Wikiversity:Sandbox

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    <title>Wikiversity:Sandbox</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>1558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719279</id>
      <parentid>2719158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AstoriaRex</username>
        <id>3003837</id>
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{{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}}
/*If you're happy and you know it clap your hands*/
👏 
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* {{#invoke:Sandbox/hello}}
* {{#invoke:Sandbox/meet}}

* {{#invoke:Sandbox/variables}}
* Alu

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* {{#invoke:Sandbox/arithmetic}}z is -1
* {{#invoke:Sandbox/relational}}
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  <page>
    <title>Genes linked to psychopathy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719250</id>
      <parentid>2719209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T16:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Some revisions</comment>
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      <text bytes="44176" sha1="aj2cuy1c0zn2rijrpx5p7odncgiund1" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes—like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1—are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while secondary psychopathy (&quot;sociopathy&quot;), which involves less significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. An individual with primary psychopathy-linked alleles, but without the associated epigenetic markers from early childhood and without brain structure abnormalities, may still be more likely and quicker to develop sociopathy due to trauma or other experiences in late childhood or adolescence, compared to others. Sociopathy and primary psychopathy are therefore distinct, but a predisposition to primary psychopathy also increases the risk of sociopathy. This may help explain the existence of so-called “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised).

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>aj2cuy1c0zn2rijrpx5p7odncgiund1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719271</id>
      <parentid>2719250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T19:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Revised the secondary psychopath section</comment>
      <origin>2719271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44144" sha1="ooq27f1hhqe65iwo349rc2ql3hby5tg" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes—like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1—are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still also more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which is lacking in significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. This may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnositic critera in the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prision populations at the time, but now has direct genetic support more broadly due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>ooq27f1hhqe65iwo349rc2ql3hby5tg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719272</id>
      <parentid>2719271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T19:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Typo</comment>
      <origin>2719272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44144" sha1="8dzo50iaknl0tu151gtxklhpnqftiwt" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes—like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1—are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still also more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which is lacking in significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. This may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnositic critera of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prision populations at the time, but now has direct genetic support more broadly due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>8dzo50iaknl0tu151gtxklhpnqftiwt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719273</id>
      <parentid>2719272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T19:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Typo</comment>
      <origin>2719273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44143" sha1="8kvs8b50aoalh739smzxcoa8o8o67le" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes—like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1—are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still also more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which is lacking in significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. This may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnositic critera of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has direct genetic support more broadly due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>8kvs8b50aoalh739smzxcoa8o8o67le</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719275</id>
      <parentid>2719273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Text revisions</comment>
      <origin>2719275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44120" sha1="9g5t24np4j5y36pj01yrtfdk3czie9k" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes—like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1—are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy—such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A—also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which lacks significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. This may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnostic criteria of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has broader genetic support due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>9g5t24np4j5y36pj01yrtfdk3czie9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719276</id>
      <parentid>2719275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:38E9:5EA3:BFB3:73A5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed em dashes</comment>
      <origin>2719276</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44116" sha1="syrgh8pghjei9r04z0198ldh7gvt1fa" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1, are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which lacks significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. This may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnostic criteria of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has broader genetic support due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>syrgh8pghjei9r04z0198ldh7gvt1fa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719284</id>
      <parentid>2719276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T23:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:E406:1681:E64C:C4DF</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44162" sha1="dskllhjdevpao77zfja5na2fj9s6vwb" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR. However, the genetics of psychopathy are more complex than just these genes alone. Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, SLC6A4, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Some of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, SLC6A4, and NR3C1, are directly epigenetically marked in response to trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which lacks significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. A genetic predisposition to both sets of behaviors may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnostic criteria of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has broader genetic support due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>dskllhjdevpao77zfja5na2fj9s6vwb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719302</id>
      <parentid>2719284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T03:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:55B3:8746:768D:686B</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed an issue between SLC6A4 and 5-HTTLPR.</comment>
      <origin>2719302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44090" sha1="48rs3w6oyalejfooa2hje0m0ymtcadl" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, show direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which lacks significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. A genetic predisposition to both sets of behaviors may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnostic criteria of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has broader genetic support due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>48rs3w6oyalejfooa2hje0m0ymtcadl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719303</id>
      <parentid>2719302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T03:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>85.8.130.82</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minor text revisions</comment>
      <origin>2719303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44104" sha1="9si5uucw0b9whlwco23ohci7et0crcj" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who don't develop primary psychopathy are still more likely to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;), if they have the genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of sociopathy. Many popular media portrayals suggest that primary psychopathy is fully genetic, while sociopathy, which lacks significant neurological impairment, is entirely environmental. However, the reality is more complex. A genetic predisposition to both sets of behaviors may help explain the existence of quasi-taxonomic “full psychopaths,” often found among prison populations, who score high on both Factor 1 and Factor 2 traits of the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist–Revised). Therefore, Robert D. Hare's inclusion of Factor 2 in the diagnostic criteria of the PCL-R was not only empirically validated within prison populations at the time, but now has broader genetic support due to a significant degree of genetic overlap.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>9si5uucw0b9whlwco23ohci7et0crcj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Watchduck/bin2svg</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>130659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719282</id>
      <parentid>2578359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>2996189</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Sierpinski triangle 256 top left.svg]] → [[File:Sierpinski 8 TL.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
      <origin>2719282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17283" sha1="61tcm3ltiaciohhicnivoa33l38cg96" xml:space="preserve">{| align=&quot;right&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;| [[File:Hadamard-Code.svg|thumb|128px|[[w:Hadamard code|Hadamard code]] ]]
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;| [[File:Sierpinski 8 TL.svg|thumb|260px|[[w:Sierpinski triangle|Sierpinski triangle]] drawn with bin2svg — The red squares form one contiguous area with only one edge, so the path contains only one &lt;code&gt;M&lt;/code&gt;.]]
|}
__NOTOC__
'''bin2svg''' is a small program that takes a binary matrix and returns the corresponding [[w:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] [http://www.w3schools.com/graphics/svg_path.asp path] of the area covered by ones.

It was initially written in [[w:MATLAB|Matlab]] and later translated to [[w:Python (programming language)|Python]]. The code is shown below.

&lt;small&gt;Files created with this program are marked with {{[[commons:Template:Created with bin2svg|Created with bin2svg]]}} and sorted into the hidden category [[commons:Category:Created with bin2svg|''Created with bin2svg'']].&lt;/small&gt;

==Example==

 &gt;&gt;&gt; from numpy import array
 &gt;&gt;&gt; from bin2svg import bin2svg
 &gt;&gt;&gt; mat = array([[0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1, 0]])
 &gt;&gt;&gt; mat
 array([[0, 0, 0, 1],
        [1, 1, 1, 0],
        [1, 0, 1, 0],
        [1, 1, 1, 0]])
 &gt;&gt;&gt; bin2svg(mat)
 'M3,0h1v1h-1M0,1h3v3h-3M1,2v1h1v-1'


If the function gets the binary matrix
&lt;math&gt;\begin{bmatrix}
0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\
1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\
1 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\
1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 &amp; 0
\end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
it will create the intermediate matrix
&lt;math&gt;\begin{bmatrix}
0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 \\
1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 24 &amp; 3 \\
0 &amp; 5 &amp; 8 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
0 &amp; 6 &amp; 7 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
4 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 3 &amp; 0
\end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
which shows that there are three cycles of corners:&lt;br&gt;
Two on the outside of an area of ones (with clockwise numbers 1...4) and one hole (with anticlockwise numbers 5...8). (The 24 is a 2 and a 4 in the same place.)&lt;br&gt;
The outside cycles give the paths &lt;code&gt;M3,0 h1 v1 h-1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;M0,1 h3 v3 h-3&lt;/code&gt;, and the hole gives &lt;code&gt;M1,2 v1 h1 v-1&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
So the output of the function is &lt;code&gt;M3,0h1v1h-1M0,1h3v3h-3M1,2v1h1v-1&lt;/code&gt;.

[[File:Bin2svg example.svg|thumb|100px]]
In the following SVG code the result produces the image shown on the right:
&lt;source lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;?xml version = &quot;1.0&quot; encoding = &quot;UTF-8&quot; ?&gt;
&lt;svg xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; viewBox=&quot;-.5 -.5 5 5&quot;&gt;
    &lt;path fill=&quot;#fff&quot; d=&quot;m0,0h4v4H0&quot;/&gt; &lt;!-- white background --&gt;
    &lt;path fill=&quot;#f00&quot; d=&quot;M3,0h1v1h-1M0,1h3v3h-3M1,2v1h1v-1&quot;/&gt; &lt;!-- red entries --&gt;
    &lt;g stroke=&quot;#000&quot;&gt;
        &lt;path stroke-width=&quot;4&quot; stroke-dasharray=&quot;.05,.95&quot; d=&quot;M0,2h5M2,0v5&quot;/&gt; &lt;!-- 0.5px black lines --&gt;
        &lt;rect stroke-width=&quot;.1&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; x=&quot;0&quot; y=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;4&quot; height=&quot;4&quot;/&gt; &lt;!-- 1px black square --&gt;
    &lt;/g&gt;
&lt;/svg&gt;
&lt;/source&gt;


{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;|another example
|-
|
[[File:Bin2svg example 2.svg|thumb|100px]]
There are points that are part of two outside cycles — 13 and the 24 in the intermediate matrix — but no similar points that are part of two holes.

If the function gets the binary matrix
&lt;math&gt;\begin{bmatrix}
1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 \\
1 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 \\
1 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 \\
1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1 &amp; 1
\end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;
it will create the intermediate matrix
&lt;math&gt;\begin{bmatrix}
1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 2 \\
0 &amp; 5 &amp; 8 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \\
0 &amp; 6 &amp; 24 &amp; 8 &amp; 0 \\
0 &amp; 0 &amp; 6 &amp; 7 &amp; 0 \\
4 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 3
\end{bmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;.

The outside cycle gives the path &lt;code&gt;M0,0 h4 v4 h-4&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
In the following path it can be seen, that what looks like two holes is actually handled as one: &lt;code&gt;M1,1 v1 h1 v1 h1 v-1 h-1 v-1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
(&lt;code&gt;M1,1 v1 h1 v-1 M2,2 v1 h1 v-1&lt;/code&gt; would look the same, but will not be generated by this function.)

|}

==Python code==

::''See also: http://pastebin.com/y8rY5Vj4''

{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;| bin2svg
|-
|
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
import numpy as np


def bin2svg(tosvg):
    &quot;&quot;&quot;
    :param tosvg: numpy array with binary entries, e.g. `np.array([[1, 0],
                                                                   [0, 1]])`
    :return: string describing an SVG path, e.g. 'M0,0h1v1h-1M1,1h1v1h-1'

    see also: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Watchduck/bin2svg
    &quot;&quot;&quot;

    def bin2corners(tocorners):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        :param tocorners: binary m×n matrix; areas of 1s to be interpreted as areas of squares with no internal corners
        :return: m+1 × n+1 matrix; 0 for no corner; 1, 2, 3, 4 for corner; 13, 24 for double corner
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        if type(tocorners) is not np.ndarray:  # if input is plain array
            tocorners = np.array(tocorners)    # convert to numpy array

        (high, wide) = tocorners.shape
        hpad = np.zeros((1, wide+2), np.int8)
        vpad = np.zeros((high, 1), np.int8)
        tocorners = np.vstack((
            hpad,
            np.hstack((vpad, tocorners, vpad)),
            hpad
        ))

        corners = np.zeros((high+1, wide+1), np.int8)

        for m in range(high+1):
            for n in range(wide+1):
                sub = tocorners[m:m+2, n:n+2]
                if np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[0, 0],
                                                 [0, 1]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 1
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[0, 0],
                                                   [1, 0]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 2
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[1, 0],
                                                   [0, 0]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 3
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[0, 1],
                                                   [0, 0]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 4
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[1, 1],
                                                   [1, 0]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 5
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[1, 0],
                                                   [1, 1]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 6
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[0, 1],
                                                   [1, 1]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 7
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[1, 1],
                                                   [0, 1]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 8
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[1, 0],
                                                   [0, 1]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 13
                elif np.array_equal(sub, np.array([[0, 1],
                                                   [1, 0]])):
                    corners[m, n] = 24

        return corners

    def cornerfinder(corners, look):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        Searches corner matrix from last position for non zero entries.
        :param corners: current corner matrix
        :param look: position where to begin searching
        :return: {'pos': [m, n], 'val': k} where [m, n] is the first position found and k the entry at this position
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        (high, wide) = corners.shape
        found = 0

        while found == 0:
            found = corners[tuple(look)]
            if found == 0:
                if look[1] &lt; wide-1:
                    look[1] += 1
                elif look[1] == wide-1 and look[0] &lt; high-1:
                    look = [look[0]+1, 0]
                else:
                    return 'reached end'
            else:
                return {'pos': look, 'val': found}

    def step(corners, cornerfound):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        :param corners: current corner matrix
        :param cornerfound: last position and value found by `cornerfinder`
        :return: {'corners': corners, 'svgpath': svgpath} with `corners` sparser and `svgpath` extended
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        startpos = cornerfound['pos']
        pos = startpos[:]
        val = cornerfound['val']

        svgpath = 'M' + str(pos[1]) + ',' + str(pos[0])

        while True:

            if val in range(1, 9):  # 1 &lt;= val &lt;= 8
                corners[tuple(pos)] = 0
            elif val == 13 and (oldval in [4, 7]):  # 13 as 1 , leave 3
                val = 1
                corners[tuple(pos)] = 3
            elif val == 13 and (oldval in [2, 5]):  # 13 as 3 , leave 1
                val = 3
                corners[tuple(pos)] = 1
            elif val == 24 and (oldval in [1, 6]):  # 24 as 2 , leave 4
                val = 2
                corners[tuple(pos)] = 4
            elif val == 24 and (oldval in [3, 8]):  # 24 as 4 , leave 2
                val = 4
                corners[tuple(pos)] = 2

            oldpos = pos[:]

            creeper = 0

            if val in [1, 6]:
                while creeper == 0:
                    pos[1] += 1
                    if pos == startpos:
                        break
                    creeper = corners[tuple(pos)]
            elif val in [2, 5]:
                while creeper == 0:
                    pos[0] += 1
                    if pos == startpos:
                        break
                    creeper = corners[tuple(pos)]
            elif val in [3, 8]:
                while creeper == 0:
                    pos[1] -= 1
                    if pos == startpos:
                        break
                    creeper = corners[tuple(pos)]
            elif val in [4, 7]:
                while creeper == 0:
                    pos[0] -= 1
                    if pos == startpos:
                        break
                    creeper = corners[tuple(pos)]

            oldval = val
            val = creeper

            if pos[0] == oldpos[0]:
                append_to_svgpath = 'h' + str(pos[1]-oldpos[1])
            else:
                append_to_svgpath = 'v' + str(pos[0]-oldpos[0])

            if pos == startpos:
                break

            svgpath += append_to_svgpath

        return {'corners': corners, 'svgpath': svgpath}

    corners = bin2corners(tosvg)
    startpos = [0, 0]
    svgpath = ''

    while True:
        cornerfound = cornerfinder(corners, startpos)
        if cornerfound == 'reached end':
            break
        startpos = cornerfound['pos']
        thisstep = step(corners, cornerfound)
        corners = thisstep['corners']
        svgpath += thisstep['svgpath']

    return svgpath

&lt;/source&gt;
|}

==Matlab code==

{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd; border-bottom:0;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;|subfunction ''bin2corners''
|-
|

&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
function [y] = bin2corners(x)
% Turns the binary matrix in a bigger matrix with key numbers.
high = size(x,1) ;
long = size(x,2) ;
X = [  zeros(1,long+2) ;
       zeros(high,1) x zeros(high,1) ;
       zeros(1,long+2) ] ;
Y = zeros(high+1,long+1) ;
for m=1:high+1
    for n=1:long+1
        A = X(m:m+1,n:n+1) ;
            if A == [ 0 0 ; 0 1 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 1 ;
        elseif A == [ 0 0 ; 1 0 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 2 ;
        elseif A == [ 1 0 ; 0 0 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 3 ;
        elseif A == [ 0 1 ; 0 0 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 4 ;
        elseif A == [ 1 1 ; 1 0 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 5 ;
        elseif A == [ 1 0 ; 1 1 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 6 ;
        elseif A == [ 0 1 ; 1 1 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 7 ;
        elseif A == [ 1 1 ; 0 1 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 8 ;
        elseif A == [ 1 0 ; 0 1 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 13 ;
        elseif A == [ 0 1 ; 1 0 ] 
               Y(m,n) = 24 ;
           end
    end
end
y = Y ;
end
&lt;/source&gt;
'''Example:'''
&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; binmat = [ 0 0 0 1
              1 1 1 0
              1 0 1 0
              1 1 1 0 ] ;
&gt;&gt; cornermat = bin2corners(binmat)
cornermat =
     0     0     0     1     2
     1     0     0    24     3
     0     5     8     0     0
     0     6     7     0     0
     4     0     0     3     0
&lt;/source&gt;

|}
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd; border-bottom:0;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;|subfunction ''cornerfinder''
|-
|

&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
function [y] = cornerfinder(x1,x2)
% Searches matrix x1 from position x2 for non zero entries.
% Output is vector [m n k] where [m n] is the first position found and k the entry at this position.
high = size(x1,1) ;
wide = size(x1,2) ;
look = x2 ;
found = 0 ;
while found == 0   
      found = x1( look(1) , look(2) ) ;       
      if found == 0         
         if look(2) &lt; wide
            look(2) = look(2) + 1 ;
         elseif look(2)==wide &amp;&amp; look(1)&lt;high
            look = [ look(1)+1  1 ] ;
         else
             look = [-1 -1] ;     % reached end, signal to stop for other function
             break
         end
      else break
      end      
end
y = [ look found ]  ;
end
&lt;/source&gt;
'''Example:'''
&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; mnk = cornerfinder( cornermat , [1 1] )
mnk =
     1     4     1
&lt;/source&gt;

|}
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd; border-bottom:0;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;|subfunction ''bin2svg_step''
|-
|

&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
function [y] = bin2svg_step(mat,x2)
% x1 is the key number matrix, x2 is the output of cornerfinder.
pos = x2(1:2) ;
coordinates = [ 'M' num2str(pos(2)-1) ',' num2str(pos(1)-1) ] ;
entry = x2(3) ;
while 1
    if entry&gt;=1 &amp;&amp; entry&lt;=8
       mat(pos(1),pos(2)) = 0 ;
    elseif entry==13 &amp;&amp; ( entrybefore==4 || entrybefore==7 )        % 13 as 1 , leave 3
       mat(pos(1),pos(2)) = 3 ;                                     entry = 1 ;
    elseif entry==13 &amp;&amp; ( entrybefore==2 || entrybefore==5 )        % 13 as 3 , leave 1
       mat(pos(1),pos(2)) = 1 ;                                     entry = 3 ;
    elseif entry==24 &amp;&amp; ( entrybefore==1 || entrybefore==6 )        % 24 as 2 , leave 4
       mat(pos(1),pos(2)) = 4 ;                                     entry = 2 ;
    elseif entry==24 &amp;&amp; ( entrybefore==3 || entrybefore==8 )        % 24 as 4 , leave 2
       mat(pos(1),pos(2)) = 2 ;                                     entry = 4 ;
    end
    posbefore = pos ;
    creeper = 0 ;
    if     entry==1 || entry==6
       while creeper == 0
             pos(2) = pos(2)+1 ;
             if pos == x2(1:2)
                 break
             end
             creeper = mat( pos(1) , pos(2) ) ;      
       end
    elseif entry==2 || entry==5
       while creeper == 0
             pos(1) = pos(1)+1 ; 
             if pos == x2(1:2)
                 break
             end
             creeper = mat( pos(1) , pos(2) ) ; 
       end
    elseif entry==3 || entry==8
       while creeper == 0
             pos(2) = pos(2)-1 ;   
             if pos == x2(1:2)
                 break
             end
             creeper = mat( pos(1) , pos(2) ) ; 
       end
    elseif entry==4 || entry==7
       while creeper == 0
             pos(1) = pos(1)-1 ;  
             if pos == x2(1:2)
                 break
             end
             creeper = mat( pos(1) , pos(2) ) ; 
       end
    end
    entrybefore = entry ;
    entry = creeper ;
    if   pos(1)==posbefore(1)
         d = [ 'h' num2str( pos(2)-posbefore(2) ) ] ;
    else
         d = [ 'v' num2str( pos(1)-posbefore(1) ) ] ;
    end
    if pos == x2(1:2)
    break
    end 
    coordinates = [ coordinates d ] ;
end
Y = cell(1,2);
Y{1} = mat ;
Y{2} = coordinates ;
y = Y ;
end
&lt;/source&gt;
'''Example:'''
&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; coordinatecell = bin2svg_step( cornermat , mnk )
coordinatecell = 
    [5x5 double]    'M3,0h1v1h-1'
&gt;&gt; 
&gt;&gt; coordinatecell{1}
ans =
     0     0     0     0     0
     1     0     0     2     0
     0     5     8     0     0
     0     6     7     0     0
     4     0     0     3     0
&lt;/source&gt;

|}
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ddd&quot;|''bin2svg''
|-
|

&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
function [y] = bin2svg(x)
% Binary matrix to SVG path.
A = bin2corners(x) ;
startpos = [1 1] ;
coordinates = repmat(' ',1,0) ;
while 1
        B = cornerfinder(A,startpos) ;
        if B == [-1 -1 0]
            break
        end
        startpos = B(1:2) ;
        C = bin2svg_step(A,B) ;
        A = C{1} ;
        coordinates = [ coordinates C{2} ] ;
end  
y = coordinates ;
end
&lt;/source&gt;
'''Example:'''
&lt;source lang=&quot;matlab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; binmat
binmat =
     0     0     0     1
     1     1     1     0
     1     0     1     0
     1     1     1     0
&gt;&gt; bin2svg(binmat)
ans =
M3,0h1v1h-1M0,1h3v3h-3M1,2v1h1v-1
&lt;/source&gt;
|}

==Examples==
{| style=&quot;width: 1300px;&quot;
| [[File:Nimbers 0...15 multiplication.svg|thumb|center|x380px|This Inkscape file was filled with a dark gray and two red &lt;code&gt;bin2svg&lt;/code&gt; paths. &lt;small&gt;(The latter by merging matrices, e.g the four 16×16 into one 16×73 with gaps of width 3 between them.)&lt;/small&gt;]]
| [[File:Family of farofe with twins.svg|thumb|center|x380px|This file shows &lt;code&gt;bin2svg&lt;/code&gt; paths of four matrices, which are red, green, blue and gray &amp;mdash; the latter in the same position as the blue one. &lt;small&gt;(There are also two columns and two rows scaled to be thin hints next to the matrices.)&lt;/small&gt;]]
| [[File:3-ary Boolean functions; super-clan of Zhe 44.svg|thumb|center|x430px|three paths to highlight sets of entries in a matrix]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[File:Fixed points in Zhegalkin permutation 4.svg|thumb|center|800px|simple file with four areas and corresponding grids]]

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  <page>
    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
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      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
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== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20250620.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/Timeline/1898</title>
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      <text bytes="70973" sha1="ivwvmb7fs34ntj4ppsai7j6g984cvqs" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890 | 1890]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] 1898 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]]

==Sometime in 1898==
Sometime in 1898 MacGregor Mathers translated ''The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage, as delivered by Abraham the Jew unto his son Lamech, A.D. 1458''.

Sometime in 1898 the Local Government Act was passed, and [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Gerald Balfour]] was &quot;largely responsible for putting [it] through.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;O'Connor 163.&lt;/ref&gt;

==January 1898==
A [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|party at Blenheim Palace, home of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, in late December 1898]] may have continued into the new year. Some of those present included the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lord Chesterfield, Lord Churchill, Lord and Lady Curzon, Lady Blandford, Ladies Lilian and Norah Spencer Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. and Mrs. A. Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, and Mr. H. Milner.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;&quot;Politics and Persons.&quot; ''St. James' Gazette'' 31 December 1897, Friday: 13 [of 16]. ''British Newspaper Archive''.&lt;/ref&gt;

===1 January 1898, Saturday, New Year's Day===
===3 January 1898, Monday===
Bertie and Alex visit the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire's country estate Chatsworth. The last paragraph of this report mentions some [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#30 December 1897, Thursday|private or amateur theatricals, which were worked out and performed earlier]], in the week or so before this house party at Chatsworth. &lt;blockquote&gt;A truly loyal welcome was accorded the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] and the Princess Victoria upon their arrival at Chatsworth on Monday evening as the guests of the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] until Saturday. The people assembled at Rowsley Station and on the road to Chatsworth in their thousands, but unfortunately for the would-be-spectators dusk had fallen when the Royal visitors arrived, and very few were afforded an opportunity of gaining a satisfactory glimpse of the genial features of the Heir Apparent or his gracious Consort. The Royal party left Sandringham at 1.40 and travelled by the Great Eastern to Peterborough, leaving at 2.55. From Peterborough the train was worked on the Midland Railway Company's line to Rowsley. The officials of the Midland Company who travelled from Peterborough were Sir Ernest Paget, chairman of the company; Mr. G. H. Turner, general manager; Mr. S. W. Johnson, locomotive superintendent; Mr. L. Mugliston, superintendent of the line; Mr. C. H. Jones, assistant locomotive superintendent; and Mr. Loveday, chief inspector. Rowsley Station was most elaborately and tastefully decorated by the gardeners from Chatsworth, and Mr. Pitt, stationmaster. From the platform to the entrance crimson cloth was laid, and the booking hall was adorned with choice plants. Shortly before five the Duke of Devonshire, accompanied by Lord Stanley and Mr. Dunville, the Duke of Devonshire's private secretary, entered the station. There were also present Mr. Gibson Martin, the Duke of Devonshires [sic] agent; Captain Holland, Chief Constable of Derbyshire, and a number of railway officials. A portion of the platform was reserved for privileged spectators, amongst whom were Mr. R. W. M Nesfield, J.P., agent to the Duke of Rutland, the Misses Cross (Bakewell), Mr. H. Deeley (Rowsley), and others. The train was not a minute late. The first passenger to alight was the Prince of Wales, who smiled very pleasantly as the Duke of Devonshire advanced to meet him. The Prince, who looked remarkably well, wore a brown hat and Chesterfield coat. The Princess of Wales and Princess Victoria having alighted, Sir Ernest Paget and Lord Stanley were introduced to the Prince of Wales. The Princess of Wales wore a sea blue grey travelling coat trimmed with white fox, and Medici collar and toque to match. Princess Victoria was attired in dark velvet, with a double-breasted ulster of dark velvet trimmed with pearl buttons and toque to match.

