers."<ref name=":3" /> Before the 20th century, this industry was "concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area."<ref name=":3" /> === Post-Edwardian Era === Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:<blockquote>Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.<ref>Cné, Orna. "Flowers and Feathers." "Natural and Man-Made Feathers." Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA5-PA28&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&pg=RA5-PA28].</ref>{{rp|28–29}}</blockquote> === The Crash === The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,</ref> The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to "excess," as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.<ref name=":2" /> The Plumage League was founded in 1885, "a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds."<ref name=":3" /> Stein says,<blockquote>1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.<ref name=":4" /> (802)</blockquote> === Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers === # At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur? # At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes? == Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. == In "England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''." (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15). See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]]. == Photography == *Daguerrotype *Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''. == Police Business == Francis Galton gave a paper "to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896." (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9). == Retailers == * [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]] === Edouard Henry Dreyfous === A "retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century."<ref name=":9">"A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''." Jan's & Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques & Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.</ref> Born in France, "Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art."<ref name=":9" /> He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his "main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty," like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.<ref name=":9" /> Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays. == Sequins and Spangles == Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat. Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull. Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922<ref>Spivack, Emily. "A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop." ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).</ref>). == Servants and Household Staff == Sally Mitchell says that "The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge" (Mitchell 52). <blockquote>When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ... Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54) The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) </blockquote>In England, "servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891" (Poole 1993 220). At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following: *cook £30 a year *house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year *tweeny between £10 to £15 a year (Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) == Telephone and Telegraph == "The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926)." (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser). === Electrophone === On Monday, 11 May 1896,<blockquote>An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.<ref>"Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'" ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> == Typewriter == === Typewriter Manufacturers === *Berliner-Gramophon & Typewriter *Remington === Writers and Their Typewriters === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ==== Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine: *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: "I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery" (Wade 370). *letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: "You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter" (Wade 368). ==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ==== *"I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well" (in "A Case of Identity," Baring-Gould I 414). *"'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the "e's" slurred and the "r's" tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'" (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891] *G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, "taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose" (in "The Cardboard Box," January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). *Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 "The Hound of the Baskervilles" has "a typewriting business," and when Watson visits her, she is "sitting before a Remington typewriter" (Baring-Gould II 74). "'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is "Identification of Typewriting," reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'" (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28). ==== Teddy Roosevelt ==== Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter. ==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ==== From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread "Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters." * Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''. ** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212. ** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201. ** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698. * Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897) * Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper & Brothers, 1899) * Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906 * Cape, Bernard. "Poor Lucy Rivers" (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier) * Doyle, Arthur Conan. "The Adventure of A Case of Identity." * Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson & Co. (1903. * Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women'' * Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897) ==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ==== * Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001. * Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874). * Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005. * Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Wanggren, Lena. "Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle," Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press). * Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900) ==Works Cited== *Simons, Larry. "More on Bathing Machines." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. *Speranza, J. L. "Something between a Large Bathing-machine." Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002. == References == {{reflist}} fabgbv8u3nd4xnda6ubkkwsylcxignt 0 267199 2719016 2718987 2025-06-18T16:47:32Z 24.176.225.242 2719016 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of 'TikTok-ers' (short format videographers) who made the 2020 Portland, Oregon protest rebellion real-time for many outside observers. The effectiveness of these videos may be an underlying reason President Trump has sought to halt TikTok in the US. This link is to the significant leaf-blower teargas tornado; a surreal outcome, almost a sculpture imitating and/or predicting life. [https://www.tiktok.com/@fluffypocket/video/6853153260317035782?lang=en&fbclid=IwAR0gQQRPLjbFv2kB-oXU3-x82lncinNXa6HJ-eqBPWgJS6P0t3DOH7oW9_Y LINK] The Portland protests were different than others I had witnessed over decades. Opposition to 'federal agents' sent by President Trump was as much, or more, by protesters carrying the American flag. Previously in protest, it was more common to see protesters burning the flag; a significant change. == List of Portland (Oregon) protest TikTok video sources == * https://www.tiktok.com/@headreststares * https://www.tiktok.com/@pragmaticideals * https://www.tiktok.com/@richy9204 * https://www.tiktok.com/@anonymous__2021 * https://www.tiktok.com/@evinweiss * https://www.tiktok.com/@nonbinerd * https://www.tiktok.com/@nicholsimpson * https://www.tiktok.com/@_sparkler * https://www.tiktok.com/@fatherbrad * https://www.tiktok.com/@mrsstellavoss * https://www.tiktok.com/@dustinspagnola * https://www.tiktok.com/@realjoshhumbert ==Non-Portland resources== This is a great source who was not there, but provides expert commentary. * https://www.tiktok.com/@activityism ===Seattle CHAZ/CHOP video source=== This videographer was at the Seattle CHAZ CHOP that ended very badly with significant loss of life, but may have inspired the Seattle rebellion in its intensity as the two cities are not far apart. * https://www.tiktok.com/@pyrettablazex ==See also== * [[Social movements]] [[Category:Oregon]] [[Category:2020 in the United States]] q0kgg1l5lrj9dqg2tlquxaljmthlj1j 2719018 2719016 2025-06-18T17:24:28Z 139.135.55.223 updated the latest info 2719018 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of 'TikTok-ers' (short format videographers) who made the 2020 Portland, Oregon protest rebellion real-time for many outside observers. The effectiveness of these videos may be an underlying reason President Trump has sought to halt TikTok in the US. This link is to the significant leaf-blower teargas tornado; a surreal outcome, almost a sculpture imitating and/or predicting life. [https://tiktokioid.com/ LINK] The Portland protests were different than others I had witnessed over decades. Opposition to 'federal agents' sent by President Trump was as much, or more, by protesters carrying the American flag. Previously in protest, it was more common to see protesters burning the flag; a significant change. == List of Portland (Oregon) protest TikTok video sources == * https://www.tiktok.com/@headreststares * https://www.tiktok.com/@pragmaticideals * https://www.tiktok.com/@richy9204 * https://www.tiktok.com/@anonymous__2021 * https://www.tiktok.com/@evinweiss * https://www.tiktok.com/@nonbinerd * https://www.tiktok.com/@nicholsimpson * https://www.tiktok.com/@_sparkler * https://www.tiktok.com/@fatherbrad * https://www.tiktok.com/@mrsstellavoss * https://www.tiktok.com/@dustinspagnola * https://www.tiktok.com/@realjoshhumbert ==Non-Portland resources== This is a great source who was not there, but provides expert commentary. * https://www.tiktok.com/@activityism ===Seattle CHAZ/CHOP video source=== This videographer was at the Seattle CHAZ CHOP that ended very badly with significant loss of life, but may have inspired the Seattle rebellion in its intensity as the two cities are not far apart. * https://www.tiktok.com/@pyrettablazex ==See also== * [[Social movements]] [[Category:Oregon]] [[Category:2020 in the United States]] 4gu65hslhzvk2qj8ib0p87ky2v2d42r 2719019 2719018 2025-06-18T17:39:51Z 24.176.225.242 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2719018|2719018]] by [[Special:Contributions/139.135.55.223|139.135.55.223]] ([[User talk:139.135.55.223|talk]]) 2719019 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of 'TikTok-ers' (short format videographers) who made the 2020 Portland, Oregon protest rebellion real-time for many outside observers. The effectiveness of these videos may be an underlying reason President Trump has sought to halt TikTok in the US. This link is to the significant leaf-blower teargas tornado; a surreal outcome, almost a sculpture imitating and/or predicting life. [https://www.tiktok.com/@fluffypocket/video/6853153260317035782?lang=en&fbclid=IwAR0gQQRPLjbFv2kB-oXU3-x82lncinNXa6HJ-eqBPWgJS6P0t3DOH7oW9_Y LINK] The Portland protests were different than others I had witnessed over decades. Opposition to 'federal agents' sent by President Trump was as much, or more, by protesters carrying the American flag. Previously in protest, it was more common to see protesters burning the flag; a significant change. == List of Portland (Oregon) protest TikTok video sources == * https://www.tiktok.com/@headreststares * https://www.tiktok.com/@pragmaticideals * https://www.tiktok.com/@richy9204 * https://www.tiktok.com/@anonymous__2021 * https://www.tiktok.com/@evinweiss * https://www.tiktok.com/@nonbinerd * https://www.tiktok.com/@nicholsimpson * https://www.tiktok.com/@_sparkler * https://www.tiktok.com/@fatherbrad * https://www.tiktok.com/@mrsstellavoss * https://www.tiktok.com/@dustinspagnola * https://www.tiktok.com/@realjoshhumbert ==Non-Portland resources== This is a great source who was not there, but provides expert commentary. * https://www.tiktok.com/@activityism ===Seattle CHAZ/CHOP video source=== This videographer was at the Seattle CHAZ CHOP that ended very badly with significant loss of life, but may have inspired the Seattle rebellion in its intensity as the two cities are not far apart. * https://www.tiktok.com/@pyrettablazex ==See also== * [[Social movements]] [[Category:Oregon]] [[Category:2020 in the United States]] q0kgg1l5lrj9dqg2tlquxaljmthlj1j 0 285723 2719101 2718732 2025-06-18T20:56:48Z Scogdill 1331941 2719101 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] [[File:Frans_Hals_-_The_Meagre_Company_(detail)_-_WGA11119.jpg|thumb|Frans Hals - The Meagre Company (detail) - WGA11119.jpg]] === Cavalier === As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier style established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. In the 19th century, women wore their chemises, bloomers and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|hoops]] under their petticoats. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] == Hats, Bonnets and Headwear == === Women's === ==== Fontanges ==== Another fontange: [[File:Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg|none|thumb|Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg]] [[File:Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg|none|thumb|Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg]] === Men's === == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Corset == [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. ==== Things To Add ==== [[File:Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|thumb|Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|none]] * Corset as an outer garment, 18th century, in place of a stomacher<ref name=":11" /> (419) * Corsets could be laced in front or back * Methods for making the holes for the laces and the development of the grommet (in the 1830s) == Court Dress == Also Levee and drawing-room == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> [[File:Aglets from Spanish portraits - collage by shakko.jpg|thumb|alt=A collage of 12 different ornaments typically worn by elite people from Spain in the 1500s and later|Aglets — Detail from Spanish Portraits]] === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584 (316) portrait (above right, in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#16th Century|Hoops section]]) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its "typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour," with "handsome aiglets cascad[ing] down center front."<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref> (315) === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial and, perhaps, excessive. === Plastics === Small poufs of fabric connected in a strip in the 18th century, Rococo styles. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7" />{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Crinoline === Technically, crinoline was a fabric made mostly of horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, similar to buckram today, used in men's military collars and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinolines|women's foundation garments]]. Lewandowski defines crinoline as <blockquote>(1840–1865 C.E.). France. Originally horsehair cloth used for officers' collars. Later used for women's underskirts to support skirts. Around 1850, replaced by many petticoats, starched and boned. Around 1856, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline Hoops|light metal cage]] was developed.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}}</blockquote> === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote>Folding fans were available and popular early and are common accessories in portraits of fashionable women through the centuries. == Costumes for Theatre and Fancy Dress == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe and North America during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. === Fancy Dress === In her ''Magnificent Entertainments: Fancy Dress Balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898'', Cynthia Cooper describes the resources available to those needing help making a costume for a fancy-dress ball:<blockquote>There were a number of places eager ballgoers could turn for assistance and inspiration. Those with a scholarly bent might pore over history books or study pictures of paintings or other works of art. For more direct advice, one could turn to the barrage of published information specifically on fancy dress. Women’s magazines such as ''Godey’s Lady’s Book'' and ''The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine'' sometimes featured fancy dress designs and articles, and enticing specialized books were available with extensive recommendations for choosing fancy dress. By far the most complete sources were the books by [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], a prolific British authority on the subject. Holt’s book for women, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (published in six editions between 1879 and 1896), began with the query, ‘‘But what are we to wear?” Holt’s companion book, ''Gentlemen’s Fancy Dress:'' ''How to Choose It'', was also published in six editions from 1882 to 1905. Other prominent authorities included Mrs. Aria’s ''Costume: Fanciful, Historical, and Theatrical'' and, in the US, the Butterick Company’s ''Masquerade and Carnival: Their Customs and Costumes''. The Butterick publication relied heavily on Holt, copying large sections of the introduction outright and paraphrasing other sections.<ref name=":16">Cooper, Cynthia. ''Magnificent entertainments: fancy dress balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898''.Fredericton, N.B.; Hull, Quebec: Goose Lane Editions and Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1997. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/magnificententer0000coop/.</ref> (28–29)</blockquote>Cynthia Cooper discusses how "historical accuracy" works in historical fiction and historical dress: <blockquote>A seemingly accurate costume and coiffure bespoke a cultured individual whose most gratifying compliment would be “historically correct.” Those who were fortunate enough to own actual clothing from an earlier period might wear it with pride as a historical relic, though they would generally adapt or remake it in keeping with the aesthetics of their own period. Historical accuracy was always in the eye of beholders inclined to overlook elements of current fashion in a historical costume. Theatre had long taught the public that if a costume appeared tasteful and attractive, it could be assumed to be accurate. Even at Queen Victoria’s fancy dress balls, costume silhouette was always far more like the fashionable dress of the period than of the time portrayed. For this reason, many extant eighteenth-century dresses show evidence of extensive alterations done in the nineteenth century, no doubt for fancy dress purposes.<ref name=":16" /> (25) </blockquote>The newspaper ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. Holt also wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Hoops == '''This section is under construction right now'''. Over the 19th century fashionable shapes for women's skirts — and their bodies — evolved ever more quickly, and sometimes several distinct silhouettes were fashionable at the same time. This evolution occurred as a result of changes in a number of large cultural factors: #what was most fashionable changed over time, and the speed with which those changes occurred accelerated, which is associated with technological developments, the materials for clothing and foundations and the technologies for creating them #* Over the course of the century, the materials that hoops were made of evolved, to include whalebone (cartilage), cane, iron and steel bands or wire as well as, apparently, sometimes rubber elastic.<ref name=":19" /> The evolution caused the hoops to become lighter and smoother. The cage also stopped the movement of fullness in skirts to the back. #* grommets #* the various materials used to make hoops #* sewing machines #* machines to make lace #* aniline dyes #relationship between fashion and social class: changes in conditions for women as social classes developed and increased wealth among the growing oligarchy, the needs among middle- and working-class women for freedom of movement and safety from fires #*role of elites in controlling (sumptuary laws) #*setting the style (Marie Antoinette) #*development of the upper 10,000: expanding class of elite to include larger upper middle class, expanding aristocracy, growing oligarchy, internationalization of aristocracy and oligarchy, to include European royals seeking shelter in the U.K., American heiresses admitted into British aristocracy #*role of Victoria as queen, leader of one branch of the aristocracy, her domesticity, her sense of style #*fashion began to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by people in the middle and sometimes working classes #Impact of fashion on women's mobility, women's rights #evolutionary process in the development of hoops: not discrete structures but over the centuries one leads to another Terms: farthingale, panniers, hoops, crinoline, cage, bustle Between 1450 and 1550 a loosely woven, very stiff fabric made from linen and horsehair was used in "horsehair petticoats."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|137}} Heavy and scratchy, these petticoats made the fabric of the skirt lie smooth, without wrinkles or folds. Over time, this horsehair fabric was used in several kinds of objects made from fabric, like hats and padding for poufs, but it is best known for its use in the structure of hoops, or cages. Horsehair fabric was used until the mid-19th century, when it was called ''crinoline'' and used for petticoats again (1840–1865).<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}} We still call this fabric ''crinoline''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn by a woman to hold her skirts away from her body. The term ''cage'' is also 19th century, and ''crinoline'' is sometimes used in a non-technical way for 19th-century cages as well. Both these terms are commonly used now for the general understructure of a woman's skirts, but they are not technically accurate for time periods before the 19th century. As fashion, that cage-like structure was the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat, and created the fashionable silhouette from the 15th through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making hoops popular outside Spain for women of the elite classes. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, and it still is. The cage is notable for how long it lasted in fashion and for its complex evolution. Together with the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corset]], the cage enabled all the changes in fashionable shapes, from the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers to the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear as a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while corsets did their work above it. When hoops were first introduced in the 15th century, women's shoes for the first time differentiated from men's and became part of the fashionable look. In the periods when the skirts were flat in front (with the farthingale and in the transitional 17th century), they did not touch the floor, making shoes visible and important fashion accessories. Portraits of high-status, high-fashion women consistently show their pointy-toed shoes, which would have been more likely to show when they were moving than when they were standing still. The shoes seem to draw attention to themselves in these portraits, suggesting that they were important to the painters and, perhaps, the women as well. In addition to the shape, the materials used to make hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel bands and wire. Initially fabric strips, tabs or ribbons were the vertical elements in the cages and evolved into channels in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt encasing wires or bands. Fabrics besides crinoline — like cotton, silk and linen — were used to connect the hoops and bands in cages. All of these materials used in cages had disadvantages and advantages. === Disadvantages and Advantages === Hoops affected the way women were able to move. ['''something about riding'''?] ==== Disadvantages ==== the weight, getting through doorways, sitting, the wind, getting into carriages, what the dances involved. Raising '''one's''' skirts to climb stairs or walk was more difficult with hoop. ['''Contextualize with dates?'''] "The combination of corset, bustle, and crinolette limited a woman's ability to bend except at the hip joint, resulting in a decorous, if rigid, sense of bearing."<ref>Koda, Harold. ''Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed.'' The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.</ref> (130) As caricatures through the centuries makes clear, one disadvantage hoops had is that they could be caught by the wind, no matter what the structure was made of or how heavy it was. In her 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', Laura Ingalls Wilder writes a scene in which Laura's hoops have crept up under skirts because of the wind. Set in 1883,<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> this very unusual scene shows a young woman highly skilled at getting her hoops back down without letting her undergarments show. The majority of European and North American women wore hoops in 1883, but to our knowledge no other writer from this time describes any solution to the problem of the wind under hoops or, indeed, a skill like Laura's. <blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie in the U.S., far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style, although she reads the American women's domestic and fashion monthly ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' and would know what was stylish. ==== '''Advantages''' ==== The '''weight''' of hoops was somewhat corrected over time with the use of steel bands and wires, as they were lighter than the wood, cane or whalebone hoops, which had to be thick enough to keep their shape and to keep from breaking or folding under the weight of the petticoats and skirts. Full skirts made women's waists look smaller, whether by petticoats or hoops. Being fashionable, being included among the smart set. The hoops moved the skirts away from the legs and feet, making moving easier. By moving the heavy petticoats and skirts away from their legs, hoops could actually give women's legs and feet more freedom to move. Because so few fully constructed hoop foundation garments still exist, we cannot be certain of a number of details about how exactly they were worn. For example, the few contemporary drawings of 19th-century hoops show bloomers beneath them but no petticoats. However, in the cold and wind (and we know from Laura Ingalls Wilder how the wind could get under hoops), women could have added layers of petticoats beneath their hoops for warmth.[[File:Chaise à crinolines.jpg|thumb|Chaise à Crinolines, 19th century]] === Accommodation === Hoops affected how women sat, and furniture was developed specifically to accommodate these foundation structures. The ''chaise à crinolines'' or chair for hoop skirts (right), dating from the 2nd half of the 19th century, has a gap between the seat and the back of the chair to keep her undergarments from showing as she sat, or even seated herself, and to reduce wrinkling of the fabric by accommodating her hoops, petticoats and skirts.[[File:Vermeer Lady Seated at a Virginal.jpg|thumb|Vermeer, Lady Seated at a Virginal|left]]Vermeer's c. 1673 ''Lady Seated at a Virginal'' (left) looks like she is sitting on this same kind of chair, suggesting that furniture like this had existed long before the 19th century. Vermeer's painting shows how the chair could accommodate her hoops and the voluminous fabric of her skirts. The wide doorways between the large public rooms in the Palace of Versailles could accommodate wide panniers. '''Louis XV and XVI of France occupied an already-built Versailles, but they both renovated the inside over time'''. Some configurations of hoops permitted folding, and of course the width of the hoops themselves varied over time and with the evolving styles and materials. With hoops, skirts moved away from the legs and feet, and when skirts got shorter, to above the floor, women's feet had nearly unrestricted freedom to move. Evening gowns, with trains, were still restrictive. A modern accommodation are the leaning boards developed in Hollywood for women wearing period garments like corsets and long, full skirts. The leaning boards allowed the actors to rest without sitting and wrinkling their clothes.[[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a woman wearing a dress from the 1400s holding the decapitated head of a man with a halo before a table of people at a dinner party|Pedro García de Benabarre, Detail from St. John Altarpiece, Showing Visible Hoops]] === Early Hoops === Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for at least 3 centuries. A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salomé (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like visible wooden hoops attached to the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. The clothing and hairstyles of the people in this painting are sufficiently realistic to offer details for analysis. The foundation garments the women are wearing are corsets and bum rolls. Because none still exist, we do not know how these hoops attached to the skirts or how they related structurally to the corset. The bottom hoop on Salomé's skirt rests on the ground, and her feet are covered. The women near her are kneeling, so not all their hoops show. The painter De Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon, whose hoops are now called a farthingale. === Early Farthingale === In the 16th century, the foundation garment we call ''hoops'' was called a ''farthingale''. Elizabeth Lewandowski says that the metal supports (or structure) in the hoops were made of wire:<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE: Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />''{{rp|105}}</blockquote>The French term for ''farthingale'' is ''vertugadin'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> The French also called the farthingale a "''cachenfant'' for its perceived ability to hide pregnancy,"<ref>"Clothes on the Shakespearean Stage." Carleton Production. Amazon Web Services. https://carleton-wp-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/84/2023/05/Clothes-on-the-Shakespearean-Stage_-1.pdf (retrieved April 2025).</ref> not unreasonable given the number of portraits where the subject wearing a farthingale looks as if she might be pregnant. The term in Spanish is ''vertugado''. Nowadays clothing historians make clear distinctions among these terms, especially farthingale, bustle and hip roll, but the terminology then did not need to distinguish these garments from later ones.<p> The hoops on the outsides of the skirts in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be considered a vertugado.[[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a princess wearing a richly jeweled outfit|Alonso Sánchez Coello, Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia Wearing a Vertugado, c. 1584]] Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the [16th] century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|291}}</blockquote> In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death, then was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Of England, Lewandowski says that "Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|291}} That is, hoops were "quite generally worn" among the ruling and aristocratic classes in England, and may have been worn by some women among the wealthy bourgeoisie. Sumptuary laws addressed "certain features of garments that are decorative in function, intended to enhance the silhouette"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-22|title=Sumptuary law|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_law|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> and signified wealth and status, but they were generally not very successful and not enforced well or consistently. (Sumptuary laws "attempted to regulate permitted consumption, especially of clothing, food and luxury expenditures"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-27|title=sumptuary law|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumptuary_law|journal=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en}}</ref> in order to mark class differences and, for our purposes, to use fashion to control women and the burgeoning middle class.) The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an symmetrical A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584<ref name=":11" />{{rp|316}} portrait (right) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its "typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|315–316}} The shoes do not show in the portraits of women wearing the Spanish cone-shaped vertugado. The round hoops stayed in place in front, even though the skirts might touch the floor, giving the women's feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales had evolved separately and were no longer the same garment.[[File:Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the YoungerFXD.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a queen in a white dress with shoulders and hips exaggerated by her dress|Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Queen Elizabeth I in a French Cartwheel Farthingale, 1592|left]] The French vertugadin — a cartwheel farthingale — was a flat "platter" of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt fell straight to the floor, into a kind of asymmetrical drum shape that was balanced by strict symmetry in the rest of the garment. The English Queen Elizabeth I is wearing a French drum-shaped farthingale in Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger's c. 1592 portrait (left).[[File:Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England.jpg|thumb|Hilliard, Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England, c. 1598–1599]]In Nicholas Hilliard's c. 1598–1599 portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (right), an extraordinary showing of jewels, pearls and embroidery from the top of her head to the tips of her toes make for a spectacular outfit. The drum of the cartwheel farthingale is closer to the body beneath the point of the bodice, and the underskirt is gathered up the sides of the foundation corset to where her natural waistline would be. The gathers flatten the petticoat from the point to the hem, and the fabric collected at the sides falls from the edge of the drum down to her ankles. Associated with the cartwheel farthingale was a very long waist and a skirt slightly shorter in the front. A rigid corset with a point far below the waist and the downward-angled farthingale flattened the front of the skirt. Because the skirt in front over a cartwheel farthingale was closer to the woman's body and did not touch the floor, the dress flowed and the women's shoes showed as they moved. Almost all portraits of women wearing cartwheel farthingales show the little pointy toes of their shoes. In Gheeraerts' painting, Queen Elizabeth's feet draw attention to themselves, suggesting that showing the shoes was important. Farthingales were heavy, and together with the rigid corsets and the construction of the dress (neckline, bodice, sleeves, mantle), women's movement was quite restricted. Although their feet and legs had the freedom to move under the hoops, their upper bodies were held in place by their foundation garments and their clothing, the sleeves preventing them from raising their arms higher than their shoulders. This restriction of the movement of their arms can be seen in Elizabethan court dances that included clapping. They clapped their hands beside their heads rather than over their heads. The steady attempts in the sumptuary laws to control fine materials for clothing reveals the interest middle-class women had in wearing what the cultural elite were wearing at court. === The Transitional 17th Century === What had been starched and stiff in women's dress in the 16th century — like ruffs and collars — became looser and flatter in the 17th. This transitional period in women's clothing also introduced the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Cavalier|Cavalier style of men's dress]], which began with the political movement in support of England's King Charles II while he was still living in France. Like the ones women wore, men's ruffs and collars were also no longer starched or wired, making them looser and flatter as well. For much of the 17th century — beginning about 1620, according to Payne — skirts were not supported by the cage-like hoops that had been so popular.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|355}} Without structures like hoops, skirts draped loosely to the floor, but they did not fall straight from the waist. Except for dressing gowns (which sometimes appear in portraiture in spite of their informality), the skirts women wore were held away from the body by some kind of padding or stiffened roll around the waist and at the hips, sometimes flat in front, sometimes not. The skirts flowed from the hips, either straight down or in an A-line depending on the cut of the skirt. [[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982.jpg|thumb|Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]] ==== Hip Rolls ==== This c. 1600 Dutch engraving attributed to Maerten de Vos (right) shows two servants dressing two wealthy women in masks and hip rolls. In its title of this engraving the Metropolitan Museum of Art calls a hip roll a ''bustle'' (which it defines as a padded roll or a French farthingale),<ref>De Vos, Maerten. "The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles." Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vanity_of_Women_Masks_and_Bustles_MET_DT4982.jpg.</ref> but the engraving itself calls it a ''cachenfant''.<ref name=":20">De Vos, Maerten (attrib. to). "The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles." Circa 1600. ''The Costume Institute: The Metropolitan Museum of Art''. Object Number: 2001.341.1. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82615</ref> The craftsmen in the back are wearing masks. The one on the left is making the masks that the shop sells, and the one on the right is making the hip rolls. The serving woman on the left is fitting a mask on what is probably her mistress. The kneeling woman on the right is tying a hip roll on what is probably hers. The text around the engraving is in French and Dutch. The French passages read as follows (clockwise from top left), with the word ''cachenfant'' (farthingale) bolded:<blockquote> Orne moy auecq la masque laide orde et sale: <br>Car laideur est en moy la beaute principale. Achepte dame masques & passement: <br>Monstre vostre pauvre [?] orgueil hardiment. Venez belles filles auecq fesses maigres: <br>Bien tost les ferayie rondes & alaigres. Vn '''cachenfant''' come les autres me fault porter: <br>Couste qu'il couste; le fol la folle veult aymer. Voy cy la boutiquel des enragez amours, <br>De vanite, & d'orgueil & d'autres tels tours: D'ont plusieurs qui parent la chair puante, <br>S'en vont auecq les diables en la gehenne ardante. <ref name=":20" /></blockquote> Which translates, roughly, into <blockquote> Adorn me with the ugly, dirty, and orderly mask: <br>For ugliness is the principal beauty in me. Buy, lady, masks and trimmings: <br>Boldly show your poor [?] pride. Come, beautiful girls with thin buttocks: <br>Soon, make them round and cheerful. I must wear a [farthingale, lit. "hide child"] like the others: <br>No matter how much it costs; the madman wants to love. See here the store of rabid loves, <br>Of vanity, and pride, and other such tricks: Many of whom adorn the stinking flesh, <br>Go with the devils to the burning hell. </blockquote> [[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982 (detail of padded rolls or French farthingales).jpg|thumb|Detail of Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]] Traditionally thought of as padding, the hip rolls, at least in this detail of the c. 1600 engraving (right), are hollow and seem to be made cylindrical by what looks like rings of cane or wire sewn into channels. The kneeling woman is tying the strings that attach the hip roll, which is being worn above the petticoat and below the overskirt that the mistress is holding up and back. The hip roll under construction on the table looks hollow, but when they are finished the rolls look padded and their ends sewn closed. Farthingales were more complex than is usually assumed. Currently, ''farthingale'' usually refers to the cane or wire foundation that shaped the skirt from about 1450 to 1625, although the term was not always used so precisely. Padding was sometimes used to shape the skirt, either by itself or in addition to the cartwheel and cone-shaped foundational structures. The padding itself was in fact another version of hoops that were structured both by rings as well as padding. Called a bustle, French farthingale, cachenfant, bum barrel<ref name=":7" />{{rp|42}} or even (quoting Ben Jonson, 1601) bum roll<ref>Cunnington, C. Willett (Cecil Willett), and Phillis Cunnington. ''Handbook of English Costume in the Sixteenth Century''. Faber and Faber, 1954. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/handbookofenglis0000unse_e2n2/.</ref>{{rp|161}} in its day, the hip roll still does not have a stable name. The common terms for what we call the hip roll now include ''bum roll'' and ''French farthingale''. The term ''bustle'' is no longer associated with the farthingale. ==== Bunched Skirts or Padding ==== The speed with which trends in clothing changed began to accelerate in the 17th century, making fashion more expensive and making keeping up with the latest styles more difficult. Part of the transition in this century, then, is the number of silhouettes possible for women, including early forms of what became the pannier in the 18th century and what became the bustle in the late 19th. In the later periods, these forms of hoops involved "baskets" or cages (or crinolines), but during this transitional period, these shapes were made from "stiffened rolls [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hip Rolls|hip rolls]]] that were tied around the waist"<ref>Bendall, Sarah A. () The Case of the “French Vardinggale”: A Methodological Approach to Reconstructing and Understanding Ephemeral Garments, ''Fashion Theory'' 2019 (23:3), pp. 363-399, DOI: [[doi:10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862|10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862]].</ref>{{rp|369}} at the hips under the skirts or from bunched fabric, or both. The fabric-based volume in the back involved the evolution of an overskirt, showing more and more of the underskirt, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|petticoat]], beneath it. This development transformed the petticoat into an outer garment.[[File:Princess Teresa Pamphilj Cybo, by Jacob Ferdinand Voet.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1670]] [[File:Caspar Netscher - Girl Standing before a Mirror - 1925.718 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|thumb|Netscher, Girl Standing before a Mirror|left]] Two examples of the bunched overskirt can be seen in Caspar Netscher's ''Girl Standing before a Mirror'' (left) and Voet's ''Portrait of Anna Pamphili'' (right), both painted about 1670. (This portrait of Anna Pamphili and the one below right were both misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.) In both these portraits, the overskirt is split down the center front, pulled to the sides and toward the back and stitched (probably) to keep the fabric from falling flat. The petticoat, which is now an outer garment, hangs straight to the floor. In Netscher's portrait, the girl's shoe shows, but the skirt rests on the ground, requiring her to lift her skirts to be able to walk, not to mention dancing. The dress in Anna Pamphili's portrait is an interesting contrast of soft and hard. The embroidery stiffens the narrow petticoat, suggesting it might have been a good choice for a static portrait but not for moving or dancing. Besides bunched fabric, the other way to make the skirts full at the hips was with hip rolls. Mierevelt's 1629 Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (below, left) shows a split overskirt, although the fabric is not bunched or draped toward the back. The fullness here is caused by a hip roll, which adds fullness to the hips and back, leaving the skirts flat in front. In this case the flatness of the roll in front pulls the overskirt slightly apart and reveals the petticoat, even this early in the century. One reason this portrait is striking because Elizabeth Stuart appears to be wearing a mourning band on her left arm. Also striking are the very elaborate trim and decorations, displaying Stuart's wealth and status, including the large ornament on the mourning band. [[File:Michiel van Mierevelt - Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), circa 1629.jpg|thumb|Michiel van Mierevelt, Elizabeth Stuart, c. 1629|left]][[File:Attributed to Voet - Portrait of Anna Pamphili, misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1671]] The c. 1671 portrait of Anna Pamphili (below, right) shows an example of the petticoat's development as an outer garment. In the Mierevelt portrait (left), the petticoat barely shows. A half century later, in the portrait of Anna Pamphili, the overskirt is not split but so short that the petticoat is almost completely revealed. A hip roll worn under both the petticoat and the overskirt gives her hips breadth. The petticoat is gathered at the sides and smooth in the front, falling close to her body. The fullness of the petticoat and the overskirt is on the sides — and possibly the back. The heavily trimmed overskirt is stiff but not rigid. Anna Pamphili's shoe peeps out from under the flattened front of the petticoat. The neckline, the hipline, the bottom of the overskirt, the trim at the hem of the petticoat and overskirt and the ribbons on the sleeves — as well as even the hair style — all give Pamphili's outfit a sophisticated horizontal design, a look that soon would become very important and influential as panniers gained popularity. === Panniers === The formal, high-status dress we most associate with the 18th century is the horizontal style of panniers, the hoops at the sides of the skirt, which is closer to the body in front and back. Popular in the mid century in France, panniers continued to dominate design in court dress in the U.K. "well into the 19th century."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} ''Paniers anglais'' were 8-hoop panniers.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|219}} Panniers were made from a variety of materials, most of which have not survived into the 21st century, and the most common materials used panniers has not been established. Lewandowski says that skirts were "stretched over metal hoops" that "First appear[ed] around 1718 and [were] in fashion [for much of Europe] until 1800. ... By 1750 the one-piece pannier was replaced by [two pieces], with one section over each hip."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|219}} According to Payne, another kind of pannier "consisted of a pair of caned or boned [instead of metal] pouches, their inner surfaces curved to the ... contour of the hips, the outside extending well beyond them."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|428}} Given that it is a natural material, surviving examples of cane for the structure of panniers are an unexpected gift, although silk, linen and wool also occasionally exists in museum collections. No examples of bone structures for panniers exist, suggesting that bone is less hardy than cane. Waugh says that whalebone was the only kind of "bone" (it was actually cartilage, of course) used;<ref name=":19">Waugh, Norah. ''Corsets and Crinolines''. New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books, 1954. Rpt. Routledge/Theatre Arts Books, 2000.</ref>{{rp|167}} Payne says cane and whalebone were used for panniers.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|426}} Neither Payne nor Waugh mention metal. Examples of metal structures for panniers have also not survived, perhaps because they were rare or occurred later, during revolutionary times, when a lot of things got destroyed. The pannier was not the only silhouette in the 18th century. In fact, the speed with which fashion changed continued to accelerate in this century. Payne describes "Six basic forms," which though evolutionary were also quite distinct. Further, different events called for different styles, as did the status and social requirements for those who attended. For the first time in the clothing history of the culturally elite, different distinct fashions overlapped rather than replacing each other, the clothing choices marking divisions in this class. The century saw Payne's "Six basic forms" or silhouettes generally in this order but sometimes overlapping: # '''Fullness in the back'''. The fabric bustle. While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411}} The overskirt was all pulled to the back, the fullness probably mostly made by bunched fabric. # '''The round skirt'''. "The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops[,] in England by 1710, in France by 1720."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411}} # '''The ellipse, panniers'''. "The ellipse ... was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. ... English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411, 413}} # '''Fullness in the back and sides'''. "The dairy maid, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Polonaise|polonaise]], style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} # '''Fullness in the back'''. The return of the bustle in the 1780s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} # '''No fullness'''. The tubular [or Empire] form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} Hoops affected how women sat, went through doors and got into carriages, as well as what was involved in the popular dances. Length of skirts and trains. Some doorways required that women wearing wide panniers turn sideways, which undermined the "entrance" they were expected to make when they arrived at an event. Also, a woman might be accompanied by a gentleman, who would also be affected by her panniers and the width of the doorway. Over the century skirts varied from ankle length to resting on the floor. Women wearing panniers would not have been able to stand around naturally: the panniers alone meant they had to keep their elbows bent. [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Wooden and Fabric-covered Structure for 18th-century Panniers|left]][[File:Hoop petticoat and corset England 1750-1780 LACMA.jpg|thumb|Hooped Petticoat and Corset, 1750–80]]The 1760–1770 French panniers (left) are "a rare surviving example"<ref name=":15">{{Citation|title=Panniers|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668|date=1760–70|accessdate=2025-01-01}}. The Costume Institute, Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668.</ref> of the structure of this foundation garment. Almost no examples of panniers survive. The hoops are made with bent cane, held together with red velvet silk ribbon that looks pinked. The cane also appears to be covered with red velvet, and the hoops have metal "hinges that allow [them] to be lifted, facilitating movement in tight spaces."<ref name=":15" /> This inventive hingeing permitted the wearer to lift the bottom cane and her skirts, folding them up like an accordion, lifting the front slightly and greatly reducing the width (and making it easier to get through doors). ['''Write the Met to ask about this description once it's finished. Are there examples of boned or metal panniers that they're aware of?''']<p> The corset and hoops shown (right) are also not reproductions and are also rare examples of foundation garments surviving from the 18th century. These hoops are made with cane held in place by casings sewn into a plain-woven linen skirt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714|title=Woman's Hoop Petticoat (Pannier) {{!}} LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|access-date=2025-01-03}} Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714.</ref> These 1750–1780 hoops are modestly wide, but the gathering around the casings for the hoops suggests that the panniers could be widened if longer hoops were inserted. (The corset shown with these hoops is treated in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|Corsets section]]. The mannequin is wearing a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise undergarment]] as well.)[[File:Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine1 copy.jpg|thumb|Martin van Meytens, Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine, c. 1760|left]]In her c. 1760 portrait (left), Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine is wearing exaggerated court-dress panniers, shown here about the widest that they got. Johanna Gabriele was the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, so she was a sister of Marie Antoinette, who also would have worn panniers as exaggerated as these. Johanna Gabriele's hairstyle has not grown into the huge bouffant style that developed to balance the wide court dress, so her outfit looks out of proportion in this portrait. And, because of her panniers, her arms look slightly awkward. The tips of her shoes show because her skirt has been pulled back and up to rest on them. France had become the leader in high fashion by the middle of the century, led first by Madame Pompadour and then by Marie Antoinette, who was crowned queen in 1774.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-23|title=Marie Antoinette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Court dress has always been regulated, but it could be influenced. Marie Antoinette's influence was toward exaggeration, both in formality and in informality. In their evolution formal-dress skirts moved away from the body in front and back but were still wider on the sides and were decorated with massive amounts of trim, including ruffles, flowers, lace and ribbons. The French queen led court fashion into greater and greater excess: "Since her taste ran to dancing, theatrical, and masked escapades, her costumes and those of her court exhibited quixotic tendencies toward absurdity and exaggeration."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|428}} Both Madame Pompadour's and Marie Antoinette's taste ran to extravagance and excess, visually represented in the French court by the clothing.[[File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in 1778 and 1779]]The two portraits (right), painted by Élizabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1778 on the left and 1779 on the right, show Marie Antoinette wearing the same dress. Although one painting has been photographed as lighter than the other, the most important differences between the two portraits are slight variations in the pose and the hairstyle and headdress. Her hair in the 1779 painting is in better proportion to her dress than it is in the earlier one, and the later headdress — a stylized mobcap — is more elaborate and less dependent on piled-up hair. (The description of the painting in Wikimedia Commons says she gave birth between these two portraits, which in particular affected her hair and hairline.<ref>"File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg." ''Wikimedia Commons'' [<bdi>Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, 2 portraits of Marie Antoinette</bdi>] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_1778-1783.jpg.</ref>)[[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|Queen Charlotte of England, 1781|left]] In this 1781<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/wd/jAGip1dpEkf-Fw|title=Portrait of Queen Charlotte of England - Thomas Gainsborough, studio|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref> portrait from the workshop of Thomas Gainsborough (left), Queen Charlotte is wearing panniers less exaggerated in width than Johanna Gabriele's. The English did not usually wear panniers as wide as those in French court dress, but the decoration and trim on the English Queen Charlotte's gown are as elaborate as anything the French would do. The ruffles (many of them double) and fichu are made with a sheer silk or cotton, which was translucent rather than transparent. The ruffles on Queen Charlotte's sleeves are made of lace. The ruffles and poufs of sheer silk are edged in gold. The embroidered flowers and stripes, as well as the sequin discs and attached clusters are all gold. The skirt rose above the floor, revealing Queen Charlotte's pointed shoe. Shoes were fashion accessories because of the shorter length of the skirts. The whole look is more balanced because of the bouffant hairstyle, the less extreme width in the panniers and the greater fullness in front (and, probably, back). The white dress worn by the queen in Season 1, Episode 4 of the BBC and Canal+ series ''Marie Antoinette'' stands out because nobody else is wearing white at the ball in Paris and because of the translucent silk or muslin fabric, which would have been imported from India at that time (some silk was still being imported from China). Muslin is not a rich or exotic fabric to us, but toward the end of the 18th century, muslin could be imported only from India, making it unusual and expensive.<blockquote>Another English contribution to the fashion of the eighties was the sheer white muslin dress familiar to us from the paintings of Reynolds, Romney, and Lawrence. In this respect the English fell under the spell of classic Greek influence sooner than the French did. Lacking the restrictions imposed by Marie Antoinette's court, the English were free to adapt costume designs from the source which was inspiring their architects and draftsmen.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|438}} </blockquote>So while a sheer white dress would have been unlikely in Marie Antoinette's court, according to Payne, the fabric itself was available and suddenly became very popular, in part because of its simplicity and its sheerness. The Empire style replaced the Rococo busyness in a stroke, like the French Revolution.<p> By the 1790s French and English fashion had evolved in very different directions, and also by this time, accepted fashion and court dress had diverged, with the formulaic properties of court dress — especially in France — preventing its development. In general,<blockquote>English women were modestly covered ..., often in overdress and petticoat; that heavier fabrics with more pattern and color were used; and that for a while hairdress remained more elaborate and headdress more involved than in France.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|441}}</blockquote>Even in such a rich and colorful court dress as Queen Charlotte is wearing in the Gainsborough-workshop portrait, her more "modest" dress shows these trends very clearly: the white (muslin or silk) and the elaborate style in headdress and hair. === Polonaise === ==== Marie Antoinette — The Context ==== The robe à la Polonaise in casual court dress was popularized by Marie Antoinette for less formal settings and events, a style that occurred at the same time as highly formal dresses with panniers. An informal fashion not based on court dress, although court style would require panniers, though not always the extremely wide ones, and the new style. It was so popular that it evolved into one way court dress could be.[[File:Marie Antoinette in a Park Met DP-18368-001.jpg|thumb|Le Brun, ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'']]Trianon: Marie Antoinette's "personal" palace at Versailles, where she went to entertain her friends in a casual environment. While there, in extended, several-day parties, she and her friends played games, did amateur theatricals, wore costumes, like the stylization of what a dairy maid would wear. A release from the very rigid court procedures and social structures and practices. Separate from court and so not documented in the same way events at Versailles were. In the c. 1780–81 sketch (right) of Marie Antoinette in a Park by Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun,<ref>Le Brun, Elisabeth Louise Vigée. ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'' (c. 1780–81). The Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/824771.</ref> the queen is wearing a robe à la Polonaise with an apron in front, so we see her in a relatively informal pose and outfit. The underskirt, which is in part at least made of a sheer fabric, shows beneath the overskirt and the apron. This is a late Polonaise, more decoration, additions of ribbons, lace, lace, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ruffles, which did not exist on actual milkmaid dresses or earlier versions of the robe à la Polonaise. Even though this is a sketch, we can see that this dress would be more comfortable and convenient for movement because the bodice is not boned, and wrinkles in the bodice suggest that she is not likely wearing a corset. ==== Definition of Terms ==== The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, the usage of the word in written English dating from 1773 although ''Polonaise'' is French for ''the Polish woman'', and the style arose in France:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>The lack of boning in the bodice would make this fashion more comfortable than the formal foundation garments worn in court dress. The term ''á la polonaise'' itself is not in common use by the French nowadays, and the French ''Wikipédia'' doesn't use it for clothing. French fashion drawings and prints from the 18th-century, however, do use the term. Elizabeth Lewandowski dates the Polonaise style from about 1750 to about 1790,<ref name=":7" />{{rp|123}} and Payne says it was "prevalent" in the 1770s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} The style à la Polonaise was based on an idealization of what dairy maids wore, adapted by aristocratic women and frou-froued up. Two dairymaids are shown below, the first is a caricature of a stereotypical milkmaid and the second is one of Marie Antoinette's ladies in waiting costumed as a milkmaid. [[File:La laitiere. G.16931.jpg|left|thumb|Mixelle, ''La Laitiere'' (the Milkmaid)]] [[File:Madame A. Aughié, Friend of Queen Marie Antoinette, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon - Nationalmuseum - 21931.tif|thumb|Madame A. Aughié, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon]]In the aquatint engraving of ''La Laitiere'' (left) by Jean-Marie Mixelle (1758–1839),<ref>Mixelle, Jean-Marie. ''La Laitiere'', Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, Inventory Number: G.16931. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/la-laitiere-8#infos-secondaires-detail.</ref> the milkmaid is portrayed as flirtatious and, perhaps, not virtuous. She is wearing clogs and two white aprons. Her bodice is laced in front, the ruffle is probably her chemise showing at her neckline, and the peplum sticks out, drawing attention to her hips. As apparently was typical, she is wearing a red skirt, short enough for her ankles to show. The piece around her neck has become untucked from her bodice, contributing to the sexualizing, as does the object hanging from her left hand and directing the eye to her bosom. (The collection of engravings that contains this one is undated but probably from the late 19th or early 20th century.) The 1787 <bdi>Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller</bdi> portrait of Madame Adélaïde Aughié in the Royal Dairy at Petit Trianon-Le Hameau<ref>Wertmüller, Adolf Ulrik. ''Adélaïde Auguié as a Dairy-Maid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon''. 1787. The National Museum of Sweden, Inventory number NM 4881. https://collection.nationalmuseum.se/en/collection/item/21931/.</ref> (right) is about as casual as Le Trianon got. A contemporary of Marie Antoinette, she is in costume as a milkmaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon, perhaps for a theatrical event or a game. Her dress is not in the à la Polonaise style but a court interpretation of what a milkmaid would look like, in keeping with the hired workers at le Trianon. ==== The 3 Poufs ==== Visually, the style à la Polonaise is defined by the 3 poufs made by the gathering-up of the overskirt. Initially most of the fabric was bunched to make the poufs, but eventually they were padded or even supported by panniers. Payne describes how the polonaise skirt was constructed, mentioning only bunched fabric and not padding:<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions [the poufs] appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}}</blockquote>[[File:Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle, G.4555.jpg|thumb|Robe à la polonaise, c. 1775]]The overskirt, which was gathered or pulled into the 3 distinctive poufs, was sometimes quite elaborately decorated, revealing the place of this garment in high fashion (rather than what an actual working dairy maid might wear). The fabrics in the underskirt and overskirt sometimes were different and contrasting; in simpler styles, the two skirts might have the same fabrics. More complexly styled dresses were heavily decorated with ruffles, bows, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ribbons, flowers, lace and trim. The c. 1775<ref name=":21">"Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle." Palais Galliera, musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris. Inventory number: G.4555. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/palais-galliera/oeuvres/robe-a-la-polonaise-jaune-et-violette-galerie-des-modes-fonds-d-estampes-du#infos-principales.</ref> fashion color print (right) shows the way the overskirt of the Polonaise was gathered into 3 poufs, one in back and one on either side. In this illustration, the underskirt and the overskirt have the same yellow fabric trimmed with a flat band of purple fabric. The 18th-century caption printed below the image identifies it as a "Jeune Dame en robe à la Polonoise de taffetas garnie a plat de bandes d'une autre couleur: elle est coeffée d'un mouchoir a bordures découpées, ajusté avec gout et bordé de fleurs [Young Lady in a Polonaise dress of taffeta trimmed flat with bands of another color: she is wearing a handkerchief with cut edges, tastefully adjusted and bordered with flowers]."<ref name=":21" /> The skirt's few embellishments are the tasseled bows creating the poufs. The gathered underskirt falls straight from the padded hips to a few inches above the floor. Her cap is interesting, perhaps a forerunner of the mob cap (here a handkerchief worn as a cap ["mouchoir a bordures découpées"]). ===== The Evolution of the Polonaise into Court Dress ===== Part of the original attraction of the robe à la Polonaise was that women did not wear their usual heavy corsets and hoops, which is what would have made this style informal, playful, easy to move in, an escape from the stiffness of court life. Traditionally court dress with panniers and the robe à la Polonaise were thought to be separate, competing styles, but actually the two styles influenced each other and evolved into a design that combined elements from both. By the time the robe à la Polonaise became court dress, the poufs were no longer only bunched fabric but large, controlled elaborations that were supported by structural elements, and the silhouette of the dress had returned to the ellipsis shape provided by panniers, with perhaps a little more fullness in front and back. The underskirt fell straight down from the hip level, indicating that some kind of padding or structure pulled it away from the body. Court dress required the controlled shape of the skirt and a tightly structured bodice, which could have been achieved with corseting or tight lacing of the bodice itself. In the combined style, the bodice comes to a pointed V below the waist, which could only be kept flat by stays. While the Polonaise was ankle length, court dress touched the floor. The following 3 images are fashion prints showing Marie Antoinette in court dress influenced by the robe à la Polonaise, made into a personal style for the queen by the asymmetrical poufs, the reduction of Rococo decoration, layers stacked upon each other and a length that keeps the hem of the skirts off the floor.[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, ooo 356 Grand habit de bal a la Cour (..), RP-P-2009-1213.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Ball Gown à la Polonaise|left]]The 1787 "Grand habit de bal à la Cour, avec des manches à la Gabrielle & c." (left) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a ballgown for the court with sleeves à la Gabrielle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--10ceb0e05fbb45ad4941bed1dacb27f1|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> This ballgown, influenced by the robe à la polonaise, is balanced but asymmetrical and seems to have panniers for support of the side poufs. The only decoration on the skirt is ribbon or braid and tassels. Contrasting fabrics replace the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]] for more depth and interest. The lining of the poufs has been pulled out for another contrasting color. The print makes it impossible to tell if the purple is an underskirt and an overskirt or one skirt with attached loops of the ribbon-like trim. (A sleeve à la Gabrielle has turned out to be difficult to define. The best we can do, which is not perfect, is a 4 July 1814 description: "On fait, depuis quelque temps, des manches à la Gabrielle. Ces manches, plus courtes que les manches ordinaires, se terminent par plusieurs rangs de garnitures. Au lieu d'un seul bouillonné au poignet, on en met trois ou quatre, que l'on sépare par un poignet."<ref>"Modes." ''Journal des Dames et des Modes''. 4 July 1814 (18:37), vol. 10, 1. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=kwNdAAAAcAAJ.</ref>{{rp|296}} ["For some time now, sleeves have been made in the Gabrielle style. These sleeves, shorter than ordinary sleeves, end in several rows of trimmings. Instead of a single ruffle at the wrist, three or four are used, separated by a wrist treatment."] The sleeves on the bodice of robes à la Polonaise seem to have been short, 3/4-length or less.) [[File:Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 Robe de Cour à la Turque (..), RP-P-2009-1220.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Dress à la Turque]]The c. 1787 "Robe de Cour à la Turque, coeffure Orientale aves des aigrettes et plumes, &c." (right) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a court dress à la Turque with a headdress that has [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Aigrette|aigrettes]] and plumes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/---75499afec371ac1741dd98d769b14698|title=Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 : Robe de Cour à la Turque; (...)|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> The "coeffure Orientale" seems to be a highly stylized turban. This court dress is à la Polonaise in that it has poufs, but it has 2 layers of poufs and an underskirt with a large ruffle. With its unusual striped fabric, its contrasting colors, the very asymmetrical skirt and the ruffles, bows and tassels, this is an elaborate and visually complex dress, but it is not decorated with a lot of [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]]. Several prints in this fashion collection show the robe à la Turque, a late-Georgian style [1750–1790],<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}} none of which look "Turkish" in the slightest. Lewandowski defines robe à la Turque:<blockquote> Very tight bodice with trained over-robe with funnel sleeves and a collar. Worn with a draped sash.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}}</blockquote> Her "Robe à la Reine" might offer a better description of this outfit, or at least of the overskirt:<blockquote>Popular from 1776 to 1787, bodice with an attached overskirt swagged back to show the underskirt. .... Gown was short sleeved and elaborately decorated.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}}</blockquote>[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Francais, 1787, ooo.359, Habit de Cour en hyver (titel op object), RP-P-2004-1142.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in Winter Court Fashion]] This 18th-century interpretation of what looked Turkish would have been about what was fashionable and, in the case of Marie Antoinette's court, dramatic. The 1787 "Habit de Cour en hyver garni de fourrures &c." (right) of Marie Antoinette by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a winter court outfit trimmed with white fur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--727dc366885cc0596cd60d7b2c57e207|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Unusually, this "habit" à la Polonaise has a train. The highly stylized court version of a mob cap was appropriated from the peasantry and turned into this extravagant headdress with its unrealistic high crown and its huge ribbon and bows. This outfit as a whole is balanced even though individual elements (like the cap and the white drapes gathered and bunched with bows and tassels) are out of proportion. The decadence of the aristocratic and royal classes in France at the end of the 18th century are revealed by these extravagant, dramatic fashions in court dress. These restructured, redesigned court dresses are the merging of the earlier, highly decorated and formal pannier style with the simpler, informal style à la Polonaise. The design is complex, but the complexity does not result from the variety of decorations. The most important differences in the merged design are in the radical reduction of frou-frou and the number of layers. Also, sometimes, the skirts are ankle rather than floor length. The foundation garments held the layers away from the legs, not restricting movement. The different styles of farthingales that existed at the same time are variations on a theme, but the panniers and the Polonaise styles, which also existed at the same time, had different purposes and were designed for different events, but the two styles influenced each other to the point that they merged. All the various forms of hoops we've discussed so far are not discrete but moments in a long evolution of foundation structures. Once fashion had moved on, they all passed out of style and were not repeated. Except the Polonaise, which had influence beyond the 18th century — in the 1870s revival of the à la Polonaise style and in Victorian fancy-dress (or costume) balls. For example, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Lady Beatrix Herbert]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] was wearing a Polonaise, based on a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of dancer Giovanna Baccelli. === Crinoline Hoops === ''[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline|Crinoline]]'', technically, is the name for a kind of stiff fabric made mostly from horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, and used for [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Foundation Garments|foundation garments]] like petticoats or bustles. The term ''crinoline'' was not used at first for the cage (shown in the image below left), but that kind of structure came to be called a crinoline as well as a cage, and the term is still used in this way by some. After the 1789 French Revolution, for about one generation, women stopped wearing corsets and hoops in western Europe.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|445–446}} What they did wear was the Empire dress, a simple, columnar style of light-weight cotton fabric that idealized classical Greek outlines and aesthetics. Cotton was a fabric for the elite at this point since it was imported from India or the United States. Sometimes women moistened the fabric to reveal their "natural" bodies, showing that they were not wearing artificial understructures.[[File:Crinoline era3.gif|thumb|1860s Cage Showing the Structure|left]] Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century and continuing through the 1830s, corsets returned and skirts became more substantial, widened by layers of flounced cotton petticoats — and in winter, heavy woolen or quilted ones. The waist moved down to the natural waist from the Empire height. As skirts got wider in the 1840s, the petticoats became too bulky and heavy, hanging against the legs and impeding movement. In the mid 1850s<ref name=":11" />{{rp|510}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}} those layers of petticoats began to be replaced by hoops, which were lighter than all that fabric, even when made of steel, and even when really wide. The sketch (left) shows a crinoline cage from the 1860s, making clear the structure that underlay the very wide, bell or hemisphere shapes of the era without the fabric that would normally have covered it.<ref>Jensen, Carl Emil. ''Karikatur-album: den evropaeiske karikature-kunst fra de aeldste tider indtil vor dage. Vaesenligst paa grundlag af Eduard Fuchs : Die karikature'', Eduard Fuchs. Vol. 1. København, A. Chrustuabsebs Forlag, 1906. P. 504, Fig. 474 (probably) ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=BUlHAQAAMAAJ.</ref> (This image was published in a book in 1904, but it may have been drawn earlier. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise]] is accurate but oversimplified, minus the usual ruffles, more for the wealthy and less for the working classes.) When people think of 1860s hoops, they think of this shape, the one shown in, say, the 1939 film ''Gone with the Wind''. The extremely wide, round shape, which is what we are accustomed to seeing in historical fiction and among re-enactors, was very popular in the 1860s, but it was not the only shape hoops took at this time. The half-sphere shape — in spite of what popular history prepares us to think — was far from universal.[[File:Miss Victoria Stuart-Wortley, later Victoria, Lady Welby (1837-1912) 1859.jpg|thumb|Victoria Stuart-Wortley, 1859]]As the 1860s progressed, hoops (and skirts) moved towards the back, creating more fullness there and leaving a flatter front. The photographs below show the range of choices for women in this decade. Cages could be more or less wide, skirts could be more or less full in back and more or less flat in front, and skirts could be smooth, pleated or folded, or gathered. Skirts could be decorated with any of the many kinds of ruffles or with layers (sometimes made of contrasting fabrics), and they could be part of an outfit with a long bodice or jacket (sometimes, in fact, a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Peplum|peplum]]). As always, the woman's social class and sense of style, modesty and practicality affected her choices.<p> In her portrait (right) Victoria Stuart-Wortley (later Victoria, Lady Welby) is shown in 1859, two years before she became one of Queen Victoria's maids of honor. While Stuart-Wortley is dressed fashionably, her style of clothing is modest and conservative. The wrinkles and folds in the skirt suggest that she could be wearing numerous petticoats (which would have been practical in cold buildings), but the smoothness and roundness of the silhouette of the skirt suggest that she is wearing conservative hoops.[[File:Elisabeth Franziska wearing a crinoline and feathered hat.jpg|thumb|Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska, 1860s|left]] The portrait of Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska (left) offers an example of hoops from the 1860s that are not half-sphere shaped and a skirt that is not made to fit smoothly over them. The dress seems to have a short peplum whose edges do not reach the front. She is standing close to the base of the column and possibly leaning on the balustrade, distorting the shape of the skirt by pushing the hoop forward. This dress has a complex and sophisticated design, in part because of the weight and textures of the fabric and trim. The folds in the skirt are unusually deep. Even though the textured or flocked fabric is light-colored, this could be a winter dress. The skirt is trimmed with zig-zag rows of ruffles and a ruffle along the bottom edge. The ruffles may be double with the top ruffle a very narrow one (made of an eyelet or some kind of textured fabric). Both the top and bottom edges of the tiered double ruffles are outlined in a contrasting fabric, perhaps of ribbon or another lace, perhaps even crocheted. Visual interest comes from the three-dimensionality provided by the ruffles and the contrast caused by dark crocheted or ribbon edging on the ruffles. In fact, the ruffles are the focus of this outfit. [[File:Her Majesty the Queen Victoria.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, 1861]] The photographic portrait (right) of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, in evening dress with diadem and jewels, is by Charles Clifford<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ppgcfuck|title=Queen Victoria. Photograph by C. Clifford, 1861.|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en|access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> of Madrid, dated 14 November 1861 and now held by the Wellcome Institute. Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-20|title=Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> so this carte-de-visite portrait was taken one month before Victoria went into mourning for 40 years. This fashionable dress could be a ballgown designed by a designer. The hoops under these skirts appear to be round rather than elliptical but are rather modest in their width and not extreme. That is, there is as much fullness in the front and back as on the sides. In this style, the skirt has a smooth appearance because it is not fuller at the bottom than the waist, where it is tightly gathered or pleated, so the skirts lie smoothly on the hoops and are not much fuller than the hoops. The smoothness of this skirt makes it definitive for its time. Instead of elaborate decoration, this visually complex dress depends on the woven moiré fabric with additional texture created by the shine and shadows in the bunched gathering of the fabric. The underskirt is gathered both at the waist and down the front, along what may be ribbons separating the gathers and making small horizontal bunches. The overskirt, which includes a train, has a vertical drape caused by the large folds at the waist. The horizontal design in the moiré fabric contrasts with the vertical and horizontal gathers of the underskirt and large, strongly vertical folds of the overskirt.