Little ceremony marked the reception of the Prince and Princess at Rowsley Station. The approaches to this somewhat primitive-looking, though modern, building were kept by quite an imposing contingent of mounted constables, whose duties on the whole may be said to have been chiefly ornamental in effect. With dowers and palms and foliage brought from the famous conservatories at Chatsworth, the arrival platform was made positively radiant, whilst bright coloured flags and draperies served to relieve the normally prosaic aspect of the station walls and pillars. As time wore on, and the hands of the clock pointed towards the hour that was to witness the Royal visitors [coming? arriving? Fold in paper] the loyal villagers, who had gathered in the vicinity grew quite [restive?] with expectancy. It was interesting to hear fall from the lips of [some?] of those present recollections of that day, never forgotten seemingly in this part of the country, which saw the first appearance therein of the Princess of Wales. But soon a 1ull in the pleasant chatter of the village folk indicated that their interest in the event to which all had been looking forward had reached its acutest stage, and in another moment the Royal &quot;special&quot; had come to a standstill, and a couple of hundred voices or more proclaimed the loyalty of the restful little Rowsley.

In the faint glimmer of the lights the Princess of Wales, dressed wholly in black, could be seen leaning on the arm of the Duke of Devonshire and walking towards the carriage in waiting, followed by the Prince of Wales and Princess Vic[t]oria, who was also attired in black. With their Ro[y]al Highnesses were Captain Holford and Miss Knollys. Preceded by outriders and driven by postillions arrayed in splendid liveries of dark blue and silver, the Devonshire colours, the equipages made their way at a rapid pace through the little streets of Rowsley, in which but for the lateness of the hour many a loyal inscription emblazoned on trim house-front or across a balcony, would have greeted the eyes of the distinguished visitors. As it was, nevertheless, the familar [sic] signs and tokens of devotion were not wanting, and there fell upon the ears of the occupants of the ducal carriages hearty and enthusiastic cheering[.] Holding aloft bright torches, moreover, the presence of the children of the parish schools, assembledon [sic] either side of the roadway imparted a picturesque element to the welcome accorded to their Royal Highnesses. A like reception was extended the guests of the Duke and Duchess as they passed through the old-world village of Beeley; whilst flambeaux, borne by the young tenants on the estate, shed their fitful light on the carriages as they were driven through the beautiful park itself, near the ornate gates of which a large throng had assembled to shout their welcome upon the arrival of the Prince and Princess at Chatsworth. At this moment arc lamps of electric light were making bright the terraces and grounds over- looked by the windows of the old house, the fountains were plashing, and the waters of the cascades falling beneath lights of many brilliant colours, which illumined for the nonce the beautiful gardens of Chatsworth, and proclaimed to all in its neighbourhood that the Royal guests had arrived.

The company invited to meet their Royal Highnesses consists of the Earl of Rosebery, Earl and Countess De Grey, the Countess of Gosford, Viscount Acheson and Lady Alexandra Acheson, M. de Soveral, Count Mensdorf, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lord and Lady Elcho, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, the Right Hon. Arthur Balfour, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr. and Mrs, [sic] Grenfell, Lord Stavordale, Mr. and Mrs. Menzies, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. W. James. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Captain Jeffcock, Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Leo Trevor, Mr. Strong, Mr. Malcolm Bell, Captain Holford, and Miss Knollys.

The week's programme will be largely influenced by considerations of weather, especially as a visit to far-famed Haddon Hall is included for the benefit of the Princess. There will be three days' shooting, and the Baslow, Paddocks. Birchill, Stan Wood, Hare Park, and Bunker's Hill preserves have been expressly reserved for this week. A large marquee will be erected near the scene of the shooting. A prominent feature of the week's amusements will be the theatrical performance, which is to take place on Friday night. That performance is to be repeated for the benefit of the local nursing charity on the Monday night following. In the cast of &quot;His Little Dodge,&quot; a three-act farce, are Mrs. W. James, as Lady Miranda Little; Lady Randolph Churchill, as Candy(a maid); Mr. Mildmay, as Sir Hercules Little; Mr. Leo Trevor, as Mr. Hobb; Captain Jeffcock, as Mr. Pollaby Pitlow; and Mr. Malcolm Bell, as Grice (a gardener). The trio of characters in &quot;Kitty Clive,&quot; Frankfort Moore's comedy, are taken by Miss Muriel Wilson, who is in the title role; Captain Jeffcock, as Jack Bates (a provincial actor), and Mr. Leo Trevor, as the Landlord of the King’s Head, Thatcham. Mr. Johnston's string band, from Manchester, which is engaged to play at the house every day during the week, will provide the orchestra, the performance taking place in the ballroom.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Prince and Princess of Wales at Chatsworth.&quot; ''Derby Mercury'' 5 January 1898, Wednesday: 2 [of 8], Col. 2b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18980105/005/0002 (accessed June 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 28 January 1898 ===
The ''Gentlewoman'' reports that Mr. Schreiber was a member of the house party at Ecton, Northampton, at the Sotheby's:&lt;blockquote&gt;A Small and Early Dance was given by General and Mrs. Sotheby at Ecton, Northampton, on January 28, the night after the Pytchley Hunt Ball. The houses round brought parties. The house party at Ecton included Mr. and Lady Agnes de Trafford, Lady Sinclair, the Master of Sinclair, and the Hon. Ada St. Clair, Lady Ida Dalzell, Hon H. Lee-Dillon, Miss Blois, Miss De Capell Brooke, Mr. Innes Ker, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Miss MacMillar-Scott, Mr. Herbert Sotheby, Mr. Alfred Sotheby, and Mr. Harold Russell.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Small and Early Dance.&quot; ''The Gentlewoman'' 12 February 1898, Saturday: 19 [of 68], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980212/089/0019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==February 1898==

=== 3 February 1898, Thursday ===

==== The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Among present visitors at Monte Carlo are Lord Lovat, Lord and Lady Uxbridge, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lord and Lady Savile, Lord and Lady Deramore, Sir E. Price, and Sir Walter and Lady Gilbey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes — Mainly Personal.&quot; ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 3 February 1898, Thursday: 3 [of 6], Col. 3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18980203/001/0003. Print title ''Evening Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===22 February 1898, Tuesday===
The ball at which Lord Rosebery’s daughters debuted:&lt;blockquote&gt;The smartest members of London society were present at the ball given on Tuesday by Lord Rosebery in honour of his daughters, Lady Sybil and Lady Peggy Primrose, who affected their début under exceptionally brilliant auspices. Both looked wonderfully nice and fresh in twin frocks of white satin and chiffon with white flowers, of simplest make, but yet so pretty and so picturesque. The Prince of Wales looking all the better for his trip to the seaside opened the ball with Lady Sybil Primrose, while Mrs. Arthur Sassoon danced in the same quadrille with Count Mensdorff. The [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Duchess of Devonshire]], in pale green and white with embroidery of roses; the Duchess of Marlborough, in white with her magnificent pearls; the Duchess of Buccleuch, in black; the Duchess of Montrose, in pale pink, trimmed with satin of a deeper hue, and wearing a superb diamond coronet; the Duchess of Roxburghe, in black, glittering with diamonds and jet; Lady Spencer, in grey satin, with pink roses, and wearing a tiara and necklace of brilliants; and Lady Tweedmouth, in beautiful rose colour, were only a few of the great ladies present. There was a sprinkling also of foreign Ministers and representatives, including the Russian Minister, the Portuguese and Brazilian Ministers, and Chargé d'Affaires of the United States and his pretty wife. Perhaps the débutantes attracted most attention. The prettiest dress in the room was that worn by Lady Marjorie Carrington, a little soft white dress with garlands of pink roses; and Lady Tweeddale’s daughter, Lady Clementine Hay, was dressed white tulle over satin, with roses and white satin baby ribbon. Among other girls who looked well were Lady Beatrix Taylour, in white satin and tulle embroidered with diamonds, and Lady Helen Stuart, in white and silver with turquoise and diamond ornaments. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]] wore white satin with a bright red sash, and her hair threaded with a ribbon of red satin. Lady Katharine Egerton worn white, and Lady Katharine Stanhope wore pink veiled in white embroidered net. Everyone had nice things to say about the young debutantes, who are charming girls, so fresh and unspoiled, entering into everything with the utmost enthusiasm; they have been brought up in such seclusion that all ordinary pleasures are to them as a surprise and a delight. The beauty of the night was Lady Helen Vincent, who looked simply lovely in turquoise blue with pale blue twisted in her soft, fair hair, and a beautiful diamond crown. She is so tall, so slender, and spirituelle in appearance, that everyone turned to look at her as she passed by; Lady Granby was also very noticeable on account of her slender height and picturesque appearance; and she brought with her Miss Pamela Plowden. Mrs. Arthur Pagent [sic?] was a brilliant figure in black, glittering with sea-blue sequins; she wore a rtviere [?] of diamonds on a blue ribbon round her throat, and a diamond comb with trembling diamonds in her hair; while Georgiana Lady Dudley, always beautiful, was dressed all in white, with a pearl coronet on her head and ropes of pearls round her throat; and Mrs. Grenfell was also beautiful in white. Lady Sassoon had a beautiful bow of diamonds glittering in her dark hair; the Marquise d’Hautpoul looked the essence of elegance in pale green satin, with emerald and diamond embroidery; Mrs. Hwfa Williams was in black satin, veiled with jet-embroidered net and embroideries [?] in silver; and Mrs. Asquith wore bright ruby velvet. A very beautiful dress was worn by Mrs. Charles Wilson of black fish net over jetted tulle and glittering chains as sleeves; and Mrs. Henry White wore a handsome dress of pink satin, ornamented with big bunches of purple and white flowers, and in her hair large wings encrusted with diamonds. Among other noticeable in the throng were Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rothschild, Lady Suffield and her daughter, Lord and Lady Carrington, Lady Minto, Lady Romney, in cerise; Lady Cole, looking none the worse for her successful efforts at the Brighton Ice Carnival; and Mrs. Maguire, in black, with little white bows tastefully embroidered all over the skirt. The many men included Lord Cork, Lord Rowton, Lord Stavordale, Lord Hyde, Mr. Ronald Moncrieffe, Mr. Henry Foley, Mr. Chaine, Mr. Montague Wood, Mr. Haldane, and Mr. Gaston Fox [?]. The front staircase leading up to the ball room was at one time completely blocked by two streams of people passing in and out; but the ball room was spacious and prettily decorated in bright red, while the staircase leading to the supper room beneath had little nooks and corners, which were very popular as sitting out places; and the tables in the supper room were beautifully decorated with festoons of pink tulips intertwined with lilies of the valley and Lental lilies mingled with mimosa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Brilliant Ball.” ''Christchurch Times'' 26 February 1898, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002170/18980226/094/0006 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==March 1898==
==April 1898==
===8 April 1898, Friday===
Good Friday
===10 April 1898, Sunday===
Easter Sunday

=== 1898 April 12, Tuesday ===
Writing from Cannes on the 13th, the author of &quot;The Gentlewoman Abroad&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says,&lt;blockquote&gt;I was at Monte Carlo yesterday, and was quite surprised to find how full the place was of notable people, including the Duke and Duchess of Leuchtenberg, the Marquis of Tweeddale, Lady Clementine Hay, the Earl of Kilmorey, Lord Rowton (who is going to Nice for a few days), Lord Henry Grosvenor, the Countess Dowager of Wilton, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir Charles and Lady Jessel, Sir Edward and Lady Hill, Sir Robert and Lady Pollock, Sir Henry and Lady Hawkins, Sir Herbert Oakeley, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Sir Edward and Lady Green, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Mrs. Beaser (a sister of the Duchess of Bedford), the Hon. Reginald and Mrs. Fitzwilliam, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Bontheim, Mr. and Mrs. Montagu Baron, and Mr. James Gordon Bennett. There do not appear to be many visitors left at Mentone, but there are still a good many at Cap Martin, including the great &quot;Lipton,&quot; who told a friend of mine that the exact amount subscribed for his company was forty-three millions for a capital of only three.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Gentlewoman Abroad.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 23 April 1898, Saturday: 54 [of 72], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980423/346/0054#. Print: same title, p. 566.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===14 April 1898, Thursday===
W. B. Yeats went to Paris to see MacGregor and Moina Mathers (Harper 74 18).

===25 April 1898, Monday===
&quot;On [1898,] 25 April, Yeats wrote to Lady Gregory from Paris, where he had been 'for a couple of days', that he was 'buried in Celtic mythology' and would be 'for a couple of weeks or so'. 'My host', he said in a postscript, 'is a Celtic enthusiast who spends most of his day in highland costume to the wonder of the neighbours.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Harper 1974 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Maud Gonne was also in Paris.

==May 1898==
===2 May 1898, Monday===
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Annual Dinner of the Incorporated Society of Authors was held on Monday night at the Holborn Restaurant. The Bishop of London presided, and among those present were Colonel Hay, the American Ambassador, Sir Martin and Lady Conway, Mrs. Lynn Linton, Lord Welby, the High Commissioner for Canada, the Servian Minister, the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, Sir Richard Temple, Mr. Anthony Hope, the Agent-General for New Zealand, Sir W. H. Russell, Mr. Sidney Lee, Lord Monkswell, Professor Michael Foster, Professor Skeat, Sir Walter Besant, the Rev. T. G. Bonney, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Greville]], Lady Colin Campbell, Mr. T. S. Townsend, Mr. F. D. Beddard, Mr. Oscar Murray, the Rev. H. R. Haweis, Mr. H. Rider Haggard, Mr. J. Scott Keltie, Mr. A. W. à Beckett, and Mr. J. M. Lely. After the toast of ‘The Queen, which was enthusiastically drunk, [sic]

The Chairman submitted the principal toast— viz. “The Society. He said he believed it was generally supposed that a meeting of authors was a meeting of persons whose one desire was to read to one another their own compositions— but he assumed they had all on this occasion left their latest manuscripts in the coat-pocket of their other attire. Of course the most comfortable form of conversation was that of criticising the imbecility of everybody else, and he could only suppose that after-dinner speaking was introduced for that purpose. It was there. fore with a profound consciousness of what the guests might say about them that the speakers would address them that evening. In submitting the toast of the society, he would like to say that authors, in spite of what had been said about them, were a very harmless class of the community. That truth was at all events permeating the youthful mind. He heard the other day of a boy who had arrived at the conclusion that he would go into the Navy, but after hearing his father talk about the probable results of the warfare that was now going on, and suggestions as to what might happen to the ships, he assumed a peaceful air, and approaching his father said, ‘I do not think I shall go into the Navy after all.’ ‘Indeed, said his father, ‘what will you do?' The boy replied, ‘I shall be a poet, it is less dangerous.” 

Referring to the work of the Society, Dr. Creighton said a good deal had been done, though not all that its most zealous members expected, and he wished it every success. He hoped the time might come when all publishers would compete for the honour of publishing their works.

Sir Martin Conway, in responding, said very little had happened worth recording in the past year. They had added the usual 100 members, and they hoped to follow their rule by electing the chairman of their dinner a member. They were, of course, very much interested in the two copyright Bills before Parliament, and, although they could not hope to see them passed into law in the coming session, the fact that they were before Parliament would attract attention to the many questions connected with copyright which demanded attention and solution. With regard to the Canadian Bill, they were likely, owing largely to the energetic and able help of Mr. Hall Caine, to have an Act passed which would be eminently satisfactory to all English authors and to the Canadian people. The Society, he believed, would continue to prosper, and they would ultimately [Col. 1–Col. 2] include all the authors of any importance as well as all the young beginners in authorship that the country contained.

Mr. Sidney Lee, in submitting the toast of 'The Guests,' mentioned the names of many who had honoured the Society with their presence. He put the American Ambassador first in the list; and the name of Colonel Hay was received with loud and long-continued cheers.

The toast was responded to by Lord Welby.

The toast of ‘The Chairman' was proposed by Mr. Anthony Hope, who, in the course of a humorous speech, complained that authors should have been signalled out from all other professions as the class upon whom the doctrines of Socialism should be tried.
The Chairman, in responding, remarked that he could hardly claim to be recognised as an author. It was true he had written a few books, but his experience had not been particularly happy, for he had never made enough out of his books to pay for those he had to buy to enable him to write them. (1898-05-07 Publishers' Circular).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===17 May 1898, Tuesday===
[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy Countess Warwick]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] were at the May Drawing Room: &lt;quote&gt;Lady Warwick's appearance at Tuesday's Drawing Room caused great excitement; she certainly looked most beautiful, and was most graciously welcomed in the Throne Room. The Queen had gone before she passed [through], but the Prince and Princess of Wales and Prince Christian evidently congratulated her on her reappearance after her illness. Mrs. Chamberlain looked exceedingly well, and so did Miss Muriel Wilson.&lt;/quote&gt; (1898-05-21 Bridgnorth Journal)

Lord and Lady Wimborne hosted a dinner party at Wimborne House that evening. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]] was there, as was Muriel Wilson, among others.&lt;blockquote&gt;Lord and Lady Wimborne entertained at dinner last evening, at Wimborne House, Arlington-street, the Duke of Roxburghe and Lady Margaret Innes Ker, the Countess of Erne and Lady Evelyn Crichton, Mr. and Lady Theodore Guest and Miss Guest, Lord and Lady de Ramsey and the Hon. Alexandra Fellowes, Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lady Muriel Parsons, Lord Percy St. Maur, Viscount Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Baron and Baroness Emile d'Erlanger, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentiuck, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. Penn, M.P., and Miss Penn, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Bingham, Mr. and Mrs. Adeane, Captain and Miss Keith Fraser, Miss Bernard, the Hon. Robert Grosvenor, the Hon. Claud Willoughby, the Hon. Rupert Guinness, Mr. Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Mr. Schreiber]], Mr. Brassey, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, and Mr. Du Cane.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 18 May 1898, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18980518/048/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===25 May 1898, Wednesday===
Derby Day at Epsom Downs, so the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Montagu]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]], hosted a ball that night?

==== [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa William's Dinner-Dance at the Savoy]] ====
===28 May 1898, Saturday===
Gladstone's funeral in Westminster Abbey. The NY Times erroneously reported that he was laid next to Disraeli, but only Disraeli's bust was there; Disraeli was buried in Hughenden.

===29 May 1898, Sunday===
Whit Sunday

==June 1898==
Summer 1898: WBY summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).
===7 June 1898, Tuesday===
State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales:&lt;blockquote&gt;By command of the Queen a State Ball was given last night at Buckingham Palace.

Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Piincess of Wales, attended by Lady Emily Kingscote, Lady in Waiting, Miss E. C. Knollys, Woman of the Bedchamber in Waiting, the Earl of Gosford. K.P., Lord in Waiting, the Hon. H. Stonor, Groom in Waiting, Lord Colville of Culross, K.T., G.C.V.O., Chamberlain to the Princess of Wales, Major-General Sir Stanley Clarke, K.C.V.O., C.M.G., Equerry in Waiting, and escorted by a detachment of the Royal Horse Guards, arrived at the Garden Entrance to the Palace from Marlborough House.

Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn were present, attended by Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. A. Egerton.

Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein were present, attended by Miss Emily Loch and Major Evan Martin.

Her Royal Highness Princess Louise Duchess of Fife and the Duke of Fife, K.T., were invited.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G., arrived from Gloucester House, attended by Colonel Augustus FitzGeorge.

Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, her Serene Highness Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, Count Gleichen and the Countess Gleichen were invited to the Ball.

Prince Frederick and Princess Sophia Duleep Singh were invited.

His Highness the Rajah of Padu-Kota and his Highness the Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan were also invited.

The Royal Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard was on duty in the interior of the Palace, under the command of Major Elliot, the Exon in Waiting.

A Guard of Honour of the 2nd Battalion Coldstream Guards, with band, was mounted in the Quadrangle of the Palace, under the command of Captain Granville Smith.

The Prince and Princess of Wales, with the other members of the Royal Family, conducted by the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, G.C.V.O., Lord Steward, and attended by the Great Officers of State and the Ladies and Gentlemen of the Royal Household in Waiting, entered the Saloon at eleven o'clock, when the dancing immediately commenced.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 8 June 1898, Wednesday: 5 [of 12], Col. 4a–6a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18980608/054/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===14 June 1898, Tuesday===
Ascot.

&lt;quote&gt;House Parties. The largest of the house parties for Ascot is that which is given by Lord and Lady Alice Stanley, who have staying with them Lady Gosford and her daughter, Lord and Lady Derby and their daughter, Lord Curzon and Lady Georgiana Curzon, and Lord and Lady Wolverton; while Mr. and Mrs. Grenfell are bringing over a coach-load from Taplow Court, including Lord and Lady Londonderry and Lady Helen Stewart. Lord and Lady Uxbridge have a party, including Sir George Chetwynd and Miss Olive Chetwynd and James and Lady Miller. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson and Mr. and Mrs. Henry King (who have taken Warfield for the week), are also entertaining parties. Mrs. Bischoffsheim’s party includes Sir Edward and Lady Colebrooke, Lord and Lady Rossmore, Lady de Trafford, Lord Elcho, and M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]]; while the Duke of Portland, Sir Arthur and Lady Hayter, and Mr. Cassel are also entertaining.&lt;/quote&gt; (St. James's Gazette 1898-06-14).

=== 16 June 1898, Thursday ===
Clarence and Clara Rook attended a &quot;very smart wedding&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. J. W. Boyce to Mrs. E. Drinkwater.

&lt;big&gt;A&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;VERY&lt;/small&gt; smart wedding was that of Mr. J . W. Boyce, of Stroud, with Mrs. E. Drinkwater, on Thursday last at Mary Abbot's, Kensington. Mrs. Drinkwater, who, as Miss Bessie Brooke, fulfilled many engagements with Mr. Sims Reeves and Mr. Foli [?], had quite a professional gathering to wish her success on her marriage. Among those present were Sir James Linton, Miss Lily Hanbury, Mrs. E. L. Curson, Mr. Mowbray Marrus, Sir Charles and Lady Dilke, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Bishop, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Rook]], Mme. Belle Cole, Mme. and Miss Richard, Mr. Wentworth Croke, Mr. Probyn Dighton, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Miss May Whitty, Mr. A. D. Johnstone (who gave away the bride), Mrs. and Miss Owen, Mr. Spurr, Miss Amy Proctor, Captain and Mrs. Adrian Jones, Miss Hetty and Miss Lena Dene, and Mr. Alfred C. Calmour. The E. H. Hawkins conducted the service, and Mr. Dudman presided at the organ. The bride looked charming in a grey brocaded satin trimmed with old lace and pale grey chiffon, and a steel-trimmed bonnet with blush pink roses, her bouquet was composed of white and pink carnations. After the wedding a large gathering of friends took place at 8, Avonmore Mansions, where the numerous presents were on view.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. J. W. Boyce to Mrs. E. Drinkwater.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 18 June 1898, Saturday: 47 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18980618/216/0047#. P. 859 in the print newspaper.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 21 June 1898, Tuesday ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;quote&gt;ANGLO-AFRICAN WRITERS' CLUB.

The monthly dinner of the Anglo-African Writers' Club took place last night at the Grand Hotel. Mr. Rider Haggard presided over a large attendance, which included as the principal guest of the evening Mr. J. G. Kotze, late Chief Justice of the South African Republic; Dr. Lyne Stivens, Major Ricarde Seaver, Mr. R. F. Hawkesley, Mr. F. Dyer, Mr. W. Carr, jun., Baron Zedlitz, Mr. W. Garland Soper, Mr. J. H. Huddart, and Mr. G. E. Matheson, hon. secretary.

The Chairman proposed the toast of &quot;The Health of Mr. Kotze,&quot; with whom twenty years ago he was closely associated in Transvaal affairs. He said they had heard of strange things happening in the Transvaal; they had heard of corruption; but it had never been suggested that there had ever been anything that savoured of corruption or partiality in the High Court of the Transval while Chief Justice Kotze presided over it. (Hear, hear.) Chief Justice Kotze was, however, dismissed with as little ceremony as might befit the dismissal of a defaulting usher. (Shame.) He was dismissed because he stood up for the rights and liberties of Justice as represented by the persons of those who administered it; because he stood up for the rights and liberties of civilised men. He now appealed to the only power to whom he could fitly appeal, the Government and the people of this country. (Cheers.)

Mr. Kotze, who was accorded a most cordial reception, said he had passed through a very varied experience. In 1877, when for the first time he presided over the High Court of the Transvaal, in his address to the practitioners he stated that the motto on which he would act would be &quot;Onward and upward,&quot; and true to the line, he had never deviated from or falsified that motto. (Hear, hear.) Those in England who had been trained to look on the law as laid down by those great lawyers who had made the British Constitution as inviolate could hardly realise in these days the possibility of an onslaught being made on the independence of Justice or of those whose duty it was to administer it. He, as one of the Judges of the Transvaal, was appointed for life, and could only be dismissed after trial before a properly constituted Court, yet in consequence of a question which was submitted to the Judges a new Law was hurried through the Volksraad in three days against the advice of its own legal advisers. The Judges said they would stand together to maintain the independence of the Court in accordance with the Constitution of the Transvaal and in defence of the liberties, the lives, and the property of the people of the country. He was dismissed summarily for the action which he took, and had been denied the right of trial, to which he was entitled, and failing that he had appealed to the British Government and the British people, in whose sense of justice and of right he had every confidence. (Hear, hear.) &lt;/quote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Anglo-African Writers' Club.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Tuesday 21 June 1898: 3 [of 12], Col. 4B. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18980621/009/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===26 June 1898, Sunday===
There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare.&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Axel. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC.&lt;/ref&gt; ( 239. ). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==July 1898==

=== 4 July 1889, Thursday ===

==== Garden Party at Marlborough House ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House yesterday afternoon to her Majesty the Queen and his Majesty the Shah of Persia.

Her Majesty was accompanied by her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg; his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Battenberg, and her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess of Leiningen; and was attended by the Dowager Duchess of Roxburghe, Viscountess Downe, General Lynedoch Gardiner, and Colonel the Hon. H. Byng.

His Majesty the Shah was attended by: — Vazirs — His Excellency Mirza Ali Asgher Khan, styled Amin-us-Sultan, Grand Vizir; his Excellency Ali Kuli Khan, styled Mukhber-ud-Dowleh, Minister of the Public Instruction. Amirs of the Court — His Excellency Mehdi Kuli Khan, styled Majd-ud-Dowleh, High Steward, Intendant; his Excellency Mohammad Hassan Khan, styled Etimad-us-Sultaneh, Grand Master of the Ceremonies; his Excellency Gholam Husain Khan, styled Amin-Khalvat, Secretary to the Shah; Gholam Husain Khan, styled Sedig-us-Sultaneh, First Chamberlain; his Excellency Dr. Tholozan, Chief Special Physician. Military officers — Abul Kasim Khan, styled Nasir ul-Mulk, General Aide-de-Camp; Mirza Abdullah Khan, General; Mirza Mohammad Khan, General; Abul Hasan Khan, General; Ahmad Khan, General; Mirza Nizam, styled Munhandass-ul-Mamelek, General Aide-de-Camp; M. le Général Antoine Kitabgi Khan, Directeur Général des Donanes Per[? ... .] Chamberlains — Murtiza Khan; Mir Muhammad Khan; Gholam Ali Khan, Chief Page; Hybennet Khan, Court Special Dentist; M. Charles Bizirguian. Lord de Ros, the Right Hon. Sir H. Drummond Wolff, Major-General Sir Henry Rawlinson, and Major-General Sir John M'Neill.

The following were present: —

Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and Princess Victoria and Princess Louise.

Her Royal Highness the P incess [Princess]] Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and the Marquis of Lorne.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge and the Princess Victoria of Teck.

Her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica and the Baron Von Pawel-Rammingen.

Their Royal Highnesses the Infant Don Antonio and the Infanta Eulalia of Spain.

His Royal Highness the Landgrave of Hesse.

His Serene Highness the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

Their Serene Highnesses the Prince and Princess Victor af Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

The Countess Gleichen and Count A. E. Gleichen.

The following had the honour of being invited, but some among them were unavoidably prevented fromm attending: — ....&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Garden Party at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 5 July 1889, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18890705/040/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 23 July 1898, Saturday ===
[[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Helena Keith Fraser]]'s wedding:&lt;blockquote&gt;MARRIAGE OF LORD STRADBROKE AND MISS HELENA KEITH FRASER

The marriage of the Earl of Stradbroke with [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Miss Helena Keith Fraser]], daughter of the late General Keith Fraser, and granddaughter of Madame de Falbe, was celebrated in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on Saturday afternon [sic]. The Princess of Wales was present at the wedding, accompanied by Princeess Victoria of Wales and Princess Marie of Greece, and attended by the Dowager Countess of Morton and Major-General Sir Arthur Ellis. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein also attended, with Major Martin and Miss Emily Loch in waiting. The bride was accompanied to the chancel by her brother, Captain Hugh Fraser, 1st Life Guards, who gave her away. The bridesmaids were Lady Evelyn Crichton, Lady Constance Grosvenor, Lady Kathleen Cole, the Hon. Ethel Fraser, and Miss Honor Leigh (daughter of Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh), and Miss Kitty Leigh (daughter of Mrs. Gerard Leigh), the two little cousins of the bride. The bride was attired in a Brussels lace gown with train of satin trimmed with chiffon and lace. She wore a Brussels lace veil and a crown of orange blossoms. Her ornament was a small diamond pin, which belonged to her father, and she carried a small bunch of lilies of the valley. The bridesmaids wore picturesque dresses of white chiffon, with fichus and narrow blue sashes. Their hats were drawn chiffon, with a blue Louis Seize knot in front and a large pink rose. They carried loose bunches of the same flower, and wore turquoise bracelets given by the bridegroom. The service was choral, and on the entrance of the bride the hymn, &quot;Blest are the pure in heart,'* was sung. The hymn after the address was, &quot;Peace, perfect peace,” and the anthem by Sir John Goss was, ‘‘Praise the Lord, O my soul.” The Bishop of Norwich conducted the service, assisted by the Vicar of Henham and other clergy. Earl Sondes acted as Lord Stradbroke’s best man. Among those present, in addition to their Royal Highnesses, were the Danish Minister and Madame de Bille, the Duke of Abercorn, the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton and Lady Gladys Hamilton, the Marchioness of Hastings and Miss Chetwynd, the Countess of Rosse and Lady Muriel Parsons, Lady Alington, Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Templemore and the Hon. Hilda Chichester, the Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, Lady Savile and Miss Helyar, the Dowager Countess of Lonsdale, the Dowager Lady and the Misses Blois, Isabella Countess of Wilton, the Countess of Uxbridge, Lady Hartopp and Miss Wilson, the Countess of Enniskillen, Lady Virginia Sanders, Admiral and Miss De Horsey, the Countess of Westmoreland, the Countess of Kilmorey, Lady Baker, Count and Countess de Torre Diaz and Miss Zulueta, Sir W. and Lady Barttelot, Mr. and Mrs. F. Hartmann, Colonel Rowley, Captain Hugh Fraser, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hotham, Miss Gye, Captain and Mrs. McNeil, the Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Mrs. Beresford Melville, Mr. Willie de Falbe, Mrs. and Miss Flower, Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. William West, General and Mrs. Stewart, Mrs. and the Misses Wormald, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Colvin, Mr. G. F. Clarke, the Hon. Mrs. R. Greville, Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont Hotham, Lady Maud and the Hon. Randolph Capell, Miss Tatlock, the Rev. J. and Mrs. Patrick, the Rev. A. R. and Mrs. Upcher, Lord Huntingfield, Mr. and Mrs. Kerrison, Miss Sybil Drummond, Colonel and Mrs. Bence Lambert, the Hon. Constance Hamilton Russell, Mrs. Ewart and Miss Bulkeley, Viscount and Viscountess Boyne, Mr. Percy Whittaker, Mr. George Farnham, Miss Hawkes, Mr. Cross, Mr. and Lady Gwendoline Colvin, Lady Jane Combe, Colonel and Mrs. Bagot-Chester, Colonel and Mrs. Burnaby, Captain Hotham, Major Taylor, Mr., Mrs. and Miss Verey, the Hon. A. Yorke, Sir George Hutchison, Mrs. Langenbach, Mrs. C. and Miss Murray, Gen. and the Hon. Mrs. Talbot, Colonel and Mrs. Cavaye, Mrs. Sandham, Major and Mrs. Sclater, Lady St. Oswald, the Hon. Mrs. and Miss Dudley Ward, Helen Lady Forbes, Mr. and Mrs. Gaussen, the Rev. and Mrs. Claude Hope Sutton, Lady Cunard, Mr. Walter Bonham, Lady Wolverton, Captain Heaviside and Mrs. Fane and the Masters Fane, Mr. and Mrs. Lucas, Lady Du Cane, Miss Anna Cassel, Lady Constance Gore, Lady Inchiquin, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Captain and Mrs. Halford, Captain Darby-Griffiths, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hall, Miss Wormald, Lady Swansea and the Hon. Miss Vivian, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Walker, Mr. Morrice, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone, Mr. Remnant, Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, the Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, Mrs. and Miss Verschoyle, Alicia Lady Buchanan Riddell, Georgina Countess of Dudley, the Hon. Lady lngleby, Lady Augusta Fane, and many others. Sir William Fraser was prevented from attending by illness.

The reception was held after the ceremony at 19, Grosevnor-square [sic], the town residence of de Falbe, and the Earl and Countese Stradbroke left later for Carlton Curlieu Hall, near Leicester, the seat of Lady Hilda McNeil, sister of the bridegroom. The bride’s going-away dress was of silk in cream shade of pale lilac, trimmed with point d’Alencon lace, pale blue vest, and tocque to match.

The &quot;Lady's Pictorial&quot; gives the following description of the dresses, etc.: —The bride was attired in a most beautiful gown and veil of exquisite old Brussels lace in a rare design of roses and leaves (the gift of her mother). The lace dress over satin, slightly trained, fell full graceful folds at the back, while the bodice, transparent at the top, formed a small open V between the beautifully scalloped border, and the lace below the waist was drawn into a short soft drapery. Deep flouncing of the lace, which cost a small fortune, was laid on all round the Court train, almost covering it except in the centre, where there was a soft drapery of mousseline-de-soie. The lace veil surmounted a coronet of orange blossoms, and was fastened with diamond pins. The bridesmaids’ dainty and beautiful costumes consisted of white silk muslin dresses over white satin, with over skirts of the muslin sweeping round to the waist in front, and bordered with a flounce hemmed and put on with ruching. Frilled fichus trimmed the bodices fastened in front with large single pink roses on the stem, and their sashes were of pale blue inch-wide satin ribbon with long ends at the back. Their transparent drawn chiffon hats bordered with frill caught up with narrow blue ribbon bows, had a large rose at the side, and a long spray of lovely leaves almost encircling the crowns. The little girls looked quaint and charmingly bonny in similar costumes, their skirts just touching the ground; and their presents from the bridegroom wore gold bracelets set with turqouises and pearls, and loose posies of pink cabbage roses. The Princess of Wales was present in a pale grey gown with a white satin bodice trimmed with lace, and pale pink in her toque; Princess Victoria of Wales was dressed in pale mauve and white, and Princess Marie of Greece wore pale coral pink chiffon and a white hat; Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein wore a handsome black lace gown over pale cornflower-blue silk and white lace at the neck, ruches of the soft blue silk trimming her toque. After the ceremony a reception was held at Madame de Falbe's residence, 19, Grosvenor-square. Mrs. Keith-Fraser was handsomely gowned in delicate peach-colour pear de soie, scarves of lovely old point d’Aloncon lace trimming the skirt, and the fichu drapery on the bodice of peach-coloured mousseline de soie bordered with lace matching the scarves; lace was also carelessly wound round the muousseline sleeves, and pansies trimmed her peach-coloured gauze toque. The bride’s travelling costume consisted of cream-coloured serge, the skirt trimmed with a cluster of rows of stitching, outlining a deep flounce. The coat, with strapped seams, and outlined with rows of stitching, had the fronts arranged in narrow diagonal tucks. The draped revers were of white batiste let in with lace heading and hem-stitched, and the vest was of lace insertion and muslin over pale blue. The sleeves were tucked at the top, there were handsome blue fancy buttons on the coat, and the hat was in blue and white. The wedding presents, numbering over 400, included the following:— From the Prince and Princess [Col. 1c] / [Col. 2a] of Wales, ruby and diamond bracelet; Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, gold-handled parasol and tortoiseshell handled umbrella: the Maharajah of Cooch Behar, diamond and ruby brooch: bridegroom to bride, diamond and opal necklace, diamond and ruby ring, gold sovereign locket, hunting crop, etc.; Madame de Falbe (grandmother of the bride), diamond crown, diamond solitaire earrings, diamond riviere, trousseau, set of Russian furs, Russian fur cloak, diamond tiara, brougham; Lady Stradbroke, diamond and turquoise tiara, grand piano, set of silver spoons; Mrs. Keith Fraser, old lace, jewels, etc.; Sir William Fraser, cheque for one thousand pounds; Mrs. George Falbe, handsome diamond ring; Sir John Willoughby, diamond and sapphire bracelet; Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, sapphire and diamond ring; Captain and Mrs. Leigh, diamond and opal pendant; Captain Hugh Fraser, large diamond ring; Lady Dudley, diamond and turquoise ring; Earl of Wemyss, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Lady Edmonstone, travelling bag with yellow tortiseshell and gold fittings; Lord Kenyon, old fan; Mr. and Mrs. George Dawkins, diamond butterfly; Countess of Erne, gold vases; Duchess of Sutherland, silver tea caddy; Lord Crichton, large silver and tortoiseshell box; Lord Stavordale, antique silver box; Lord Ava, marble and bronze inkstand: Lord Lovat, silver box; Lady Alexandra Hamilton, inland [sic] table; Mrs. Markham, silver looking-glass; Madame de Falbe's household, inlaid satinwood table; choir of Luton, hymn book; schools at Henham, Prayer Book; employees at Luton, silver inkstand, etc. Mrs. Mason, New Burlington-street, made the wedding dress, bridesmaids’ costumes, and Mrs. Keith-Fraser’s gown, and Madame Kate Reily made the travelling dress.

Photographs of the bride, bridegroom, and bridesmaids were taken after their return from the ceremony at church by Mr. F. Thurston, F.R.P.S., of Luton.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Stradbroke and Miss Helena Keith Fraser.&quot; Herts ''Advertiser and Times'' 30 July 1898 Saturday: 2 [of 8], Cols. 1a–2b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18980730/101/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1898 July 27, Wednesday ===
The same article from the Herts ''Advertiser and Times'' on [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser|Helena Fraser]]'s wedding, which took place on Saturday 23 July 1898. finishes with this description of the servants' dinner hosted by Madame de Falbe on Wednesday:&lt;blockquote&gt;In honour of the marriage, a supper was given to the servants at the Hoo on Saturday, and very pleasant time was spent, toasts, songs, and dances being order of the evening. On Wednesday a dinner was given by Madame de Falbe (who was unavoidably absent) to all the estate servants, the catering being done by Mr. Harris, of the Leather Bottle, who undoubtedly gave every satisfaction. Tbe table was beautifully laid out with a large variety of flowers, etc., and the place of honour was occupied by a portion of the bride cake. Mr. R. Halsey (steward) occupied the chair, and was ably supported by Messrs. Cole and Pigott (vice-chairmen). About 200 sat down. The Chairman, in giving the toast, &quot;The Queen and Royal Family,&quot; made sympathetic reference to the Prince’s accident. The next toast was that of Madame de Falbe, submitted by Mr. B. Cole, and received with three cheers. The Chairman replied. Mr. Pigott in felicitous terms proposed the health of the bride and bridegroom, and Mr. Halsey responded on their behalf. During the very pleasant evening, songs were given by Messrs. Maycock, Timms, Whitehead, Coote, Anderson, Dedman, Turner, Brewer (father and son), Nash, Hawkins, Eames, Elder, Cain and Eldred. After the usual votes of thanks to Mr. Harris and family for the excellent catering, and to the Chairman for the very able manner in which he had presided, the happy party broke up at 10 p.m.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===26 July 1898, Tuesday===
[[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was a guest &lt;quote&gt;at the wedding of Miss Keith Fraser to Lord Stradbroke&lt;/quote&gt;, as were [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs Arthur Wilson]], who was in black embroidered with jet, and a black toque, and was accompanied by Miss Muriel Wilson in ecru muslin and a blue hat with blue feathers; while Lady Hartopp, in cream-coloured muslin with a black sash and black toque, chaperoned Miss Enid Wilson, who was in white and blue, with a large white hat.&lt;/quote&gt; (1898-07-26 Hull Daily Mail)

===29 July 1898, Friday===
The Goodwood Meet (sports event, racing?): &lt;quote&gt;Mr and Mrs William James’s party at West Dean Park for the Goodwood Meeting includes the [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]], Lord and Lady Wolverton, Viscount Curzon and Lady Georgiana Curzon, Lord Stanley and Lady Alice Stanley, Lady St. Oswald, Lord Charles Montagu, Mr and Mrs Arthur James, and Mr and Mrs John Menzies and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]].&lt;/quote&gt; (1898-07-29 Sportsman)

==August 1898==
===29 August 1898, Monday===
Summer Bank Holiday

==September 1898==
==October 1898==

=== 29 October 1898, Saturday ===

==== Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge ====
The date for this game is in question. The ''London Evening Standard'' puts the date at 19 October 1898 and has a full account.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Tennis Championship. An Easy Victory for Latham.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 20 October 1898, Thursday: 5 [of 12], Col. 4a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18981020/043/0005. Print title: ''The Standard'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The Duke of Marlborough, Lord Crichton, Lord Castlerosse, Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Wolverton, the Hon. F. H. Tracey, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Major the Hon. H. Brassey, Hon. S. Fortescue, and Major the Hon. A. H. Henneker, were among the distinguished company at the Prince's Club, Knightsbridge, last Saturday, when T. Pettitt tried without success to give C. Fairs a start of 15, or a stroke in each game, Fairs winning by 13 sets to 1. The play was of a high order; Fairs being in such splendid form, that to find Pettitt unequal to the task which he had set himself was no surprise.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 05 November 1898, Saturday: 28 [of 36], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18981105/051/0028. Same print title, p. 348.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;A fuller account from the ''Morning Post'':&lt;blockquote&gt;LATHAM v. PETTITT.

Never, even in the history of one of the most ancient of all games, has a match been looked forward to with greater interest than that which commenced at the Prince's Club, Brighton, yesterday afternoon. The competitors were Peter Latham, of Queen's Club, who holds the unique position of Champion of the World at both Tennis and Racquets, and Thomas Pettitt, of Boston, U.S.A., ex-Champion at Tennis. Pettitt, though born at Beckenham, in Kent, in 1860, has lived in the United States for nearly 20 years, and it was as an American that he visited England in the early eighties, and in 1885 beat George Lambert, of Lord's, at Hampton Court in a contest for the title for which he is playing Latham this week. He subsequently defeated the Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, at the time the holder of the Marylebone Club &quot;Gold Racquet&quot; and the foremost amateur player of the day, and later still he beat Charles Saunders — at Lord Iveagh's Court in Dublin in 1890 — for the Championship. In 1893, however, he voluntarily retired, and Saunders, of Prince's Club, assumed the title and held it until 1895, when Latham challenged and beat him at Brighton with consummate ease. Latham, who is five years younger than Pettitt, came out as a racquet player in 1888, and carried all before him at that sport until, finding no one with the temerity to oppose him he turned his attention to tennis, and gained the highest distinction at that also, as we have mentioned. Only a year back he forsook tennis temporarily in order to uphold his title at racquets against George Standing, whom he beat first at Queen's Club and then in New York, and then returned to his practice at the other game in order to meet Pettitt for the title and the enormous stake of £2,000.

The conditions of the present encounter are that the best of 13 sets shall be played, 12 sets in three stages — four yesterday, four to-morrow, and four on Friday, with a fifth set on the last day in case of a tie — while French balls have to be used as a special concession to the challenger, who has been in Europe for some weeks past, diligently training at Paris against the French professionals Ferdinand and &quot;Le Biscon,&quot; and at Prince's Clubs in both London and Brighton. Latham, who previously had never tried French balls, of course had taken the opportunity of getting as much practice with them as possible.

A large company, which taxed the holding capacity of the galleries at the Brighton Court, assembled yesterday to witness the first series of sets, among them being the Hon. A. Lyttelton, the President of the Marylebone Cricket Club, who is acting as referee; Lord Kilcoursie, Lord Charles Fitzmaurice, the Hen. H. Guest, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], the Marchioness of Worcester and Madlle. de Montgeon, Sir Richard Webster, Q.C., M.P., Sir E. Sullivan, Sir Andrew Noble, Baron d'Erlanger, Colonel E. H. Kinnard, General Mussenden, Commander Muggeridge, Surgeon-Colonel Roberts, M. Bazin (the famous French player), Sir E. Loder, Messrs. C. E. Sands and F. S. Blake (the American amateurs, who are backing Pettitt), E. H. Miles (present holder of the M.C.C. Racquet), Percy Ashworth, W. Renshaw, S. D. Winckworth [?], H. A. B. Chapman, W. H. Cohen, Russell Walker, J. B. Gribble, Eustace Crawley, H. E. Crawley, J. Oswald, G. E. A. Ross, Julian Marshall, C. D. Rose, E. G. Raphael, Wallace Johnstone, Bewicke, J. H. B. Noble, P. Grove, H. F. de Paravicini, W. Yardley, Herbert Whitfeld, E. Lubbock, and G. F. Adcock. Among the famous professionals who watched were George Lambert and Charles Saunders, both ex-champions; J. Fennel!, of the M.C.C.; Charles Lambert, of Lord Salisbury's Court at Hatfield; A. White, of the Duke of Fife's Court at Sheen; and Gray, of Pangbourne.

It was a quarter to two when play began, Pettitt, on the strength of a newly-developed style of serving, called the &quot;Railroad service,&quot; being favourite. From the outset, however, this appeared to present no terrors to the Englishman, who &quot;boasted&quot; it back regularly from the side wall. Latham won the first game to 30, and the third to 15, while Pettitt took the second after &quot;deuce,&quot; and the fourth and fifth to 15 and 30 respectively. Latham made matters even at the sixth, and he won the seventh after a protracted struggle, in which &quot;deuce&quot; was called five times. The eighth also fell to the Englishman, and after Pettitt had won the ninth to love, Latham secured the tenth to 30, and won the first set by 0 games to 4. So far it looked as if Latham, while playing many brilliant strokes, had been rather feeling his way, for in the second set he simply did pretty much as he liked. He won the first game to 30, the second to love, the third after &quot;deuce,&quot; the fourth to 15, the fifth to 15, and the sixth to 30, this giving him the set to love in a quarter of an hour. Continuing, the Englishman won three games off the reel in the third set, and after the fourth had been taken by Pettitt, three more, thus giving him the third set by 6 games to 1 in 23min. [sic] In the fourth Pettitt, who more than once appeared downcast at the ill-success of his much-talked of service, played better. He frequently developed a strong attack on the &quot;Dedans,&quot; but Latham took everything as it came, and has certainly never played so finely in his life. Again and again he found the winning gallery or &quot;got up&quot; seemingly impassible strokes, and the result was that Pettitt only won two games — the third and the seventh. &quot;Deuce&quot; had to be continually called, however, before Latham won at 6 to 2, and so left off, having won the whole of the first series of sets to love. While this gives him an immense advantage, it must be remembered that Pettitt is a wonderful player in an uphill game, and that against Lambert he lost three of the first four sets, and against Saunders the whole of the first four, and yet won both matches, so that his friends have still some hope. There was much enthusiasm at the close.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Tennis Championship.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 18 October 1898, Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 4b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18981018/034/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===31 October 1898, Monday===
Halloween.
==November 1898==
1898 November, the Duke and Duchess of Portland hosted a visit of the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and a ball in Welbeck, which [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended (&quot;Girls' Gossip&quot;).

===5 November 1898, Saturday===
Guy Fawkes Day

=== 11 November 1898, Friday ===
[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Edith, Lady Cromer]] had died in Cairo, having gone back although she knew she did not have long to live. Evelyn, Earl of Cromer was Agent and Consul-General of Egypt had to stay in Cairo, but the funeral was in Bournemouth:&lt;blockquote&gt;FUNERAL OF LADY CROMER.