[[File:Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall. early 1860s|left]] The carte-de-visite portrait of Queen Victoria by John Jabez Edwin Paisley Mayall (left) shows hoops that are more full in the back than the front. Mayall took a number of photographs of the royal family in 1860 and in 1861 that were published as cartes de visite,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-08|title=John Jabez Edwin Mayall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> and the style of Victoria's dress is consistent with the early 1860s. The fact that she has white or a very light color at her collar and wrists suggests that she was not in full mourning and thus wore this dress before Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. We cannot tell what color this dress is, and it may not be black in spite of how it appears in this photograph. Victoria's hoops are modest — not too full — and mostly round, slightly flatter in the front. The skirt gathers more as it goes around the sides to the back and falls without folds in the front, where it is smoother, even over the flatter hoops. This is a winter garment with bulky sleeves and possibly fur trim. Except for what may be an undergarment at the wrists, this one-layer garment might be a dress or a bodice and skirt (perhaps with a short jacket). Over-trimmed garments were standard in this period. Lacking layers, ruffles, lace or frou-frou, the simple design of Victoria's dress is deliberate and balanced — and looks warm. The bourgeois, inexpensive-looking design of this dress echoes Victoria's performance of a queen who is respectable and responsible rather than aristocratic and "fashion forward." So she looks like a middle-class matron.[[File:Queen Emma of Hawaii, photograph by John & Charles Watkins, The Royal Collection Trust (crop).jpg|thumb|Queen Emma Kaleleokalani of Hawai'i, 1865]] The portrait (right) of Queen Emma of Hawaii — Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke — is a carte de visite from an album of ''Royal Portraits'' that Queen Victoria collected. The carte-de-visite photograph is labelled 1865 and ''Queen Emma of the Sandwich Islands'',<ref>Unknown Photographer. ''Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1836-85)''. ''www.rct.uk''. Retrieved 2025-02-07. https://www.rct.uk/collection/2908295/emma-kalanikaumakaamano-kaleleonalani-naea-rooke-queen-of-the-kingdom-of-hawaii.</ref> possibly in Victoria's hand. How Victoria got this photograph is not clear. Queen Emma traveled to North America and Europe between 6 May 1865 and 23 October 1866,<ref>Benton, Russell E. ''Emma Naea Rooke (1836-1885), Beloved Queen of Hawaii''. Lewiston, N.Y., U.S.A. : E. Mellen Press, 1988. ''Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/emmanaearooke1830005bent/.</ref>{{rp|49}} visiting London twice, the second time in June 1866.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Queen Emma of Hawaii|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> In her portrait Queen Emma is standing before some books and an open jewelry box. She shows an elegant sense of style. The silhouette shows a sophisticated variation of the hoops as the fullness has moved to the back and the front flattened. The large pleats suggest a lot of fabric, but the front falls almost straight down. The overskirt and bodice are made from a satin-weave fabric, and the petticoat has a matt woven surface. The overskirt is longer in the back, leading us to expect the petticoat also to be longer and to turn into a train. Although the hoops cause the skirt to fall away from her body in back, the skirt does not drag on the floor as a train would and just clears the floor all the way around. This optical illusion of a train makes this dress look more formal than it actually was. The covered shoulders and décolletage say the dress was not a formal or evening gown. In fact, this looks like a winter dress, and the sleeves (which she has pushed up above her wrist) are wrinkled, suggesting they may be padded. Queen Emma seems to have worn veils like this at other times as well, especially after the death of her husband, as did Victoria, so this is also not her wedding dress. Popular history has led us to believe that crinoline hoops were half-spherical and always very wide, but photographs of the time show a variety of shapes for skirts, with many women wearing skirts that had flatter fronts and more fabric in the back. In fact, also in the 1860s, according to Lewandowski, a version of the bustle — called a crinolette or crinolette petticoat — developed:<blockquote>Crinolette petticoat: Bustle (1865–1890 C.E.). Worn in 1870 and revived in 1883, petticoat cut flat in front and with half circle steel hoops in back and flounces on bottom back.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}}</blockquote> This development of a bustle mid century is the result of construction techniques that include foundation structures and specifically shaped pattern pieces to achieve the evolving silhouette, in this case part of the general movement of the fullness of skirts away from the front and toward the back. The other essential element of these construction techniques is angled seams in the skirts, made by gores, pieces of fabric shaped to fit the waist (and sometimes the hips) and to widen at the bottom so that the skirt flares outward. ==== The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise ==== The Polonaise style was revived in the last third of the 19th century, but the revival did not bring back the 18th-century 3 poufs. The robe à la Polonaise had evolved. The foundation that created the poufs is gone, replaced possibly in fact by the crinolette petticoat or something like it. The panniers — and the 2 side poufs they supported — have gone, and the bulk of the fabric has been bunched in the back. Also, the poufs on the sides have been replaced with a flat drape in front that functions as an overskirt. The Polonaise dress (below left and right), in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, is English, dating from about 1875.<ref name=":18">"Woman's Dress Ensemble." Costumes and Textiles. LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214459.</ref> The sheer fabric has red "wool supplementary patterning" woven into the weft.<ref name=":18" /> Because the mannequin is modern, we cannot be certain how long the skirts would have been on the woman who wore this dress.[[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (1 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, front view|left]][[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (4 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, side view]]The dress has an overskirt that is draped up toward the back and pulled under the top poof. The underskirt gets fuller at the bottom because it is constructed with gores to create the A-line but it is also slightly gathered at the waist. The vertical element is emphasized by the angled silhouette and the folds caused by the gathering at the waist. The ruffles and lace form horizontal lines in the skirts. The skirts are very busy visually because of pattern in the fabric and the contrasting vertical and horizontal elements as well as the ruffles, some of which are double, and the machine-made lace at the edge of the ruffles. The skirts look three dimensional because of these elements and the layering of the fabric, multiplying the jagged-edged red "supplementary patterning." The fabric of the overskirt is cut, gathered and draped so that the poufs in back are full and rounded, but they are also possibly supported by some kind of foundation structure. The lower pouf in back introduces the idea that the fullness in the back is layered, making this element of the Polonaise a kind of precursor to the bustle and continuing what the crinolette petticoat began in the 1860s. This layering of the lower pouf also indicates one way a train might be attached. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before, unusually, and calls her dress a Polonaise. Although they are common in current historical fiction, descriptions of foundation garments are rare in the writings of the women who wore them or in the literature of the time. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), Wilder gives a detailed description of the undergarments as well as the foundation garments under her dress, including a bustle, and talks about how they make the Polonaise look on her:<blockquote> Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened to either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom.<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps a simple, modest look like the stereotype of a dairy maid. While the bodice was unboned, the fact that she is wearing a corset cover means that she is corseted under it. ==== Bustle or Tournure ==== As we have seen, bustles were popular from around 1865 to 1890.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|296}} The French term ''tournure'' was a euphemism in English for ''bustle''. The article on the tournure in the French ''Wikipédia'' addresses the purpose of the bustle and crinoline:<blockquote> Crinoline et tournure ont exactement la même fonction déjà recherchée à d'autres époques avec le vertugadin et ses dérivés: soutenir l'ampleur de la jupe, et par là souligner par contraste la finesse de la taille; toute la mode du xixe siècle visant à accentuer les courbes féminines naturelles par le double emploi du corset affinant la taille et d'éléments accentuant la largeur des hanches (crinoline, tournure, drapés bouffants…).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-27|title=Tournure|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournure|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}</ref> [Translation by ''Google Translate'': Crinoline and bustle have exactly the same function already sought in other periods with the farthingale and its derivatives: to support the fullness of the skirt, and thereby emphasize by contrast the finesse of the waist; all the fashion of the 19th century aimed at accentuating natural feminine curves by the dual use of the corset refining the waist and elements accentuating the width of the hips (crinoline, bustle, puffy drapes, etc.).]</blockquote>Hoops' final phase was the development of the bustle, which as early as the 1860s was created by one of several methods: by draping the dress over a crinolette petticoat or some other structure, or by pulling the fabric to the back and bunching it with pleats or gathers. The overskirt so popular with the revival of the Polonaise pulled additional fabric to the back of the skirt, the poufs supported by some substructure, bunched fabric, padding and, often, ruffled petticoats. The bustle, then, is more complex than might be normally be thought and more complex than some of the earlier foundation garments in the evolution of hoops, in part because the silhouette of hoops (and dresses) was changing more rapidly in the last half of the 19th century than ever before. [[File:La Gazette rose, 16 Mai 1874; robe à tournure.jpg|thumb|"Toilettes de Printemps," 1874|left]]In fact, fashion trends were moving so fast at this point that the two "bustle periods" were actually only two decades, the 1870s and the 1880s. Bustle fashion was at its height for these two decades, which saw the line of the skirts change radically. As the bustle developed, the 1870s ruffles disappeared, replaced by draping and layering, which made the bustles more complex visually. "Toilettes de Printemps" (left), an 1874 French fashion plate, shows two women walking in the country, the one in green wearing an extremely long and impractical train. Both of these have several rows of ruffles beneath the overskirt, a short-lived fashion. The ruffles create a fullness in the front of the skirt at the bottom that not seen in the 2nd bustle period. The bodice of both dresses connects to an overskirt, like a jacket. The excess skirt fabric is draped in the back over a foundation structure. [[File:Somm26.jpg|thumb|Henry Somm, 1880s]]Plumes makes the hats tall, part of the proportioning with the bustle. The dog at the feet of the woman in the green dress recalls the dogs ubiquitous in earlier portraiture. The Henry Somm watercolor (right) offers a clear example of how extreme bustles got in the mid 1880s, in the 2nd bustle period. Henry Somm was the pen name François Clément Sommier (1844–1907) used on his paintings.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-01|title=Henry Somm|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Somm&oldid=222597815|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}</ref> He was in Paris beginning in the 1860s and so was present for the Civil War of 1870–71 and the rise of Impressionism in that highly political and dangerous context.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> Somm's c. 1895<ref>"File:Somm26.jpg." Henry Somm, "An Elegantly Dressed Woman at a Door (wearing mid-1880s bustled fashions)," c. 1895. June 2025. Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somm26.jpg.</ref> impressionist painting shows an immediate moment — an elegant mid-1880s woman outside a door, her right hand and face animated, as if she is talking to someone standing to our left. Her skirt is quite narrow and flat in front with yards of fabric draped in poufs over the huge foundation bustle behind. This dress has no ruffles or excessive frills. The narrow sleeves and tall hat, along with the umbrella so tightly folded it looks like a stick, contribute to the lean silhouette. Details of the dress are not present to see because this painting is impressionistic rather than realistic, showcasing the play of light on the fabric and the elegance of the woman. The square corner of the front overskirt is not realistic draping, perhaps an artifact of the painter working from memory rather than a model.[[File:Elizabeth Alice Austen in June 1888.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Alice Austen, 1888|left]] The 1888 photograph of American photographer Elizabeth Alice Austen (left) is also from the 2nd bustle period. The very stylish Austen is wearing a bustle that is large but not as extreme as they got. The design of her dress is sophisticated and complex with the proportions more clearly presented than we see in paintings or fashion plates. Her plumed hat is tall, one of the vertical elements, along with the slim line of the bodice, sleeves and skirt. The overskirt may be pulled to Austen's right so that it does not lie flat in front. The overskirt and bustle appear to have been made from 3 different fabrics with 3 different patterns. The front drape and bodice are made of a light-colored fabric with a light striped pattern, and the bustle has 2 fabrics, a shiny reflective material with no pattern and a strongly striped section that matches the underskirt. The strongly and horizontally striped fabric in the underskirt contrasts with the vertical line of the outfit itself. In spite of the very strong contrasts in the stripes and horizontal and vertical elements, Austen's dress has a light touch about it. With the draped overskirt in front and the complex construction of the bustle, Austen's dress makes a delicate reference to the poufs of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise|Polonaise revival]]. [[File:Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg|thumb|Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg]]This mid-1880s fashion plate (right) has caricatures for figures because it is a fashion plate, with exaggerated waists, feet, height, but it is useful because of the 3 different ways bustles are working in the illustration. The little girl's overskirt and sash function as a bustle, regardless of whatever foundation garments she is wearing. The two women's outfits have the characteristic narrow sleeves and tall hats, and the one in white is holding another extremely narrow umbrella as well. The trim on the white dress controls the ruffles, preventing them from sticking out. The front overskirt is very flat and the back overskirt contributes to the bustle. The front of the bodice on the green dress extends below the waist to an extreme point. A wide black ribbon bow adorns the front one of the solid black panels on the skirt. Tiny pleats peep out from below the skirt on both women's dresses. The child's dress has 3 flat pleated ruffles in front that contrast with the fuller but still controlled folds in the back. The most common image of the bustle — the extreme form of the 1880s — required a foundation structure, one of which was "steel springs placed inside the shirring [gathering] around the back of the petticoat."<ref name=":7" /> (296) Many manufacturers were making bustles by this time, offering women a choice on the kinds of materials used in the foundation structures ['''check this''']. '''Trains, skirt length''' == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Cairngorm === === Half-hoop === Usually of a ring or bracelet, a precious-metal band with a setting of stones on one side, covering perhaps about 1/3 or 1/2 of the band. Half-hoop jewelry pieces were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Solitaire === A solitaire is a ring with a single stone set as the focal point. Solitaire rings were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride. === Turquoise === == Mantle, Cloak, Cape == In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. === '''Mantle''' === A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. === '''Cloak''' === === '''Cape''' === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Peplum == According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> == Revers == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Traditional vs Progressive Style == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' — as well as ''rational dress'' or ''dress reform'' — are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements, as is ''rational dress'', a movement located largely among women in the middle classes from the middle to the end of the century. In general, what we are calling the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Ada Nettleship]]: Constance Wilde and Ellen Terry; an 1883 exhibition of dress by the Rational Dress Society featured her work, including trousers for women (with a short overskirt)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-21|title=Ada Nettleship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Nettleship&oldid=1286707541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Alice Comyns Carr]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-06|title=Alice Comyns Carr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Comyns_Carr&oldid=1294283929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Grosvenor Gallery === Traditional Style === Images * Smooth bodice, fabric draped to the back, bustle, laters: Victoria Hesse NPG 95941 crop.jpg By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Undergarments == Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Undergarments === * Chemise * Corset cover * Bloomers * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|Petticoats]] (distinguish between the outer- and undergarment type of petticoat) * Combinations * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hose, Stockings and Tights|Hose, stockings and tights]] * Men's shirts * Men's unders ==== Bloomers ==== ==== Chemise ==== A chemise is a garment "linen, homespun, or cotton knee-length garment with [a] square neck" worn under all the other garments except the bloomers or combinations.<ref name=":7" /> (61) According to Lewandowski, combinations replaced the chemise by 1890. ==== Combinations ==== === Foundation Garments === Foundation structures changed the shape of the body by metal, cane, boning. Men wore corsets as well. * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corset|Corset]] * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|Hoops]] * Padding ==== Padding ==== Some kinds of padding were used in the Victorian age to enlarge women's bosoms and create cleavage as well as to keep elements of a garment puffy. In the Elizabethan era, men's codpieces are examples of padding. With respect to the costumes worn at fancy-dress balls, most important would be bum rolls and cod pieces. What are commonly called '''bum rolls''' were sometimes called roll farthingales, French farthingales or padded rolls. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 539qn282xu0n5qtngjo83hq9wuh963n 2719102 2719101 2025-06-18T20:57:21Z Scogdill 1331941 /* Bustle or Tournure */ 2719102 wikitext text/x-wiki Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have. We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does. == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's == [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below. === À la Romaine === [[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']] A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls. Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments. For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' "at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey."<ref>Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.</ref>{{rp|81, Col. 2c}} [[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]] [[File:Frans_Hals_-_The_Meagre_Company_(detail)_-_WGA11119.jpg|thumb|Frans Hals - The Meagre Company (detail) - WGA11119.jpg]] === Cavalier === As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier style established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.</ref> Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress. === Coats === ==== Doublet ==== * In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''. * Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet. ==== Pourpoint ==== A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor. ==== Surcoat ==== Sometimes just called ''coat''. [[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]] === Hose, Stockings and Tights === Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights. In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as "Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress."<ref>“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.</ref> By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted. ''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous. In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling. The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait. In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject. === Shoes and Boots === == Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's == === '''Chérusque''' === According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.</ref> === Corsage === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the "'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice."<ref>"corsage, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making. The sense of "a bouquet worn on the bodice" is, according to the ''OED'', American. === Décolletage === === Girdle === === Mancheron === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a "historical" word for "A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress."<ref>"mancheron, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve "cut directly on the bodice."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).</ref> === Petticoat === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a <blockquote>skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.<ref>“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245></ref> </blockquote>This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', "The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries." However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. In the 19th century, women wore their chemises, bloomers and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|hoops]] under their petticoats. === Stomacher === According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is "An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,"<ref>“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955></ref> although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry. === Train === A train is The Length of the Train '''For the monarch [or a royal?]''' According to Debrett's,<blockquote>A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer: * Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet * Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet * Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet * Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet * Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.</ref> </blockquote>The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms. Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?'''] == Hats, Bonnets and Headwear == === Women's === ==== Fontanges ==== Another fontange: [[File:Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg|none|thumb|Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg]] [[File:Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg|none|thumb|Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg]] === Men's === == Cinque Cento == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.<ref>"cinquecento, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century. == Corset == [[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]] The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.) * This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips. * The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists. * The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up. * The sharp definition of the waist was caused by ** length of the corset (especially on the sides) ** the stiffness of the boning ** the layers of fabric ** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing) ** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom ** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom * The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back. * The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage. * The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt. * This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels. The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century "look" is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets. ==== Things To Add ==== [[File:Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|thumb|Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|none]] * Corset as an outer garment, 18th century, in place of a stomacher<ref name=":11" /> (419) * Corsets could be laced in front or back * Methods for making the holes for the laces and the development of the grommet (in the 1830s) == Court Dress == Also Levee and drawing-room == Crevé == ''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.<ref>"creve, v." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.</ref> ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.'''] == Elaborations == In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”<ref name=":1">Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).</ref>{{rp|93}} Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at "historical accuracy" reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,<blockquote>In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.<ref>Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.</ref> (117)</blockquote> [[File:Aglets from Spanish portraits - collage by shakko.jpg|thumb|alt=A collage of 12 different ornaments typically worn by elite people from Spain in the 1500s and later|Aglets — Detail from Spanish Portraits]] === Aglet, Aiglet === Historically, an aglet is a "point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice."<ref name=":7">Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref>{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches). Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584 (316) portrait (above right, in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#16th Century|Hoops section]]) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its "typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour," with "handsome aiglets cascad[ing] down center front."<ref name=":11">Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper & Row, 1965.</ref> (315) === Frou-frou === In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.</ref> The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.</ref> ''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial and, perhaps, excessive. === Plastics === Small poufs of fabric connected in a strip in the 18th century, Rococo styles. === Pouf, Puff, Poof === According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a "kind of women's hairstyle":<blockquote>The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)</blockquote>''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing. === Shirring === ''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam. === Sequins === Sequins, paillettes, spangles Sequins — or paillettes — are "small, scalelike glittering disks."<ref name=":7" />(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as "Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]"<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.</ref> According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.<ref>“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.</ref> The first instance of ''spangle'' as "A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts" is from c. 1420.<ref>“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.</ref> The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.<ref name=":8" /> Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger). Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins. === Trim and Lace === ''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:<blockquote>For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.<ref name=":9">[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]</ref>{{rp|6–7}}</blockquote> ==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ==== The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — "And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work." In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel" worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold "tissue" to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver. Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the "gold wire" of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. "Gold and silver," says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, "are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly." Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as "orris," fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality. Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies. The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.<ref>William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. "Gold and Silver Lace." In "Gold." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.</ref></blockquote> ==== Honiton Lace ==== Kate Stradsin says,<blockquote>Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>Strasdin, Kate. "Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research." ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads "Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983."</ref></blockquote> [[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]] ==== Passementerie ==== ''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great "''exubérance''" in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.</ref> ==== Point d'Alençon Lace ==== A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure. Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,<ref name=":7" />{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is "a two thread [needlepoint] lace."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a "floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|7}} The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.</ref> The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine. == Elastic == Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of "Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,"<ref name=":6">“elastic, adj. & n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313>.</ref> the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: "The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap."<ref name=":6" /> == Fabric == === Brocatelle === Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:<blockquote>La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du <abbr>xvi^e</abbr> siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.</ref></blockquote>Which translates to this:<blockquote>Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.</blockquote>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an "imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed" between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.<ref>"brocatelle, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Broché === === Ciselé === === Crépe de Chine === The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is "often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,"<ref>"crêpe, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.</ref> with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is "a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk." === Crinoline === Technically, crinoline was a fabric made mostly of horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, similar to buckram today, used in men's military collars and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinolines|women's foundation garments]]. Lewandowski defines crinoline as <blockquote>(1840–1865 C.E.). France. Originally horsehair cloth used for officers' collars. Later used for women's underskirts to support skirts. Around 1850, replaced by many petticoats, starched and boned. Around 1856, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline Hoops|light metal cage]] was developed.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}}</blockquote> === Épinglé Velvet === Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. === Lace === While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]]. === Liberty Fabrics === === Lisse === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a "kind of silk gauze" was used in the 19th-century UK and US.<ref>"lisse, n.1." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.</ref> === Satin === The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's "insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description" at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:<blockquote>When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.<ref name=":9" />{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}</blockquote> === Selesia === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is "A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').<ref>"Silesia, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — "Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body."<ref>"sleazy, adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.</ref> — may be related. === Shot Fabric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points."<ref>“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.</ref> A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers. === Tissue === A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft. Historically, the term in English was used for a "rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver" or "various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture."<ref>“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.</ref> == Fan == The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)<blockquote>FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century <small>B</small>.<small>C</small>. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day. Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies. Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals. Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes. The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century. The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes. During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other "genre" painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.<ref>J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. "Fan." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.</ref></blockquote>Folding fans were available and popular early and are common accessories in portraits of fashionable women through the centuries. == Costumes for Theatre and Fancy Dress == Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe and North America during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. === Fancy Dress === In her ''Magnificent Entertainments: Fancy Dress Balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898'', Cynthia Cooper describes the resources available to those needing help making a costume for a fancy-dress ball:<blockquote>There were a number of places eager ballgoers could turn for assistance and inspiration. Those with a scholarly bent might pore over history books or study pictures of paintings or other works of art. For more direct advice, one could turn to the barrage of published information specifically on fancy dress. Women’s magazines such as ''Godey’s Lady’s Book'' and ''The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine'' sometimes featured fancy dress designs and articles, and enticing specialized books were available with extensive recommendations for choosing fancy dress. By far the most complete sources were the books by [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], a prolific British authority on the subject. Holt’s book for women, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (published in six editions between 1879 and 1896), began with the query, ‘‘But what are we to wear?” Holt’s companion book, ''Gentlemen’s Fancy Dress:'' ''How to Choose It'', was also published in six editions from 1882 to 1905. Other prominent authorities included Mrs. Aria’s ''Costume: Fanciful, Historical, and Theatrical'' and, in the US, the Butterick Company’s ''Masquerade and Carnival: Their Customs and Costumes''. The Butterick publication relied heavily on Holt, copying large sections of the introduction outright and paraphrasing other sections.<ref name=":16">Cooper, Cynthia. ''Magnificent entertainments: fancy dress balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898''.Fredericton, N.B.; Hull, Quebec: Goose Lane Editions and Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1997. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/magnificententer0000coop/.</ref> (28–29)</blockquote>Cynthia Cooper discusses how "historical accuracy" works in historical fiction and historical dress: <blockquote>A seemingly accurate costume and coiffure bespoke a cultured individual whose most gratifying compliment would be “historically correct.” Those who were fortunate enough to own actual clothing from an earlier period might wear it with pride as a historical relic, though they would generally adapt or remake it in keeping with the aesthetics of their own period. Historical accuracy was always in the eye of beholders inclined to overlook elements of current fashion in a historical costume. Theatre had long taught the public that if a costume appeared tasteful and attractive, it could be assumed to be accurate. Even at Queen Victoria’s fancy dress balls, costume silhouette was always far more like the fashionable dress of the period than of the time portrayed. For this reason, many extant eighteenth-century dresses show evidence of extensive alterations done in the nineteenth century, no doubt for fancy dress purposes.<ref name=":16" /> (25) </blockquote>The newspaper ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. Holt also wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: "Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known."<ref>Holt, Ardern. "Fancy Dress a la Mode." The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.</ref> Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy. As Leonore Davidoff says, "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations] === Historical Accuracy === Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages. The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor. By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric). * clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques * Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. ==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look "Victorian" to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. ==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ==== Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways. * Trim * Mixing neck treatments * Hair * Breeches * Shoes and boots * Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots == Feathers and Plumes == === Aigrette === Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as "France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron."<ref name=":7" />(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle. === Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes === The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]]. For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes. First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that<blockquote>It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible. White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.</ref></blockquote>[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.<ref>"Abstract" for Blackwell, Caitlin. "'<nowiki/>''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).</ref> Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.</ref> since King Edward III (1312–1377<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.</ref>). Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?''' Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]: # Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] # [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire # Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] # Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] # Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]] # Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]] # Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]] # Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] #[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph) #Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay #Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'') #[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson #[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney #[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761 #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers #Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh #[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775 #Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde "Daisy" Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes #Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia #Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick #Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri #Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers: * ==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==== * Blackwell, Caitlin. "'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'<nowiki/>'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776." Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x. * "Prince of Wales's feathers." ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page'''] * Simpson, William. "On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers." ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&view=1up&seq=643&q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress. == Honors == === The Bath === The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion) === The Garter === The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion) [[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 "Last Knight" exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]] === The Golden Fleece === To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be "the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world" because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,<ref name=":12">Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. "The Golden Fleece in Britain." Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).</ref> the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.<ref name=":10" /> Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]] The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the "turn of the XV and XVI centuries."<ref>{{Citation|title=Polski: Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.</ref> The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]]. The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit. The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.<ref>Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.</ref> === Royal Victorian Order === (GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member) === St. John === The Order of the Knights of St. John === Star of India === Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion) === Thistle === The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle == Hoops == '''This section is under construction right now'''. Over the 19th century fashionable shapes for women's skirts — and their bodies — evolved ever more quickly, and sometimes several distinct silhouettes were fashionable at the same time. This evolution occurred as a result of changes in a number of large cultural factors: #what was most fashionable changed over time, and the speed with which those changes occurred accelerated, which is associated with technological developments, the materials for clothing and foundations and the technologies for creating them #* Over the course of the century, the materials that hoops were made of evolved, to include whalebone (cartilage), cane, iron and steel bands or wire as well as, apparently, sometimes rubber elastic.<ref name=":19" /> The evolution caused the hoops to become lighter and smoother. The cage also stopped the movement of fullness in skirts to the back. #* grommets #* the various materials used to make hoops #* sewing machines #* machines to make lace #* aniline dyes #relationship between fashion and social class: changes in conditions for women as social classes developed and increased wealth among the growing oligarchy, the needs among middle- and working-class women for freedom of movement and safety from fires #*role of elites in controlling (sumptuary laws) #*setting the style (Marie Antoinette) #*development of the upper 10,000: expanding class of elite to include larger upper middle class, expanding aristocracy, growing oligarchy, internationalization of aristocracy and oligarchy, to include European royals seeking shelter in the U.K., American heiresses admitted into British aristocracy #*role of Victoria as queen, leader of one branch of the aristocracy, her domesticity, her sense of style #*fashion began to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by people in the middle and sometimes working classes #Impact of fashion on women's mobility, women's rights #evolutionary process in the development of hoops: not discrete structures but over the centuries one leads to another Terms: farthingale, panniers, hoops, crinoline, cage, bustle Between 1450 and 1550 a loosely woven, very stiff fabric made from linen and horsehair was used in "horsehair petticoats."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|137}} Heavy and scratchy, these petticoats made the fabric of the skirt lie smooth, without wrinkles or folds. Over time, this horsehair fabric was used in several kinds of objects made from fabric, like hats and padding for poufs, but it is best known for its use in the structure of hoops, or cages. Horsehair fabric was used until the mid-19th century, when it was called ''crinoline'' and used for petticoats again (1840–1865).<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}} We still call this fabric ''crinoline''. ''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn by a woman to hold her skirts away from her body. The term ''cage'' is also 19th century, and ''crinoline'' is sometimes used in a non-technical way for 19th-century cages as well. Both these terms are commonly used now for the general understructure of a woman's skirts, but they are not technically accurate for time periods before the 19th century. As fashion, that cage-like structure was the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat, and created the fashionable silhouette from the 15th through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making hoops popular outside Spain for women of the elite classes. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, and it still is. The cage is notable for how long it lasted in fashion and for its complex evolution. Together with the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corset]], the cage enabled all the changes in fashionable shapes, from the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers to the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear as a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while corsets did their work above it. When hoops were first introduced in the 15th century, women's shoes for the first time differentiated from men's and became part of the fashionable look. In the periods when the skirts were flat in front (with the farthingale and in the transitional 17th century), they did not touch the floor, making shoes visible and important fashion accessories. Portraits of high-status, high-fashion women consistently show their pointy-toed shoes, which would have been more likely to show when they were moving than when they were standing still. The shoes seem to draw attention to themselves in these portraits, suggesting that they were important to the painters and, perhaps, the women as well. In addition to the shape, the materials used to make hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel bands and wire. Initially fabric strips, tabs or ribbons were the vertical elements in the cages and evolved into channels in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt encasing wires or bands. Fabrics besides crinoline — like cotton, silk and linen — were used to connect the hoops and bands in cages. All of these materials used in cages had disadvantages and advantages. === Disadvantages and Advantages === Hoops affected the way women were able to move. ['''something about riding'''?] ==== Disadvantages ==== the weight, getting through doorways, sitting, the wind, getting into carriages, what the dances involved. Raising '''one's''' skirts to climb stairs or walk was more difficult with hoop. ['''Contextualize with dates?'''] "The combination of corset, bustle, and crinolette limited a woman's ability to bend except at the hip joint, resulting in a decorous, if rigid, sense of bearing."<ref>Koda, Harold. ''Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed.'' The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.</ref> (130) As caricatures through the centuries makes clear, one disadvantage hoops had is that they could be caught by the wind, no matter what the structure was made of or how heavy it was. In her 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', Laura Ingalls Wilder writes a scene in which Laura's hoops have crept up under skirts because of the wind. Set in 1883,<ref>Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.</ref> this very unusual scene shows a young woman highly skilled at getting her hoops back down without letting her undergarments show. The majority of European and North American women wore hoops in 1883, but to our knowledge no other writer from this time describes any solution to the problem of the wind under hoops or, indeed, a skill like Laura's. <blockquote>“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be. “As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again. “Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.” “They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.</ref></blockquote>The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie in the U.S., far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style, although she reads the American women's domestic and fashion monthly ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' and would know what was stylish. ==== '''Advantages''' ==== The '''weight''' of hoops was somewhat corrected over time with the use of steel bands and wires, as they were lighter than the wood, cane or whalebone hoops, which had to be thick enough to keep their shape and to keep from breaking or folding under the weight of the petticoats and skirts. Full skirts made women's waists look smaller, whether by petticoats or hoops. Being fashionable, being included among the smart set. The hoops moved the skirts away from the legs and feet, making moving easier. By moving the heavy petticoats and skirts away from their legs, hoops could actually give women's legs and feet more freedom to move. Because so few fully constructed hoop foundation garments still exist, we cannot be certain of a number of details about how exactly they were worn. For example, the few contemporary drawings of 19th-century hoops show bloomers beneath them but no petticoats. However, in the cold and wind (and we know from Laura Ingalls Wilder how the wind could get under hoops), women could have added layers of petticoats beneath their hoops for warmth.[[File:Chaise à crinolines.jpg|thumb|Chaise à Crinolines, 19th century]] === Accommodation === Hoops affected how women sat, and furniture was developed specifically to accommodate these foundation structures. The ''chaise à crinolines'' or chair for hoop skirts (right), dating from the 2nd half of the 19th century, has a gap between the seat and the back of the chair to keep her undergarments from showing as she sat, or even seated herself, and to reduce wrinkling of the fabric by accommodating her hoops, petticoats and skirts.[[File:Vermeer Lady Seated at a Virginal.jpg|thumb|Vermeer, Lady Seated at a Virginal|left]]Vermeer's c. 1673 ''Lady Seated at a Virginal'' (left) looks like she is sitting on this same kind of chair, suggesting that furniture like this had existed long before the 19th century. Vermeer's painting shows how the chair could accommodate her hoops and the voluminous fabric of her skirts. The wide doorways between the large public rooms in the Palace of Versailles could accommodate wide panniers. '''Louis XV and XVI of France occupied an already-built Versailles, but they both renovated the inside over time'''. Some configurations of hoops permitted folding, and of course the width of the hoops themselves varied over time and with the evolving styles and materials. With hoops, skirts moved away from the legs and feet, and when skirts got shorter, to above the floor, women's feet had nearly unrestricted freedom to move. Evening gowns, with trains, were still restrictive. A modern accommodation are the leaning boards developed in Hollywood for women wearing period garments like corsets and long, full skirts. The leaning boards allowed the actors to rest without sitting and wrinkling their clothes.[[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a woman wearing a dress from the 1400s holding the decapitated head of a man with a halo before a table of people at a dinner party|Pedro García de Benabarre, Detail from St. John Altarpiece, Showing Visible Hoops]] === Early Hoops === Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for at least 3 centuries. A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salomé (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like visible wooden hoops attached to the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it. The clothing and hairstyles of the people in this painting are sufficiently realistic to offer details for analysis. The foundation garments the women are wearing are corsets and bum rolls. Because none still exist, we do not know how these hoops attached to the skirts or how they related structurally to the corset. The bottom hoop on Salomé's skirt rests on the ground, and her feet are covered. The women near her are kneeling, so not all their hoops show. The painter De Benabarre was "active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.</ref> so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon, whose hoops are now called a farthingale. === Early Farthingale === In the 16th century, the foundation garment we call ''hoops'' was called a ''farthingale''. Elizabeth Lewandowski says that the metal supports (or structure) in the hoops were made of wire:<blockquote>''"FARTHINGALE: Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes."<ref name=":7" />''{{rp|105}}</blockquote>The French term for ''farthingale'' is ''vertugadin'' — "un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.</ref> The French also called the farthingale a "''cachenfant'' for its perceived ability to hide pregnancy,"<ref>"Clothes on the Shakespearean Stage." Carleton Production. Amazon Web Services. https://carleton-wp-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/84/2023/05/Clothes-on-the-Shakespearean-Stage_-1.pdf (retrieved April 2025).</ref> not unreasonable given the number of portraits where the subject wearing a farthingale looks as if she might be pregnant. The term in Spanish is ''vertugado''. Nowadays clothing historians make clear distinctions among these terms, especially farthingale, bustle and hip roll, but the terminology then did not need to distinguish these garments from later ones.<p> The hoops on the outsides of the skirts in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be considered a vertugado.[[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a princess wearing a richly jeweled outfit|Alonso Sánchez Coello, Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia Wearing a Vertugado, c. 1584]] Blanche Payne says,<blockquote>Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the [16th] century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|291}}</blockquote> In fact, "The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501]."<ref name=":0" /> Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death, then was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Of England, Lewandowski says that "Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|291}} That is, hoops were "quite generally worn" among the ruling and aristocratic classes in England, and may have been worn by some women among the wealthy bourgeoisie. Sumptuary laws addressed "certain features of garments that are decorative in function, intended to enhance the silhouette"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-22|title=Sumptuary law|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_law|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> and signified wealth and status, but they were generally not very successful and not enforced well or consistently. (Sumptuary laws "attempted to regulate permitted consumption, especially of clothing, food and luxury expenditures"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-27|title=sumptuary law|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumptuary_law|journal=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en}}</ref> in order to mark class differences and, for our purposes, to use fashion to control women and the burgeoning middle class.) The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an symmetrical A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584<ref name=":11" />{{rp|316}} portrait (right) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its "typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|315–316}} The shoes do not show in the portraits of women wearing the Spanish cone-shaped vertugado. The round hoops stayed in place in front, even though the skirts might touch the floor, giving the women's feet enough room to take steps. By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales had evolved separately and were no longer the same garment.[[File:Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the YoungerFXD.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a queen in a white dress with shoulders and hips exaggerated by her dress|Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Queen Elizabeth I in a French Cartwheel Farthingale, 1592|left]] The French vertugadin — a cartwheel farthingale — was a flat "platter" of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt fell straight to the floor, into a kind of asymmetrical drum shape that was balanced by strict symmetry in the rest of the garment. The English Queen Elizabeth I is wearing a French drum-shaped farthingale in Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger's c. 1592 portrait (left).[[File:Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England.jpg|thumb|Hilliard, Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England, c. 1598–1599]]In Nicholas Hilliard's c. 1598–1599 portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (right), an extraordinary showing of jewels, pearls and embroidery from the top of her head to the tips of her toes make for a spectacular outfit. The drum of the cartwheel farthingale is closer to the body beneath the point of the bodice, and the underskirt is gathered up the sides of the foundation corset to where her natural waistline would be. The gathers flatten the petticoat from the point to the hem, and the fabric collected at the sides falls from the edge of the drum down to her ankles. Associated with the cartwheel farthingale was a very long waist and a skirt slightly shorter in the front. A rigid corset with a point far below the waist and the downward-angled farthingale flattened the front of the skirt. Because the skirt in front over a cartwheel farthingale was closer to the woman's body and did not touch the floor, the dress flowed and the women's shoes showed as they moved. Almost all portraits of women wearing cartwheel farthingales show the little pointy toes of their shoes. In Gheeraerts' painting, Queen Elizabeth's feet draw attention to themselves, suggesting that showing the shoes was important. Farthingales were heavy, and together with the rigid corsets and the construction of the dress (neckline, bodice, sleeves, mantle), women's movement was quite restricted. Although their feet and legs had the freedom to move under the hoops, their upper bodies were held in place by their foundation garments and their clothing, the sleeves preventing them from raising their arms higher than their shoulders. This restriction of the movement of their arms can be seen in Elizabethan court dances that included clapping. They clapped their hands beside their heads rather than over their heads. The steady attempts in the sumptuary laws to control fine materials for clothing reveals the interest middle-class women had in wearing what the cultural elite were wearing at court. === The Transitional 17th Century === What had been starched and stiff in women's dress in the 16th century — like ruffs and collars — became looser and flatter in the 17th. This transitional period in women's clothing also introduced the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Cavalier|Cavalier style of men's dress]], which began with the political movement in support of England's King Charles II while he was still living in France. Like the ones women wore, men's ruffs and collars were also no longer starched or wired, making them looser and flatter as well. For much of the 17th century — beginning about 1620, according to Payne — skirts were not supported by the cage-like hoops that had been so popular.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|355}} Without structures like hoops, skirts draped loosely to the floor, but they did not fall straight from the waist. Except for dressing gowns (which sometimes appear in portraiture in spite of their informality), the skirts women wore were held away from the body by some kind of padding or stiffened roll around the waist and at the hips, sometimes flat in front, sometimes not. The skirts flowed from the hips, either straight down or in an A-line depending on the cut of the skirt. [[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982.jpg|thumb|Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]] ==== Hip Rolls ==== This c. 1600 Dutch engraving attributed to Maerten de Vos (right) shows two servants dressing two wealthy women in masks and hip rolls. In its title of this engraving the Metropolitan Museum of Art calls a hip roll a ''bustle'' (which it defines as a padded roll or a French farthingale),<ref>De Vos, Maerten. "The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles." Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vanity_of_Women_Masks_and_Bustles_MET_DT4982.jpg.</ref> but the engraving itself calls it a ''cachenfant''.<ref name=":20">De Vos, Maerten (attrib. to). "The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles." Circa 1600. ''The Costume Institute: The Metropolitan Museum of Art''. Object Number: 2001.341.1. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82615</ref> The craftsmen in the back are wearing masks. The one on the left is making the masks that the shop sells, and the one on the right is making the hip rolls. The serving woman on the left is fitting a mask on what is probably her mistress. The kneeling woman on the right is tying a hip roll on what is probably hers. The text around the engraving is in French and Dutch. The French passages read as follows (clockwise from top left), with the word ''cachenfant'' (farthingale) bolded:<blockquote> Orne moy auecq la masque laide orde et sale: <br>Car laideur est en moy la beaute principale. Achepte dame masques & passement: <br>Monstre vostre pauvre [?] orgueil hardiment. Venez belles filles auecq fesses maigres: <br>Bien tost les ferayie rondes & alaigres. Vn '''cachenfant''' come les autres me fault porter: <br>Couste qu'il couste; le fol la folle veult aymer. Voy cy la boutiquel des enragez amours, <br>De vanite, & d'orgueil & d'autres tels tours: D'ont plusieurs qui parent la chair puante, <br>S'en vont auecq les diables en la gehenne ardante. <ref name=":20" /></blockquote> Which translates, roughly, into <blockquote> Adorn me with the ugly, dirty, and orderly mask: <br>For ugliness is the principal beauty in me. Buy, lady, masks and trimmings: <br>Boldly show your poor [?] pride. Come, beautiful girls with thin buttocks: <br>Soon, make them round and cheerful. I must wear a [farthingale, lit. "hide child"] like the others: <br>No matter how much it costs; the madman wants to love. See here the store of rabid loves, <br>Of vanity, and pride, and other such tricks: Many of whom adorn the stinking flesh, <br>Go with the devils to the burning hell. </blockquote> [[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982 (detail of padded rolls or French farthingales).jpg|thumb|Detail of Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]] Traditionally thought of as padding, the hip rolls, at least in this detail of the c. 1600 engraving (right), are hollow and seem to be made cylindrical by what looks like rings of cane or wire sewn into channels. The kneeling woman is tying the strings that attach the hip roll, which is being worn above the petticoat and below the overskirt that the mistress is holding up and back. The hip roll under construction on the table looks hollow, but when they are finished the rolls look padded and their ends sewn closed. Farthingales were more complex than is usually assumed. Currently, ''farthingale'' usually refers to the cane or wire foundation that shaped the skirt from about 1450 to 1625, although the term was not always used so precisely. Padding was sometimes used to shape the skirt, either by itself or in addition to the cartwheel and cone-shaped foundational structures. The padding itself was in fact another version of hoops that were structured both by rings as well as padding. Called a bustle, French farthingale, cachenfant, bum barrel<ref name=":7" />{{rp|42}} or even (quoting Ben Jonson, 1601) bum roll<ref>Cunnington, C. Willett (Cecil Willett), and Phillis Cunnington. ''Handbook of English Costume in the Sixteenth Century''. Faber and Faber, 1954. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/handbookofenglis0000unse_e2n2/.</ref>{{rp|161}} in its day, the hip roll still does not have a stable name. The common terms for what we call the hip roll now include ''bum roll'' and ''French farthingale''. The term ''bustle'' is no longer associated with the farthingale. ==== Bunched Skirts or Padding ==== The speed with which trends in clothing changed began to accelerate in the 17th century, making fashion more expensive and making keeping up with the latest styles more difficult. Part of the transition in this century, then, is the number of silhouettes possible for women, including early forms of what became the pannier in the 18th century and what became the bustle in the late 19th. In the later periods, these forms of hoops involved "baskets" or cages (or crinolines), but during this transitional period, these shapes were made from "stiffened rolls [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hip Rolls|hip rolls]]] that were tied around the waist"<ref>Bendall, Sarah A. () The Case of the “French Vardinggale”: A Methodological Approach to Reconstructing and Understanding Ephemeral Garments, ''Fashion Theory'' 2019 (23:3), pp. 363-399, DOI: [[doi:10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862|10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862]].</ref>{{rp|369}} at the hips under the skirts or from bunched fabric, or both. The fabric-based volume in the back involved the evolution of an overskirt, showing more and more of the underskirt, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|petticoat]], beneath it. This development transformed the petticoat into an outer garment.[[File:Princess Teresa Pamphilj Cybo, by Jacob Ferdinand Voet.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1670]] [[File:Caspar Netscher - Girl Standing before a Mirror - 1925.718 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|thumb|Netscher, Girl Standing before a Mirror|left]] Two examples of the bunched overskirt can be seen in Caspar Netscher's ''Girl Standing before a Mirror'' (left) and Voet's ''Portrait of Anna Pamphili'' (right), both painted about 1670. (This portrait of Anna Pamphili and the one below right were both misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.) In both these portraits, the overskirt is split down the center front, pulled to the sides and toward the back and stitched (probably) to keep the fabric from falling flat. The petticoat, which is now an outer garment, hangs straight to the floor. In Netscher's portrait, the girl's shoe shows, but the skirt rests on the ground, requiring her to lift her skirts to be able to walk, not to mention dancing. The dress in Anna Pamphili's portrait is an interesting contrast of soft and hard. The embroidery stiffens the narrow petticoat, suggesting it might have been a good choice for a static portrait but not for moving or dancing. Besides bunched fabric, the other way to make the skirts full at the hips was with hip rolls. Mierevelt's 1629 Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (below, left) shows a split overskirt, although the fabric is not bunched or draped toward the back. The fullness here is caused by a hip roll, which adds fullness to the hips and back, leaving the skirts flat in front. In this case the flatness of the roll in front pulls the overskirt slightly apart and reveals the petticoat, even this early in the century. One reason this portrait is striking because Elizabeth Stuart appears to be wearing a mourning band on her left arm. Also striking are the very elaborate trim and decorations, displaying Stuart's wealth and status, including the large ornament on the mourning band. [[File:Michiel van Mierevelt - Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), circa 1629.jpg|thumb|Michiel van Mierevelt, Elizabeth Stuart, c. 1629|left]][[File:Attributed to Voet - Portrait of Anna Pamphili, misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1671]] The c. 1671 portrait of Anna Pamphili (below, right) shows an example of the petticoat's development as an outer garment. In the Mierevelt portrait (left), the petticoat barely shows. A half century later, in the portrait of Anna Pamphili, the overskirt is not split but so short that the petticoat is almost completely revealed. A hip roll worn under both the petticoat and the overskirt gives her hips breadth. The petticoat is gathered at the sides and smooth in the front, falling close to her body. The fullness of the petticoat and the overskirt is on the sides — and possibly the back. The heavily trimmed overskirt is stiff but not rigid. Anna Pamphili's shoe peeps out from under the flattened front of the petticoat. The neckline, the hipline, the bottom of the overskirt, the trim at the hem of the petticoat and overskirt and the ribbons on the sleeves — as well as even the hair style — all give Pamphili's outfit a sophisticated horizontal design, a look that soon would become very important and influential as panniers gained popularity. === Panniers === The formal, high-status dress we most associate with the 18th century is the horizontal style of panniers, the hoops at the sides of the skirt, which is closer to the body in front and back. Popular in the mid century in France, panniers continued to dominate design in court dress in the U.K. "well into the 19th century."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} ''Paniers anglais'' were 8-hoop panniers.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|219}} Panniers were made from a variety of materials, most of which have not survived into the 21st century, and the most common materials used panniers has not been established. Lewandowski says that skirts were "stretched over metal hoops" that "First appear[ed] around 1718 and [were] in fashion [for much of Europe] until 1800. ... By 1750 the one-piece pannier was replaced by [two pieces], with one section over each hip."<ref name=":7" />{{rp|219}} According to Payne, another kind of pannier "consisted of a pair of caned or boned [instead of metal] pouches, their inner surfaces curved to the ... contour of the hips, the outside extending well beyond them."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|428}} Given that it is a natural material, surviving examples of cane for the structure of panniers are an unexpected gift, although silk, linen and wool also occasionally exists in museum collections. No examples of bone structures for panniers exist, suggesting that bone is less hardy than cane. Waugh says that whalebone was the only kind of "bone" (it was actually cartilage, of course) used;<ref name=":19">Waugh, Norah. ''Corsets and Crinolines''. New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books, 1954. Rpt. Routledge/Theatre Arts Books, 2000.</ref>{{rp|167}} Payne says cane and whalebone were used for panniers.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|426}} Neither Payne nor Waugh mention metal. Examples of metal structures for panniers have also not survived, perhaps because they were rare or occurred later, during revolutionary times, when a lot of things got destroyed. The pannier was not the only silhouette in the 18th century. In fact, the speed with which fashion changed continued to accelerate in this century. Payne describes "Six basic forms," which though evolutionary were also quite distinct. Further, different events called for different styles, as did the status and social requirements for those who attended. For the first time in the clothing history of the culturally elite, different distinct fashions overlapped rather than replacing each other, the clothing choices marking divisions in this class. The century saw Payne's "Six basic forms" or silhouettes generally in this order but sometimes overlapping: # '''Fullness in the back'''. The fabric bustle. While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411}} The overskirt was all pulled to the back, the fullness probably mostly made by bunched fabric. # '''The round skirt'''. "The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops[,] in England by 1710, in France by 1720."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411}} # '''The ellipse, panniers'''. "The ellipse ... was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. ... English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|411, 413}} # '''Fullness in the back and sides'''. "The dairy maid, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Polonaise|polonaise]], style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} # '''Fullness in the back'''. The return of the bustle in the 1780s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} # '''No fullness'''. The tubular [or Empire] form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} Hoops affected how women sat, went through doors and got into carriages, as well as what was involved in the popular dances. Length of skirts and trains. Some doorways required that women wearing wide panniers turn sideways, which undermined the "entrance" they were expected to make when they arrived at an event. Also, a woman might be accompanied by a gentleman, who would also be affected by her panniers and the width of the doorway. Over the century skirts varied from ankle length to resting on the floor. Women wearing panniers would not have been able to stand around naturally: the panniers alone meant they had to keep their elbows bent. [[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Wooden and Fabric-covered Structure for 18th-century Panniers|left]][[File:Hoop petticoat and corset England 1750-1780 LACMA.jpg|thumb|Hooped Petticoat and Corset, 1750–80]]The 1760–1770 French panniers (left) are "a rare surviving example"<ref name=":15">{{Citation|title=Panniers|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668|date=1760–70|accessdate=2025-01-01}}. The Costume Institute, Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668.</ref> of the structure of this foundation garment. Almost no examples of panniers survive. The hoops are made with bent cane, held together with red velvet silk ribbon that looks pinked. The cane also appears to be covered with red velvet, and the hoops have metal "hinges that allow [them] to be lifted, facilitating movement in tight spaces."<ref name=":15" /> This inventive hingeing permitted the wearer to lift the bottom cane and her skirts, folding them up like an accordion, lifting the front slightly and greatly reducing the width (and making it easier to get through doors). ['''Write the Met to ask about this description once it's finished. Are there examples of boned or metal panniers that they're aware of?''']<p> The corset and hoops shown (right) are also not reproductions and are also rare examples of foundation garments surviving from the 18th century. These hoops are made with cane held in place by casings sewn into a plain-woven linen skirt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714|title=Woman's Hoop Petticoat (Pannier) {{!}} LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|access-date=2025-01-03}} Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714.</ref> These 1750–1780 hoops are modestly wide, but the gathering around the casings for the hoops suggests that the panniers could be widened if longer hoops were inserted. (The corset shown with these hoops is treated in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|Corsets section]]. The mannequin is wearing a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise undergarment]] as well.)[[File:Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine1 copy.jpg|thumb|Martin van Meytens, Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine, c. 1760|left]]In her c. 1760 portrait (left), Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine is wearing exaggerated court-dress panniers, shown here about the widest that they got. Johanna Gabriele was the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, so she was a sister of Marie Antoinette, who also would have worn panniers as exaggerated as these. Johanna Gabriele's hairstyle has not grown into the huge bouffant style that developed to balance the wide court dress, so her outfit looks out of proportion in this portrait. And, because of her panniers, her arms look slightly awkward. The tips of her shoes show because her skirt has been pulled back and up to rest on them. France had become the leader in high fashion by the middle of the century, led first by Madame Pompadour and then by Marie Antoinette, who was crowned queen in 1774.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-23|title=Marie Antoinette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Court dress has always been regulated, but it could be influenced. Marie Antoinette's influence was toward exaggeration, both in formality and in informality. In their evolution formal-dress skirts moved away from the body in front and back but were still wider on the sides and were decorated with massive amounts of trim, including ruffles, flowers, lace and ribbons. The French queen led court fashion into greater and greater excess: "Since her taste ran to dancing, theatrical, and masked escapades, her costumes and those of her court exhibited quixotic tendencies toward absurdity and exaggeration."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|428}} Both Madame Pompadour's and Marie Antoinette's taste ran to extravagance and excess, visually represented in the French court by the clothing.[[File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in 1778 and 1779]]The two portraits (right), painted by Élizabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1778 on the left and 1779 on the right, show Marie Antoinette wearing the same dress. Although one painting has been photographed as lighter than the other, the most important differences between the two portraits are slight variations in the pose and the hairstyle and headdress. Her hair in the 1779 painting is in better proportion to her dress than it is in the earlier one, and the later headdress — a stylized mobcap — is more elaborate and less dependent on piled-up hair. (The description of the painting in Wikimedia Commons says she gave birth between these two portraits, which in particular affected her hair and hairline.<ref>"File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg." ''Wikimedia Commons'' [<bdi>Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, 2 portraits of Marie Antoinette</bdi>] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_1778-1783.jpg.</ref>)[[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|Queen Charlotte of England, 1781|left]] In this 1781<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/wd/jAGip1dpEkf-Fw|title=Portrait of Queen Charlotte of England - Thomas Gainsborough, studio|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref> portrait from the workshop of Thomas Gainsborough (left), Queen Charlotte is wearing panniers less exaggerated in width than Johanna Gabriele's. The English did not usually wear panniers as wide as those in French court dress, but the decoration and trim on the English Queen Charlotte's gown are as elaborate as anything the French would do. The ruffles (many of them double) and fichu are made with a sheer silk or cotton, which was translucent rather than transparent. The ruffles on Queen Charlotte's sleeves are made of lace. The ruffles and poufs of sheer silk are edged in gold. The embroidered flowers and stripes, as well as the sequin discs and attached clusters are all gold. The skirt rose above the floor, revealing Queen Charlotte's pointed shoe. Shoes were fashion accessories because of the shorter length of the skirts. The whole look is more balanced because of the bouffant hairstyle, the less extreme width in the panniers and the greater fullness in front (and, probably, back). The white dress worn by the queen in Season 1, Episode 4 of the BBC and Canal+ series ''Marie Antoinette'' stands out because nobody else is wearing white at the ball in Paris and because of the translucent silk or muslin fabric, which would have been imported from India at that time (some silk was still being imported from China). Muslin is not a rich or exotic fabric to us, but toward the end of the 18th century, muslin could be imported only from India, making it unusual and expensive.<blockquote>Another English contribution to the fashion of the eighties was the sheer white muslin dress familiar to us from the paintings of Reynolds, Romney, and Lawrence. In this respect the English fell under the spell of classic Greek influence sooner than the French did. Lacking the restrictions imposed by Marie Antoinette's court, the English were free to adapt costume designs from the source which was inspiring their architects and draftsmen.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|438}} </blockquote>So while a sheer white dress would have been unlikely in Marie Antoinette's court, according to Payne, the fabric itself was available and suddenly became very popular, in part because of its simplicity and its sheerness. The Empire style replaced the Rococo busyness in a stroke, like the French Revolution.<p> By the 1790s French and English fashion had evolved in very different directions, and also by this time, accepted fashion and court dress had diverged, with the formulaic properties of court dress — especially in France — preventing its development. In general,<blockquote>English women were modestly covered ..., often in overdress and petticoat; that heavier fabrics with more pattern and color were used; and that for a while hairdress remained more elaborate and headdress more involved than in France.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|441}}</blockquote>Even in such a rich and colorful court dress as Queen Charlotte is wearing in the Gainsborough-workshop portrait, her more "modest" dress shows these trends very clearly: the white (muslin or silk) and the elaborate style in headdress and hair. === Polonaise === ==== Marie Antoinette — The Context ==== The robe à la Polonaise in casual court dress was popularized by Marie Antoinette for less formal settings and events, a style that occurred at the same time as highly formal dresses with panniers. An informal fashion not based on court dress, although court style would require panniers, though not always the extremely wide ones, and the new style. It was so popular that it evolved into one way court dress could be.[[File:Marie Antoinette in a Park Met DP-18368-001.jpg|thumb|Le Brun, ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'']]Trianon: Marie Antoinette's "personal" palace at Versailles, where she went to entertain her friends in a casual environment. While there, in extended, several-day parties, she and her friends played games, did amateur theatricals, wore costumes, like the stylization of what a dairy maid would wear. A release from the very rigid court procedures and social structures and practices. Separate from court and so not documented in the same way events at Versailles were. In the c. 1780–81 sketch (right) of Marie Antoinette in a Park by Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun,<ref>Le Brun, Elisabeth Louise Vigée. ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'' (c. 1780–81). The Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/824771.</ref> the queen is wearing a robe à la Polonaise with an apron in front, so we see her in a relatively informal pose and outfit. The underskirt, which is in part at least made of a sheer fabric, shows beneath the overskirt and the apron. This is a late Polonaise, more decoration, additions of ribbons, lace, lace, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ruffles, which did not exist on actual milkmaid dresses or earlier versions of the robe à la Polonaise. Even though this is a sketch, we can see that this dress would be more comfortable and convenient for movement because the bodice is not boned, and wrinkles in the bodice suggest that she is not likely wearing a corset. ==== Definition of Terms ==== The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, the usage of the word in written English dating from 1773 although ''Polonaise'' is French for ''the Polish woman'', and the style arose in France:<blockquote>A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.<ref name=":13">“Polonaise, N. & Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.</ref></blockquote>The lack of boning in the bodice would make this fashion more comfortable than the formal foundation garments worn in court dress. The term ''á la polonaise'' itself is not in common use by the French nowadays, and the French ''Wikipédia'' doesn't use it for clothing. French fashion drawings and prints from the 18th-century, however, do use the term. Elizabeth Lewandowski dates the Polonaise style from about 1750 to about 1790,<ref name=":7" />{{rp|123}} and Payne says it was "prevalent" in the 1770s.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}} The style à la Polonaise was based on an idealization of what dairy maids wore, adapted by aristocratic women and frou-froued up. Two dairymaids are shown below, the first is a caricature of a stereotypical milkmaid and the second is one of Marie Antoinette's ladies in waiting costumed as a milkmaid. [[File:La laitiere. G.16931.jpg|left|thumb|Mixelle, ''La Laitiere'' (the Milkmaid)]] [[File:Madame A. Aughié, Friend of Queen Marie Antoinette, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon - Nationalmuseum - 21931.tif|thumb|Madame A. Aughié, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon]]In the aquatint engraving of ''La Laitiere'' (left) by Jean-Marie Mixelle (1758–1839),<ref>Mixelle, Jean-Marie. ''La Laitiere'', Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, Inventory Number: G.16931. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/la-laitiere-8#infos-secondaires-detail.</ref> the milkmaid is portrayed as flirtatious and, perhaps, not virtuous. She is wearing clogs and two white aprons. Her bodice is laced in front, the ruffle is probably her chemise showing at her neckline, and the peplum sticks out, drawing attention to her hips. As apparently was typical, she is wearing a red skirt, short enough for her ankles to show. The piece around her neck has become untucked from her bodice, contributing to the sexualizing, as does the object hanging from her left hand and directing the eye to her bosom. (The collection of engravings that contains this one is undated but probably from the late 19th or early 20th century.) The 1787 <bdi>Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller</bdi> portrait of Madame Adélaïde Aughié in the Royal Dairy at Petit Trianon-Le Hameau<ref>Wertmüller, Adolf Ulrik. ''Adélaïde Auguié as a Dairy-Maid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon''. 1787. The National Museum of Sweden, Inventory number NM 4881. https://collection.nationalmuseum.se/en/collection/item/21931/.</ref> (right) is about as casual as Le Trianon got. A contemporary of Marie Antoinette, she is in costume as a milkmaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon, perhaps for a theatrical event or a game. Her dress is not in the à la Polonaise style but a court interpretation of what a milkmaid would look like, in keeping with the hired workers at le Trianon. ==== The 3 Poufs ==== Visually, the style à la Polonaise is defined by the 3 poufs made by the gathering-up of the overskirt. Initially most of the fabric was bunched to make the poufs, but eventually they were padded or even supported by panniers. Payne describes how the polonaise skirt was constructed, mentioning only bunched fabric and not padding:<blockquote>The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions [the poufs] appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|413}}</blockquote>[[File:Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle, G.4555.jpg|thumb|Robe à la polonaise, c. 1775]]The overskirt, which was gathered or pulled into the 3 distinctive poufs, was sometimes quite elaborately decorated, revealing the place of this garment in high fashion (rather than what an actual working dairy maid might wear). The fabrics in the underskirt and overskirt sometimes were different and contrasting; in simpler styles, the two skirts might have the same fabrics. More complexly styled dresses were heavily decorated with ruffles, bows, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ribbons, flowers, lace and trim. The c. 1775<ref name=":21">"Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle." Palais Galliera, musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris. Inventory number: G.4555. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/palais-galliera/oeuvres/robe-a-la-polonaise-jaune-et-violette-galerie-des-modes-fonds-d-estampes-du#infos-principales.</ref> fashion color print (right) shows the way the overskirt of the Polonaise was gathered into 3 poufs, one in back and one on either side. In this illustration, the underskirt and the overskirt have the same yellow fabric trimmed with a flat band of purple fabric. The 18th-century caption printed below the image identifies it as a "Jeune Dame en robe à la Polonoise de taffetas garnie a plat de bandes d'une autre couleur: elle est coeffée d'un mouchoir a bordures découpées, ajusté avec gout et bordé de fleurs [Young Lady in a Polonaise dress of taffeta trimmed flat with bands of another color: she is wearing a handkerchief with cut edges, tastefully adjusted and bordered with flowers]."<ref name=":21" /> The skirt's few embellishments are the tasseled bows creating the poufs. The gathered underskirt falls straight from the padded hips to a few inches above the floor. Her cap is interesting, perhaps a forerunner of the mob cap (here a handkerchief worn as a cap ["mouchoir a bordures découpées"]). ===== The Evolution of the Polonaise into Court Dress ===== Part of the original attraction of the robe à la Polonaise was that women did not wear their usual heavy corsets and hoops, which is what would have made this style informal, playful, easy to move in, an escape from the stiffness of court life. Traditionally court dress with panniers and the robe à la Polonaise were thought to be separate, competing styles, but actually the two styles influenced each other and evolved into a design that combined elements from both. By the time the robe à la Polonaise became court dress, the poufs were no longer only bunched fabric but large, controlled elaborations that were supported by structural elements, and the silhouette of the dress had returned to the ellipsis shape provided by panniers, with perhaps a little more fullness in front and back. The underskirt fell straight down from the hip level, indicating that some kind of padding or structure pulled it away from the body. Court dress required the controlled shape of the skirt and a tightly structured bodice, which could have been achieved with corseting or tight lacing of the bodice itself. In the combined style, the bodice comes to a pointed V below the waist, which could only be kept flat by stays. While the Polonaise was ankle length, court dress touched the floor. The following 3 images are fashion prints showing Marie Antoinette in court dress influenced by the robe à la Polonaise, made into a personal style for the queen by the asymmetrical poufs, the reduction of Rococo decoration, layers stacked upon each other and a length that keeps the hem of the skirts off the floor.[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, ooo 356 Grand habit de bal a la Cour (..), RP-P-2009-1213.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Ball Gown à la Polonaise|left]]The 1787 "Grand habit de bal à la Cour, avec des manches à la Gabrielle & c." (left) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a ballgown for the court with sleeves à la Gabrielle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--10ceb0e05fbb45ad4941bed1dacb27f1|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> This ballgown, influenced by the robe à la polonaise, is balanced but asymmetrical and seems to have panniers for support of the side poufs. The only decoration on the skirt is ribbon or braid and tassels. Contrasting fabrics replace the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]] for more depth and interest. The lining of the poufs has been pulled out for another contrasting color. The print makes it impossible to tell if the purple is an underskirt and an overskirt or one skirt with attached loops of the ribbon-like trim. (A sleeve à la Gabrielle has turned out to be difficult to define. The best we can do, which is not perfect, is a 4 July 1814 description: "On fait, depuis quelque temps, des manches à la Gabrielle. Ces manches, plus courtes que les manches ordinaires, se terminent par plusieurs rangs de garnitures. Au lieu d'un seul bouillonné au poignet, on en met trois ou quatre, que l'on sépare par un poignet."<ref>"Modes." ''Journal des Dames et des Modes''. 4 July 1814 (18:37), vol. 10, 1. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=kwNdAAAAcAAJ.</ref>{{rp|296}} ["For some time now, sleeves have been made in the Gabrielle style. These sleeves, shorter than ordinary sleeves, end in several rows of trimmings. Instead of a single ruffle at the wrist, three or four are used, separated by a wrist treatment."] The sleeves on the bodice of robes à la Polonaise seem to have been short, 3/4-length or less.) [[File:Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 Robe de Cour à la Turque (..), RP-P-2009-1220.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Dress à la Turque]]The c. 1787 "Robe de Cour à la Turque, coeffure Orientale aves des aigrettes et plumes, &c." (right) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a court dress à la Turque with a headdress that has [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Aigrette|aigrettes]] and plumes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/---75499afec371ac1741dd98d769b14698|title=Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 : Robe de Cour à la Turque; (...)|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> The "coeffure Orientale" seems to be a highly stylized turban. This court dress is à la Polonaise in that it has poufs, but it has 2 layers of poufs and an underskirt with a large ruffle. With its unusual striped fabric, its contrasting colors, the very asymmetrical skirt and the ruffles, bows and tassels, this is an elaborate and visually complex dress, but it is not decorated with a lot of [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]]. Several prints in this fashion collection show the robe à la Turque, a late-Georgian style [1750–1790],<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}} none of which look "Turkish" in the slightest. Lewandowski defines robe à la Turque:<blockquote> Very tight bodice with trained over-robe with funnel sleeves and a collar. Worn with a draped sash.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}}</blockquote> Her "Robe à la Reine" might offer a better description of this outfit, or at least of the overskirt:<blockquote>Popular from 1776 to 1787, bodice with an attached overskirt swagged back to show the underskirt. .... Gown was short sleeved and elaborately decorated.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|250}}</blockquote>[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Francais, 1787, ooo.359, Habit de Cour en hyver (titel op object), RP-P-2004-1142.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in Winter Court Fashion]] This 18th-century interpretation of what looked Turkish would have been about what was fashionable and, in the case of Marie Antoinette's court, dramatic. The 1787 "Habit de Cour en hyver garni de fourrures &c." (right) of Marie Antoinette by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a winter court outfit trimmed with white fur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--727dc366885cc0596cd60d7b2c57e207|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Unusually, this "habit" à la Polonaise has a train. The highly stylized court version of a mob cap was appropriated from the peasantry and turned into this extravagant headdress with its unrealistic high crown and its huge ribbon and bows. This outfit as a whole is balanced even though individual elements (like the cap and the white drapes gathered and bunched with bows and tassels) are out of proportion. The decadence of the aristocratic and royal classes in France at the end of the 18th century are revealed by these extravagant, dramatic fashions in court dress. These restructured, redesigned court dresses are the merging of the earlier, highly decorated and formal pannier style with the simpler, informal style à la Polonaise. The design is complex, but the complexity does not result from the variety of decorations. The most important differences in the merged design are in the radical reduction of frou-frou and the number of layers. Also, sometimes, the skirts are ankle rather than floor length. The foundation garments held the layers away from the legs, not restricting movement. The different styles of farthingales that existed at the same time are variations on a theme, but the panniers and the Polonaise styles, which also existed at the same time, had different purposes and were designed for different events, but the two styles influenced each other to the point that they merged. All the various forms of hoops we've discussed so far are not discrete but moments in a long evolution of foundation structures. Once fashion had moved on, they all passed out of style and were not repeated. Except the Polonaise, which had influence beyond the 18th century — in the 1870s revival of the à la Polonaise style and in Victorian fancy-dress (or costume) balls. For example, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Lady Beatrix Herbert]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] was wearing a Polonaise, based on a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of dancer Giovanna Baccelli. === Crinoline Hoops === ''[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline|Crinoline]]'', technically, is the name for a kind of stiff fabric made mostly from horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, and used for [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Foundation Garments|foundation garments]] like petticoats or bustles. The term ''crinoline'' was not used at first for the cage (shown in the image below left), but that kind of structure came to be called a crinoline as well as a cage, and the term is still used in this way by some. After the 1789 French Revolution, for about one generation, women stopped wearing corsets and hoops in western Europe.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|445–446}} What they did wear was the Empire dress, a simple, columnar style of light-weight cotton fabric that idealized classical Greek outlines and aesthetics. Cotton was a fabric for the elite at this point since it was imported from India or the United States. Sometimes women moistened the fabric to reveal their "natural" bodies, showing that they were not wearing artificial understructures.[[File:Crinoline era3.gif|thumb|1860s Cage Showing the Structure|left]] Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century and continuing through the 1830s, corsets returned and skirts became more substantial, widened by layers of flounced cotton petticoats — and in winter, heavy woolen or quilted ones. The waist moved down to the natural waist from the Empire height. As skirts got wider in the 1840s, the petticoats became too bulky and heavy, hanging against the legs and impeding movement. In the mid 1850s<ref name=":11" />{{rp|510}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}} those layers of petticoats began to be replaced by hoops, which were lighter than all that fabric, even when made of steel, and even when really wide. The sketch (left) shows a crinoline cage from the 1860s, making clear the structure that underlay the very wide, bell or hemisphere shapes of the era without the fabric that would normally have covered it.<ref>Jensen, Carl Emil. ''Karikatur-album: den evropaeiske karikature-kunst fra de aeldste tider indtil vor dage. Vaesenligst paa grundlag af Eduard Fuchs : Die karikature'', Eduard Fuchs. Vol. 1. København, A. Chrustuabsebs Forlag, 1906. P. 504, Fig. 474 (probably) ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=BUlHAQAAMAAJ.</ref> (This image was published in a book in 1904, but it may have been drawn earlier. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise]] is accurate but oversimplified, minus the usual ruffles, more for the wealthy and less for the working classes.) When people think of 1860s hoops, they think of this shape, the one shown in, say, the 1939 film ''Gone with the Wind''. The extremely wide, round shape, which is what we are accustomed to seeing in historical fiction and among re-enactors, was very popular in the 1860s, but it was not the only shape hoops took at this time. The half-sphere shape — in spite of what popular history prepares us to think — was far from universal.[[File:Miss Victoria Stuart-Wortley, later Victoria, Lady Welby (1837-1912) 1859.jpg|thumb|Victoria Stuart-Wortley, 1859]]As the 1860s progressed, hoops (and skirts) moved towards the back, creating more fullness there and leaving a flatter front. The photographs below show the range of choices for women in this decade. Cages could be more or less wide, skirts could be more or less full in back and more or less flat in front, and skirts could be smooth, pleated or folded, or gathered. Skirts could be decorated with any of the many kinds of ruffles or with layers (sometimes made of contrasting fabrics), and they could be part of an outfit with a long bodice or jacket (sometimes, in fact, a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Peplum|peplum]]). As always, the woman's social class and sense of style, modesty and practicality affected her choices.<p> In her portrait (right) Victoria Stuart-Wortley (later Victoria, Lady Welby) is shown in 1859, two years before she became one of Queen Victoria's maids of honor. While Stuart-Wortley is dressed fashionably, her style of clothing is modest and conservative. The wrinkles and folds in the skirt suggest that she could be wearing numerous petticoats (which would have been practical in cold buildings), but the smoothness and roundness of the silhouette of the skirt suggest that she is wearing conservative hoops.[[File:Elisabeth Franziska wearing a crinoline and feathered hat.jpg|thumb|Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska, 1860s|left]] The portrait of Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska (left) offers an example of hoops from the 1860s that are not half-sphere shaped and a skirt that is not made to fit smoothly over them. The dress seems to have a short peplum whose edges do not reach the front. She is standing close to the base of the column and possibly leaning on the balustrade, distorting the shape of the skirt by pushing the hoop forward. This dress has a complex and sophisticated design, in part because of the weight and textures of the fabric and trim. The folds in the skirt are unusually deep. Even though the textured or flocked fabric is light-colored, this could be a winter dress. The skirt is trimmed with zig-zag rows of ruffles and a ruffle along the bottom edge. The ruffles may be double with the top ruffle a very narrow one (made of an eyelet or some kind of textured fabric). Both the top and bottom edges of the tiered double ruffles are outlined in a contrasting fabric, perhaps of ribbon or another lace, perhaps even crocheted. Visual interest comes from the three-dimensionality provided by the ruffles and the contrast caused by dark crocheted or ribbon edging on the ruffles. In fact, the ruffles are the focus of this outfit. [[File:Her Majesty the Queen Victoria.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, 1861]] The photographic portrait (right) of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, in evening dress with diadem and jewels, is by Charles Clifford<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ppgcfuck|title=Queen Victoria. Photograph by C. Clifford, 1861.|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en|access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> of Madrid, dated 14 November 1861 and now held by the Wellcome Institute. Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-20|title=Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> so this carte-de-visite portrait was taken one month before Victoria went into mourning for 40 years. This fashionable dress could be a ballgown designed by a designer. The hoops under these skirts appear to be round rather than elliptical but are rather modest in their width and not extreme. That is, there is as much fullness in the front and back as on the sides. In this style, the skirt has a smooth appearance because it is not fuller at the bottom than the waist, where it is tightly gathered or pleated, so the skirts lie smoothly on the hoops and are not much fuller than the hoops. The smoothness of this skirt makes it definitive for its time. Instead of elaborate decoration, this visually complex dress depends on the woven moiré fabric with additional texture created by the shine and shadows in the bunched gathering of the fabric. The underskirt is gathered both at the waist and down the front, along what may be ribbons separating the gathers and making small horizontal bunches. The overskirt, which includes a train, has a vertical drape caused by the large folds at the waist. The horizontal design in the moiré fabric contrasts with the vertical and horizontal gathers of the underskirt and large, strongly vertical folds of the overskirt.[[File:Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall. early 1860s|left]] The carte-de-visite portrait of Queen Victoria by John Jabez Edwin Paisley Mayall (left) shows hoops that are more full in the back than the front. Mayall took a number of photographs of the royal family in 1860 and in 1861 that were published as cartes de visite,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-08|title=John Jabez Edwin Mayall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> and the style of Victoria's dress is consistent with the early 1860s. The fact that she has white or a very light color at her collar and wrists suggests that she was not in full mourning and thus wore this dress before Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. We cannot tell what color this dress is, and it may not be black in spite of how it appears in this photograph. Victoria's hoops are modest — not too full — and mostly round, slightly flatter in the front. The skirt gathers more as it goes around the sides to the back and falls without folds in the front, where it is smoother, even over the flatter hoops. This is a winter garment with bulky sleeves and possibly fur trim. Except for what may be an undergarment at the wrists, this one-layer garment might be a dress or a bodice and skirt (perhaps with a short jacket). Over-trimmed garments were standard in this period. Lacking layers, ruffles, lace or frou-frou, the simple design of Victoria's dress is deliberate and balanced — and looks warm. The bourgeois, inexpensive-looking design of this dress echoes Victoria's performance of a queen who is respectable and responsible rather than aristocratic and "fashion forward." So she looks like a middle-class matron.[[File:Queen Emma of Hawaii, photograph by John & Charles Watkins, The Royal Collection Trust (crop).jpg|thumb|Queen Emma Kaleleokalani of Hawai'i, 1865]] The portrait (right) of Queen Emma of Hawaii — Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke — is a carte de visite from an album of ''Royal Portraits'' that Queen Victoria collected. The carte-de-visite photograph is labelled 1865 and ''Queen Emma of the Sandwich Islands'',<ref>Unknown Photographer. ''Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1836-85)''. ''www.rct.uk''. Retrieved 2025-02-07. https://www.rct.uk/collection/2908295/emma-kalanikaumakaamano-kaleleonalani-naea-rooke-queen-of-the-kingdom-of-hawaii.</ref> possibly in Victoria's hand. How Victoria got this photograph is not clear. Queen Emma traveled to North America and Europe between 6 May 1865 and 23 October 1866,<ref>Benton, Russell E. ''Emma Naea Rooke (1836-1885), Beloved Queen of Hawaii''. Lewiston, N.Y., U.S.A. : E. Mellen Press, 1988. ''Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/emmanaearooke1830005bent/.</ref>{{rp|49}} visiting London twice, the second time in June 1866.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Queen Emma of Hawaii|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> In her portrait Queen Emma is standing before some books and an open jewelry box. She shows an elegant sense of style. The silhouette shows a sophisticated variation of the hoops as the fullness has moved to the back and the front flattened. The large pleats suggest a lot of fabric, but the front falls almost straight down. The overskirt and bodice are made from a satin-weave fabric, and the petticoat has a matt woven surface. The overskirt is longer in the back, leading us to expect the petticoat also to be longer and to turn into a train. Although the hoops cause the skirt to fall away from her body in back, the skirt does not drag on the floor as a train would and just clears the floor all the way around. This optical illusion of a train makes this dress look more formal than it actually was. The covered shoulders and décolletage say the dress was not a formal or evening gown. In fact, this looks like a winter dress, and the sleeves (which she has pushed up above her wrist) are wrinkled, suggesting they may be padded. Queen Emma seems to have worn veils like this at other times as well, especially after the death of her husband, as did Victoria, so this is also not her wedding dress. Popular history has led us to believe that crinoline hoops were half-spherical and always very wide, but photographs of the time show a variety of shapes for skirts, with many women wearing skirts that had flatter fronts and more fabric in the back. In fact, also in the 1860s, according to Lewandowski, a version of the bustle — called a crinolette or crinolette petticoat — developed:<blockquote>Crinolette petticoat: Bustle (1865–1890 C.E.). Worn in 1870 and revived in 1883, petticoat cut flat in front and with half circle steel hoops in back and flounces on bottom back.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|78}}</blockquote> This development of a bustle mid century is the result of construction techniques that include foundation structures and specifically shaped pattern pieces to achieve the evolving silhouette, in this case part of the general movement of the fullness of skirts away from the front and toward the back. The other essential element of these construction techniques is angled seams in the skirts, made by gores, pieces of fabric shaped to fit the waist (and sometimes the hips) and to widen at the bottom so that the skirt flares outward. ==== The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise ==== The Polonaise style was revived in the last third of the 19th century, but the revival did not bring back the 18th-century 3 poufs. The robe à la Polonaise had evolved. The foundation that created the poufs is gone, replaced possibly in fact by the crinolette petticoat or something like it. The panniers — and the 2 side poufs they supported — have gone, and the bulk of the fabric has been bunched in the back. Also, the poufs on the sides have been replaced with a flat drape in front that functions as an overskirt. The Polonaise dress (below left and right), in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, is English, dating from about 1875.<ref name=":18">"Woman's Dress Ensemble." Costumes and Textiles. LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214459.</ref> The sheer fabric has red "wool supplementary patterning" woven into the weft.<ref name=":18" /> Because the mannequin is modern, we cannot be certain how long the skirts would have been on the woman who wore this dress.[[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (1 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, front view|left]][[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (4 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, side view]]The dress has an overskirt that is draped up toward the back and pulled under the top poof. The underskirt gets fuller at the bottom because it is constructed with gores to create the A-line but it is also slightly gathered at the waist. The vertical element is emphasized by the angled silhouette and the folds caused by the gathering at the waist. The ruffles and lace form horizontal lines in the skirts. The skirts are very busy visually because of pattern in the fabric and the contrasting vertical and horizontal elements as well as the ruffles, some of which are double, and the machine-made lace at the edge of the ruffles. The skirts look three dimensional because of these elements and the layering of the fabric, multiplying the jagged-edged red "supplementary patterning." The fabric of the overskirt is cut, gathered and draped so that the poufs in back are full and rounded, but they are also possibly supported by some kind of foundation structure. The lower pouf in back introduces the idea that the fullness in the back is layered, making this element of the Polonaise a kind of precursor to the bustle and continuing what the crinolette petticoat began in the 1860s. This layering of the lower pouf also indicates one way a train might be attached. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before, unusually, and calls her dress a Polonaise. Although they are common in current historical fiction, descriptions of foundation garments are rare in the writings of the women who wore them or in the literature of the time. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), Wilder gives a detailed description of the undergarments as well as the foundation garments under her dress, including a bustle, and talks about how they make the Polonaise look on her:<blockquote> Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened to either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front. Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe. Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom.<ref>Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper & Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.</ref></blockquote> When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the "tight, unboned bodice"<ref name=":13" /> and perhaps a simple, modest look like the stereotype of a dairy maid. While the bodice was unboned, the fact that she is wearing a corset cover means that she is corseted under it. ==== Bustle or Tournure ==== As we have seen, bustles were popular from around 1865 to 1890.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|296}} The French term ''tournure'' was a euphemism in English for ''bustle''. The article on the tournure in the French ''Wikipédia'' addresses the purpose of the bustle and crinoline:<blockquote> Crinoline et tournure ont exactement la même fonction déjà recherchée à d'autres époques avec le vertugadin et ses dérivés: soutenir l'ampleur de la jupe, et par là souligner par contraste la finesse de la taille; toute la mode du xixe siècle visant à accentuer les courbes féminines naturelles par le double emploi du corset affinant la taille et d'éléments accentuant la largeur des hanches (crinoline, tournure, drapés bouffants…).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-27|title=Tournure|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournure|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}</ref> [Translation by ''Google Translate'': Crinoline and bustle have exactly the same function already sought in other periods with the farthingale and its derivatives: to support the fullness of the skirt, and thereby emphasize by contrast the finesse of the waist; all the fashion of the 19th century aimed at accentuating natural feminine curves by the dual use of the corset refining the waist and elements accentuating the width of the hips (crinoline, bustle, puffy drapes, etc.).]</blockquote>Hoops' final phase was the development of the bustle, which as early as the 1860s was created by one of several methods: by draping the dress over a crinolette petticoat or some other structure, or by pulling the fabric to the back and bunching it with pleats or gathers. The overskirt so popular with the revival of the Polonaise pulled additional fabric to the back of the skirt, the poufs supported by some substructure, bunched fabric, padding and, often, ruffled petticoats. The bustle, then, is more complex than might be normally be thought and more complex than some of the earlier foundation garments in the evolution of hoops, in part because the silhouette of hoops (and dresses) was changing more rapidly in the last half of the 19th century than ever before. [[File:La Gazette rose, 16 Mai 1874; robe à tournure.jpg|thumb|"Toilettes de Printemps," 1874|left]]In fact, fashion trends were moving so fast at this point that the two "bustle periods" were actually only two decades, the 1870s and the 1880s. Bustle fashion was at its height for these two decades, which saw the line of the skirts change radically. As the bustle developed, the 1870s ruffles disappeared, replaced by draping and layering, which made the bustles more complex visually.<p> "Toilettes de Printemps" (left), an 1874 French fashion plate, shows two women walking in the country, the one in green wearing an extremely long and impractical train. Both of these have several rows of ruffles beneath the overskirt, a short-lived fashion. The ruffles create a fullness in the front of the skirt at the bottom that not seen in the 2nd bustle period. The bodice of both dresses connects to an overskirt, like a jacket. The excess skirt fabric is draped in the back over a foundation structure. [[File:Somm26.jpg|thumb|Henry Somm, 1880s]]Plumes makes the hats tall, part of the proportioning with the bustle. The dog at the feet of the woman in the green dress recalls the dogs ubiquitous in earlier portraiture. The Henry Somm watercolor (right) offers a clear example of how extreme bustles got in the mid 1880s, in the 2nd bustle period. Henry Somm was the pen name François Clément Sommier (1844–1907) used on his paintings.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-01|title=Henry Somm|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Somm&oldid=222597815|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}</ref> He was in Paris beginning in the 1860s and so was present for the Civil War of 1870–71 and the rise of Impressionism in that highly political and dangerous context.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> Somm's c. 1895<ref>"File:Somm26.jpg." Henry Somm, "An Elegantly Dressed Woman at a Door (wearing mid-1880s bustled fashions)," c. 1895. June 2025. Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somm26.jpg.</ref> impressionist painting shows an immediate moment — an elegant mid-1880s woman outside a door, her right hand and face animated, as if she is talking to someone standing to our left. Her skirt is quite narrow and flat in front with yards of fabric draped in poufs over the huge foundation bustle behind. This dress has no ruffles or excessive frills. The narrow sleeves and tall hat, along with the umbrella so tightly folded it looks like a stick, contribute to the lean silhouette. Details of the dress are not present to see because this painting is impressionistic rather than realistic, showcasing the play of light on the fabric and the elegance of the woman. The square corner of the front overskirt is not realistic draping, perhaps an artifact of the painter working from memory rather than a model.[[File:Elizabeth Alice Austen in June 1888.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Alice Austen, 1888|left]] The 1888 photograph of American photographer Elizabeth Alice Austen (left) is also from the 2nd bustle period. The very stylish Austen is wearing a bustle that is large but not as extreme as they got. The design of her dress is sophisticated and complex with the proportions more clearly presented than we see in paintings or fashion plates. Her plumed hat is tall, one of the vertical elements, along with the slim line of the bodice, sleeves and skirt. The overskirt may be pulled to Austen's right so that it does not lie flat in front. The overskirt and bustle appear to have been made from 3 different fabrics with 3 different patterns. The front drape and bodice are made of a light-colored fabric with a light striped pattern, and the bustle has 2 fabrics, a shiny reflective material with no pattern and a strongly striped section that matches the underskirt. The strongly and horizontally striped fabric in the underskirt contrasts with the vertical line of the outfit itself. In spite of the very strong contrasts in the stripes and horizontal and vertical elements, Austen's dress has a light touch about it. With the draped overskirt in front and the complex construction of the bustle, Austen's dress makes a delicate reference to the poufs of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise|Polonaise revival]]. [[File:Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg|thumb|Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg]]This mid-1880s fashion plate (right) has caricatures for figures because it is a fashion plate, with exaggerated waists, feet, height, but it is useful because of the 3 different ways bustles are working in the illustration. The little girl's overskirt and sash function as a bustle, regardless of whatever foundation garments she is wearing. The two women's outfits have the characteristic narrow sleeves and tall hats, and the one in white is holding another extremely narrow umbrella as well. The trim on the white dress controls the ruffles, preventing them from sticking out. The front overskirt is very flat and the back overskirt contributes to the bustle. The front of the bodice on the green dress extends below the waist to an extreme point. A wide black ribbon bow adorns the front one of the solid black panels on the skirt. Tiny pleats peep out from below the skirt on both women's dresses. The child's dress has 3 flat pleated ruffles in front that contrast with the fuller but still controlled folds in the back. The most common image of the bustle — the extreme form of the 1880s — required a foundation structure, one of which was "steel springs placed inside the shirring [gathering] around the back of the petticoat."