The funeral of Lady Cromer took place at Bournemouth on Friday in last week, the interment taking place in a newly constructed doublebrick grave in Bournemouth Cemetery. At 11 o'clock a Requiem Mass was said in the Church of the Sacred Heart, where the coffin had been placed overnight. Viscountess Pollington, sister of Lady Cromer, and Lord and Lady Cromer's two sons occupied seats near the bier. The clergy officiating at the service were the Rev. Father Redman, S. J. (celebrant), the Rev. Father Arthur, Christ Church (deacon), the Rev. Father Dowsett, Poole (subdeacon). In the choir were the Rev. Father de Zulueta, S.J., the Rev. Father Bearne, S.J., the Rev. Father Foxwell, and Rev. the Hon. E. Arundel. After the Requiem followed the absolution. Some of the mourners were to arrive by the 12.30 train from London, but the train was half an hour late, which delayed the service, and in the interval the choir sang the ''Dies Iræ''. The Earl of Northbrook arrived before 11 o'clock, the Mayor of Bournemouth, the ex-mayor, the town clerk, and several of the aldermen being also present. It was nearly half past one (the time fixed for the funeral at the cemetery a mile distant) when the mourners from London arrived. Among those present at the funeral were Viscount Castlerosse, Lord Revelstoke, Mr. Thomas Baring, Lady Suffield, Mrs. Moberly Bell, Mrs. Clinton Dawkins, and Mr. C. R. Spencer. The Queen sent a beautiful wreath, consisting of white Cape everlastings and lilies of the valley, interspersed with foliage, and bearing the / inscription, &quot;A mark of respect from Victoria, R.l.&quot; This and another beautiful one from Lord Cromer, composd chiefly of lilies of the valley, Roman hyacinths, white chrysanthemums, and other white flowers, were the only wreaths deposited upon the coffin inside the church. The hearse and two carriages, however, were entirely covered with beautiful floral emblems. Among others who sent wreaths were: Prince Ibrahim Hilmi of Egypt (a large oval wreath of orchids, lilies of the valley, and palm leaves); Sir Philip and Lady Currie, the Marchioness of Ripon, the Marchioness of Queensberry, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Duchess of Grafton, the Earl and Countess of Dudley, Prince v. Hohenlohe, the Duke and Duchess of Wellington, Countess Cowper, Lady D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne, and Lady Ada Godolphin Osborne, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lady Sykes, Lady de Tabley, the Hon. Francis Baring and Lady Grace Baring, Lord Glenesk, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lady Swansea, Lady Anne Murray, Lord and Lady Haliburton, Lady Thorold, Lady Stanley-Errington, Lady Lyall, the Hon. Charles and Lady Alfreda Bourke, Sir Mountstuart and Lady Grant Duff, Mrs. F. Baring Dupré, Sir George and Lady Allen, the Hon. Mrs. Edwardes, Major and Mrs. E. Stuart-Wortley, and many others. At the cemetery there were about 3,000 persons present.

SERVICE IN LONDON.

Simultaneously a Requiem was sung at St. Mary's Church, Cadogan-street, S.W. The celebrant was the Rev. M. A. Kelly, who was assisted by the Rev. Septimus Jones, deacon, and the Rev. J. A. Mills, sub-deacon, the master of ceremonies being Father W. J. Davies. The music was harmonized by Father Charles Cox, who also led the choir. A catafalque was erected in the chancel which was covered with a pall of black and gold velvet. There was a large congregation, those present including Major the Hon. Charles Harbord, representing the Queen; Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, attended by Lord Edward Cecil, Sir Henry Rawlinson, and Captain Watson, his aides-de-camp; Lord Suffield and the Hon. Judith Harbord, Lord and Lady Hastings, the Dowager Countess of Albemarle, the Countess of Galloway, the Marchioness of Queensberry, the Earl of Desart, Lady and Miss Williams-Bulkeley, Mr. H. St. George Foley (Foreign Office), Lady Du Cane, Lady Grace Baring, the Hon. Hugo Baring, the Hon. Alexander Baring, and the Hon. Susan Baring, Major-General the Hon. R. Talbot and the Hon. Mrs. Talbot, the Hon. Mrs. Henry Edwardes, the Hon. Lady FitzGerald, Lady Swansea, Lady Dorothy Nevill, Mr. White, the United States Chargé d'Affaires, Lady Sykes, Major the Hon. Edward and Mrs. Bourke, the Hon. Mrs. C. R. Spencer, Lady Alfred Spencer-Churchill and Miss Fitzclarence, Lady Hillingdon, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mrs. Derek Keppel, Lord Glenesk, Lady Carrington, Lady Macdonald, the Hon. Mrs. George Napier, Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. Newenham, Lady Stanley-Errington, Lady Euan-Smith, Isabella Countess of Wilton, Sir Charles A. Cookson, Lord St. Oswald, Mr. Moberly Bell, Mr. P. Ralli, the Hon. Mrs. Henry Edwardes, Miss Amy Paget, Mr. F. W. Verney (Siamese Legation), Mrs. John Biddulph, Mrs. Rennell Rodd, Mr. W. B. Gair, Lieutenant-Colonel and Mrs. W. Heskett-Smith, Major and Mrs. Marriott, Captain Jessop, Mrs. Henry Bentinck, Mr. F. B. Hoare, Lieutenant-Colonel Settle, Mr. Arthur Stanley, and Mr. F. S. Clark. At the end of the Requiem the Bishop of Emmaus gave the absolution. R.I.P.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Lady Cromer.&quot; ''Tablet'' 19 November 1898 Saturday: 38 [of 40], Col. 1b–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002447/18981119/161/0038.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 22 November 1898, Tuesday ===

==== Shooting Party Hosted by William James ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Earl Cairns, Lord St. Oswald, Viscount Chelsea, the Hon. Henry Stonor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon Bourke]], and Mr. de Murietta have been shooting at West Dean Park, near Chichester, with Mr. William James, and about 2,200 pheasants were bagged in three days. West Dean is a beautiful place, close to Goodwood, where the Prince and Princess of Wales were entertained by Mr. and Mrs. James about two years ago.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 22 November 1898, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18981122/014/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==December 1898==

=== 1898 December 3, Saturday ===

==== The Funeral of Lady Connemara ====
Lady Connemara died on Nov. 28, so the only possible date for the Saturday funeral is 3 December, the same day this issue of the newspaper was published.&lt;blockquote&gt;The funeral of the late Lady Connemara [took] place on Saturday at Kensal Green Cemetery. The first part of the Funeral Service was held at Christ Church, Down street, Piccadilly, and was conducted by the Rev. Herbert Rosewell, M.A., the Vicar. The inscription on the coffin, which was covered with floral tributes from members of the family, was as follows: — “Gertrude Lawrence, Knight Baroness Connemara, died 28rd Nov, [sic] 1898.’’ The chief mourners were — Lord Connemara, the Hon. Major Bourke, the Hon. Harry Bourke, Hon. Gerald Bourke, Mr. B. Walsh, and Mr. G. H. Hill. Amongst those present in the church were — The Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl and Countess of Mayo, Count Du Pontavice de Heussy (Military Attache to the French Embassy), Sir Owen and Lady Agnes Burne, Hon. Mrs. Edward and Miss Bourke, Sir C. and Lady Legard, Sir Nigel and Lady Kingscote, Lady Mary Lloyd, General Moncrieff, Lady Flora Bourke, the Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hanbury-Lennox, the Hon. Mrs Neeld, the Hon. G. Ponsonby, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke]], the Hon. Captain Bourke[.] At the close of the service Chopin’s &quot;Funeral March&quot; was played by the organist. The remains were subsequently interred in the new brick vault at Kensal Green.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Funeral of Lady Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 3 December 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18981203/085/0007. Print: ''The Kildare Observer'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===17 December 1898, Saturday===
On Saturday 17 December 1898 [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]] and Bret Harte planned on going to the Brooks' Club and then to the theatre, either the Alhambra or the Empire. On 15 December 1898 Bret Harte wrote Arthur Collins: &lt;quote&gt;&quot;Dear Arthur, — Yes. Saturday 'suits' and looks auspicious. I have had the cook examine the [280/281] entrails of a fowl, and find the omens propitious! Let it be Saturday, then.

&quot;You will give me 'bread and pulse' at Brookes', and I will lead you to Arcadian stalls at the Alhambra or Empire. For heaven's sake let us go somewhere where we can laugh in the right place!

&quot;I have not yet dared to face my Christmas shopping, but I'll pick up your offering at the Club and send you mine. It is so difficult to find something sufficiently idiotic and useless, to keep up our fond, foolish custom with. — Yours always,

Bret Harte&quot;&lt;/quote&gt; (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Mead, 1903. Pp. 280–281.)

===25 December 1898, Sunday===
Christmas Day
===26 December 1898, Monday===
Boxing Day

== Footnotes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Works Cited==
*[1898-01-05 Derby Mercury] 
*[1898-02-26 Christchurch Times] 
*[1898-05-07 Publishers' Circular] &quot;The Society of Authors. Annual Dinner.&quot; The Publishers' Circular 7 May 1898 (No. 1662): 514, Col. 1A–2A. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=b-Y1AQAAIAAJ.
*[1898-05-21 Bridgnorth Journal] &quot;From The World.&quot; Bridgnorth Journal 21 May 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 6?]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019).
*[1898-07-26 Hull Daily Mail] &quot;Social Record.&quot; Hull Daily Mail 26 July 1898, Tuesday: 2 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/18980726/005/0002 (accessed July 2019).
*[1898-07-29 Sportsman] &quot;Vigilant's Note-Book. The St. Leger. The Goodwood Cup.&quot; The Sportsman 29 July 1898, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive (accessed July 2019).
*[St. James's Gazette 1898-06-14] &quot;House Parties.&quot; St. James's Gazette 14 June 1898, Tuesday: 8 [of 16], Col. 2c. British Newspaper Archive (behind paywall: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18980614/044/0008) (accessed May 2019).
*[&quot;Girls' Gossip&quot;] &quot;Girls' Gossip.&quot; Truth 17 November 1898 (Vol. XLIV, No. 1142): 1255, Col. 2a – 1256, Col. 1a. [Right before the ads.] Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=kVExAQAAMAAJ (accessed July 2019).</text>
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      <text bytes="177602" sha1="81hu3a273zdynpj88ynnl5m8sifa4yw" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] 1900s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s | 1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s–1930s]]

==1900==
1900, early, [[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 87 Rue Mozart, Paris (Howe 203).
===January 1900===
====1 January 1900, Monday, New Year's Day====
====13 January 1900, Tuesday====
&lt;blockquote&gt;THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS. ENTERTAINMENT AT HER MAJESTY'S.

The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince Charles of Denmark, attended the entertainment to aid the widows and orphans of her Majesty's Household Troops, organised by Mrs. Arthur Paget and presented under the direction of Mr. H. Beerbohm Tree at Her Majesty's Theatre last night.

... [The major part of this story is the program of the entertainment, in which [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], among others, played an important part.]

Among those present at the entertainment were: The Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, and Prince Charles of Denmark, the French Ambassador, the Russian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, the Austrian Embassy, Prince and Princess Demidoff, Prince and Princess Hatzfeldt, Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, Count and Countess Roman Potocki, Count and Countess Alexander Münister, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, the Marquis of Downshire, the Earl and Countess of Cork, the Earl and Countess of Westmorland, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, the Earl of Lathom, the Countess of Ancaster, the Countess of Wilton, the Countess of Yarborough, the Countess of Huntingdon, Viscount Curzon, Lord and Lady Farquhar, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Rowton, Lord Westbury, Baroness d'Erlanger, Count and Countess Seilern, Lord and Lady Ribblesdale, Lord and Lady Hothfield, Lord and Lady Raincliffe, Lord Wandsworth, Lord Charles Montagu, Lady Cunard, Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, Lady Kathleen and Mr. Pilkington, Lady Violet Brassey, Lady Grey Egerton, the Hon. Humphry and Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Lady Ripley, Lady Katherine Coke, Lady Agneta Montagu, Lady Tatton Sykes, Lady Templemore, Lady Florence Grant, Lady Garrick, Lady Pearson, Lady Constance Haddon, Sir F. Burdett, the Hon. M. Charteris, Sir A. de la Rue, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, the Hon. E. Stonor, Sir Edward and Lady Sassoon, Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain, the Hon. Mrs. Lawrence, the Hon. Mrs. Napier, Sir Charles Forbes, Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mrs. Cornwallis West, Mr. Arnold Morley, Mr. L. Neumann, Madame Vagliano, Mr. Gillett, Mrs. Godfrey Samuelson, Mrs. Reginald Ward, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, Mr. Menzies, Mr. Dreyfous [sic], Mrs. George Coats, Mr. Hartmann, Mrs. Rube, Mrs. Neumann, Mr. Lukach, Mrs. Candy, Mr. Bargrave Deane, Mr. L. V. Harcourt, Mrs. Oppenheim, Mrs. Lionel Phillips, Mr. King. Mr. James Finch, Mrs. Clayton Glyn, Miss Van Wart, Mr. Hall Walker, Mr. Drexell, Mrs. Van Raalte, Mr. Alfred Beit, Mr. Douglas Uzielli, Mrs. Alfred Harmsworth, Mr. Munday, Mrs. William James, Mrs. Newhouse, Mrs. Max Waechter, Mr. G. Prentis, Mrs. M'Calmont, Mr. Blacklock, Mrs. Ausell, Captain Holford (Equerry to the Prince of Wales), Mr. De Nino, Mrs. Keyser, Mrs. Fleming, Mrs. Breitmeyer, Mrs. Wernher, Mrs. Armour, Mr. Van Alan, Mrs. Ewart, Mrs. Carl Meyer, Mrs. Powell, Mr. Hambro, Colonel Charles Allen, Colonel Cunningham, Mrs.Hutchinson, Mrs. Schumacher, Colonel Kennard, Mrs. Fludyer, Mrs. Williamson, Mr. Thellusson, Mr. Sackville West, Captain M'Neil, Mrs. Dalrymple Hamilton, Mrs. Penn Curzon, Mrs. Hamar Bass, Mrs. Kuhliug, General Stracey, Mrs. Jeffcock, Colonel Thynne.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Household Troops. Entertainment at Her Majesty's.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 14 February 1900, Wednesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19000214/014/0003 (accessed February 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====17 January 1900, Saturday====

1900 February 17, Lady Greville writes about the amateur theatricals Muriel Wilson is involved in: &lt;blockquote&gt;The most notable social event of the week was the amateur performance of tableaux at Her Majesty's Theatre. One is accustomed to the amateurs under every aspect, leaping in where angels fear to tread, essaying the most difficult parts, dabbling in the arts of music and literature, but so full and rich and interesting a performance has rarely been given before. To begin with, there was a masque, modelled on the Elizabethan lines, with song and dance, and special music composed for the occasion by Mr. Hamish McCunn, dresses statuesque and graceful, and a bevy of pretty women to carry out the idea.

One original feature there was, too, which certainly did not present itself before our Virgin Queen, and that was the graceful fencing of Miss Lowther, who looked an ideal young champion in her russet suit and jaunty little cap. A very young debutante appeared in the person of Miss Viola Tree, who, dressed in the nest diaphanous garments, acted with a grace and lightness that promises well for her future career. Mrs. Crutchly, as &quot;Glory,&quot; appeared amid a din of thunder and a rosy glare of limelight, and clashed her cymbals in truly determined fashion. An element of wildness suited to the character, distinguished her agreeable posturing, and her high spiked crown gave distinct individuality to the representation. Mrs. Martineau, Hebe-like in a white robe and a large crown of roses, as if she had just stepped out of a picture by Leighton, then danced and took the palm for poetry and suppleness of movement; Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], meanwhile, having daringly shot up through a trap-door in scarlet robes with a flaming torch, announced herself as &quot;War,&quot; and beckoned to Glory, Victory, and Prosperity, when they finished their performance, to sit beside her on her throne. &quot;Rumour,&quot; alias Mr. Gervase Cary Elwes, sang an excellent topical song, attired in a quaint garb covered with interrogations, and carrying an electric telegraph-post in her hand. Lady Maud Warrender, as &quot;Pity,&quot; advanced from a barge that had just arrived, and sang a doleful ditty which made one wish &quot;Pity&quot; might combine a sense of gaiety. But as Mrs. Willie James, in the part of &quot;Mercy,&quot; dressed as a nurse, recited some bright lines anent Tommy, to the accompaniment of distant fifes and drums, the audience decided to take this as a satisfactory compensation.

All being now harmoniously arranged, &quot;War&quot; performed a sleight-of-hand feat, divested herself of her red dress, her headgear of flaming serpents, and her glistening breastpiece, and appeared in virgin white, crowned with roses, as “Peace,&quot; surrounded by “Music&quot; in a gorgeous gown of gold tissue, by “Painting,&quot; “Science,&quot; and “Literature.&quot; A pleasant finaleof gay music brought the Masque to a close, and left a decidedly agreeable and novel impression behind it.

Tableaux then followed, all more or less well grouped by well-known artists, and represented by beautiful women of Society. Among the familiar faces were Lady St. Oswald, Lady Mary Sackville, Miss Agatha Thynne, Mrs. Fitz Ponsonby, Lady Maitland, Madame von André, &amp;c., but neither Lady Helen Vincent, Lady De Grey, Lady Cynthia Graham, the Duchess of Portland, nor many other well-known and lovely ladies took part in the performance.

Finally, came the Patriotic Tableau, which had evidently engaged all the energies of the organisers of the fête. On a high throne, with a most realistic lion, open-mouthed and fierce-looking, beside her, sat Lady Westmoreland as &quot;Great Britain,&quot; a stately and dignified figure in white satin, draped in a red cloak and crowned with a large wreath of laurel. The stage on each side was lined by genuine stalwart Guardsmen, and to the sound of lively martial music, composed and conducted by Sir Arthur Sullivan, slowly advanced a procession of Great Britain's dependencies, figured by ladies magnificently costumed, their long jewelled trains borne by two little pages in cloth of gold brocade coats, with black silk legs. Very beautiful were the blendings of the colours in this tableau, artistically designed by Mr. Percy Anderson. Lady Claude Hamilton, as &quot;British Columbia,&quot; moved with stately gait in a robe of palest green; Lady Feo Sturt glittered barbarically with jewels; her headdress and her bosom were covered with gems. As the typical representative of &quot;India,&quot; she was dressed in apricot colour and bore branches of hibiscus in her hands. Mrs. Hwfa Williams, in blazing red, carried a parrot and some red flowers. The Hon. Barbara Lister looked lovely and picturesque in her violet robes under a massive wreath of wisteria blossoms; Lady Raincliffe, wearing a curious high head-dress, was dressed in white to represent &quot;Canada.&quot; &quot;Rhodesia&quot; made one of the prettiest figures in her khaki gown and cloak, with the coquettish hat and feathers and the red trimming associated with the Colonial Volunteers. &quot;Natal&quot; appeared appropriately clad all in black, while little &quot;Nigeria,&quot; for the nonce, wore spotless white robes. /

Miss Muriel Wilson spoke an ode, and looked striking in apricot and white, with a high diamond crown and a long standing-up white feather. None of the ladies suffered from shyness; they showed thorough acquaintance with the stage, and moved easily thereon. In fact, costumes, arrangements, music, and the glorious feast of beauty left nothing to be desired.

The final impression in one's mind was that the stage produces strange effects. It idealises some faces, hardens others, and alters many. The large wreaths, almost grotesque in size, proved eminently becoming, and the Grecian draperies carried away the palm for beauty. After them our modern dress seems stiff, angular, and inartistic. The whole performance was one to be commended, and will no doubt be as successful financially as it was from the aesthetic and spectacular point of view.

Mrs. James Stuart Wortley, who died last week, will be regretted by every class of society. This lady, a beauty in her youth, devoted the latter part of her life entirely to works of charity. She founded the East London Nursing Society, to the tender and skilful ministrations of which many a poor woman owes her return to health, and in every philanthropic scheme, emigration, the befriending of young servants, and the education of youth, she took a lively interest. Her clear sense, her logical grasp of subjects and her immense activity were of infinite service in everything she undertook, and her memory will smell sweet in the hearts of the many who loved and depended on her.

I really wonder at the patience of the British taxpayer. During the snow of this week Belgravia, Eaton, and other fashionable squares, remained a morass of slush, ice, and half-melted snow. The pavements as slippery as glass had not been cleansed, and only at the risk of one's life one made one's way from street to street.&lt;ref&gt;Greville, Lady Violet. &quot;Place aux Dames.&quot; ''The Graphic'' 17 February 1900, Saturday: 7 [of 40], Col.1a–2a, 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/19000217/008/0007 (accessed July 2019). [Col. 2c only for the last 2 paragraphs, not really relevant to Muriel Wilson]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 1a-2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''25 January 1900, Thursday'''

David Lindsay, [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]] and Constance Lilian Pelly married:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
MARRIAGE OF LORD BALCARRES.

The marriage of Lord Balcarres, M.P. for North Lancashire, eldest son of the Earl of Crawford of Balcarres House, Fife, and Haigh Hall, Wigan, to Miss Pelly, daughter of the late Sir H. Peily, Bart., and granddaughter of the Earl of Wemyss, was solemnised yesterday (Thursday) at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, in the presence of a large gathering of friends.

Among the invited guests were the Earl and Countess of Crawford, the Dowager Countess of Crawford, the Earl of Wemyss, Lord and Lady Elcho, the Hon. E. Lindsay, the Hon. Lionel Lindsay, the Hon. Ronald Lindsay, Lord and Lady Cowper, Mr. A. J. Balfour, the Hon. L. Greville, and many othsrs. The service was fully choral, and was conducted by the Bishop of Stepney, assisted by the the Rev. Canon Gore. Mr Yorke, the stepfather of the bride, gave her away. She wore a dress of white velvet, draped with old Brussels lace, the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford: chiffon veil and wreath of natural orange blossoms. Her only ornament was a Maltese cross of diamonds, also the gift of the Dowager Countess of Crawford.

There were nine bridesmaids. Miss Pelly, sister of the bride) [sic], the Hon. Mary Vasey, the Hon. Cynthia Charteris, Miss Brodrick, Miss Sybil Brodrick, Miss Benita Pelly, the Hon. Aline Menjendie, Miss Daisy Benson, and Miss Madeline Bourke. They were attired alike in costumes of white de chine, with lace insertions, with blue chiffon hat, trimmed with plumes of white and blue ostrich feathers. They carried bouquets of violets, and wore red enamel brooches with diamond centres and pearl drops, the gifts of the bridegroom. The Hon E. Lindsay supported his brother as best man.

At the conclusion of the ceremony the guests drove to the town residence of the bride's mother in Queen Anne's Gate, where the wedding reception was held. Later in the day the newly-married couple left town for Wrest Park, Ampthill, kindly lent them for the honeymoon by Earl and Countess Cowper. Princess Louise (the Marchioness of Lorne) sent the bride a handsome silver basket as a wedding present.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Balcarres.&quot; ''Dundee Courier'' 26 January 1900 Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000164/19000126/105/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===February===
1900, February, a brief account of the Matherses' Isis ceremony appeared in &quot;the New York periodical the ''Humanist'', February 1900&quot; (Howe 201).

==== 15 February 1900, Thursday ====
[[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield Wedding]]
==== 27 February, 1900, Tuesday ====
Mardi Gras

===April 1900===

==== 8 April 1900, Sunday ====
Palm Sunday

====14 April 1900, Saturday====
Wynn Westcott assumed W. A. Ayton was on, as he wrote, &quot;the Committee to investigate the G. D. which contains Yeats, Bullock and I suppose Ayton&quot; (Howe 217).

====20 April 1900, Friday====
The R.R. et A.C. was code named Research and Archaeological Association (Howe 226)

====21 April 1900, Saturday====
The Inner Order of the Golden Dawn met at 116 Netherwood Road, West Kensington (Howe 227).

==== 27 April 1900 ====

===== The Thames Salmon Experiment =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The fact that they were taking part in what may in after years be considered an historical event was no doubt the cause of the little crowd which gathered round Teddington Weir on Shakespeare's day. It is getting on for half a century since Stephen Ponder and Frank Dockland hatched out some thousands of salmon eggs, at Kingston-on-Thames and South Kensington respectively, and turned the resulting fry into the Thames. In the light of our present knowledge the failure of their experiments was a foregone conclusion; but that no salmon were found ascending the river in after years was very generally considered a sufficient proof that the Thames was for various reasons no longer capable of becoming a salmon river. In the sixties the art of rearing healthy fry was only beginning to be understood, and the fearful mortality which takes place among infant Salmonidæ both in stew and river was by no means appreciated. It is the A B C of modern fish culture that even if some thousands of ordinary brown trout fry are turned into a suitable stream successful results cannot be, as a rule, expected. The yearling form is invariably recommended. Our greatest experts now hold the opinion that, if salmon rivers are to be stocked by means of fry, the little fish must be placed in large quantities in the head-waters, and by large quantities is meant not thousands or even hundreds of thousands, but millions. The Thames, however, is not in its characteristics an ordinary salmon river. For many years coarse fish have been preserved in the interests of the angler; thus pike, perch, chub, and barbel, all fish of cannibalistic habits, are so numerous that if fry were placed in the headwaters they would have to run the gauntlet through considerably over a hundred miles of current in which voracious fish are plentiful. Dangers of pollution above London can be put out of the reckoning, for, owing to the water supply being largely taken from the river, the duty has been placed upon the Thames Conservancy of stopping pollution of all kinds above the intake of the metropolitan water companies. The river below London, however, still presents many dangers to fish owing to pollution from manufactories, gas and chemical works, though the London County Council have done much towards improving matters. The tideway is in appearance infinitely cleaner now than it has been for many years, and the fact that smelts can push their way up through portions of the river which it was believed would prove fatal to fish, while not being conclusive proof, certainly gives fair grounds for hope that the young salmon may descend to the sea in safety.

Though the tideway has much improved in one respect, it has, in another, seriously deteriorated, for, owing to imperfect dredging, the channels have silted up. At certain states of the tide even steamers of light draught churn up the foul deposits at the bottom, and the water becomes charged with matter of a very offensive and possibly, from the salmon's point of view, dangerous character. The Royal Commission which is now inquiring into the matter may lead ultimately to the formation of a new authority for the port of London with power and funds to deepen the river. Should this body be brought into existence, and extensive dredging be carried out, the chances of salmon running up the Thames will be materially increased. Had it been decided to place fry by the million in the headwaters of the Thames, there would still have remained the almost insurmountable difficulty of getting a sufficient number of eggs. Now that salmon have become so scarce, local fishery authorities are most reluctant to allow ova to bo taken from their districts, and until we have a fishery department with a river providing a supply of spawning fish and a hatchery of its own, it is hardly likely that an adequate supply of salmon eggs will ever be forthcoming for the purpose of restocking any of our large rivers. The Thames Salmon Association unquestionably had a most difficult problem to grapple with, and the committee's decision to place no fry in the river was undoubtedly a wise one under all the circumstances. The system adopted by the association is to rear the fry until they put on smolt livery, and then turn them into the upper portions of the Thames tideway; they thus largely escape danger from pike and other predatory fish. It is only [Col. 1c–2a] reasonable to assume that one smolt placed in the tideway is worth some thousands of fry turned in higher up. We may here remind our readers that the association was formed in 1899, and in July of that year the subject was discussed at a public meeting held at the Mansion House under the support of the Lord Mayor. In the previous year there had been a meeting of a few persons interested in the question, called together by the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], at White's Club; but the leading spirit of the present association is Mr W. H. Grenfell, M.P. What success has been obtained is largely owing to him and to the enthusiasm and liberality of Mr W. Crosbie Gilbey, who has devoted the whole of his trout hatchery at Denham, on the Misbourn, a tributary of the Colne, to hatching salmon for the association, Mrs Goodlake, his neighbour, rendering very valuable assistance. It is an interesting fact that the great majority of the little fish which were turned into the Thames on Tuesday were Irish, having been presented to the association by Mr W. L. Moore from his Boyle and Bank fishery. A smaller number were obtained from Scotland.

The result of the first year's hatching and rearing is about 8000 samlets. Of these, only the 600 which were turned into the Thames had assumed, or partially assumed, smolt livery, and there are hopes of turning in some additional hundreds this year; but the bulk of the 8000 will have to be retained until their second year at Denham, when we may expect most of them to put on the silver vesture which, with a certain restlessness, may be considered a decisive indication that they are ready to descend to the sea. How many of the 600 will return? It is difficult even to make a surmise on the point, the element of chance being so very considerable. As the little fish descend the great estuary of the Thames they may be met by the sudden outpour of a manufactory's destructive refuse; but, on the other hand, they may escape all dangers and reach the sea in safety. When there they have, of course, many natural enemies to meet, and at the best we could only reasonably expect a small percentage to return to their river of adoption. Those who are well acquainted with fish culture will perhaps say that the scale upon which the Thames Association is working is not likely to restock the Thames with salmon, but the actual restocking of the river is not the immediate object of the committee. It is well to understand that what is now being done is merely in the nature of an experiment to test the question whether salmon can exist in the Thames, passing down the estuary as smelts, finding their river again, and returning to fresh water as mature fish. If a few salmon are sooner or later seen in the river then the experimental stage will be probably considered at an end and the question of how to stock the Thames on an efficient scale will have to be considered. When that time arrives there will no doubt be questions arising as to the interests of those for whom coarse fish have been so long preserved; for it is not unnatural to suppose that, should the Thames become again an important salmon river, fishery rights which now lie dormant will be asserted, and pike and other coarse fish will not be viewed with favour. Meanwhile the Association will be turning out its few thousand smelts annually for the next three or four years, and questions of conflicting interests are not likely to arise yet awhile, though if, by happy fortune, a single returning grilse were to be taken in the Thames on its return from the sea before the end of the coming summer, the public interest would be instantly aroused and events would march rapidly.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Thames Salmon Experiment.&quot; ''Field'' 27 April 1901, Saturday: 28 [of 76], Col. 1b–2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/19010427/266/0028. Print title: ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 562.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===May 1900===
====26 May 1900, Saturday====
Arthur Sullivan is visited by &quot;Sir George Martin, the organist at St. Paul's Cathedral, and Colonel Arthur Collins, one of the royal equerries&quot; to get him to write a Te Deum thanking God for the end of the Boer War (Ainger, Michael. Gilbert and Sullivan: a Dual Biography. P. 381.).

====30 May 1900, Wednesday====
Derby Day.

According to the Morning Post, &lt;quote&gt;The Derby Day. / The Archbishops of Canterbury and York hold a Reception of Colonial and Missionary Church Workers in the Great Hall of the Church House, 4.30 to 6.30. / ... May Fair and Bazaar, St. George's Drill Hall, Davies-street, Berkeley-square, opened by Lady Edward Spencer Churchill, 2.30.&lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; The Morning Post Wednesday, 30 May 1900: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6C)

===June 1900===
Summer 1900: WBY summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

==== 3 June 1900, Sunday ====
Whit Sunday (Pentecost)

Whitsun party at Sandringham House, described by Lord Knutsford in his letters and summarized by Anita Leslie, whose parent's generation remembered some of these people Knutsford mentions as present:

* The Prince and Princess of Wales
* Princess Victoria
* Other daughters of the Prince and Princess of Wales
* Lord Knutsford
* [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lord and Lady Gladys de Grey]]
* Luís De Soveral
* Tosti
* [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. George Lambton]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|Holford]]
* Lady Musgrave

Leslie's summary of Knutsford's letters:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Whitsun party that year included Lord and Lady de Grey, De Soveral, whose caustic wit always lightened Edward's humour, Tosti, the famous baritone-songwriter (Alexandra and her daughters were so musical — strumming away ''à quatre mains'' while Totti's voice made chandeliers vibrate in after-dinner songs), the Hon. George Lambton (racing trainer), and Lady Randolph Churchill, &quot;just back from her hospital ship which had been a boon in South Africa, but fractiously insisting she is going to marry George Cornwallis-West.&quot;

Lord Knutsford describes the chattering guests travelling in that special train coach from St. Pancras to Wolverton Station where the house party was met by royal carriages with officious flunkeys in red livery who dealt with the luggage — and ''such'' luggage! Big trunks had to be brought for a few days' stay so that the correct attire could be produced for every meal and outing.

How exciting to drive through a forest of rhododendrons and to disembark in front of Sandringham House. The royal host and hostess stood in the hall to welcome their guests. After handshakes Queen Alexandra sat down to pour tea. Dinner was at 9 &lt;small&gt;P&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;M&lt;/small&gt;. (at Sandringham all clocks were kept half an hour ahead of time). Footmen informed the gentlemen what waistcoats were to be worn. Ladies' maids scurried to the ironing rooms. At nine, having assembled in the drawing room, each man was told whom he must escort into dinner and where to sit. This saved hesitation and embarrassment. On this occasion Knutsford describes the Prince giving his arm to Lady de Grey, while Alexandra walked beside De Soveral and Lord de Grey escorted the unmarried Princess Victoria. There were, of course, no cocktails, but exquisite wines accompanied each course. The Prince never drank more than a glass or so of claret at dinner and a brandy after the last course.

When the ladies left the dining room cigarettes and cigars were brought by footmen. Heavy drinking was never encouraged, and / after half an hour the gentlemen moved to the drawing room to chat with the ladies, until Alexandra rose and they retired to their bedrooms where the ladies' maids would be waiting to unlace them from their gorgeous satin and velvet gowns. Hard as the existence of a servant might be, they were perhaps consoled by the colossal meals offered in recompense for late hours. A five-course breakfast could be consumed by every scullery maid if she so desired, and many a working-class mother strove to &quot;get her daughter's knees under a good table.&quot;

When the ladies had disappeared upstairs the men went to the billiards room, where the Prince, who idolised his dogs, would roar with laughter when his black bulldog nipped the legs of players. No one could go to bed before Edward, but at twelve-thirty he would certainly retire. There was no thought of any hanky-panky after hours at Sandringham. That would have been considered bad taste and an insult to the royal hostess.

On Sunday morning the breakfast gong sounded at 10 &lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;M&lt;/small&gt;. Then came church and a stroll in the garden until lunch at one-thirty. After a fairly heavy meal the ladies went upstairs to change into walking skirts and strong boots. The whole party then underwent a slow three-hour walk to the kennels and stables and farm. Talk was almost entirely about animals — dogs, pedigree cattle and, of course, race horses. Knutsford noticed Alexandra's &quot;touching girl-like love&quot; for every stone and corner of Sandrringham. She reminded him of &quot;a bird escaped from a cage.&quot;

Certainly the royal pair were never so happy as in this big Norfolk house, which they regarded as home, but guests grew weary of trying to do the right thing. Knutsford found dinner very wearing, with the conversation in mingled English and French: &quot;they drop from one to another in the same sentence.&quot;

Then came the local Whitsunday sports. Off drove the house party — Lady de Grey and Holford in the first carriage with Edward. Knutsford found himself in the second carriage with Princess Victoria and Lady Randolph Churchill and Lady Musgrave. The ladies wore coloured blouses and contrasting skirts and jackets over their blouses, white gloves and feather boas. A brisk wind nearly blew off their huge hats. Lady Musgrave in particular had difficulty with her concoction. &quot;Send it to the bazaar!&quot; cried Alexandra, and everyone roared with laughter.

Sandringham parties were called &quot;informal,&quot; but what a relief, nevertheless, when they all got back to the station in those regal carriages followed by the four horse-drawn vans of luggage.

In this spring of 1900 the visitors departed to their homes full to / the brim of food and anecdote. Jennie, who had been argumentative all weekend, would almost immediately marry her young George. Gladys de Grey would get on her newly installed phone to admirer number one, the Hon. Reginald Listen, or if he was not available to admirer number two, Sir John Listen-Kaye. Ladies were now able to ring the men up and guardedly converse instead of sending dangerous notes. Servants might overhear but there would be nothing ''on paper''.&lt;ref&gt;Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. Doubleday, 1973.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|195–197}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====26 June 1900, Tuesday====
There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==== 28 June 1900, Thursday ====
Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West married at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Ralph G. ''Lady Randolph Churchill : A Biography''. Cardinal, 1974. Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/ladyrandolphchur0002mart_w8p2/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|220–223}}

===July 1900===

==== 17 July 1900, Tuesday ====
A number of Society women took part in the Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children:&lt;blockquote&gt;In the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society yesterday afternoon a very delightful Children's Fete was organised by the Countess of Ancaster in aid of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The good work of the society, of which the Queen is patron, is well known, and the need for its existence is emphasised by the fact that, whereas in the year 1888–89 it dealt with only 737 cases, the number increased to 28,165 in 1898–99. Its operations are, of course, limited by the funds placed at its disposal, and though the income last year amounted to £51,300, a still larger sum is needed to meet all the claims which come before the society. In the organisation of yesterday's fête Lady Ancaster was assisted by the Ladies' Committee for London, of which the Hon. Mrs. Stephen Coleridge is hon. secretary. The list of stewards included Lady Blanche Conyngham, Lady Florence Bridgman, Lady Grizel Cochrane, Lady Victoria Grey, Lady Sybil Grey, Lady Agnes Noel, Lady Norah Noel, Lady Elizabeth Northcote, Lady Alice Willoughby, the Hon. Ethel Fraser, Miss Aermonda Burrell, Miss Nina Hill, Miss Ceciie Drummond, Miss Euphemia Drummond, and Miss Linda Oppenheim.&lt;p&gt;

The fête opened with a procession of children, a large number being in fancy costume, and many bearing wands and floral symbols. This was the prelude to the Floral Feast and many other events. The feast was arranged by Sybil Marchioness of Queensberry and Mrs. Wordsworth, and among the &quot;flowers&quot; who took part were Miss E. Grove (white lily), Misses Olline and Katherine Wyndham-Quin (tiger lily and bluebell), Misses Pamela, Sibyl, and Madeline Adeane (sweet pea, Canterbury bell, and daffodil), the Hon. May Charteris (rose), Miss Joyce Knatchbull-Hugessen (snowdrop), Miss Elsie Gorell Barnes (wild rose), Miss A. Smjth (daisy), Miss Currie (convolvulus), and Miss Clare Tennant (daisy). Master Terence Grove, the Hon. Ivor Charteris, Master Gorell Barnes, Master Desmond Smith, Master Edward Tennant, the Hon. Thomas Boscawen, Master Harold Farquhar, and Master Chanler also assisted.&lt;p&gt;

A gavotte arranged by Lady Helen Stewart was a very pretty feature, among those taking part being children of Lady Aline Beaumont, Lady Wenlock, Lady Doreen Long, Lady Meysey-Thompson, Lady Eden, Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, and others.&lt;p&gt;

The Gainsborough quadrille, arranged by Lady Milner and Mrs. Wordsworth, was most charmingly executed by the Hon. M. and R. Thellusson, Miss Murray, Misses Beckett, the Hon. E. Gerard, Miss Stanley, Miss Muir Mackenzie, Miss Evelyn, Miss Padelford, Miss Hadow, Miss Grosvenor, the Hon. Marie Hay, and the Hon. Hilda Chichester.&lt;p&gt;

For the Highland dances the Countess of Ancaster and Mrs. Wordsworth were responsible, Miss Wickham, Miss Le Blanc, and the Masters Fairbairn doing full justice to the music of Pipe-Major Fraser, of the Scots Guards.&lt;p&gt;

A Pavane arranged by Lady Victoria Grey, an Irish jig by Mr. and Mrs. d'Egville, and pas seuls by Mrs. Walter Cave and Mrs. Gerald Maltby were most attractive. Of the pas seuls, the Spanish dance by Miss Hersey Maltby, and the gavotte by Miss Violet Asquith were greatly admired, and the same young ladies also performed a pas de deux.&lt;p&gt;

Perhaps the favourite events of the afternoon were the flower dance and the maypole dance, both being, as one might say, intermittent, recurring at intervals, for the young people, despite the heat, never seemed to tire. Lady Florence Astley was responsible for the flower dance, and the children who took part were the representatives of Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady de Trafford, Mrs. Stanley Wilson, the Countess of Yarborough, Lady Eden, Mrs. Hartmann, Lady Naylor-Leyland, Lady Barnard, the Hon. Mrs. Lambton, Lady Constance Combe, Lady Newton Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Hon. Mrs. Alwyne Greville, Lady Gertrude Astley Corbett, the Hon. Mrs. Pelham, Mrs. Walter Campbell, Lady Meysey-Thompson, the Duchess of Wellington, Lady Hastings, and Mrs. Parkinson Sharpe. This dance was given on a platform under the shade of the trees on the north-west side of the gardens, and was watched with much delight by the crowd of spectators seated around. The maypole, gaily adorned with the traditional ribbons, was erected on the opposite side of the grounds above the lake, and the dances were supervised by the Hon. Mrs. Cecil Bingham and Miss Miller. Most of the children were dressed in shades of pink or green.&lt;p&gt;

Near the maypole a flower market and a fruit market were disposed in a variety of tastefully-decorated stalls. Mrs. Charles Wilson arranged the flower market, and was assisted by Lady Mary Willoughby, Miss Gwladys Wilson, Lady Aldra Acheson, Lady Marjorie Carrington, the Countess of Chesterfield, Viscountess Castlereagh, Lady Alexandra Carrington, Lady Mary Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, the Hon. Alexandra Fellowes, Miss Madeline Stanley, Lady Florence Astley, and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]]. Lady Faudel-Phillips conducted the fruit market, with the assistance of Mrs. Phillip Henriques, Miss Hope, Miss Cockerell, and the Misses Faudel-Phillips.&lt;p&gt;

In the course of the afternoon there was a juvenile cricket match between Lady Evelyn Ewart's eleven and an eleven from Mr. E. T. Bull's School, which resulted in a draw. The band of the Royal Artillery played a delightful selection of music, led by Cavalier Zavertal. The whole fête was most successful.&lt;p&gt;

The Princess of Wales, attended by Lady Suffield and Sir Dighton Probyn, visited the gardens shortly after four o'clock and remained until half-past five. Her Royal Highness, escorted by Lady Ancaster, witnessed the maypole and flower dances and other events of the fête, and on leaving expressed herself as having been greatly delighted with the juvenile revels.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For the Protection of Children. A Charming Fête.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 18 July 1900, Wednesday: 5 [of 12], Col. 5a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19000718/033/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====27 July 1900, Friday====
The [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] had dinner at the Arthur Wilsons’:&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mr and Mrs Arthur Wilson]] were honoured with the presence of the Prince of Wales at dinner on Friday night. Amongst the guests were the Portuguese Minister, Count Mensdorff, Duke of Roxburghe, Lady Georgina Curzon, Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson (arrived that morning from South Africa), Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Viscount Villiers, Lady Norreys, Lady Gerard, [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon Mrs Keppel]], Sir Edward and Lady Colebrook, Mr and Mrs Grenfell, Lady Lister Kaye, Mrs Arthur Paget, Mr and Mrs Arthur Sassoon, Hon. W. Erskine, Mr and Mrs J. Menzies, General Oliphant, Miss Jane Thornewell, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social Record.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 30 July 1900, Monday: 2 [of 6], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19000730/007/0002 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 30 July 1900, Monday ====

===== ''Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;In spite of the fast waning season there was a very considerable audience at Covent Garden to witness the performance of the &quot;Barber of Seville&quot; last Monday. The honours of the evening lay chiefly between Mine. Melba and Signor de Lucia, while M. Edouard de Reszké was a very humorous and entertaining ''Basilio''. Mme. Melba sang part of the mad scene (from &quot;Lucia di Lammermoor,&quot; in what is popularly known as the &quot;Music Lesson Scene&quot;; needless to say she was vociferously applauded, and for an encore she sang Tosti's &quot;Mattinata,&quot; accompanying herself very charmingly. Lady de Grey was in her box, and wore cream colour with a pink rose in her hair; Lady Charles Beresford was in Lily Duchess of Marlborough's box; and the Countess of Carnarvon wearing black, with touches of heliotrope and diamonds in her hair, was in Mr. Alfred Rothschild's box. Among others present were Lady Cynthia Graham, Lady Colebroke wearing pink, Lady Chelsea, and Mrs. Arthur Paget; Mrs. Higgins in white, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]]; Mrs. Murray Guthrie, Lord Westbury, and Captain Hedworth Lambton. The Princess of Wales, with the Duke of Sparta, was in the Royal box.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Barber of Seville' at Covent Garden.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 4 August 1900, Saturday: 20 [of 52], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19000804/104/0020. Same print title, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===October 1900===
====31 October 1900, Wednesday====
Halloween.
===November 1900===
====5 November 1900, Monday====
Guy Fawkes Day
====9 November 1900, Friday====
A debutante dance for Miss Helyar:&lt;blockquote&gt;In honour of the coming of age of Miss Helyar, a small dance was given by Lady Savile, at Rufford Abbey, last night. The number of invitations was not so large as it would have been but for the war. The house party included Mrs. and Miss Cavendish Bentinck, Lady Juliet Lowther, Lady Evelyn Ward, Lady Mabel Crichton, Mrs Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Sir Berkeley Sheffield, Miss Sheffield, Lord Hyde, Lord Herbert, the Hon. B. Ward, the Hon. E. FitzGerald, the Hon. W. Erskine, Mr. Laycock, Captain Brinton, the Hon. George Peel, Mr. Harris, Captain Tharp, Captain Heneage, and the Hon. G. Portman.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Personal.&quot; ''Yorkshire Post'' 10 November 1900, Saturday: 6 [of 14], Col. 4c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19001110/099/0006 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====27 November 1900, Tuesday====
Arthur Sullivan's funeral:&lt;blockquote&gt;At eleven o'clock on Tuesday, November 27th, the [366/367] funeral procession set forth from Victoria Street, Westminster, on its mournful way, first to the Chapel Royal, St. James's, where, by command of the Queen, part of the Burial Service was to take place, and thence to St. Paul's. Throughout the line of route flags drooped at half-mast, whilst beneath them people crowded in their thousands, bare-headed and in silence, waiting to pay their last tribute of respect and gratitude to the lamented master whose genius had done so much to brighten their lives for the past five-and-twenty years. [new paragraph] Into the Royal Chapel, where Arthur Sullivan had begun his career as a chorister, was borne the casket containing his remains. On either side stood men and women famous in society and the wider world of Art in all its branches. The Queen was represented by Sir Walter Parratt, Master of Music, who was the bearer of a wreath with the inscription: &quot;A mark of sincere admiration for his musical talents from Queen Victoria.&quot; Sir Hubert Parry represented the Prince of Wales; the German Emperor was represented by Prince Lynar, Attache of the German Embassy; Prince and Princess Christian by Colonel the Hon. Charles Eliot, and the Duke of Cambridge by General Bateson.

Among the congregation at the Chapel Royal were seen the United States Ambassador; the Earl and Countess of Strafford; Theresa, Countess of Shrewsbury; the Countess of Essex; Lord Glenesk; Lord Rowton; Lord Crofton; Lady Catherine Coke; the Dean of Westminster; Lady Bancroft; Lady [367/368] Barnby; Mr. Arthur Chappell; Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Burnand; Mr. Arthur W. Pinero; Mr. Haddon Chambers; Lieutenant Dan Godfrey; Signor Tosti; Mr. George Grossmith; Mr. Rutland Barrington; Miss Macintyre; Mrs. Ronalds; Canon Duckworth; Lady Lewis; Miss Ella Russell; Mr. Augustus Manns; Mr. Charles Wyndham; Captain Basil Hood; the Chairman and Secretary of Leeds Musical Festival; and Representatives of various British Musical Associations.

The Pall-bearers were Sir Squire Bancroft, Mr. Francois Cellier, Colonel A. Collins (one of the Royal Equerries), Sir Frederick Bridge, Sir George Lewis, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Sir George Martin, and Sir John Stainer. [new paragraph] he chief mourners were Mr. Herbert Sullivan (nephew), Mr. John Sullivan (uncle), Mrs. Holmes, and Miss Jane Sullivan (nieces), Mr. Wilfred Bendall (Sullivan's secretary), Mr. B. W. Findon, Mr. Edward Dicey, Mr. C. W. Mathews, Mrs. D'Oyly Carte, Dr. Buxton Browne, Mr. Arthur Wagg, Mr. Fred Walker, Mr. Dreseden and Sir Arthur's servants. [new paragraph] Much to their regret, neither Mr. Gilbert nor Mr. Carte was able to attend the funeral. The first was on the Continent for the benefit of his health, the second was laid up by serious illness. The present writer also, having been absent from London at the time, has not the advantage of an eye-witness to give a graphic description of the funeral obsequies of his old friend; and so, rather than attempt to paint the picture from imagination, he gladly avails himself [368/369] again of the courtesy of his brother-author who is so generous as to lend the aid of his experience. [new paragraph] In these sympathetic words, Mr. Findon describes the scenes and incidents in which, as a chief mourner, he took part at the Chapel Royal and St. Paul's Cathedral: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;. . . As the casket was borne into the Chapel, it was impossible to avoid thinking of those days when Sullivan himself had worn the gold and scarlet coat of a Chapel Royal Chorister, and his sweet young voice had rung through the sacred edifice. Then the world and its honours lay before him, but we doubt if even in the most sanguine moments of impulsive boyhood he imagined the greatness that one day would be his, or that his bier would pass within those honoured walls amid the silent demonstration of a mourning people. The anthem, 'Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,' from his oratorio 'The Light of the World,' was beautifully sung, and the pathos of the music bathed many a face in tears, and touched a tender spot in more than one loving heart. Another of the dead master's exquisite thoughts, ' Wreaths for our graves the Lord has given,' brought the Service at the Chapel Royal to an end, and the procession passed on its way to St. Paul's Cathedral, which was crowded with sympathetic spectators.