<ref name=":7" /> (296) Many manufacturers were making bustles by this time, offering women a choice on the kinds of materials used in the foundation structures ['''check this''']. '''Trains, skirt length''' == Jewelry and Stones == === Cabochon === This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing "the rough parts" and the parts that are not the right stone.<ref>"cabochon, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.</ref> A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting. === Cairngorm === === Half-hoop === Usually of a ring or bracelet, a precious-metal band with a setting of stones on one side, covering perhaps about 1/3 or 1/2 of the band. Half-hoop jewelry pieces were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride. === Jet === === ''Orfèvrerie'' === Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler. === Solitaire === A solitaire is a ring with a single stone set as the focal point. Solitaire rings were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride. === Turquoise === == Mantle, Cloak, Cape == In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments. === '''Mantle''' === A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous. === '''Cloak''' === === '''Cape''' === == Military == Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not. === Baldric === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is "A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc."<ref>"baldric, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> This sense has been in existence since c. 1300. === Cuirass === According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is "A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ...."<ref>"cuirass, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.</ref> [[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]] === Household Cavalry === The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of "the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660."<ref name=":3">Joll, Christopher. "Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles." The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.</ref>{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, "the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from "the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch. The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 "and guarding their subsequent execution," the Household Cavalry contributed to the "the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents" in 1884.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} In 1887 they "were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|3}} ==== Grenadier Guards ==== Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing "scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs" as well as items associated with weapons and armor.<ref name=":14">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}} Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment "was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation" at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.</ref> They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.</ref> At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.</ref> The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,<blockquote>In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.</ref></blockquote>The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats. The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:<blockquote>Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.</ref></blockquote> ==== Life Guards ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name=":14" />{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.</ref> The 1st Life Guards were on "the extreme right" of a French countercharge and "kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties."<ref name=":4" /> == Peplum == According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a "Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress" [translation by Google Translate].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:<blockquote>''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.<ref name=":5">“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, <https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702>.</ref></blockquote>Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.<ref name=":5" /> == Revers == According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the "edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge."<ref>"revers, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.</ref> The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.</ref> == Traditional vs Progressive Style == === Progressive Style === The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' — as well as ''rational dress'' or ''dress reform'' — are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements, as is ''rational dress'', a movement located largely among women in the middle classes from the middle to the end of the century. In general, what we are calling the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit. * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Ada Nettleship]]: Constance Wilde and Ellen Terry; an 1883 exhibition of dress by the Rational Dress Society featured her work, including trousers for women (with a short overskirt)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-21|title=Ada Nettleship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Nettleship&oldid=1286707541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Alice Comyns Carr]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-06|title=Alice Comyns Carr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Comyns_Carr&oldid=1294283929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Grosvenor Gallery === Traditional Style === Images * Smooth bodice, fabric draped to the back, bustle, laters: Victoria Hesse NPG 95941 crop.jpg By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 "high style" in a gown by Worth with "the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown":<blockquote>The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|530}}</blockquote> The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''. William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style. === The Styles === [[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']] We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — "recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress" — deliberately contrasts what he calls the "folly" of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.<ref>Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.</ref> Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress "ephemeral," but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century. As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the "craze" associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or "bones") to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope. A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''<ref>Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. <nowiki>https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/</nowiki></ref>] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, "while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past."<ref>Mitchell, Rebecca N. "The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900." ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.</ref> (294) * historical dress: beautiful clothing. * the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys * "In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ..." Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it. Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. "Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove," that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls "elaborations"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]]. Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change. == Undergarments == Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. === Undergarments === * Chemise * Corset cover * Bloomers * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|Petticoats]] (distinguish between the outer- and undergarment type of petticoat) * Combinations * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hose, Stockings and Tights|Hose, stockings and tights]] * Men's shirts * Men's unders ==== Bloomers ==== ==== Chemise ==== A chemise is a garment "linen, homespun, or cotton knee-length garment with [a] square neck" worn under all the other garments except the bloomers or combinations.<ref name=":7" /> (61) According to Lewandowski, combinations replaced the chemise by 1890. ==== Combinations ==== === Foundation Garments === Foundation structures changed the shape of the body by metal, cane, boning. Men wore corsets as well. * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corset|Corset]] * [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|Hoops]] * Padding ==== Padding ==== Some kinds of padding were used in the Victorian age to enlarge women's bosoms and create cleavage as well as to keep elements of a garment puffy. In the Elizabethan era, men's codpieces are examples of padding. With respect to the costumes worn at fancy-dress balls, most important would be bum rolls and cod pieces. What are commonly called '''bum rolls''' were sometimes called roll farthingales, French farthingales or padded rolls. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 5pucdagf43rc06qlg5qw0t9evji9kht 1 300014 2719002 2718990 2025-06-18T12:41:18Z MathXplore 2888076 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2409:4088:9C04:20CD:0:0:AAC9:5A04|2409:4088:9C04:20CD:0:0:AAC9:5A04]] ([[User_talk:2409:4088:9C04:20CD:0:0:AAC9:5A04|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2712884 wikitext text/x-wiki == dit == k225678 [[Special:Contributions/2405:9800:B911:3C9D:A5B7:BD21:8BED:A3F|2405:9800:B911:3C9D:A5B7:BD21:8BED:A3F]] ([[User talk:2405:9800:B911:3C9D:A5B7:BD21:8BED:A3F|discuss]]) 15:57, 15 April 2025 (UTC) kisi7hkcu4bu8ecfvuihtkgt7btw8a6 118 317116 2719020 2718879 2025-06-18T17:41:52Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war */ 2719020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]]. The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war == On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]]. In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said "A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,” “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>. == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} qdusv8ow9lpg0rvwfixq3cqq9f3exb1 2719023 2719020 2025-06-18T17:55:18Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war */ 2719023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]]. The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == 2023 - Spring 2025 == The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump. [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium. == Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war == On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]]. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the "esteemed people of Iran" that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has "never been so weak" and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership. In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said "A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,” “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>. == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} bcq9mg0jwkg8gzl17wo5fdl0cn5ws6k 2719038 2719023 2025-06-18T19:18:25Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war */ 2719038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]]. The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == 2023 - Spring 2025 == The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump. [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium. == Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war == On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]]. Later that day, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes." "It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win. ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the "esteemed people of Iran" that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has "never been so weak" and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership. In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said "A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,” “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>. == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} d7vcpqhvvwj3ugxpe63um8hba2zkiex 2719039 2719038 2025-06-18T19:23:36Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war */ 2719039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]]. The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == 2023 - Spring 2025 == The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump. [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium. == Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war == On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]]. Later that day, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes." "It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win. ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the "esteemed people of Iran" that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has "never been so weak" and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership. In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said "A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,” “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>. The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages Even those who identify themselves as members of the regime's security institutions express their fear, despair, and anger at what is happening in Iran and ask us to contact Israeli authorities, so that Iran does not suffer the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza." The spokeperson said that the IDF is not the appropriate authority for this but, continued "the least we can do is [https://mossad.gov.il/fa/contact-us refer you to the Mossad]," adding a link to the Mossad's website. "Maybe-maybe you'll find a new way to improve your situation there", instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} ffc3bcblt6nr0660kozq43ttlykurew 2719043 2719039 2025-06-18T19:26:35Z Jaredscribe 2906761 /* Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war */ 2719043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders, and militants working for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]], with new constitutional frameworks and transition plans proposed, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]. During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ({{Langx|ku|Jin, Jiyan, Azadî}}, {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used, a [[w:Kurds|Kurdish]] slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}</ref> The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]]. The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for the 10 point plan put forward by the [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[Maryam Rajavi]], which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran. A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi "my representative", many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI. The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to "pluck the fruits of others labor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah. The MEK Spokesperson called on him "to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]]. == 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup == [[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA. {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 == [[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]". [[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]]. {{Expand section}} == 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests == {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} [[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}} {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == 2022 Free Iran World Summit == The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries. Advertised speakers were: * Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush * [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009 * First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]] * Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] * [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison * Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]] * Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] * Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]<nowiki/>t * Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]] * Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]] * Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]] * Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]] * Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] * US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]] {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == U.S. House Resolution 374 == The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran] It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause," observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> == 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits == In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic, Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, "called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}</ref> It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI. Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} == Mousavi's Call for A Referendum == Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, "With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny." Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution. According to [[Iran International]] he "seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change." And "implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be "big tent" willing to embrace defectors. According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is "stronger and more unified than ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> Mousavi announced that "''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]"'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}</ref> Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == 2023 "Future of the Movement" Summit and Joint "Mahsa Charter" == [[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''"Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran"''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the "'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''". Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]]. They claim to represent the country's "democracy movement". Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, "The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}</ref> This effort received some attention from the press,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> and are seeking support from the international community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref> == Trade Unions Joint Charter == A joint charter with a list of 12 "minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> Signatories include: * The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions * The Free Union of Iran Workers * The Union of Free Students * The Center for Human Rights Defenders * The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company * The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests * Iran Cultural House (Khafa) * Bidarzani * The Call of Iranian Women * The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers * The Labor Rights Defenders Center * The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union * The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations * The Union of Pensioners * The Council of Pensioners of Iran * The Progressive Students Organization * The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran * The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate * The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran * The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA) == 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 == House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref> == 2023 - Spring 2025 == The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump. [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium. == Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war == On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]]. Later that day, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes." "It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win. ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the "esteemed people of Iran" that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has "never been so weak" and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership. In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said "A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,” “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>. Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on Tuesday and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 "Women, Life, Freedom" protests, along with messages such as "Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages Even those who identify themselves as members of the regime's security institutions express their fear, despair, and anger at what is happening in Iran and ask us to contact Israeli authorities, so that Iran does not suffer the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza." The spokeperson said that the IDF is not the appropriate authority for this but, continued "the least we can do is [https://mossad.gov.il/fa/contact-us refer you to the Mossad]," adding a link to the Mossad's website. "Maybe-maybe you'll find a new way to improve your situation there", instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> == Organized Resistance Groups == === National Council of Resistance of Iran === The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}</ref><ref name="Katzman2012">Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,''] [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.</ref> They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]]. A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}</ref> === Organization of Iranian American Communities === The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}</ref> The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}</ref> for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017</ref> and at times outside the [[White House]] "in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]".<ref>[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}</ref> According to Joanne Stocker, "the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}</ref> === Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan === The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].<ref name="WRI">{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}</ref> It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.<ref>United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]</ref> The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people<ref name="merip">{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]<ref name="stratfor">{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}</ref><ref name="APS">{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}</ref> or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.<ref name="WRI" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}</ref> Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name="WRI" /> This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]]. === National Council of Iran === The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}</ref> It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as "the new [[president of Iran]]".<ref name="Milczanowski">{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}</ref> The "self-styled"<ref name="Milczanowski" /> National Council claims to have gathered "tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran."<ref name="AP">{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has "suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal".<ref name="KK">{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> == Criticism == Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, "The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.” “Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences. Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bibliography and References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} * {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}} {{expand section|date=March 2023}} {{refend}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}} 5pplp4rnoe1lgxb0nf3japnrbouoqql 0 321931 2719109 2718938 2025-06-18T22:40:21Z Scogdill 1331941 2719109 wikitext text/x-wiki =Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale= == Event == Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester ==Overview== ==Logistics== * Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London * Bride's bouquet "was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle." (Col. 1b) * Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. * "The whole of the embroidery, &c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers." (Col. 1b) * Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. * Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. * Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. * Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London. ==Related Events== * Reception * Honeymoon ==Who Was Present== ===Bride and Bridesmaids=== ====Bride==== ====Bridesmaids==== ====Pages==== ===Groom and Best Man=== ===People Who Attended=== # Are these the writers? ##Mr. Edmund Gosse ##Mr. Thomas Hardy ==What People Wore== # ==Gifts== Lady Helen Stewart received a lot of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhahitants of Newtownards, Ireland. === From Tenants and Servants === ==== For the Bride ==== * Tenantry on county Down estate and inhahitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet. * Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion. * Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror. * Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver. * Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament. * North Durham tenants — Silver bowl. * ===Books=== The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well. *Book, Two books, Book, Book, Book, Book [from Mr. Edmund Gosse], Book, Book, Book, Book, Book (18th Century), Book, Book, Book [from Mr. Thomas Hardy] *Russian leather hymn-book, Bible and Prayer Book, Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book *Book on gardening *Set of books — George III. *Book on Japan *Jane Austen’s novels *Volumes of poetry *Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes *Prayer Book *Two "Punch'’ books *Merriman's Novels *Twenty-five volumes poetry *Six volumes Rudyard Kipling *Book (Mme. Ricomier). * Book (Bacon’s Essays) * Shelley's Poems * Book (Browning) * Matthew Arnold’s Poems * Book, Tennyson * Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works * MS. music book * Tennyson (six volumes) * German book. * Birthday book * Two volumes poetry * Book, Keble's poems * Four volumes of Shakespeare * Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes * ===Unusual or Interesting Gifts=== *Pony phæton and harness *Dinner service *Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug *Silver aneroid [barometer] *Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]]) *[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2) *Electric clock *Riding whip (hippo) *Bellows *lndian embroidery *Enamel letter rack *Silver telegraph case *Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins *German album *Gong *Electric lamp. * === Furniture === * Writing cabinet * Antique table, Table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table * Bureau * Writing table * Rosewood table and box * Screen, Screen, Screen, Screen, Fire screen, Embroidered firescreen, Screen, Screen, Screen * Card table * Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand, Book case, Bookstand *Writing cabinet ==Anthology== From the ''Londonderry Standard'':<blockquote>Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering. The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, '''a whole sable arranged on the crown''', the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down. The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match. The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London. Presents to the Bride. * Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness. * Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace. * Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp. * Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches. * Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring. * Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch. * H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant. * Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent. * T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror. * The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag. * Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle. * Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror. * Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet. * Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver. * Tenantry on county Down estate and inhahitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet. * Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar. * The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe. * County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set. * North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra. * Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand. * Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic] * Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion. * Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror. * Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls. * Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver. * Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament. * North Durham tenants — Silver bowl. * Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet. * Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case. * G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter. * Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case. * Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book. * Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers. * Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a] * Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring. * Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case. * Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring. * Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet. * Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain. * Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb. * Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service. * Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings. * Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace. * Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle. * Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch. * Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto. * Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain. * Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet. * General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain. * Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle. * The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle. * Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant. * Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain. * Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch. * Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain. * Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet. * Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch. * Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain. * Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet. * Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle. * Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons. * Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring. * Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin. * Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch. * Lady Brabourne—Brooch. * Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch. * Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch. * Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch. * Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch. * Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch. * Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant. * Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine. * Earl Cadogan — Antique French box. * Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table. * Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau. * Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand. * Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl. * Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament. * Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases. * Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand. * Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service. * Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament. * Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot. * Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces. * Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks. * Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks. * Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle. * Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase. * Lord Rowton — Silver bowl. * Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box. * Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders. * Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon. * The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket. * Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket. * Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars. * Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer. * Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks. * Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror. * Countess of Suffolk — Silver box. * Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes. * Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks. * Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders. * Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl. * Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror. * Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere. * Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband. * Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons. * Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl. * Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand. * Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl. * Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats. * Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box. * Earl of Durham — Writing table. * The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug. * Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box. * Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening. * Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III. * Lord Errington — Silver box. * Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor. * Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch. * Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick. * General Stracey — Silver shoe. * Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch. * Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo). * Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle. * Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens. * Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan. * Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &c. * Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box. * Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug. * Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan. * Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks. * Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives. * Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases. * Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh. * Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service. * Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid. * Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans. * Mr. Watson — Two silver frames. * Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes. * Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous). * Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame. * Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork. * Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle. * The Moss Family — Two painted panels. * Canon Tristram — Book on Japan. * Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels. * Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush. * Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug. * Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry. * Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass. * Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes. * Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs. * The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book. * Mr. Coventry — Driving whip. * Lord Cole — Cushion. * Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife. * Lady Garvagh — Seal. * Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock. * Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle. * Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe. * Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a] * Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion. * Lady Antrim — Two "Punch'’ books. * Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps. * Major Wynne Finch — En tout case. * Lord and Lady Cowper — China box. * Mrs. Arthur James — Screen. * Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins. * Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion. * Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows. * Bishop of Rochester — Book. * Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels. * Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray. * The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder. * Duchess of Manchester — Seal. * Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand. * Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament. * Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray. * Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case. * Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table. * Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal. * Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames. * Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal. * Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen. * Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry. * Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers. * Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling. * Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen. * Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar. * Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter. * Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick. * Mrs. M'Donald — Screen. * Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box. * Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery. * Miss Brassey — Gold frame. * Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books. * Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan. * Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand. * Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon. * Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box. * Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case. * Mrs. Watkins — Sketch. * Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle. * Mrs. Farquharson — Purse. * Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket. * Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade. * Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse. * Masters Stirling — Silver box. * Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier). * Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays). * Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen. * Mr. R. Lucas — Book. * Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box. * Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand. * Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book. * Mrs. Battey — Frame. * Lord Cairns — Gold and china box. * Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs. * Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers. * Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles. * Lady Kilmorey — Lamp. * Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade. * Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box. * Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems. * Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box. * Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top. * Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book. * The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan. * Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons. * Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade. * Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand. * Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons. * Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand. * Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen. * Lady Huntingdon — Book stand. * Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket. * Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh. * Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures. * Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case. * Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen. * Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame. * Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament. * Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame. * Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning). * Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table. * Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick. * Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems. * Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle. * Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame. * Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray. * Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack. * Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table. * Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan. * Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame. * The Bishop of Durham — Book. * General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case. * Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand. * Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book. * Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson. * Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter. * Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book. * The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle. * Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table. * Colonel Swaine — Gilt box. * Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters. * Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book. * Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan. * Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin. * Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box. * General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives. * Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box. * Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works. * Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins. * Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box. * The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book. * Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass. * Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet. * Sir John Willoughby — Mirror. * Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box. * Lady Milton — Umbrella. * Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip. * Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror. * Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock. * Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle. * Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible. * Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic]. * Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan. * Lord Crofton — MS. music book. * Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin. * Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases. * Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links. * Mrs. Strong — Cushion. * Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver. * Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box. * Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade. * Mrs. Huhn — German album. * Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes). * Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &c. * Miss Meerworth — German book. * Miss Curzon — Birthday book. * Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife. * Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments. * Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry. * Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems. * Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins. * Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting. * Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl. * Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror. * Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug. * Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet. * Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case. * Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture. * The Misses Warham — Table cover. * Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament. * Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl. * Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand. * Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl. * Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder. * Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter. * Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a] * The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief. * Baron Heyking — Hatpin. * Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament. * Miss Dale-Copeland — Book. * Mr. C. P. Little — Screen. * Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments. * Miss Gully — Book. * Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong. * Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag. * Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box. * Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror. * Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box. * Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks. * Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror. * Miss Carson — Silver manicure set. * Mr. Barry — Silver calendar. * Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box. * Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag. * Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer. * Captain Fortescue — Fan. * Miss Cockerell — Antique box. * Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box. * Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand. * Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box. * Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins. * Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box. * Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box. * Mr. Reade — Book. * Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan. * Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo. * Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal. * Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame. * Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box. * Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame. * Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box. * Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones). * Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book. * Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder. * Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket. * Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box. * Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century). * Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice. * Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl. * Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle. * Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse. * Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror. * Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame. * Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box. * Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp. * Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table. * Dowager Lady Esher — Fan. * Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles. * Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella. * Misses Vivian — Enamelled box. * Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book. * Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal. * The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin. * The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament. * Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip. * [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. * Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare. * Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box. * Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen. * Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin. * Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer. * Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal. * Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter. * Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter. * Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame. * Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf. * Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife. * Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs. * Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip. * Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror. * Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes. * Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book. * Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt. * Mr. Leonard — Brassey table. * Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug. * Major Little — Green leather bag. * Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book. * Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket. * Lady Anne Lambton — '''Fire screen'''. * Lord and Lady de Ros — '''d'Oyleys''' [sic]. * Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box. * Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case. * Dowager Lady Rosslyn — '''Shagreen''' box. * Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box. * Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case. * Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — '''Two books'''. * Lady Aberdeen — Tray. * Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand. * Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan. * '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. * Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames. * Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box. * Mr. Hope Hawkins — '''Books'''. * Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box. * Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — '''Screen'''. * Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn. * Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters. * Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top. * Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle. * Lady Doxford — Two China vases. * Lady Emma Talbot — Seal. * Lady Florence Astley — '''Book'''. * Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug. * Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock. * Miss Gurwood —Two China vases. * Miss Murray — '''Book'''. * Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles. * Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box. * Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — '''Writing table'''. * Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks. * Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives. * Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife. * Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray. * Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book. * Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag. * M. and Male. Dominguez — '''Fur rug'''. * Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box. * Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan. * Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet. * Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch. * Lady De L'lsle — Card case. * Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar. * Lady B. Herbert — Silver box. * Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic] * Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — '''Corner cupboard'''. * Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case. * Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter. * Captain Markham — Leather bridge box. * Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan. * Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links. * Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box. * Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan. * Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock. * Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins —— * Sir R. and Lady Graham — '''Silver shoe'''. * Major Mackenzie — Whist markers. * Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres. * Miss Russell — White satin cushion. * Miss Green — White scarf. * Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle. * Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — '''Karosse''' [sic]. * Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons. * Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth. * Dr. Maclagan — Silver box. * Lady Bradford — Four glass vases. * Mr. Rupert Guinness — '''Table'''. * Lady Ashburton — '''Book'''. * Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case. * Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles. * Mr. H. Milner — '''Book'''. * Mr. James Gray — Clock. * Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand. * Mr. Rabone — '''Table'''. * Mrs. Alston — Walking stick. * Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a] * Lady Norreys—'''Table'''. * Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror. * Miss Ord — Two sketches. * Lord and Lady Gerard — '''Diamond sword'''. * Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case. * General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top. * Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth. * Mrs. Craigie — '''Book'''. * Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray. * Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — '''Two tables'''. * Mr. Hope — Tea basket. * Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot. * Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray. * General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case. * Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case. * Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter. * Mr. Venning—— * Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons. * Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray. * Lord and ladg North—— * Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook. * Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop. * Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace. * Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box. * Mrs. Corry — Frame. * Lord and Lady St. Oswald — '''Two tables'''. * Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror. * Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen. * Mr. A. Strong — '''Book'''. * Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case. * Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker. * Lady Sherborne — China box. * Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring. * Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife. * Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants. * Lord and Lady Essex — Fan. * Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case. * Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons. * Miss Reynardson — Writing block. * Colonel Forster — Umbrella. * Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service. * Mrs. Cockerell — Fan. * Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion. * Miss Muriel White — Grey bag. * Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box. * Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box. * Miss Alexander — Silver box. * Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase. * Lord and Lady Binning — '''Vitrine'''. * Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip. * Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet. * Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter. * Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder. * Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot. * Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons. * Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box. * Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box. * Lord Faversham — Silver basket. * Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar. * Lord and Lady Camden — '''Vitrine'''. * Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife. * Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls. * Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip. * Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal. * Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book. * Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books. * Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl. * Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case. * Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame. * Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives.. * Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top. * Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella. * Mr. and Mrs. '''Carlisle''' — Silver box. * Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug. * Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug. * Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame. * Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons. * Duchess of Westminster — '''Dreyfous''' tray. * Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase. * Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set. * Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase. * Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan. * Mrs. Kerr — Card case. * Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — '''Life of Napoleon I'''. * Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — '''Five vols. Spenser's Poems'''. * Mrs. Spence — Stamp box. * Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette. * Mr. Wiener — Tea set. * Dr. and Mrs. Davies — * Rev. James Colling — Silver salver. * Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases. * Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag. * Lady Helen Forbes — '''Book'''. PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM. * The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case. * The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham. * The Marquis of Londonderry — '''Three guns'''. * Viscount Castlereagh — Lincheon case. * Lady Maria Hood — '''Chippendale bureau'''. * '''Tenants at Melbury''' — '''Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau'''. * '''Tenants''' at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address. * '''Tenants''' on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address. * '''Tenants''' at Abbotsbury — Silver basket. * '''Servants''' at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand. * '''Stablemen''' at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks. * '''Garden employees''' at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book. * Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver. * Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars. * Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box. * Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack. * Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip. * Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane. * Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand. * Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes. * Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box. * Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife. * Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars. * Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — '''Two newspaper stands'''. * Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case. * Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box. * Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock. * Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks. * Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters. * Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table. * Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter. * Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl. * Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks. * Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl. * Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers. * Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand. * Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives. * Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case. * Miss Roche — '''Book''' (Josephine Impl.). * Mr. Rice — Telegraph book. * Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service. * Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box. * Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case. * Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — '''Book''' (Prince Charles Edward). * Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates. * Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray. * Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case. * Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives. * Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks. * Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar. * Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs. * Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle. * Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug. * Mr. Arnold Morley — '''Barograph'''. * Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack. * Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links. * Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon. * Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons. * Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book. * Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a] * Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — '''Walnut seat'''. * Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug. * Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife. * Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box. * Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide. * Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups. * Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case. * Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella. * Mr. Gillett — Cake knife. * Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil. * Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links. * Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox. * Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box. * Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters. * Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife. * Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell. * Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin. * Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box. * Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox. * Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug. * Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard. * Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors. * Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand. * Misses M. and N. Dawson — '''Card table'''. * Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand. * Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle. * Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box. * Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin. * Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. * Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella. * Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case. * Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup. * Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin. * Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Phot-frame. * Mr. N. Campbell — Book. * Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box. * Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack. * Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass. * Captain Heneage — French box. * Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks. * Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew. * Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug. * Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — '''Writing desk'''. * Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray. * Lord and Lady Dartrey — '''Small plate chest'''. * Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin. * Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver. * Mr. and Mrs. '''Wells''' — '''Books''' (Shakespeare). * Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses. * Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand. * Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons. * Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick. * Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks. * Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders. * Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case. * Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight. * Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case. * Mr. Levita — Silver box. * Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin. * Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin. * Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand. * Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders. * Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book. * Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box. * Captain G. Crichton — '''Asparagus helper'''. * Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver. * Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands. * Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.<ref>"Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart." ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.</ref></blockquote> == Notes and Questions == # ==References== {{reflist}} og2f0qlm65mgco92wtkaq1cri1ejdb3 0 322015 2718999 2718971 2025-06-18T12:04:23Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* If journalism is to serve democracy ... */ thinly veiled requests for bribes? 2718999 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes."<ref>A similar question was asked in the [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|interview with Dean Starkmen in this series]]. Starkman replied, "If it's blessed by a judge, it's not a bribe."</ref> Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> do6mmsvraadfqr0bnbni4txlv0f5rdk 2719000 2718999 2025-06-18T12:05:51Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* If journalism is to serve democracy ... */ wdsmth 2719000 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes."<ref>A similar question was asked in the [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|interview with Dean Starkmen in this series]]. Starkman replied, "If it's blessed by a judge, it's not a bribe."</ref> Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> ntvx7nma7ud7p307kiktavp48sez7a7 2719001 2719000 2025-06-18T12:25:19Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* If journalism is to serve democracy ... */ NOT Starkman 2719001 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes." Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> dz5odgwdkv5jm3oaeyswdn4k168e1tl 2719014 2719001 2025-06-18T16:16:55Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Bibliography */ add Usher books to bib 2719014 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes." Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)-->{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}} * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)-->{{cite Q|Q60186752}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q134974653}} * <!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q134974721}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)-->{{cite Q|Q134974847}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> s2xi5pcf4hpy2ver16q1qsaq6s255i3 2719015 2719014 2025-06-18T16:21:31Z DavidMCEddy 218607 add list of books 2719015 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" Professor Usher is also the author of three book: * (2014) ''Making News at The New York Times'' * (2016) ''Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code'' * (2021) ''News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism'' co-author of another: * (2025) ''Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism'' with Jessica C. Hagman and co-editor of another: * (2021) ''Journalism Research That Matters'' with Valerie Belair-Gagnon. == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes." Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)-->{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}} * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)-->{{cite Q|Q60186752}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q134974653}} * <!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q134974721}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)-->{{cite Q|Q134974847}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> b1ovy729rhkg3om3a82r40u3sihq5oj 2719017 2719015 2025-06-18T17:23:39Z DavidMCEddy 218607 fix typo 2719017 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" with Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" Professor Usher is also the author of three book: * (2014) ''Making News at The New York Times'' * (2016) ''Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code'' * (2021) ''News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism'' co-author of another: * (2025) ''Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism'' with Jessica C. Hagman and co-editor of another: * (2021) ''Journalism Research That Matters'' with Valerie Belair-Gagnon. == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes." Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)-->{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}} * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)-->{{cite Q|Q60186752}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q134974653}} * <!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q134974721}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)-->{{cite Q|Q134974847}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> 6pu4ucl9n36wi1a4b2yxvaif7w4h411 2719024 2719017 2025-06-18T18:04:17Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* The need for media reform to improve democracy */ How loud does the watchdog bark 2719024 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher><!--Nik Usher-->{{cite Q|Q134715348}}</ref> about their research on how news impacts democracy. The podcast is released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref>'' :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs</ref> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref>'' [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.webm|thumb|Interview with [[w:University of San Diego|University of San Diego]] communications professor Nik Usher about how news impacts [[w:Public health|public health]], second draft of history, [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:Political corruption|corruption]].]] [[File:How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-12 of Nik Usher by Spencer Graves about how news impacts democracy]] University of San Diego Communications Professor Nik Usher<ref name=Usher/> discusses their research on how news impacts democracy. Recent publications describe how media impacted the response to [[w:Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter]], [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]], [[w:Illiberal democracy|illiberal politics]], and prosecutions for [[w:political corruption|political corruption]]. This interview focuses especially on five of their recent publications: * (2022-01) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption" with Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell * (2022-07) "Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history" * (2023-02) "The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy" * (2023-05) "Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates", with 4 c-authors. * (2024) "Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall" Professor Usher is also the author of three book: * (2014) ''Making News at The New York Times'' * (2016) ''Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code'' * (2021) ''News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism'' co-author of another: * (2025) ''Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism'' with Jessica C. Hagman and co-editor of another: * (2021) ''Journalism Research That Matters'' with Valerie Belair-Gagnon. == If journalism is to serve democracy ...== Professor Usher noted that if journalism is to serve democracy, it must take a stand for democracy. Unfortunately, we are not seeing that today in part because journalism is under tremendous pressure, both economically and politically. Professor Usher was asked about the distinction between accountability and access journalism, discussed in a recent interview in this series with [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]]. Usher replied that access journalists sometimes think they are doing accountability journalism. {{quote|Access journalism is the fight that you see right now between journalists and President Trump over who gets to be in the White House briefing room.<ref>Burch (2025).</ref> ... Access journalism is all about getting in spaces that most ordinary people don't get to be in. ... This is not something that is available to everybody. I don't have a press pass to walk into the White House. I can't cover a Supreme Court decision. I can't even go to a local police site without a press pass badge and start talking to officers. These are ways in which the institutionalization of the press and being able to be in places where other people aren't. That's all about access journalism. ... Accountability journalism really is about how do we hold powerful institutions and powerful people to account. That's not just public institutions. It can be at the scale of the United States. It can be the local car dealer giving more money to the football team than they should. Often the line is "[[w:Follow the money|Follow the money]]". Now you might want to follow people back to their bedrooms. We're seeing bad behavior of people in power not just about malfeasance but also about they way they treat other people and abuse their interpersonal power. and about holding institutions accountable for doing what they say they'll do. ... Who has time to do accountability journalism other than journalists? Who has the skills? Every so often you'll have some crackerjack whistleblower community advocate, who has the ability to spend all day long pouring through local filings or [[w:Federal Election Commission|FEC]] reports or something. ... That is what distinguishes journalism as a profession from all of the other things. This is what you do all day long. You have the skills and hopefully the institutional backup.}} Graves noted, "You can defame poor people with impunity. But if you say something that might offend someone with power you've got to check your facts. That takes time. And even if you get it right, it might not be profitable." Usher replied, "It's only recently that people have felt that they could push back on journalists. ... When I was a reporter ... my editors used to tell me, 'Don't listen to protesters. Go ask the police for a crowd estimate, because they have to assign the right number of officers. ... [But] the right number of officers may be deeply out of proportion with the people present, as we are seeing [[w:June 2025 Los Angeles protests|events unfold in Los Angeles.]]" {{quote|The greatest weapon against the American press at this point is probably the threat of litigation. ... You see this with [[w:60 Minutes|''60 Minutes'']].<ref>Folkenflik (2025).</ref> You see this with [[w:The New York Times|''The New York Times'']]. [''NYT'' publisher] [[w:A. G. Sulzberger|Sulzberger]] just said that he conferred with his outside counsel that they would indeed support him ... and the ''New York Times'' if t hey needed to engage in some really high level litigation against the President. And do you know why he did that? He did that because during the ''[[w:Pentagon Papers|Pentagon Papers]]'', the outside counsel of ''The New York Times'' actually decided they couldn't represent ''The New York Times'', that it was too much of a risk. That is how [[w:Floyd Abrams|Floyd Abrams]], who is one of the most famous media lawyers of all time, got his start ... . So this threat ... is not just about journalists defending themselves as institutions. They also need [representation in] ... litigation against news organizations for screwing up facts or for libel. This didn't use to be huge. .... [N]ow this is a weapon. It's been weaponized in really aggressive ways starting with [[w:Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]]<ref>Drenon (2025).</ref> and continuing to the present.}} Graves then asks about ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' and [[w:Donald Trump's conflict with the media#Retaliatory lawsuits and federal government actions|Trump's recent lawsuits against ABC and other news news outlets]], adding that, "those lawsuits sound to me like thinly veiled requests for bribes." Professor Usher replied "I'm really careful about words like bribes, because in other countries bribes are the way that journalists live, because these organizations can't afford to pay them. ... There is literally like a brown envelope culture in places around the world because media isn't sustainable, and that's a really loaded word for me as a scholar. I don't think they're bribes. ... I think they are displays of power." == "How loud does the watchdog bark?" == Professor Usher's research report with Kim-Leffingwell on "How loud does the watchdog bark" found that the presence on a member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] was a better predictor of the number of prosecutions for political corruption in the 94 US federal court jurisdictions than the number of journalists in the counties in each district. This suggest that [[w:rule of law|rule of law]] is improved by accountability journalism, which is more likely to be provided by members of the Institute for Nonprofit news than by more traditional media. However, it is far from obvious how to fund that. The traditional market for journalism will not support what seems to be needed. Philanthropy has all sorts of injustices, because too much of that money comes from rich people, which may distort public priorities. And reliance on tax money can be problematic, Professor Usher insists, especially if more of it goes to big institutions than smaller ones. It can further be a problem if it creates a news industry dependent on government money. For work on how to fix these problems, Professor Usher recommends the work of the Open Markets Institute<ref><!-- Open Markets Institute-->{{cite Q|Q98779260}}</ref> and [[w:Free Press (advocacy group)|Free Press]]. == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series. [[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”<ref>Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).</ref> McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).</ref> At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse. That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).</ref> In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.<ref>John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.</ref> [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself. === The threat from loss of newspapers === A previous ''Media & Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]" describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media & Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a "flawed democracy" according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds. (2021) Journalism Research That Matters (Journalism and Political Communication Unbound)-->{{cite Q|Q134974352|authors=Valerie Belair-Gagnon and Nikki Usher, eds.}} * <!--Sean Burch (2025-02-25) "Trump White House Will Now Pick Which Press Pool Reporters Get to Ask Questions", MSN-->{{cite Q|Q134958542}} * <!--Brandon Drenon (2025-04-22) "Sarah Palin was not defamed by the New York Times, jury says", BBC-->{{cite Q|Q134970667}} * <!--David Folkenflik (2025-04-22) "'60 Minutes' chief resigns, saying show's independence was compromised", NPR-->{{cite Q|Q134959015}} * <!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)-->{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) -->{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2014) Making News at The New York Times (The New Media World)-->{{cite Q|Q60186752}} * <!--Nikki Usher (2016) Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code (U. Illinois Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q134974653}} * <!--Nik Usher (2021) News for the Rich, White, and Blue: How Place and Power Distort American Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q134974721}} * <!--Nik Usher (2022-07) Journalism as historical repair work: addressing present injustice through the second draft of history-->{{cite Q|Q134715643}} * <!--Nik Usher (2023-02) The Real Problems with the Problem of News Deserts: Toward Rooting Place, Precision, and Positionality in Scholarship on Local News and Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q122270994}} * <!--Nik Usher (2024) Why News Organizations ‘Platform’ Illiberal Politics: Understanding News Production, Economic Insolvency, and Anti-Democratic Pressure Through CNN’s 2023 Trump Town Hall-->{{cite Q|Q134715670}} * <!