&quot;Clerical etiquette and cathedral dignity compelled the beginning of the Burial Service anew, and when the coffin had been lowered into the crypt there came the most poignant moment of the long ceremonial. [new paragraph] &quot;Close to the open vault sat the members of the Savoy Opera Company, including his life-long friend, Mr. Francois Cellier, who had been associated as chef d'orchestre with all his comic operas, and, after [369/370] the Benediction had been given, they sang in voices charged with emotion the touching chorus, 'Brother, thou art gone before us,' from ' The Martyr of Antioch.' The effect was quite remarkable, inasmuch as it was one of those incidents which come but rarely in a life-time.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;It was not in London alone that people mourned for Arthur Sullivan on that November day. Throughout Great Britain and Ireland, on the Continent of Europe, in America and farther across the seas, thousands of fond and grateful hearts ached with grief at the thought that England's dear master of melody had passed away into the silent land. From high-born personages and from people of low estate came floral emblems, wreaths, crosses, and lyres innumerable. Conspicuous among them was a beautiful harp of purple blossoms with strings — one broken — of white violets. To this offering was attached a card bearing the inscription:&lt;blockquote&gt;In Memoriam

ARTHUR SEYMOUR SULLIVAN

Born 13 May, 1842. Died 22 Nov., 1900

FROM MR. D'OYLY CARTE'S &quot;ROSE OF PERSIA&quot; TOURING COMPANY IN TOKEN OF THEIR AFFECTIONATE REGARD
&lt;poem&gt;Dear Master, since thy magic harp is broken,
Where shall we find new melodies^ to sing?
The grief we feel may not in words be spoken;
Our voices with thy songs now heav'nward wing.
Whilst on thy tomb we lay this humble token
Of love which to thy memory shall cling.&lt;/poem&gt;
BELFAST,

24th November, 1900.&lt;/blockquote&gt; [370/371] These simple lines but half expressed the love and esteem in which Sir Arthur Sullivan was held by all whose privilege it was to have been associated with him, and to have served, however humbly, his proud and brilliant life-cause.&lt;ref&gt;Cellier, François, and Cunningham Bridgeman. ''Gilbert and Sullivan and their operas: with recollections and anecdotes of D''. Pp. 366-371. ''Google Books'': http://books.google.com/books?id=Au05AAAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====30 November 1900, Friday====
The wedding between Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis West at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, occurred about this time. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] attended, as did much of Society.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Times'', 30 July 1900, p. 6. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHR8r5. Accessed 20 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

===December 1900===
===25 December 1900, Tuesday===
Christmas Day
====26 December 1900, Wednesday====
Boxing Day
==1901==
===January===
&quot;There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times: there was, in 1901, only a summer season&quot; (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell).
====1 January 1901, Tuesday, New Year's Day====
====16 January 1901, Wednesday====
Arnold Dolmetsch sent out notices that he was moving to 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38).

====22 January 1901, Tuesday====
Queen Victoria died at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight.

====23 January 1901, Wednesday====
Edward VII formally proclaimed “King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, Defender of the Faith” &quot;at Temple Bar, on St. Paul's Cathedral steps and at the Royal Exchange.&quot; &quot;The Privy Council met in St. James' Palace at 2 o'clock in the afternoon for the purpose of signing the accession proclamation of Edward VII. The attendance at the meeting of the Council was more than 200.&quot; (Merrill, Arthur Lawrence, and Henry Davenport Northrop. Life and Times of Queen Victoria: Containing a Full Account of the Most Illustrious Reign of Any Soveriegn in the History of the World, Including the Early Life of Victoria; Her Accession to the Throne and Coronation; Marriage to Prince Albert; Great Events During Her Brilliant Reign; Personal Traits and Characteristics That Endeared Her to Her People; Graphic Descriptions of Her Charming Home Life; Noble Qualities as Wife and Mother; Royal Castles; Public Receptions; Wonderful Growth of the British Empire, Etc. To Which is Added the Life of King Edward VII., and Sketches of the Members of the Royal Family. Philadelphia, PA: World Bible House, 1901. Page 437. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=Kx48AQAAIAAJ)

====26 January 1901, Saturday====
Arnold Dolmetsch gave a performance at his new domicile at 85 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Campbell 137-38).

===February 1901===
====2 February 1901, Saturday====
Queen Victoria’s funeral at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Chapel. Consuelo (Vanderbilt), Duchess of Marlborough was there: &lt;blockquote&gt;The service itself was magnificent. The stalls of the Knights of the Garter were occupied by the German Emperor and a dazzling array of kings, queens, ambassadors extraordinary, Indian princes, Colonial dignitaries, generals, admirals and courtiers. Consuelo wore the prescribed deep black mourning and crepe veil, which rather suited her, and it had the effect of extracting what she describes as a 'rare compliment' from her husband who remarked: 'If I die, I see you will not remain a widow long' — a conceit which suggests that he was more of his father's son than he cared to acknowledge.

Consuelo later reflected that the funeral of Queen Victoria was a moment when it truly appeared that no other country in the world had an aristocrac so magnificent, nor a civil service so dedicated, which is precisely what was intended. The great doors were flung open as the royal cortege mounted the steps, a boom of distant guns and clanging swords the only sound other than the funeral march, until Margot Asquith broke the reverential silence with a quip. Consuelo thoroughly enjoyed herself at the reception in the Waterloo Chamber afterwards too. (Stuart, Amanda Mackenzie. Consuelo and Alva Vanderbilt: The Story of a Daughter and a Mother in the Gilded Age. New York and London: HarperCollins, 1005. Page 228. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=44mhoIv12rEC)&lt;/blockquote&gt; Also Henry James saw the funeral procession.

====3 February 1901, Sunday====
1901 February 2–4?: Queen Victoria lay in state for 2 days between her funeral and her interment.

====4 February 1901, Monday====
Queen Victoria’s interment at Frogmore Mausoleum, Windsor Great Park.
====23 February 1901, Saturday====
The wedding of Hugh Richard Arthur, 2nd Duke of Westminster and Constance Edwina Cornwallis-West (1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer).

===March 1901===
Sometime in March 1901 Arthur Conan Doyle and Fletcher Robinson &quot;were on a golfing holiday at the Royal Links Hotel at Cromer in Norfolk,&quot; where Robinson told Doyle a Dartmoor legend of &quot;a spectral hound&quot; (Baring-Gould II 113).

Doyle's &quot;The Hound of the Baskervilles&quot; began publication in the ''Strand'' in January 1902.

===April 1901===
====18-20 April 1901, Thursday-Saturday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] and Mrs. Beerbohm Tree took part in 3 performances of &lt;quote&gt;Masks and Faces. The matinées have been organized by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]], of Tranby Croft, in aid of the local fund of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families Association. It was originally intended that the matinées should have been given in January last, but, owing to the death of Queen Victoria, they were postponed until Thursday, Friday, and Saturday last week. Additional interest was centered in the event, owing to the cast including no less a name than that of Mrs. Beerbohm Tree, while the fact that Miss Muriel Wilson was to appear as Peg Woffington aroused expectation.&lt;/quote&gt; (1901-04-25 Stage)

===May 1901===

==== '''1901 May 30, Thursday''' ====
The London ''Daily Express'' reported on the opening of the Ladies' Dog Show:&lt;blockquote&gt;There was a very large attendance yesterday at the Botanic Gardens for the summer fête of the Ladies’ Kennel Association, which is under the patronage of the Queen, and the charming grounds had quite the aspect of a garden-party at tea-time, when the band played under the trees.

Among well-known exhibitors to be seen were Sir Claud and Lady Alexander, who was showing a number of cats, Lady Aberdeen, Lady Angela Foster, and the Princess de Moniglyon, who took a first prize. Neither Lady Decies nor Lady Maitland was exhibiting on this occasion. Others to be seen were Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox in black and white, Mrs., Algernon Bourke all in mauve, the Duchess of Newcastle, Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour, and Mrs. Greville.

The Dogs’ Brigade Parade, which takes place to-day at 4.30, will be in aid of the Princess of Wales' Soldiers and Sailors' Widows and Orphans Fund.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At the Botanic Gardens.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004848/19010531/086/0004?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004848/19010531/086/0004]. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'' has a different list of names:&lt;blockquote&gt;Yesterday the annual show of the Ladies' Kennel Association was held in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Regent's Park, and attracted a highly fashionable gathering. Among the ladies represented were Princess Victor Dhuleep Singh, Princess Sophie Dhuleep Singh, the Marchioness of Nottingham, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Countess of Aberdeen, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Helen Forbes, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, Lady Moor, the Hon. Mrs. Alwyne Greville, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Chetwode, Lady Cathcart, Lady Angela Forbes, the Hon. Mrs. Fellowes, Lady Gooch, Princess de Montglyon, and Viscountess Southwell, Mrs. Samuelson, Miss Serena, Mrs. Bosanquet, Mrs. Williams, and Mrs. Ingle Bepler. Cats and poultry are also exhibited.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ladies' Dog Show.&quot; ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000667/19010531/124/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1901===
Summer 1901: William B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).
====17 June 1901, Monday====
&lt;quote&gt;The &quot;Women Writers&quot; held their dinner at the Criterion on Monday, the 17th. Now Mr. Stephen Gwynn, in his paper entitled &quot;A Theory of Talk,&quot; roundly asserts that women are less amusing than men. He says that there is no reason in nature why they should be, but that their inferiority is obvious. He points out that &quot;thirty or forty men will meet at seven o'clock, dine together, and pass the evening very agreeably till midnight. Imagine thirty or forty women called upon to do the same; would they be able to amuse themselves?&quot; It seems almost a pity that the exclusiveness of the women writers would not allow Mr. Gwynn personally to observe whether they were amused or bored on Monday night. In number there were nearly two hundred, and there certainly did not appear to be any lack of enjoyment or of laughter, but then it is also a fundamental belief with men that women are early adepts at hiding their true feelings. / Lucas Malet occupied the chair, and her carefully prepared speech was read out by Miss Sydney Phelps. Standing at the base of the statue of one of the world's greatest authors, and that, we regret to say, not a woman but a &quot;mere man,&quot; Miss Phelps, speaking for Lucas Malet, said there was good cause for women to congratulate themselves that, whereas there had been Thackeray, Dickens, the brothers Kingsley, and Wilkie Collins among authors, authoresses could boast of George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, [33 Col B / 34 Col A] Miss Yonge, &amp;c, and she felt that in the future they might equal, she would not say rival, their &quot;brother man.&quot; At this courageous vaunt our glance involuntarily strayed to the statue, anticipating that it would be moved to at least a wink; but overwhelmed, perhaps, by the presence of so many &quot;sisterwomen,&quot; it gave no sign. The speech was long, lasting for over thirty minutes. It touched on the evils of lowering work to what might be a present commercial but fleeting value; it contained much that was excellent, and tendered some good sound advice; perhaps it dwelt a trifle too insistently upon the obvious, and it was serious even to solemnity. But then &quot;women are so serious.&quot; / Mme. Sarah Grand's reply was couched in far lighter vein. It slipped into the anecdotal, and was altogether more in the masculine line of after-dinner speaking. It offered no advice save on the advisability of laughter; it lingered for a moment on the sorrows of misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and included some amusing examples. Mme. Sarah Grand possesses a sympathetic voice, and is very pleasant to listen to. / It is characteristic of the gravity with which even in play hours women regard their &quot;work&quot; that the majority of guests preferred the more serious matter of Lucas Malet to the light personal note of Mme. Grand. The dinner itself was very good, and it was noticeable that whilst at the Authors' dinner on May 1 but few women availed themselves of the permission to smoke, at the women's function scarcely one was without a cigarette. Coffee was served at the table, and afterwards the company broke up into groups. / The committee numbered among its members Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Steel, Mrs. Craigie, Miss Christabel Coleridge, Miss Violet Hunt, and many other favourite writers. In the company present there were Dr. Jex-Blake, Mrs. Ady, Dr. Margaret Todd, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs. Mona Caird, Mrs. Burnett-Smith, Mme. Albanesi, Miss Nora Maris, Miss Kenealy, and others; and the following presided at the tables : Lucas Malet, Mme. Sarah Grand, Mrs. de la Pasture, Miss Montresor, the Lady Mayoress, Mrs. L. T. Meade, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Mrs. Walford, Mrs. B. M. Croker, Miss Violet Hunt, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Belloc Lowndes, Miss Violet Brooke-Hunt, Miss Thorneycroft Fowler.&lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;The Women Writers' Dinner.&quot; The Author. Vol. XII, No. 2. 1 July 1901. Pp. 33–34.)

====26 June 1901, Wednesday====
There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

====29 June 1901, Saturday====
&quot;To-day sees the public inauguration of the Horniman Musem at Forest Hill. This collection of marvels from many lands, gathered together by a member of the Horniman family, has been generously presented to the public and housed in a handsome new building — set in the midst of fifteen acres, which are now dedicated to use as a public park. The entrance to the museum will be free.&quot; (&quot;The Horniman Museum.&quot; Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, June 29, 1901; pg. 928; Issue 3245, Col. B)

===July 1901===

==== 1901 July 2, Tuesday ====
The Earl and Countess of Kilmorey hosted a children's party at the Botanic Gardens:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P., and the Countess of Kilmorey gave a charming children's fête on Tuesday (2nd) at the Botanic Gardens. It began to rain just as the little people commenced to arrive, so the gardens were abandoned for the large pavilion, where a sumptuous birthday tea was provided in honour of little Lady Cynthia Needham's birthday, also a conjuror; and before leaving, they all danced or played games. The Countess of Yarborough was in a grey silk; Lady Naylor-Leyland, all in pale grey; Ellen Lady Inchiquin, with her little children, and pretty [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque. There were also present H.S.H. Prince Francis of Teck, Count Mensdorff; Mrs. Adair, smart in black and white; lady Hood , with the Ladies Conyngham; the Hon. Mr. George Keppel ' s pretty little girl; Lady Grey Egerton, in rose colour; Lady de Trafford's small schoolboys, Hon. &quot;Buddy&quot; Needham, and little Miss Knollys, who came with her mother, Lady Knollys.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1901 July 4, Thursday ====

===== The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Yarborough gave a charming children's party on Thursday (4th) afternoon at her beautiful house in Arlington Street. The spacious ballroom was quite filled with little guests and their mothers. Each little guest received a lovely present from their kind hostess. The Duchess of Beaufort, in grey, and with a large black picture hat, brought her two lovely baby girls, Lady Blanche and Lady Diana Somerset, both in filmy cream [Col. 2b–3a] lace frocks. Lady Gertrude Corbett came with her children, and Ellen Lady Inchiquin with hers. Lady Southampton, in black, with lovely gold embroideries on her bodice, brought her children, as also did Lady Heneage and Mr. and Lady Beatrice Kaye. Lady Blanche Conyngham, in écru lace, over silk, and small straw hat, was there; also Mrs. Smith Barry, in a lovely gown of black and white lace. The Countess of Kilmorey, in a smart grey and white muslin, brought little Lady Cynthia Needham, in white; Mrs. Arthur James, in black and white muslin; and the Countess of Powys, in mauve silk with much white lace; Lady Sassoon, in black and white foulard; Victoria Countess of Yarborough, came on from hearing Mdme. Réjane at Mrs. Wernher's party at Bath House; and there were also present Lord Henry Vane-Tempest, the Earl of Yarborough, Lady Naylor-Leyland's little boys; the pretty children of Lady Constance Combe, Lady Florence Astley and her children, and Lady Meysey Thompson (very smart in mauve and white muslin) with her children; also [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], in pale grey, with her pretty little girl.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday ====

===== The Great County Sale =====
The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association held a benefit sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition. Alexandra's last act as Princess of Wales was to make an appeal for this organization.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 42 [of 72], Col. 1a–3c [of 3] – 44, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003340/19010629/222/0042. Same print title, pp. 678–680.&lt;/ref&gt; The coverage in the ''Gentlewoman'' was extensive in the 29 July issue, just before the event, as well as in issues after, in which the newspaper published portraits of some of the people who worked in the stalls.

====19 July 1901, Friday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]] hosted a concert at the Wilson house in Grosvenor-place in London:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson lent their house in Grosvenor-place on Friday afternoon for Miss Gwendoline Brogden’s concert. Miss Brogden, who is only eleven years old, is quite a prodigy. She sings quite exquisitely, and great many people, including Lady de Grey and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, are much interested in her future, which promises to be a very brilliant one. Lady Maud Warrender, Miss Rosamond Tufton, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. Bernard Ralt, Signor Ancona, and Signor Tosti, all promised to assist at the concert, and the tickets were a guinea each.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stray Notes.&quot; ''Beverley Echo'' 24 July 1901, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001561/19010724/037/0002 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 23 July 1901, Tuesday ====

===== Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox are entertaining at Broughton Castle, Banbury, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Schomberg McDonnell, the Hon. Mrs. Bourke [possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Gwendolen Bourke]]], Senator Walcot, Miss Naylor, and Mr. Moreton Frewen. Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady North, the Hon. Mrs. Albert Brassey, and Viscount Valentine will take part in opening a fete at Banbury next week for the National Schools.&lt;ref&gt;[&quot;Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox.&quot;] ''Leamington, Warwick, Kenilworth &amp; District Daily Circular'' 23 July 1901, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002102/19010723/028/0002. Print: ''Leamington Warwick &amp; District Daily Circular'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 25 July 1901, Thursday, 2:30 p.m. ====

The wedding of William Dixon Mann Thomson — Captain Mann Thomson in the Life Guards — and Violet Hemsley Duncan. Captain Mann Thomson's father had died in 1899. (Guests' names with their gifts set as an unordered list here, to save space; it was typeset as a long list of paragraphs in the newspaper story.)&lt;blockquote&gt;MARRIAGE OF CAPTAIN MANN THOMSON AND MISS DUNCAN.

The marriage of Captain Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, and Miss Violet Duncan, eldest daughter of Mr. A. Lauderdale Duncan, Knossington Grange, Oakham, took place in St. Peter's Chnrch, Eaton-square, London, on Thursday, the inst., 2.30 p.m. The bride, who was given away her father, wore a dress of white satin, draped with white and old Brussels lace, wreath of orange blossoms, and tulle veil. Her ornaments were pearls. She was attended by seven bridesmaids, viz.: — Miss Adèle, Miss Marjory, and Miss Esmè Duncan, sisters; Miss Dorothy and Miss Sybil Thompson, cousins of the bride; Miss Villiers, cousin of the bridegroom; and Miss Joan Dawson. They wore dresses of the palest pink silk, covered with pink gauze, collars of white lace, and pale pink chiffon baby hats. The bride's train was carried by Miss Duncan, her youngest sister. The bridesmaids carried bouquets of pink carnations, and wore diamond brooches in the shape of a violet with sapphire centre, the gifts the bridegroom. A detachment of non-commissioned officers and men of the bridegroom's troop lined the aisle during the ceremony. The bridegroom was supported by the Earl Arran as best man. The officiating clergy were the Rev. Ravenscroft Stewart, Vicar of All Saints', Ennismore-gardens, the Rev. G. Tanner, Rector of St. Peter's, Knossington, Leicestershire, and the Rev. H. Trower. After the ceremony, a reception was held at 8, Rutland-gate, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Lauderdale Duncan. Among those present were the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield, Sir William and Lady Houldsworth, the Hon. C. and Mrs. Stanhope, Miss Hay, Lord and Lady Eglinton, Lord and Lady Castlereagh, Lord Ernest St. Maur, Lord and Lady Pembroke, Mrs. Adair, Mrs. Mann Thomson, Miss Mann Thompson, Earl Arran, Lord Cecil Manners, Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps, and many others. Later, the bride and bridegroom left for Dover, ''en route'' for the Continent, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of pale blue crepe-de-chine, and black hat. There were about five hundred gifts from relations and friends. The following is a list:—

* Bridegroom to Bride — Large diamond spray
* Mrs. Mann Thomson (mother of bridegroom) — Diamond ring, diamond and sapphire bangle, and cheque
* Mr. Lauderdale (father of bride) — Diamond and sapphire necklace
* Mrs. Duncan (mother of bride) — Silver-mounted travelling bag
* Dowager Lady Hay (bride's aunt) — Silver tea service
* Miss Mann Thomson (bridegroom's sister) — Brougham
* Mr. and Mrs. Butler Duncan (uncle and aunt) — Gold-mounted claret jug
* The Misses Jackson (bridegroom's aunts) — Silver plate
* Mr. H. Mann Thomson (brother) — Silver-mounted portmanteau
* Mr. Charles Hunt — Diamond and pearl brooch
* Miss Adele Duncan — Gold match-box
* The Earl Arran — Gold cigarette case
* Mr. and Mrs. Lucas — Bracelet
* Earl of Arran — Set of diamond and pearl studs
* Capt. and Lady Riddell — Bracelet
* Mrs. and Miss Wilton Phipps — Gold and ruby buckle
* Hon. H. Stanhope, R.N. — Brilliant buckle
* Mr. and Mrs. Pennington — Ruby necklace
* Mr. A. Butler Duncan — Necklace (old design)
* Mr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett — Sleeve links
* Duke and Duchess of Westminster—Pair of silver candlesticks
* Duchess of Roxburgh—Dresden china coffee service
* The Countess of Shaftesbury — Walking-stick
* The Earl of Arran — Umbrella
* Lady Napier Magdala — Snuff-box
* Sir Richard Waldie Griffith — Fan
* Officers of the Royal Horse Guards — Massive silver vase
* Lady Houldsworth — Silver inkstand
* Viscount Ingestre — Silver waiter
* Miss Hay — Silver coffee pot
* Lady Hay — Silver tea caddy
* The Countess of Chesterfield — Silver and brilliant-mounted photo frame
* Lord Manners — Set four silver candlesticks
* Lord and Lady Eglinton — Silver cigarette box
* Earl and Countess of Ancaster — Pair of silver peppers
* Lady Augusta Noel — Book-slide
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley-Martin — Old china coffee service in case
* Mr. and Lady Wilfred Renshaw — Leather-covered book, &quot;Where It?&quot;
* Mrs. Duncan — Silver-mounted stationery case and blotter
* Sir Arthur Fludyer — Hunting crop
* Lady Katherine Cole — Walking-stick
* Lord Hamilton — Oak card table
* Sir John Kelk — Writing case
* Capt. Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Set of silver spoons in case
* Capt. and Mrs. Burns-Hartopp — Set of silver asparagus tongs in case
* Capt. Trotter — Silver sealing-wax stand
* Capt. E. W. Clowes — Silver tobacco box
* Mr. and Mrs. Sands Clayton — Silver scent bottle
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hunt Clayton — Thermometer in silver-mounted case
* Mr. and Mrs. Evan Hanbury — Clock
* Major Atherley — Cigarette box
* Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tryon — Card case
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Stubber — Table mirror in silver frame
* Mr. and Mrs. Gretton — Pair of silver candlesticks
* Miss Adele Duncan — Silver tea service
* Hon. G. Crichton — Silver-mounted paper-knife
* Mrs. Norman Lampson — Parasol
* Capt. Gregson — Photo, &quot;Guards at Pretoria&quot;
* Mr. Alfred Keyser — Leather bag
* Mr. and Mrs. Armytage — lvory paper knife
* Mrs. Boyce — Leather tray with two painted china plaques
* Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Norman — Silver-mounted paper knife
* The Master of Elibank — Pair of silver ash trays
* Mr. Adrian Rose — Pair of silver toast racks
* Mr. Archibald Smith — Hunting crop
* Major Bradford Atkinson — Walking-stick
* Mr. and Mrs. Stanhope — Painted china tea service
* Mr. G. A. Grant — Stationery case
* Mrs. Charles Inge — Copper and brass jardiniere
* Col. and Mrs. Makins — Hunting crop
* Mr. G. F. Trotter — Walking stick
* Mr. and Misses Cardwell — Fan
* Mrs. Dana — Thermometer
* Mrs. Nugent — Card case
* Mr. and Mrs. Ovey — Tortoiseshell box
* Mr. F. Peake — Writing table
* Capt. Boyce — Embroidered table cover
* Mrs. Duncan — Dressing bag case
* Mr. F. C. Fardell and Miss Gilbert Day — Brocaded satin cushion
* Mr. and Mrs. Niel Robson — Visiting book
* Mrs. R. B. Hay — Silver salts in case
* Mr. and Mrs. Harold Broadbent — Pair silver peppers in case
* —— Set silver knives in case
* Mr. and Mrs. Greville Clayton — Six silver vases in case
* Mr. and Mrs. Reginald H. Lewis — Pair silver peppers
* Lord Ernest St. Maur — Set four silver fruit spoons in case
* Rev. Geo. and Mrs. Tanner — Pair of silver salts
* Capt. Thomson's Valet and Groom — Pair of silver peppers
* Mr. Alick Duncan — Silver jug
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Brocklehurst — Silver timepiece in case
* Lieut.-Col. and Mrs. Blackburn — Silver fruit spoon
* Mr. and Lady Georgiana Mure — Silver-mounted ink [sic]
* Mrs. Gerald Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted inkstand
* Mrs. Ruthven — Set of silver knives in case
* Mrs. Blair — Umbrella
* Mrs. Willie Lawson — Hunting crop
* —— Three driving whips
* —— Tea tray
* Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay — Umbrella
* Mr. George Hunt — Silver flower bowl
* Mr. and Mrs. Reginald Cookson — Silver biscuit box
* Mr. Arthur and V. James — Silver two-handled cup and cover
* Mr. Robbio Stubber — Pair of silver scent bottles
* Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Baird — Silver bowl
* Mr. and Mrs. Harrison Broadley — Pair of silver flower vases
* Mrs. Grant—Silver flower-pot stand
* Mrs. Villiers — Silver corkscrew
* Capt. Spender Clay — Antique silver snuffbox
* Mr. and Mrs. Weir — Silver bacon dish
* Mr. Baird — Pair of silver candlesticks
* Mr. Athol Hay — Silver sugar bowl
* Capt. Ewing — Pair of silver fruit dishes
* Mr. and Mrs. C. J. Phillips — Pair of silver baskets
* Miss Esmé Duncan — Silver box
* Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Paton — lvory paper knife
* Dr. Freshfleld — Work case
* Mrs. Arkwright — Silver-mounted blotter
* Mr. and Mrs. Peake — Silver-mounted stationery case
* Miss Goddard — Book
* Mr. D. Baird — Silver inkstand
* J. G. and Jane B. Hay — lnkpot, with silver watch top
* Mr. and Mrs. Wadsworth Ritchie — Pair of silver dishes in case
* Mr. and Mrs. Guy Fenwick — Set of twelve silver knives in case
* Jane and Uncle Willie — Silver sugar basin in case
* Mr. and Miss Millington Knowles — Set of four silver dessert spoons in ease
* Herbert and Lady Beatrix Herbert — Silver flower dish
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Thorneycroft — Four silver candlesticks
* Mr. and Mrs. Russell? M [illegible, ink has spread] — Silver bowl [Col. 2c / Col. 3a]
* Mr., Mrs., and the Misses Wm. Cooper — Fan
* Miss Winearls — Silver-mounted scent bottle
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Diamond and enamel brooch
* Mr. John S. Cavendish — Gold pencil case
* —— Diamond and sapphire bracelet
* Miss Lottie Coats — Diamond and pearl brooch
* Hon. T. Robarts — Diamond brooch
* Mr. and Mrs. Chas. E. Hay — Enamel and pearl miniature holder
* Evelyn Ward — Cornomandel [sic] box
* Mr. and Mrs. Slade — China clock
* Lieut.-Col. Jervoise — Fan
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Fergusson—Set of four silver menu holders
* Mr. Guy R. F. Dawson — Silver card case
* Rev. E. V. and Mrs. Hodge — Silver dish
* Mr. C. S. and Mrs. Newton — Silver waiter
* Mrs. Metcalfe — Gold, turquoise, and ruby brooch
* Lord and Lady Erne — Set of three gilt decorated liqueur decanters
* Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Grant — Two silver-mounted spirit decanters
* Mr. and Mrs. George Baird — Set of three cut-glass decanters
* Mr. Peter Cookson—Pair of silver-mounted decanters
* Mrs. Featherstonehaugh — China ornament
* Aunt Mary — China coffee service in case
* Mr. H. S. Sykes — Silver-mounted telegram form case
* Capt. Meade — Pair of engraved claret jugs
* Lord and Lady Binning — Silver-mounted claret jug
* Mr. and Mrs. Baldock — Silver-mounted water jug, with inscription
* Mrs. and the Misses Chaplin — Pair of gilt decorated vases
* —— Silver-mounted claret jug
* Kittie, Margie, Hestie, Walter, Phillip, and Millicent Tanner — Pair of silver peppers case
* Mr. J. R. J. Logan — Silver-mounted claret jug
* Miss Ethel Baird — Painted china box
* Mrs. D. A. Neilson — Pair of female figures with Cupids
* M. M. Phillips — Painted china miniature box
* Lady Waldie Griffith — Stationery case
* —— Painted two-fold screen
* Miss Mabel Fitzgerald — Silver-mounted vase
* Major Bouverie — Silver-mounted match holder
* —— Enamelled inkstand and candlesticks to match
* Mrs. Duncan — Stationery case and blotter
* —— Silver-mounted stationery case
* —— Tortoiseshell and silver-mounted paper-knife
* Miss Mills — Dresden china vase, cover, and stand
* —— Six Vols. of Ruskin's &quot;Modern Painters&quot;
* Mrs. W. Baird — Leather bag
* Miss Langridge — Four silver spoons
* Miss Kirk and Miss Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame
* Miss Nessie Hemsley — Silver-mounted photo frame
* Captain and Mrs. St. Aubyn Loftus — Silver vase
* Decima Walker Leigh — Pair of silver-mounted menu stands
* Mrs. Charles Thomson — Mirror in silver frame
* Miss Reese — Silver crumb scoop
* —— Silver-mounted seal and case
* Mary Abercorn Alexander and Gladys Hamilton — Silver inkstand
* Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Chaplin — Silver pen, pencil, and knife in case
* Miss Gwendoline Brassey — Silver-mounted ice pail
* Mr. and Mrs. and Misses Clifford Chaplin — Pair of silver candlesticks
* Mr. and Mrs. Magee — lvory paper knife
* Misses Dorothy and Maude Pilcher — Scent bottle
* Miss Ashton — Silver-mounted clock
* Mrs. William Clarence and Miss Watson — Silver crumb scoop
* Major and Mrs. Ed. Baird — Egg-boiler on silver stand
* Mr. A. F. H. Fergusson — Pair of silver coffee pots
* —— Table mirror
* —— Pair of silver vases
* Mrs. R. B. Mnir — Silver fox ornament
* Mr. H. Brassey and Mr. H. R. Molynenx — Silver teapot
* —— Pair of silver sauce boats
* Mr. and Mrs. Heathcote — Silver cream jug
* Misses Thompson — Silver photo frame
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Pair of silver fruit dishes
* Mr. T. Archibald Hope — Silver toast-rack
* Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hunt — Pair of silver sauce boats
* Major and Mrs. Candy — Pair of silver fruit baskets
* Misses Trefusis — Silver-mounted owl mustard-pot
* Mrs. Frank Chaplin — Silver photo frame
* Major Vaughan Lee — Silver waiter
* Major Byng — Pair of silver menu stands
* Lady Wilton — Silver photo stand
* Geoffrey and Sibyll Palmer — Scent bottle
* Dr. Clement Godson — Silver salad cruet
* Mr. Mackenzie — Silver cigar case
* Mr. G. Colvin White — Set of four silver trays
* Mr. Edgar Brassey — Silver pipe lighter
* Miss Emily Dawson — Photo frame
* Mrs. Gerald FitzGerald — Silver match-box holder
* A. Barns — Silver waiter
* Miss Palmer — Letter-clip and dish
* Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey Coventry — Photo frame
* —— Silver bowl three feet
* Mr. and Mrs. Hornsby — Openwork silver basket
* —— Antique silver box
* Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Baird — Silver coffee-pot
* —— Pair of silver salts
* Mr. Hugh Wanemley — Silver-gilt match-box
* Captain Gordon Wilson — Silver snuff-box
* Mrs. Whitelaw — Silver mustard-pot
* Mrs. Palmer — Silver spoon
* Mr. Dudley Majoribanks — Silver bowl and cover
* Mr. Wilfred F. Ricardo — Pair silver candlesticks
* Indoor Servants at Knossington Grange and 8, Rutland Gate — Breakfast warmer and two silver entree dishes and covers
* Outdoor Servants at Knossington Grange — Silver stationery case
* Mr. Waterman (coachman) — Driving-whip
* Mr. Alexander (coachman) and Mrs. Alexander — lnk-stand
* Villagers of Knossington — Silver sugar bowl, sugar tongs, and cream ewer in case
* Silver vase, with inscription — &quot;Capt. Mann Thomson, Royal Horse Guards, from the Estate and Household at Dalkeith, on the occasion of his marriage, 25th July, 1901.&quot;
* Miss Baldock — Pair of scent bottles
* Captain Cook — Paper-knife
* Sir A. Baird — Pair of silver muffineers
* Rev. H. W. Trower — Pair of silver peppers
* Mr. T. Vandeleur — Silver cigarette box
* Lady Miller — Silver milk jug
* Mr. Hedworth Barclay — Silver muffineer
* Miss May A. Jackson — Photo frame
* Mr. Geoffrey Heneage — Silver ash tray
* Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Hay — Pair silver mustard-pots
* Mrs. George Charteris — Silver-mounted calendar
* Royal School of Art Needlework, Exhibition-road — Silvered copper heart-shaped box
* Mr. A. C. Newbigging — Silver fox ornament
* Mr. S. Schreiber — Silver match box
* Mr. and Mrs. J. H. J. Phillips — Silver muffineers
* Mr. and Mrs. Fyfe Jameson — Silver flask
* Mrs. Beaumont Lubbock — Silver bon-bon dish
* Lord Castlereagh — Salad bowl
* Captain Hambro — Silver card case
* Lord Longford — Silver bowl
* Captain —— Silver waiter
* Mrs. Forester — Silver frame
* Mrs. Martin — Tea cloth
* Mr. and Mrs. Cooper — Whip
* Earl Lonsdale — Silver tray
* Lady Augusta Fane — Red box
* Mr. Paul Phipps — Clippers
* Mr. E. Herlick — lnkstand&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Captain Mann Thomson and Miss Duncan.&quot; ''Grantham Journal'' 27 July 1901 Saturday: 2 [of 8], Cols. 2a–3b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000400/19010727/003/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===August 1901===
====30 August 1901, Friday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Horos|The Horoses]] (troublesome members of the Golden Dawn) were thrown out of 99 Gower Street and moved to Gloucester Crescent (King 89 91).
===October 1901===

==== 26 October 1901, Friday ====

==== The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The season at the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince’s Skating Club|Prince’s Skating Club]] has opened up with better prospects of success than ever before. Friday, October 26th, was the night of the re-opening, and many of the best known women in London’s social world were present. There was a large attendance, including the following members of the strongest Committee the Club has ever known: The Duchess of Portland, Lady Carrington, Lady Granby, Lady Archibald Campbell (a very graceful skater), Lady Helen Vincent, Mrs. Harry Higgins and Mrs. Asquith. The Committee is headed by the Princess Louise. The men’s Committee includes Lord Edward Cecil, Sir William Hart Dyke, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr. Algernon Bourke]], Sir E. Vincent, Mr. Evan Charteris and Viscount de Manneville. The skaters were perhaps not so numerous as on an ordinary occasion, but the crowd of guests was exceptionally large. Miss Marshall, who is perhaps one of the best skaters in the club, executed some daring and intricate figures with Mr. Clayton, of the Grenadier Guards, She looked very smart in a short black skirt with a white lace blouse. A hat of pale blue completed her costume. Another graceful and well-known skater is Miss Wood, who wore a black dress with black sequin blouse and white fox boa and blue hat. Among the spectators were Count de Vernon, Mrs. Forbes Robertson, Mrs. Nat Goodwin, Miss Cassel — a young American — and many others. The skating men included Lord Doneraile, Lord Archibald Campbell, and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor.&lt;ref&gt;Sportswoman, A. &quot;Roundabout Notes.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 2 November 1901, Saturday: 54 [of 84], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19011102/146/0054. Same print title, p. 786.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====31 October 1901, Thursday====
Halloween.
===November 1901===
====5 November 1901, Tuesday====
Guy Fawkes Day
===December 1901===
====25 December 1901, Wednesday====
Christmas Day
====26 December 1901, Thursday====
Boxing Day
===Works Cited===
*[1901-02-23 Cheshire Observer] &quot;Duke of Westminster. Brilliant Function.&quot; Cheshire Observer 23 February 2901, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–6c [of 8]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/19010223/114/0006 (accessed July 2019).
*[1901-04-25 Stage] &quot;Provinces.&quot; &quot;Amateurs.&quot; The Stage 25 April 1901, Thursday: 11 [of 24], Col. 3c, 4b–c [of 5]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001179/19010425/028/0011 (accessed July 2019).

==1902==
Sometime in 1902, London publisher [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#George Newnes|George Newnes]] published an edition of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s first (1892) collection of Holmes stories.
===January 1902===

==== 1 January 1902, Wednesday, New Year's Day ====

==== 25 January 1902, Saturday ====
[[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Stewart-Stavordale Wedding]]

Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart, daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry and Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester

===February 1902===

==== 13 February 1902, Thursday ====

King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra were present with some of their friends at Niagara, which must have been an ice-skating rink. Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] are Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West.&lt;blockquote&gt;SOCIAL &amp; PERSONAL

Royalty at Niagara.

Quite a record audience was present at Niagara yesterday, when the free skating and waltzing competitions were skated off to the sound of gay music in a brightly lighted, warm atmosphere.

The royal box made a goodly show with its trappings of Oriental hangings and decorations of palms.

The Royal Box.

The King and Queen were accompanied by Princess Victoria and Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales having previously arrived. Their Majesties were conducted to the spacious box by Mr. Hayes Fisher.

All the royal ladies wore black, the Queen adding a bunch of yellow Lent lilies to her sombre attire. Her two daughters lightened their mourning with touches of white, and the Princess of Wales wore a bunch of violets in her toque, with a twist of white.

In the adjoining box, among members of the suite were the Countess of Gosford, Earl Howe, Mr. Sidney Greville, Mr. H. J. Stonor, Lieut.-Colonel Davidson, Lieut.-Colonel Legge, and Viscount Crichton.

In boxes on the other side of the royal box were Lady Alice Stanley, with the Ladies Acheson, the Countess of Derby, Countess De Grey and Lady Juliet Lowther, [Col. 3c/4b] Mr. and [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Mrs. George West]] [Lady Randolph Churchill and George Cornwallis-West], Sir Edgar and Lady Helen Vincent, the Duchess of Bedford and the Marquis of Tavistock, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de Soveral, the Portuguese Minister]], and Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth.

Others to be picked out in the crowd were Consuelo Duchess of Manchester, Viscountess Coke and Mrs. Ellis, Lady Archibald Campbell and her son, Mrs. Grenander, Lord and Lady Lilford, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Stonor, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. Algernon Grosvenor, and Mr. and Mrs. Hwfa Williams.

The royal party took a great interest in the contests, and especially applauded the Swedish couple in their graceful evolutions. Their Majesties remained over an hour, the royal party taking their departure shortly after five.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social &amp; Personal.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 14 February 1902, Friday: 4 [of 8], Cols. 3c–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020214/088/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===March 1902===
The last time Bret Harte and Arthur Collins saw each other: &quot;They dined at the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and Collins found his 'poor old friend' 'saldly aged and broken, but genial and kind as ever.' They sat an hour at a music hall and Harte wrote afterwards to thank Collins for having 'forced him out.'&quot; (Nissen, Axel. Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper. Jackson, MS: U P of Mississippi, 2000: 262)
===April 1902===
====9 April 1902, Wednesday====
According to a letter to Lady Gregory, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] dictated &quot;2000 words in an hour and a half&quot; &quot;to a typewriter; he was working on his novel (Wade 370). At this point, a typewriter was a person who used the machine called typewriter to type.
====10 April 1902, Thursday====
[[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from 18 Woburn Buildings about working on his novel &quot;-- dictating to a typewriter&quot; (Wade 370).

===May 1902===
====5 May 1902, Monday====
Bret Harte died. Arthur Collins does not seem to have been there at his death; “his dear friend Madame Van de Velde and her attendants” were, though (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ). Not sure when the funeral occurred, but he is buried “in quiet Frimly churchyard,” (341) and &lt;quote&gt;In accordance with his well-known views on such subjects the funeral was a very simple one. Among the few who followed him to his ivy-lined grave were Mrs. Bret Harte, his son and daughter-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Francis King Harte, his daughter, Miss Ethel Harte, Madame Van de Velde, Colonel Collins, Mr. A.S. Boyd, and a small cluster of grief-stricken friends.&lt;/quote&gt; (Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Life of Bret Harte. Dodd, Meade, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZMOAAAAMAAJ (accessed November 2014).

====8 May 1902, Thursday====
Bret Harte's funeral:&lt;blockquote&gt;On Thursday, May 8, 1902, in the squat, mid-Victorian church of St. Peter's in the Surrey village of Frimley, a group of about twenty people had come to show their final respects to Francis Bret Harte. Outside it was raining steadily . In the subdued light from the stained-glass windows, one cold discern a small group at the front of the church consisting of Anna Harte, her son Frank, her daughter-in-law Aline, and her daughter Ethel. Another small group was formed around Madame Van de Velde, including one of her unmarried daughters, Miss Norris (the sister of her son-in-law Richard Norris), and Mrs. Clavering Lyne. Of Harte's closest friend, only Arthur Collins and Alexander Stuart Boyd were present. Pemberton had written to Frank the day before that he wished to attend the funeral but that in his &quot;deplorable state of health&quot; it was impossible for him to travel. Beside the small group of family and old friends, the rest of the people who heard the service conducted by the rector of Frimley, Reverend W. Basset, were recent acquaintances from among the local gentry. As one newspaper noted: &quot;The funeral was of the simplest possible character and the phrase 'this our brother' had a peculiar poignancy, for, though a group of villagers stood in the rain under the trees as the hearse arrived, there were few in the church, who had not the right to call Mr. Bret Harte friend.&quot; The simplicity of the service was in keeping with Bret Harte's wishes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper|last=Nissen|first=Axel|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|263}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== End of May 1902 ====
The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough hosted a party at Blenheim Palace:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough entertained a party at Blenheim Palace last week. Their guests included the Duke of Roxburghe, Lord and Lady Churchill, Sir George and Lady Maud Warrender, Lady Juliet Lowther, Mr. Cecil and Lady Lilian Grenfell, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Norah Spencer-Churchill, Lady Lurgan, Mr. lan Malcolm, Mr. Frank Mildmay, and Mr. Beaumont.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The World of Fashion.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 05 June 1902, Thursday: 6 [of 16], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/19020605/018/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1902===
Summer 1902: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until Yeats bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?)
====3 June 1902, Tuesday====
[[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote Arnold Dolmetsch, asking him to &quot;chair ... a lecture he [was] soon to give&quot;: &quot;You are the only one, I suppose, in the world now, who knows anything about the old music that was half speech, and I need hardly say that neither [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Miss Farr]] nor myself, could have done anything in this matter of speaking to notes without your help&quot; (Campbell 142).
====7-9 June 1902, Saturday-Monday====
The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]] hosted a house party:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl and Countess of Warwick entertained a distinguished house party from Saturday to yesterday, including the Grand Duke Michael of Russia and the Countess of Torby, the Earl and Countess of Craven, the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey, Earl Cairns, Lord and Lady Savile, Lord Chesham, Sir Frederick and Lady Milner, Colonel and Lady Gwendoline Colvin. Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing, Lady Eva Dugdale. Mrs. Kenneth Wilson, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Right Hon. H. Chaplin, M.P., Hon. H. Stonor, Mr. J. Pease, M.P., Captain Brinton, and Captain J. Forbes.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Personal.&quot; ''Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser'' 10 June 1902, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19020610/033/0006 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; (1902-06-10 Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====10 June 1902, Tuesday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]]'s first public performance in which she &quot;recit[ed] to her own accompaniment on the psaltery was at the Hall of Clifford's Inn, Fleet Street, on 10 June 1902 (Campbell 144, n. 18).

==== 11 June 1902, Monday ====

===== Ladies' Kennel Association Show =====
The newspaper report was on 11 June, the show likely before that.&lt;blockquote&gt;A Maharajah's Trophy.

It will be recollected that the Ladies’ Kennel Association possesses the most valuable challenge cup offered at any dog show. This is the trophy given by the late Maharajah of Dholpore, and won the first year by the Queen with her borzoi Alix. It is to be competed for by black pugs this time, and every champion in existence (except the judge's own) will stand in the ring amongst the 42 competitors for judgment this afternoon.

The Countess of Lonsdale won three first prizes and one second prize with her beagles, and amongst other society ladies who sent their pets to the show-pens were Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, Princess Victor Duleep Singh, Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Lady Alexandra Darby, Lady Hope, Lady Algernon Lennox, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Hon. Mrs. Alwynne Greville, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Cathcart, Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Decies, the Hon. Sybil Edwardes, Lady Good, the Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison, Lady Harris, Lady Sybil Tollemache, Lady Edith Villiers, and the Marchioness of Waterford. 

For Cats and Pouitry.

There are also sections in the show for cats and poultry. The exhibitors of cats include the Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, the Countess of Aberdeen, and Lady Decies, while in the poultry section can be seen twelve pens of bantams sent by the Queen from Sandringham, and exhibits from the Countess of Aylesford, the Countess of Craven, the Hon. Helena Coventry, Lady Alington, the Hon. Florence Amherst, and the Hon. Mrs. Anson.

Amongst the attractions of the show today will be the parade of champions on the lawn and the presentation of the Queen's Cup prizes. To-morrow two attractive competitions are announced, one for dogs belonging to actresses, the other for children's pets.

Given fine weather the Coronation Show should be one of the events of the season. There is military music, and even the crisp weather did not prevent a host of society people from visiting the Botanic Gardens yesterday afternoon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Maharajah's Trophy.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 June 1902, Wednesday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/19020611/037/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 12 June 1902, Thursday====
12 June 1902:&lt;blockquote&gt;Thursday, the 12th inst., being the grand day of Trinity term at Gray's-inn, the Treasurer (Mr. Herbert Reed, K.C.) and the Masters of the Bench entertained at dinner the following guests: The Right Hon. Lord Strathoona and Mount Royal, the Right Hon. Lord Avebury, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, K.C, M.P., the Right Hon. Sir Frank Lascelles, G.C.B. (British Minister at Berlin), General Sir Edward Brabant, K.C.B., the Right Hon. Sir Edward Carson (Solicitor-General), Sir Squire Bancroft, Colonel Alfred Egerton, C.B. (Equerry to H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught), Mr. Austen Chamberlain,M.P., Colonel Royds, M.P., and Mr. Frank Dicksee, R.A. The Benchers present in addition to the Treasurer were H.R H. the Duke of Connaught, Lord Ashbourne, Lord Shand, Mr. Henry Griffith, Sir Arthur Collins, K.C, Mr. Hugh Shield, K.C, His Honour Judge Bowen Rowlands, K.C, Mr. James Sheil, Mr. Arthur Beetham, Mr. John Rose, Mr. Paterson, Mr. Mulligan, K.C, Mr. Mattinson, K.C, Mr. Macaskie, K.C., Mr. C. A. Russell, K.C., Mr. Montague Lush, K.C., Mr. Dicey, C B., Mr. Barnard, Mr. H. C. Richards, K.C., M.P., Mr. Duke, K.C., M.P., Sir Julian Salomons, K.C., with the Preacher (the Rev. Canon C. J. Thompson, D.D.).&lt;ref&gt;''The Solicitor's Journal and Reporter''. June 21, 1902. Volume XLVI. 1901-1902 [November 2, 1901, to October 25, 1902]: 588. Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=9T84AQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA588&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====26 June 1902, Thursday====
Edward VII crowned King of England. 26 June 1902.

There was apparently a regular celebration of Arthur Collins' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, Arthur Sullivan, Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare.&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper. 2002. Google Books http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC.&lt;/ref&gt; (239) Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in May 1902, so the celebration with Harte present did not take place this year. Did it take place at all?

===July 1902===
====3 July 1902, Thursday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Mathers|MacGregor and Moina Mathers]] were living at 28 Rue Saint Vincent, Buttes Montmartre, Paris (Howe 244).

===September 1902===
''Tristan and Isolde'' at the Covent Garden.

==== 22 September 1902, Monday ====

===== Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie have a large houseparty at Allca [?] House, Clackmannanshire. Their guests include Lord Charles Montagu, Viscount Chelsea, the Hon. Alexander M'Donnell, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Sir George and Lady Maud Warrender.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rank and Fashion.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 22 September 1902, Monday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/19020922/105/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====25 September 1902, Thursday====
&quot;There were no winter performances of opera at Covent Garden in those times .... In 1902 an autumnal series was added, and there were several Wagner nights, the last of which was on Thursday, 25 September, when Philip Brozel and Blanch Marchesi were starred in ''Tristan and Isolda'' with Marie Alexander as Brangane&quot; (Baring-Gould II 704, n. 14, quoting Rolfe Boswell).

===October 1902===

==== Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink ====
The newspapers reported on 2 Fridays in 1902, October 24th and 31st, on the opening of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club]] Ice-skating Rink.

===== 24 October 1902, Friday =====

The ''Daily Express'' reported on the annual opening of the Prince's ice-skating rink, revealing who had an interest in skating:&lt;blockquote&gt;The first ice of the season was skated upon yesterday. It was the carefully-prepared ice which Mr. H. W. Page and Mr. Nightingale offer to the members of Prince’s Skating Club, in Knightsbridge, and was in grand condition.

The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]] opened the rink for the seventh season, and in the afternoon and evening the West End patronized the popular club to skate or to lounge to the pleasant strains of the Viennese band.

[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] is again at the head of the ladies’ committee, with the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as co-members, and Lord Edward Cecil and many other well-known skaters are identified with the committee work.

The skating hours are from 9.30 to 1 and 3 to 7, and on Sundays 3 to 7 only.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince's Rink Opens.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19021025/132/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===== 31 October 1902, Friday =====

==== Halloween. ====
The 7th seasonal opening of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]] and its committees:&lt;blockquote&gt;Until some genius, at present undiscovered, can cheapen the process of the manufacture of “real ice” we are not likely to become a nation of figure skaters, but where there are opportunities for practising the fascinating art of edges and turns development has proved to be rapid. This was noticeable on Friday at the opening of the seventh season of Prince’s Skating Club, a large number of really good skaters being present, who all found the fine hard surface to their Iiking, and there was a capital display of ice waltzing, the true poetry of motion, to the music of the Blue Viennese Band. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvenor]], an enthusiastic member of the committee, who presided at the little ceremony preceding the opening to members, referred to the prospects of continued success for the present season, which lasts until April next, and said that improvement might be expected, as the end of the war had brought many competent skaters home. A well-deserved tribute was paid to the work of Mr. H. W. Page, the secretary, on behalf of the club, which includes on its ladies' committee [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]; and on the men's committee, Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===November 1902===
====5 November 1902, Wednesday====
Guy Fawkes Day.