--Nik Usher and Jessica C. Hagman (2025) Amplifying Extremism: Small Town Politicians, Media Storms, and American Journalism (Elements in Politics and Communication)-->{{cite Q|Q134974847}} * <!--Nik Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022-01) How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption -->{{Cite Q|Q134715465}} * <!--Nik Usher, Adrian Tai Wong, Isaiah R. Raynal, Cabral Bigman-Galimore, and Ewa Maslowska (2023-05) Localizing COVID-19 Public Health Department Outreach on Digital Platforms: The Role of Discoverability, Reach, and Moderation for Illinois’ COVID-19 Vaccination Rates-->{{cite Q|Q134715704}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> qs0mq1dpm77smqmjjw7ygbk2yj7zx6z 0 322068 2719051 2718957 2025-06-18T19:43:59Z Stevesuny 294667 2719051 wikitext text/x-wiki In his manifesto ''Why I’m Building Open WebUI,'' Timothy J. Baek articulates a vision centered on the local deployment of large language models (LLMs) as a means to foster autonomy, data sovereignty, and resilient communication. He frames Open WebUI not merely as a technical project, but as an infrastructural response to the fragility of centralized systems—enabling individuals and communities to operate independently, collaborate meaningfully, and persist even in conditions of disconnection or systemic failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jryng.com/thoughts/why-open-webui|title=Timothy J. Baek - Why I’m Building Open WebUI: On Autonomy, Diversity, and the Future of Humanity|website=jryng.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ==== Open WebUI community resources ==== * Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] Community-based discussions worth reviewing: * Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] post [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/comments/1l9nkvk/im_the_maintainer_and_team_behind_open_webui_ama/ I’m the Maintainer (and Team) behind Open WebUI – AMA 2025 Q2] by [https://www.reddit.com/user/tjrbk/ u/tjrbk] ==== Open WebUI used broadly ==== Some distinguish Open WebUI from "developer-centric tools," describing it as part of a class of "community-developed tools" that have "democratized access" to the capabilities of LLMs by lowering "the barrier to entry, enabling individuals without extensive technical expertise to experiment with and benefit from advanced language models."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Analytics with Generative Large-Language Models: A Practical Approach with Ollama and Open-Source LLMs|last=Marcondes|first=Francisco S.|last2=Gala|first2=Adelino|last3=Magalhães|first3=Renata|last4=Perez de Britto|first4=Fernando|last5=Durães|first5=Dalila|last6=Novais|first6=Paulo|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-76631-2|edition=1st ed. 2025|series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science|location=Cham|page=35}}</ref> Open WebUI was selected by scholars for specific characteristics, from all over the world, including Japan, to provide .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}</ref> # Alier-Formet et al detailed the application of a complex evaluative framework built on Open WebUI's feedback interface.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|title=Enhancing Learning Assistant Quality Through Automated Feedback Analysis and Systematic Testing in the LAMB Framework|last=Alier-Forment|first=Marc|last2=Pereira-Valera|first2=Juanan|last3=Casañ-Guerrero|first3=Maria Jose|last4=Garcia-Penalvo|first4=Francisco Jose|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-93566-4|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Brian K.|volume=15807|location=Cham|pages=3–12|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|editor-last2=Borge|editor-first2=Marcela}}</ref> # Fatharani and Alsayegh used Open WebUI as a platform to manage interactions with models and local knowledge bases. They reported selecting Open WebUI because it was open source, easy to use, and offered built-in RAG integration. In their paper, they demonstrate a workflow utilizing Open WebUI to reference local knowledge bases that augment prompts submitted to LLMs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fatharani|first=Annisa|last2=Alsayegh|first2=Ali|date=2025-03-01|title=Pharmacogenomics Meets Generative AI: Transforming Clinical Trial Design with Large Language Models|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0976500X251321885|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|language=en|doi=10.1177/0976500X251321885|issn=0976-500X}}</ref> Ishihara et. al. used a similar technique to explore the power of local knowledge bases, and to take advantage of the RAG capabilities of Open WebUI.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}</ref> [[File:Screenshot_2025-06-16_at_10.45.16_AM.png|600x600px]] Scholars in different fields have used Open WebUI for their disciplinary purposes: # Agrawal et al <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Prof. Pallavi|date=2025-04-30|title=Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices|url=https://www.ijraset.com/best-journal/running-llms-locally-on-consumer-devices|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=5433–5441|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2025.69433}}</ref> explore the feasibility of running large language models (LLMs) on ordinary consumer devices in their paper "Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices." They chose this topic due to recent advances in model efficiency and optimization techniques—such as quantization and acceleration libraries—that have made it increasingly viable to deploy advanced open-source models on high-end PCs, and smaller ones on mainstream setups. Their study presents a clear workflow: it outlines the necessary hardware and software setup, details optimization methods, and compares local execution to cloud-based alternatives in terms of latency, cost, energy consumption, and privacy—demonstrating that privacy-preserving on-device LLM inference is now a practical reality. # Othman et al. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Othman|first=Achraf|last2=Chemnad|first2=Khansa|last3=Tlili|first3=Ahmed|last4=Da|first4=Ting|last5=Wang|first5=Huanhuan|last6=Huang|first6=Ronghuai|date=2024-11-07|title=Comparative analysis of GPT-4, Gemini, and Ernie as gloss sign language translators in special education|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|journal=Discover Global Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|issn=2731-9687}}</ref> Scholars using OpenWebUI for LLM Evaluation and Auditing # Annonymous authors<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openwebui.com/assets/files/whitepaper.pdf|title=Designing an open-source LLM interface and social platforms for collectively driven LLM evaluation and auditing (White paper).|last=OpenWeb UI|first=Team|date=2024}}</ref> utilized OpenWebUI as the primary interface for conducting real-world, community-driven evaluation of large language models. By deploying OpenWebUI locally, they enabled users to interact with various LLMs in a unified environment, collect authentic usage data, and facilitate head-to-head model comparisons. The platform’s features—such as data export, multi-model support, and collaborative tools—allowed the researchers to crowdsource feedback, curate interaction logs, and involve diverse user groups in both quantitative and qualitative model assessment. This approach empowered inclusive, transparent, and iterative LLM evaluation, moving beyond traditional benchmarks to reflect real user needs and preferences. <ref>{{Cite web|url=|title=Conversation with Perplexity AI about scholarly articles using OpenWebUI|last=Lolona Haro|first=Noa|date=June 17, 2025|website=perplexity.ai}}</ref> == References == oe1p2eo5zovges99hngqyec04jxhcnc 0 322071 2719009 2718739 2025-06-18T13:58:40Z Stevesuny 294667 2719009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/]]AIXworkbench: June Working Group On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. lqnwk44fhb8r9x03gai6n05nmd4wrjg 2719010 2719009 2025-06-18T13:58:57Z Stevesuny 294667 2719010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/]] AIXworkbench: June Working Group On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. 85drhcl2h8pv8c34b9c6c0laa5j2ms0 2719011 2719010 2025-06-18T14:50:33Z Stevesuny 294667 2719011 wikitext text/x-wiki AIXworkbench: June Working Group [[AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Participants/ Participants Pages]] On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. b2m8gru6pwq56sm217xa9vzms6dnfv1 2719012 2719011 2025-06-18T14:55:41Z Stevesuny 294667 2719012 wikitext text/x-wiki AIXworkbench: June Working Group [[AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench/Participants/]] On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. 9p3p6wntufdldt1apkaka8d97w3c6f0 2719070 2719012 2025-06-18T20:16:19Z Stevesuny 294667 2719070 wikitext text/x-wiki AIXworkbench: June Working Group [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/]] On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. 2z5ho5l92t484il2yil9v6k5zazjnhs 2719072 2719070 2025-06-18T20:16:44Z Stevesuny 294667 2719072 wikitext text/x-wiki AIXworkbench: June Working Group [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/ List of Participants]] On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. ftlghy4bbo3qhgrhifoi4662zhrqeq9 2719075 2719072 2025-06-18T20:17:30Z Stevesuny 294667 2719075 wikitext text/x-wiki AIXworkbench: June Working Group [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/|List of Participants]] On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation Wednesdays In June June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25 10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA Zoom: email for link Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States. June 4 Agenda Intros of participants (10 minutes) Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes) Discussion of "Working Group" (15) Discord[2] & Zotero[3] resources (10) Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30) Working Group: Desired Outcomes There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed & recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025 Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models. Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform. Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences. Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo. For More Information Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu) Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH "Open WebUI". "Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!". Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16. "Zotero | Groups > aix-workbench". www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16. 91d9vwc8xxh1bfnh3z1tfdcwbpaauoq 0 322093 2719114 2718985 2025-06-19T05:24:43Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* Chapters and Content */ made a link for chapter 1 2719114 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' = == '''Introduction''' == This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems. We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole. Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned. == '''Project Goals''' == To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines. To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility. To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models. To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources. == '''Why This Project''' == The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement. This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status. == '''Method and Roles''' == '''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content. '''Human contributors''' are invited to: ** Follow the process ** Suggest edits or corrections ** Critically review AI-generated outputs ** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section. == '''How to Participate''' == If you wish to contribute: Simply read the chapters as they develop Use the Talk pages to share your feedback Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors. == '''Chapters and Content''' == * '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]''' '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' '''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth''' '''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations''' '''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis''' '''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness''' '''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements''' == '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' == All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review. This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license. krtpsroorawvi3noc4wpkcv1whae4x2 2719116 2719114 2025-06-19T05:39:47Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* Chapters and Content */ add link to chapter 2 2719116 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' = == '''Introduction''' == This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems. We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole. Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned. == '''Project Goals''' == To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines. To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility. To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models. To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources. == '''Why This Project''' == The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement. This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status. == '''Method and Roles''' == '''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content. '''Human contributors''' are invited to: ** Follow the process ** Suggest edits or corrections ** Critically review AI-generated outputs ** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section. == '''How to Participate''' == If you wish to contribute: Simply read the chapters as they develop Use the Talk pages to share your feedback Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors. == '''Chapters and Content''' == * '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]''' * '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping]]''' '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' '''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth''' '''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations''' '''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis''' '''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness''' '''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements''' == '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' == All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review. This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license. 7sqvjdlnhv33mjvjnxhi8ee6a7dx3ig 2719119 2719116 2025-06-19T05:51:36Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* Permanent Link and Documentation */ add navigation 2719119 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' = == '''Introduction''' == This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems. We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole. Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned. == '''Project Goals''' == To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines. To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility. To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models. To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources. == '''Why This Project''' == The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement. This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status. == '''Method and Roles''' == '''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content. '''Human contributors''' are invited to: ** Follow the process ** Suggest edits or corrections ** Critically review AI-generated outputs ** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section. == '''How to Participate''' == If you wish to contribute: Simply read the chapters as they develop Use the Talk pages to share your feedback Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors. == '''Chapters and Content''' == * '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]''' * '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping]]''' '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' '''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth''' '''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations''' '''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis''' '''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness''' '''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements''' == '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' == All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review. This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license. ---- '''→ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Go to Chapter 1]]''' l96pgxx7av1dxoj695ttqo8q2kyomaq 0 322098 2719004 2025-06-18T13:38:46Z Stevesuny 294667 added participants page 2719004 wikitext text/x-wiki Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template. hcbryl5lsklxz0dixsr4m049u4vxbpf 2719007 2719004 2025-06-18T13:56:43Z Stevesuny 294667 2719007 wikitext text/x-wiki == Subpages == {{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template. dyt7zbz623uebtu9fyql338oe69r95q 2719067 2719007 2025-06-18T20:07:16Z Stevesuny 294667 2719067 wikitext text/x-wiki === How to make a participant page === # go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy. # create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents. == Participants == {{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template. 365dcdrw4t5d35v80wa6wktfc0ho3r3 0 322099 2719005 2025-06-18T13:48:09Z Stevesuny 294667 created template for participants 2719005 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Who we are === Sentence describing the institition. === Objectives for Open WebUI === Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. === Hardware === RAM: CPU: Storage: === Installation === Sentence describing the installation process. === Models Installed === Sentence describing the institition. === Tools === Sentence describing any customizations ==== Workspaces ==== ==== Notes ==== ==== Knowledge Bases ==== ==== Functions ==== ==== Pipelines ==== bbi4l21raedshnhmltb2ljad47d27ug 0 322100 2719006 2025-06-18T13:53:44Z Stevesuny 294667 New resource with "These pages list case studies developed by participants in the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/ June 2025 Working Group]] and discussed in the [[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench Building The Workbench]] paper." 2719006 wikitext text/x-wiki These pages list case studies developed by participants in the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/ June 2025 Working Group]] and discussed in the [[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/AIXworkbench/Papers/Building-the-Workbench Building The Workbench]] paper. gourbclelxiervntri0hz7a7uyn8y57 0 322101 2719008 2025-06-18T13:57:29Z Stevesuny 294667 created template page 2719008 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Who we are === Sentence describing the institition. === Objectives for Open WebUI === Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. === Hardware === RAM: CPU: Storage: === Installation === Sentence describing the installation process. === Models Installed === Sentence describing the institition. === Tools === Sentence describing any customizations ==== Workspaces ==== ==== Notes ==== ==== Knowledge Bases ==== ==== Functions ==== ==== Pipelines ==== bbi4l21raedshnhmltb2ljad47d27ug 0 322102 2719013 2025-06-18T14:57:02Z Stevesuny 294667 New resource with "Who we are Sentence describing the institition. Objectives for Open WebUI Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. Hardware RAM: CPU: Storage: Installation Sentence describing the installation process. Models Installed Sentence describing the institition. Tools Sentence describing any customizations Workspaces Notes Knowledge Bases Functions Pipelines" 2719013 wikitext text/x-wiki Who we are Sentence describing the institition. Objectives for Open WebUI Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. Hardware RAM: CPU: Storage: Installation Sentence describing the installation process. Models Installed Sentence describing the institition. Tools Sentence describing any customizations Workspaces Notes Knowledge Bases Functions Pipelines gnbyk26etkhebb9kchz4oh8stl86apd 2719048 2719013 2025-06-18T19:36:55Z Stevesuny 294667 i created YourNameHere 2719048 wikitext text/x-wiki === Who we are === Sentence describing the institition. === Objectives for Open WebUI === Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. === Hardware === RAM: CPU: Storage: === Installation === Sentence describing the installation process. === Models Installed === Sentence describing the institition. === Tools === Sentence describing any customizations ==== Workspaces ==== ==== Notes ==== ==== Knowledge Bases ==== ==== Functions ==== ==== Pipelines ==== hhagdxfq26hr2z6lbhbqd8ws1jsuhx3 0 322103 2719025 2025-06-18T18:15:11Z Scogdill 1331941 New resource with " == Time Line == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] 1850s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s|1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s|1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s|1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s|1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] == 1840 == January February March April May June July August September October November December =..." 2719025 wikitext text/x-wiki == Time Line == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] 1850s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s|1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s|1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s|1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s|1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] == 1840 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1841 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1842 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1843 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1844 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1845 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1846 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1847 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1848 == <blockquote>After Louis-Philippe’s ouster, a provisional government declared suffrage for all adult men over twenty-one years of age (thereby increasing the electorate from 240,000 to 9 million). Slavery was abolished in France’s colonies, and the new government met the unemployment crisis by establishing National Workshops, where workers could perform menial jobs for regular pay, efforts led by Louis Blanc, with support from Armand Barbès. Many, but not all, welcomed reforms such as these. In the summer, elections led to the formation of a moderate government, liberal but orderly, suggesting that the appetite for radical change was not as great as many hoped. Similar dynamics were at play elsewhere in Europe, as tensions arose between newly formed assemblies and radicals wanting more direct democratic action. Feeling their chance slipping away, the radicals in France, led by Blanc, organized demonstrations, which led to bloody conflicts with the National Guard, still loyal to the government. The radicals marched to the Palais Bourbon, where the new National Assembly was in session. Forcing their way in, they read out a declaration in support of Poland, then surrounded the Hôtel de Ville, proclaiming their own “insurrectionary government.” Eventually they were dispersed.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref> (105–106 of 667)</blockquote>January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1849 == January February March April May June July August September October November December 4ewgrluw5adqdb2egbu9k56jmokdspq 2719026 2719025 2025-06-18T18:15:39Z Scogdill 1331941 /* 1848 */ 2719026 wikitext text/x-wiki == Time Line == [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] 1850s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s|1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s|1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s|1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s|1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] == 1840 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1841 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1842 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1843 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1844 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1845 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1846 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1847 == January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1848 == <blockquote>After Louis-Philippe’s ouster, a provisional government declared suffrage for all adult men over twenty-one years of age (thereby increasing the electorate from 240,000 to 9 million). Slavery was abolished in France’s colonies, and the new government met the unemployment crisis by establishing National Workshops, where workers could perform menial jobs for regular pay, efforts led by Louis Blanc, with support from Armand Barbès. Many, but not all, welcomed reforms such as these. In the summer, elections led to the formation of a moderate government, liberal but orderly, suggesting that the appetite for radical change was not as great as many hoped. Similar dynamics were at play elsewhere in Europe, as tensions arose between newly formed assemblies and radicals wanting more direct democratic action. Feeling their chance slipping away, the radicals in France, led by Blanc, organized demonstrations, which led to bloody conflicts with the National Guard, still loyal to the government. The radicals marched to the Palais Bourbon, where the new National Assembly was in session. Forcing their way in, they read out a declaration in support of Poland, then surrounded the Hôtel de Ville, proclaiming their own “insurrectionary government.” Eventually they were dispersed.<ref>Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|105–106 of 667}}</blockquote> January February March April May June July August September October November December == 1849 == January February March April May June July August September October November December 9yahdh4tiku4r0m16x643nwtj4ws3zv 0 322104 2719040 2025-06-18T19:25:42Z Stevesuny 294667 tried to add subpages template 2719040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpages/If}} qkqpjkecbuz0hzsz2ltyw4dieszrdgj 2719044 2719040 2025-06-18T19:26:44Z Stevesuny 294667 Undo all revisions. Resource is empty, but not [[Wikiversity:Deletions|deleted]]. 2719044 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2719047 2719044 2025-06-18T19:34:34Z Stevesuny 294667 2719047 wikitext text/x-wiki subpages.... {{Subpages}} 9v4p68nwsd0935s53h1hy1py3x3jr3k 0 322105 2719110 2025-06-18T23:30:15Z D7RV23 3003751 New resource with "Who we are Sentence describing the institition. Objectives for Open WebUI Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. Hardware RAM: CPU: Storage: Installation Sentence describing the installation process. Models Installed Sentence describing the institition. Tools Sentence describing any customizations Workspaces Notes Knowledge Bases Functions Pipelines" 2719110 wikitext text/x-wiki Who we are Sentence describing the institition. Objectives for Open WebUI Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI. Hardware RAM: CPU: Storage: Installation Sentence describing the installation process. Models Installed Sentence describing the institition. Tools Sentence describing any customizations Workspaces Notes Knowledge Bases Functions Pipelines gnbyk26etkhebb9kchz4oh8stl86apd 0 322106 2719113 2025-06-19T05:22:42Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 Created Chapter 1: Evaluation Criteria 2719113 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria''' = == '''1.1 Purpose of Chapter 1''' == This chapter introduces the foundational approach of the project. It defines the evaluation criteria we will use to assess and compare cosmological theories and related models. These criteria are designed to be transparent, fair, and applicable across disciplinary boundaries — from physics and astronomy to geology, chemistry, and systems theory. == '''1.2 Rationale for Using Evaluation Criteria''' == Scientific theories often compete within isolated communities, where recognition is tied to tradition, reputation, or alignment with mainstream paradigms. This project proposes a more neutral ground: to evaluate theories based on '''intrinsic quality''', not social acceptance. Using clear, predefined criteria enables: * Objective comparison between theories * Transparent reasoning for inclusion or exclusion * A structured foundation for AI-assisted analysis == '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''' == Each theory or model will be assessed according to the following criteria. These are not ranked, but considered '''complementary dimensions of scientific value''': # '''Empirical Adequacy''' Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? # '''Internal Consistency''' Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? # '''Predictive Power''' Does the theory make novel predictions that could be tested? # '''Explanatory Scope''' Does the theory explain a wide range of phenomena, or only a narrow subset? # '''Falsifiability''' Are there clear conditions under which the theory could be proven false? # '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' Is the theory consistent with established knowledge in related domains? # '''Simplicity (Ockham’s Razor)''' Does the theory minimize unnecessary assumptions or entities? # '''Historical and Cultural Awareness''' Does the theory engage with past insights, suppressed models, or forgotten predictions that may still be valid? # '''Transparency of Method''' Is the theory’s derivation and reasoning accessible, repeatable, and documented? == '''1.4 Use of AI in Evaluating Theories''' == AI (specifically ChatGPT) will apply these criteria when comparing theories, identifying conflicts or synergies, and drafting neutral summaries. The AI does not decide which theory is “true,” but serves as a tool for generating comparisons and identifying theoretical patterns or blind spots. Human contributors will: * Approve, question, or refine AI assessments * Suggest additional theories or data points for consideration * Monitor the process for epistemic bias or misinterpretation == '''1.5 Notes on Bias and Inclusion''' == The project acknowledges that many valid theories — particularly those outside mainstream academic discourse — are poorly represented in traditional publications or databases. To address this: * The project will include relevant work from open platforms (e.g., Zenodo, ResearchGate, Wikiversity, Academia.edu). * Theories will not be excluded based on popularity or institutional origin. * Arguments must be logical, evidence-based, and presented with intellectual honesty. == '''1.6 Looking Ahead''' == In the next chapters, we will begin applying these criteria to groups of related theories, starting with various gravitational models in Chapter 2. Each theory will be evaluated using a combination of AI-supported summary and human critical review. jl2498gmkeg97rokk9z4asvmx8s82e8 2719118 2719113 2025-06-19T05:45:27Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* 1.6 Looking Ahead */ add navigation buttons 2719118 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria''' = == '''1.1 Purpose of Chapter 1''' == This chapter introduces the foundational approach of the project. It defines the evaluation criteria we will use to assess and compare cosmological theories and related models. These criteria are designed to be transparent, fair, and applicable across disciplinary boundaries — from physics and astronomy to geology, chemistry, and systems theory. == '''1.2 Rationale for Using Evaluation Criteria''' == Scientific theories often compete within isolated communities, where recognition is tied to tradition, reputation, or alignment with mainstream paradigms. This project proposes a more neutral ground: to evaluate theories based on '''intrinsic quality''', not social acceptance. Using clear, predefined criteria enables: * Objective comparison between theories * Transparent reasoning for inclusion or exclusion * A structured foundation for AI-assisted analysis == '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''' == Each theory or model will be assessed according to the following criteria. These are not ranked, but considered '''complementary dimensions of scientific value''': # '''Empirical Adequacy''' Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? # '''Internal Consistency''' Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? # '''Predictive Power''' Does the theory make novel predictions that could be tested? # '''Explanatory Scope''' Does the theory explain a wide range of phenomena, or only a narrow subset? # '''Falsifiability''' Are there clear conditions under which the theory could be proven false? # '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility''' Is the theory consistent with established knowledge in related domains? # '''Simplicity (Ockham’s Razor)''' Does the theory minimize unnecessary assumptions or entities? # '''Historical and Cultural Awareness''' Does the theory engage with past insights, suppressed models, or forgotten predictions that may still be valid? # '''Transparency of Method''' Is the theory’s derivation and reasoning accessible, repeatable, and documented? == '''1.4 Use of AI in Evaluating Theories''' == AI (specifically ChatGPT) will apply these criteria when comparing theories, identifying conflicts or synergies, and drafting neutral summaries. The AI does not decide which theory is “true,” but serves as a tool for generating comparisons and identifying theoretical patterns or blind spots. Human contributors will: * Approve, question, or refine AI assessments * Suggest additional theories or data points for consideration * Monitor the process for epistemic bias or misinterpretation == '''1.5 Notes on Bias and Inclusion''' == The project acknowledges that many valid theories — particularly those outside mainstream academic discourse — are poorly represented in traditional publications or databases. To address this: * The project will include relevant work from open platforms (e.g., Zenodo, ResearchGate, Wikiversity, Academia.edu). * Theories will not be excluded based on popularity or institutional origin. * Arguments must be logical, evidence-based, and presented with intellectual honesty. == '''1.6 Looking Ahead''' == In the next chapters, we will begin applying these criteria to groups of related theories, starting with various gravitational models in Chapter 2. Each theory will be evaluated using a combination of AI-supported summary and human critical review. ---- '''Navigation:''' ← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Next ▶]] 0b5pzgsun6bggf7d5nky3yhtgjw735l 0 322107 2719115 2025-06-19T05:37:06Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 Created Chapter 2: Overview and evaluation of gravity theories 2719115 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' = == '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' == This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1. The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized. Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the Talk page of this project or by email to: '''rmmloeffen@gmail.com'''. All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project. == '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' == Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons: === '''A. Geometric Theories''' === These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry. * '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)''' Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy. * '''Metric Theories of Gravity''' Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory). === '''B. Force-Based Theories''' === These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism. * '''Newtonian Gravity''' Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared. * '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)''' Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton. === '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' === These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon. * '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity''' Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies. * '''Entropic Gravity''' Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy. === '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' === These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction. * '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation''' Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together. * '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth. === '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' === Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter. * '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)''' Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations. * '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)''' Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields. == '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories''' ! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges |- | General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required |- | Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales |- | MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form |- | Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support |- | Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization |- | CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base |} == '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' == Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance. For each theory, we will present: * A brief summary of assumptions * Predictions that can be tested * Alignment or conflict with observational data * Unique contributions or explanatory gaps The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness. == '''2.5 Moving Forward''' == This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework. ohskvg8kv7gukexh69ij6svvmdy3yih 2719117 2719115 2025-06-19T05:43:33Z Ruud Loeffen 2998353 /* 2.5 Moving Forward */ add navigations buttons 2719117 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' = == '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' == This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1. The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized. Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the Talk page of this project or by email to: '''rmmloeffen@gmail.com'''. All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project. == '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' == Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons: === '''A. Geometric Theories''' === These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry. * '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)''' Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy. * '''Metric Theories of Gravity''' Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory). === '''B. Force-Based Theories''' === These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism. * '''Newtonian Gravity''' Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared. * '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)''' Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton. === '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' === These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon. * '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity''' Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies. * '''Entropic Gravity''' Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy. === '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' === These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction. * '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation''' Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together. * '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)''' Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth. === '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' === Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter. * '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)''' Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations. * '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)''' Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields. == '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories''' ! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges |- | General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required |- | Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales |- | MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form |- | Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support |- | Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization |- | CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base |} == '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' == Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance. For each theory, we will present: * A brief summary of assumptions * Predictions that can be tested * Alignment or conflict with observational data * Unique contributions or explanatory gaps The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness. == '''2.5 Moving Forward''' == This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework. ---- '''Navigation:''' ← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]] jww7aiau4gcuc0yb5lzws7k6shpltsr