==== 8 November 1902, Saturday ====
The Earl and Countess of Warwick hosted a shooting party at Easton Lodge:&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Earl and Countess of Warwick]] are entertaining a large party at Easton Lodge this week-end for [?] shooting, and among their guests are the Grand Duke Michael of Russia and Countess Torby, the Duc d'Alba, the Duke of Sutherland, Earl Howe, Earl Cairns, Lord Dalmeny, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, the Hon. John and Lady [Choely?] Scott-Montagu, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., General and Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Miss Leila Paget, Miss Naylor, Miss Deacon, and Mr W. M. Low.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guests at Easton Lodge.&quot; ''Birmingham Mail'' 08 November 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 6], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000644/19021108/091/0002. Print title: ''Birmingham Daily Mail''; p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Friday 14 November 1902 ''Melton Mowbray Times'' reported a slightly different list of people present:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lord and Lady Warwick's party for shooting at Easton Lodge, Dunmow, last week included the Grand Duke Michael and Countess Torby, the Duke of Sutherland, the Duc d’Albe, M. de Soveral, Lord Howe, Lord Cairns, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lord Dalmeny, Mr John and Lady Cecil Scots-Montagu, Mr Henry Chaplin, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]], and General and Mrs Arthur Paget and Miss Leila Paget. — ''The World''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local News.&quot; ''Melton Mowbray Times and Vale of Belvoir Gazette'' 14 November 1902, Friday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001806/19021114/144/0008. Print title ''Melton Mowbray Times'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====29 November 1902, Saturday====
[[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]’s cousin, Lady Hartopp, was involved in a divorce case:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Society Women in a Law Court Case.

Mr. Justice Barnes’s Court is now crowded by society people. What is the strange fascination which brings elegantly dressed ladies, accustomed to luxurious surroundings and all the external refinements of life, to sit for hours in stuffy court, where the accommodation is all the plainest, and the surroundings are none too attractive. It would need some assurance to invite a Belgravian Countess, or the wife of Mayfair Millionaire to spend the morning under such conditions unless there were the attraction of a very strong piece of scandal. One could not presume to suggest she should attend Missionary meeting, or social reform movement, under any such conditions. At least I must confess that I never heard of one being packed with a West End crowd as the Court just now. Of course it cannot be mere idle curiosity. Our higher education for girls must have cured Mother Eve’s failing long ago. Cynics suggest that it is the survival in our highly-civilised modern conditions of that instinct of the wild creature which incites attack on the wounded or injured fellow. Wild birds will sometimes peck injured bird to death. Are these fair and soft-voiced ladies animated by the same spirit when they throng witness the ordeal through which a woman of their own class is passing?

The Latest Divorce Case.

Lady Hartopp, the heroine of the story which has been occupying the tongues and thoughts of the upper ten thousand for the last 48 hours, is a member of a well-known and wealthy family, and is herself remarkable for her beauty. Her two sisters are as famous for their charms as herself, and society has given them many flattering titles. The daughters of Mr. C. H. Wilson, the great shipowner, whose sails are on every sea, are as favoured by Fortune as Venus. Miss Muriel Wilson, the society beauty, is a cousin of Lady Hartopp, and Lady Chesterfield is her sister. It was at Tranby Croft, near Hull, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Wilson, that the famous baccarat case occurred some years ago. Lady Hartopp is the niece of Mr. Arthur Wilson, and no doubt recollects that incident, and all the consequent stir. It attracted all the more notice at the time, because the then Prince of Wales had taken part in the game; but the Prince, who had nothing to be ashamed of, with characteristic straightforwardness, asked to go into the box and state all he knew. (1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===December 1902===

==== 9 December 1902, Tuesday ====
&quot;Severe weather&quot; did not prevent Lady Eva Wyndham's &quot;at home&quot; from being a success:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Wyndham-Quin's &quot;At Home.&quot;

The severe weather proved to be no detriment to the many visitors who had accepted Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's invitation to an &quot;at home&quot; at the Welch Industrial depot on Tuesday afternoon, and the admirers and purchasers of the fascinating Christmas gifts were numerous. Lady Eva received her quests wearing a coat of Persian paw and a white feather toque, whilst her two tittle daughters the Misses Olein and Kethlean Wyndham-Quin wore pelisses and hats of pale blue Welsh frieze, trimmed with grebe. Amongst those present were Lady George Hamilton, all in black; Lady Brassey, wearing a lovely sable cape; the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], in a fur coat and a black picture hat; and the Hon. Mrs Herbert, of Llanever; Mrs Brynmor Jones was fall of her coming visit to Paris to see her young daughter, and Mrs Richard Helme came with her son, Mr Ernest Helme. Mrs Brenton and her sister, Mrs Ashurst Morris, were also present, as were Lady Eafield, the Dowager Lady Hylton, Lady Dennison Pender [Ponder?], and Lady Blanche Conyngham. Mrs Grinnell Milne brought Miss Murray end Mrs Shelley Bontens, and Mrs James Head came in for a few minutes. Everybody bought largely and the Welsh Christmas cards were an attractive feature, as were some artistic muff chains. Another specimen of Welsh lace sent by Miss Jenkins, of Denbighshire, was much admired and resembles Irish lace both in style and design.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

====16 December 1902, Tuesday====
A poem satirizing Florence Farr and Arnold Dolmetsch was published in ''Punch''.
====25 December 1902, Thursday====
Christmas Day
====26 December 1902, Friday====
Boxing Day
===Works Cited===
*[1902-11-29 Norwich Mercury] &quot;Society Women in a Law Court Case.&quot; And &quot;The Latest Divorce Case.&quot; Norwich Mercury 29 November 1902, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001669/19021129/072/0005 (accessed July 2019).

==1903==
From sometime in 1891 to sometime in 1903 Eduoard de Reszke was &quot;a leading bass&quot; at the New York Metropolitan Opera (Baring-Gould II 112, n. 114).

&quot;[I]n England in 1903, gramophone distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon &amp; Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder machines were known as phonographs or graphophones &quot; (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15).

Gerald Balfour was &quot;largely responsible for getting the important Land Acts of 1903 under way&quot; (O'Connor 163).
===January 1903===
====1 January 1903, Thursday, New Year's Day====
====3 January 1903, Saturday====
Madame Troncey was doing a portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] (Wade 392).

=== February 1903 ===

==== 6 February 1903, Friday ====

===== Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley gave a dinner party last night at the Castle. Prince Francis of Teck was present, and the following had the honour of receiving invitations: — The Duke and Duchess of Abercorn and Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Catherine Duchess of Westminster and Lady Mary Grosvenor, the Earl and Countess of Essex, the Countess of Fingall, the Earl and Countess of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess Annesley, the Earl of Enniskillen, the Viscountess Castlerosse, Viscount Crichton, Viscount Braskley [?], Lady Mabel Crichton, Lady Evelyn Ward, Lady Plunket, Lady Lurgan, Lord Vivian, Lord and Lady Fermoy, the Hon. Sybil Roche, Lady Barrymore and Miss Post, the Hon. Gerald Ward, Colonel the Hon. Charles Crichton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]], Hon. Hugh Fraser, the Hon. H. and Mrs. Bourke, the Right Hon. the Attorney-General, M.P., and Mrs. Atkinson; the Hon. Kathleen Plunket, Hon. Arthur Crichton, the Hon. Clare U’Brien, Sir Algernon and Lady Coots, Lady Milbanke, Sir John and Lady Colomb, Sir John and Lady Colthurst, Sir Arthur Vicars, Sir James and Lady Henderson, Admiral Singleton, C.B., and Mrs. Singleton; President of the Queen's College, Belfast, and Mrs. Hamilton; the President of the Queen's College, Galway; Colonel and Mrs. Vandeleur, Major and Mrs. Pakenham, Mr. and Mrs. H. White and Miss White, Miss Madeline Bourke, Colonel Sitwell, Captain and Mrs. Greer, Mrs. and Miss Hastings, Captain Fetherstonehaugh, Mr. H. R. Reade, D.L.; Mr. Dunbar Buller, Mr. A. More [?] O'Ferrall, D.L.; Captain Hall, Lord Plunket, Private Secretary; Lord Lurgan, State Steward; Major Lambart, Comptroller; Sir Gerald Dease, Chamberlain; the Viscount Castlerosse, Master of the Horse; Mr. Lionel Earle, Additional Private Secretary; Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh, Gentleman-in-Waiting; Captain the Hon. Gerald Cadogan, A.D.C.; Lord Cole, A.D.C.; Hon. Cyril Ward, R.N., A.D.C.; Major the Hon. M. O'Brien, and Major C. Heseltine, Aides-de-Camp in-Waiting.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Viceregal Court.&quot; ''Irish Times'' 7 February 1903, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001683/19030207/177/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 9 February 1903, Monday ====
The beginning of the Viceregal season in Dublin with a house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley:&lt;blockquote&gt;Monday last week the Viceregal season commenced, and the following guests arrived at Dublin Castle, where the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley have been in residence since the preceding Friday: H. H. Prince Francis ot Teck, Catherine Duchess of Westminster and Lady Mary Grosvenor, the Duke and Duchess of Abercorn and Lady Phyllis Hamilton, the Earl and Countess of Annesley, Earl and Countess of Essex, Countess of Fingall, Viscount Brackley, Lord Vivian, Lady Barrymore and Miss Post, Hon. H. Fraser, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] and Miss Madelaine Bourke, Mr. and Miss White.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Irish Gentlewoman. The Dublin Season Commences.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 14 February 1903, Saturday: 42 [of 60], Col 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19030214/194/0042. Same print title, p. 222.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== March 1903 ===

==== 1903 March 17, Tuesday ====
Aristocratic women supporting Irish-made laces, needlework, and clothing:&lt;blockquote&gt;It was unfortunate weather for the St. Patrick’s Day sale of the Irish Industries Association, yesterday afternoon; but, in spite of this disadvantage, the rooms were crowded, and orders wore being given and taken on all sides. [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] was, as usual, presiding over the laces of the London depôt, though she often left her stall to her assistants and went about receiving her friends. The lace shown on her stall was beautiful. The needlepoint, Limerick, and Carrickmacross flounces, collars, and coatees finding many buyers during the afternoon. The Dowager Lady Downshire presided over the Association’s stall of embroideries, and Lady Gage arrived betimes to arrange them, wearing a dress of black lace over white, trimmed with appliques, also in black and white. Lady Aberdeen, as usual indefatigable, was at the Association’s stall of knitting, carving, and baskets. And Mrs. Marjoribanks was with her, showing in her own white dress how well Irish tweeds can look when made up. Lady Marjorie Gordon was also helping her mother. As for the 21 stalls representing the various cottage industries, these were once again covered with the beautiful work the Irish peasants, or (as in the case of the Gentlewomen’s Guild Handicrafts, the Ulster Ladies’ Work depôt, and the Irish School of Art Needlework) with work done by Irish ladies. The art needlework done by the Irish School needs little recommendation, it known so well for its excellence. And there were beautiful things on its stall this year, including many portières and some very finely-worked pictures. The stall was in charge of [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]], being always on the watch for extending the sale of the tweeds woven by the Castlebar Homespun Industry, this year shows some of a rather heavy description, made for motor coats, and one of these was on show yesterday afternoon. A pretty coat it looked, too, being carried out in cream cloth, with strapped back, and narrow collar of black velvet. Toys and furniture came from the Cushenhall and the Killarney Industries respectively, and were by no means the least patronised yesterday afternoon, whilst there was steady sale of little bunches of shamrock, which came from poor Ulster lady, who grows and gathers the plant for such occasions as these. The sale is continued to-day from 12 until 6.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Sale of National Work.&quot; ''Daily News'' (London) 18 March 1903, Wednesday: 12 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030318/236/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a display of &quot;too little, too late,&quot; on March 18, the day after St. Patrick's Day, the ''Daily Mail'' talks about events in London and Dublin in honor of St. Patrick's Day:&lt;blockquote&gt;The bells of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, were rung yesterday morning in honour of Ireland’s patron Saint. Sprays of shamrock were worn as “button-holes” by some of the residents in Windsor, Eton, and the surrounding districts.&lt;p&gt;

For the first time on record, St. Patrick’s Day was observed as a general holiday in Dublin. A large crowd witnessed the ceremony of the trooping of the colour by the 4th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, in Upper Yard, Dublin Castle. The Lord Lieutenant, on horseback, attended by his staff, was present.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Sale of National Work.&quot; ''Daily News'' (London) 18 March 1903, Wednesday: 12 [of 12], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030318/236/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1903===
Summer 1903: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

==== 19 June 1903, Friday ====

===== Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle =====
King Edward and Queen Alexandra hosted a grand ball at Windsor Castle as &quot;a wind-up to the Ascot festivities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Court at Windsor. Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber. Eight Hundred Guests.&quot; ''London Daily Chronicle'' 20 June 1903, Saturday: 4 [of 10], Cols. 6b–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0005049/19030620/053/0004. Print title: ''The Daily Chronicle'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 1903 June 23, Tuesday ====

A children's party at Buckingham Palace:&lt;blockquote&gt;(From the Court Circular.)

Their Majesties gave a children’s party in the garden of the Palace this afternoon in honour of the ninth birthday his Highness Prince Edward of Wales, at which their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales with their children, Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, and the Duke of Fife, with their children, the Princess Victoria and their Serene Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Teck, with their children, were present.

The following, with their children, some of whom were unable to obey their Majesties' command, had the honour of receiving invitations: The Duke and Duchess of Beaufort, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Constance Scott, the Duke and Duchess of Leeds, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke and Duchess of Portland, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, Catherine, Duchess of Westminster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby, the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton, the Countess of Airlie, the Earl and Countess of Albemarle, the Countess of Antrim, the Earl and Countess Carrington, the Earl and Countess of Dalkeith, the Earl and Countess of Denbigh and Desmond, the Earl and Countess of Essex, the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie, the Earl and Countess of Normanton, the Earl and Countess of Pembroke and Montgomery, the Earl and Countess of Selborne, the Earl and Countess of Stradbroke, the Countess de Mauny-Talvande, Viscount and Viscountess Chelsea, Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh, Viscount and Viscountess Churchill, Viscount and Viscountess Coke, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Viscount and Viscountess Falmouth, Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, Lord and Lady De Ramsey, Lady Farquhar, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lord and Lady Hastings, Lord and Lady Hillingdon, Lord and Lady Knollys, Lord and Lady Lurgan, Lord and Lady St. Oswald, Lord and Lady Settringto, Lord and Lady Alice Stanley, Lord and Lady Suffield, Lord and Lady Wolverton, Mr and the Hon. Mrs. Gervase Beckett. Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. Lionel Cust, Hon. Mrs. Geoffrey Glyn, Lientenant-Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Harbord, Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hardinge, Hon. Sydney and Lady Mary Holland, Hon. Derek and Mrs. Keppel, Hon. George and Mrs. Keppel, Hon. Frederick and Mrs. Lambton, Hon. Lancelot and Mrs. Lowther, Sir Richard and Hon. Lady Musgrave, Hon H. and Lady Feodorowna Sturt, Hon. Dorothy Violet and Hon. Alexandra Vivian, Mr and Lady Aline Beaumont, Mr. and Lady Katherine Brand, Mr. and Lady Violet Brassey, Mr. and Lady Moyra Cavendish, Mr. and Lady Evelyn Cavendish, Sir E. and Lady Colebroke, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Sir H. and Lady de Trafford, Mr. and Lady Eva Dugdale, Sir E. and Lady Edmonstone, Major-General Sir R. and Lady Beatrice Pole-Carew, Sir G. and Lady Maud Warrender, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Revd. Canon and Mrs. Dalton, Mr. and Mrs. Farquharson of Invercauld, Mr. and Mrs. W. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. A. Hay-Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. W. James, Mr. and Mrs. Blundell Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. Sartoris.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Daily News'' (London) 24 June 1903, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/19030624/197/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== July 1903 ===

==== Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough ====
1903 July 10, Friday, or so, the ''World'' reported (reprinted by the ''Melton Mowbray Times'') on a party hosted by the Duchess of Marlborough:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough's week-end party consisted of the Duchess of Sutherland, Lord Rosebery, Lady Lansdowne, Lord and Lady Tweedmouth, the Russian Ambassador, Lady Huntingdon, Count Albert Mensdorff, Lord Percy, Sir lan and Lady Hamilton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hardinge, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mr. and Mrs. George Cornwallis-West, Colonel W. Lambton, Mr. and Mrs. Maguire, Miss Deacon, and Captain Brinton. — ''The World''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local News.&quot; ''Melton Mowbray Times and Vale of Belvoir Gazette'' 17 July 1903, Friday: 8 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001806/19030717/166/0008. Print title: ''Melton Mowbray Times'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== August–September 1903 ===

==== 20 and 25 August and 3 September 1903 ====
The 1903 America's Cup yacht race in New York Harbor with Nathaniel Herreshoff's ''Reliance'' for the US and Sir Thomas Lipton's ''Shamrock III'' for the UK,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-09-11|title=1903 America's Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_America%27s_Cup&amp;oldid=1109663279|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_America%27s_Cup.&lt;/ref&gt; the 12th challenge for the cup and &quot;the most expensive Cup challenge in history.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE|title=LIPTON’S THIRD CHALLENGE|last=Cup|first=America's|website=37th America's Cup|language=en|access-date=2024-07-02}} https://www.americascup.com/history/26_LIPTONS-THIRD-CHALLENGE.&lt;/ref&gt; The first race was run on 20 August 1903, the 2nd on 25 August and the 3rd on 3 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Because the ''Reliance'' won the first 3 races, the best 3-out-of-5 race ended after the 3rd one.

===October 1903===
Sometime in October 1903, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s &quot;The Adventure of the Empty House,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 331).
====31 October 1903, Saturday====
Halloween.
===November 1903===
Sometime in November 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Norwood Builder,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 415).
====5 November 1903, Thursday====
Guy Fawkes Day
===December 1903===
Sometime in December 1903 Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Dancing Men,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 529).
====16 December 1903, Wednesday====
&quot;On 16 December, Punch satirised an activity in which Dolmetsch was concerned. [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Farr|Florence Farr]] was acting as secretary for a newly-formed fellowship known as 'The Dancers', a body whose aim was to 'fight the high and powerful devil, solemnity'. In a poem entitled L'Allegro up to date, the final stanza is devoted to Dolmetsch:
&lt;poem&gt;:The old forgotten dancing-lore,
:The steps we cannot understand,
:DOLMETSCH agrees to take in hand,
:These on the well-trod stage anon,
:When next our learned sock is on,
:We’ll show, while ARNOLD, Fancy’s child,
:Tootles his native wood-wind wild.&lt;/poem&gt;
This verse is curiously prophetic for Dolmetsch had not yet introduced the recorder into his concerts, although he occasionally included a flute. Dolmetsch did know something of the steps of the old dances but it was his wife who later researched the subject most thoroughly and wrote two books on the subject.&quot; (Campbell 151–52)

===25 December 1903, Friday===
Christmas Day
====26 December 1903, Saturday====
Boxing Day
===Works Cited===
*Baring-Gould.
*Campbell.

==1904==
===January 1904===
Sometime in January 1904 [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s &quot;The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 399).
===March 1904===
Sometime in March 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of Black Peter,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 384).

===April 1904===
Sometime in April 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 558, n. 1, and 559).

===May 1904===

==== 17 May 1904, Tuesday ====

===== Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar =====
The ''London Daily Chronicle'' reported about this event but does not name the date. Also, this report mentions outbreaks of measles and chicken pox among children.&lt;blockquote&gt;Sir Philip Burne-Jones has offered to arrange the tableaux vivants that are to take place at the Albert Hall on the opening day of Countess Cadogan’s great bazaar. One of the tableaux will represent &quot;Mary, Mary, quite contrary, how does your garden grow?” and a very pretty little girl has been selected as the central figure. A pleasing feature will be the grouping of children dressed as flowers to represent the garden. Many well-known people in London have been asked to allow their children to take part, but as there is at the present time a good deal of sickness about, such as measles and chicken-pox, a considerable number have had to decline. The following ladies, however, have consented to let their children appear: — The Marchioness of Granby, the Countess of Huntingdon, the Countess Bathurst, the Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady St. Oswald, Lady Dickson-Poynder, Lady Griffin, the wife of Sir Lepel Griffin, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Mrs. Drake, and Mrs. Calverley.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society and Personal.&quot; ''London Daily Chronicle'' 17 May 1904, Tuesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19040517/073/0004. Print title: ''The Daily Chronicle'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1904===
Sometime in June 1904 Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Three Students,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 370).

Summer 1904: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

===July 1904===
Sometime in July 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 351).
===August 1904===
Sometime in August 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 476).

===September 1904===
Sometime in September 1904, Arthur Conan Doyle's &quot;The Adventure of the Abbey Grange,&quot; illustrated by Sidney Paget, was published in the ''Strand'' (Baring-Gould II 491).

==1905==
===April 1905===
====3 April 1905, Monday====
[[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] wrote to Lady Gregory from Dublin, saying he had &quot;dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter&quot; (Wade 368).

==== 1905 April 26, Wednesday ====

===== New Forest United Hunt Ball =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The annual New Forest United Hunt ball was held at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst, on Wednesday night, and it was a very brilliant and highly successful and enjoyable gathering, other hunts being represented, besides those of the New Forest. The decorations were, as usual, entrusted to Mr. W. Gerrard, the proprietor of the hall, who carried it out in a most artistic manner. The ball-room presented a very grand appearance with the green and white muslin curtains draped at the windows, and the panels on the walls, while the ceiling beams were also festooned in green and white. The room was exceedingly well lighted, and plants and flowers for the front of the orchestra were lent by Mr. R. G. Hargreaves, J.P., of Cuffnells Park, and those for the windows and other parts by Mr. H. F. Compton, J.P., of Manor House, Minstead. The floor was in splendid order for dancing, and the company were quite delighted with it. The supper room was adorned with red and white, the retiring rooms with pink and white; the cool retreats from the ballroom were lit with fairy lamps, and the tea-room was adorned in white and gold. The stewards were the Hon. Gerald Lascelles and Mr. E. L. Wingrove (hon. sec. of the New Forest Hunt Ciub), and Mrs. Lascelles and Mrs. Compton took a leading part in carrying out the arrangements, which left nothing to be desired to secure the comfort and enjoyment of the guests, who commenced to arrive about ten o'clock, soon after which dancing began to the strains of Leader’s Radelki Band, from London, conducted by Norman Denarius. The programme was as follows:—

Valse — Wein, Weib und Gesang . . . . . . . . . Strauss&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Tout Passe . . . . . . . . . Berger&lt;br&gt;
Valse—Veronique . . . . . . . . . Messager&lt;br&gt;
Two Step — Mosquito Parade . . . . . . . . . Bendix&lt;br&gt;
Valse — L’Amour et a la vie Vienne . . . . . . . . . Kornzak&lt;br&gt;
Lancers — The Orchid . . . . . . . . . Caryll&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Choristers . . . . . . . . . Phelps&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Luna . . . . . . . . . Lincke&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Les Amourettes . . . . . . . . . Dubois&lt;br&gt;
Polka — Whitling Rufus . . . . . . . . . Mills&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Amoureuse . . . . . . . . . Berger&lt;br&gt;
Lancers — Veronique . . . . . . . . . Messager&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Midsummer . . . . . . . . . Marigold&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Gold and Silver . . . . . . . . . Lehar&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Casino Tanze . . . . . . . . . Gung'l&lt;br&gt;
Two Step — Hiawatha . . . . . . . . . Moret&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Bleue . . . . . . . . . Marcis&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Caressante . . . . . . . . . Lambert&lt;br&gt;
Lancers — Earl and the Girl . . . . . . . . . Caryll&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Blue Danube . . . . . . . . . Strauss&lt;br&gt;
Valse — Eton Boating Song . . . . . . . . . Kapa [?]&lt;br&gt;
Galop — John Peel . . . . . . . . . Hunt&lt;br&gt;

In addition to this there were a couple of valses extra, at the conclusion of the programme, and it was not until four o’clock on Thursday morning that the playing of the National Anthem announced the conclusion of the ball, which will be long remembered by those who participated in it for the great amount of enjoyment it afforded, and the admirable manner in which it was carried out, thanks to the indefatigable exertions of the stewards. All the guests expressed their extreme pleasure and satistaction with it, and it was unanimously voted as one of the most delightful reunions of the kind ever held in connection with the hunts. The refreshment department was again entrusted to Mr. G. Etheridge, of Southampton, who gave the utmost satisfaction, his catering being deservedly praised. The menu is appended:—

Soups.&lt;br&gt;
Clear Turtle. Consomme. Printeniere.&lt;br&gt;
Lamb Cutlets and Peas.&lt;br&gt;
Cold.&lt;br&gt;
Quenelles of Chicken en Aspec.&lt;br&gt;
Salmon Plain. Salmon Mayonnaise.&lt;br&gt;
Roast Turkeys.&lt;br&gt;
Boned Turkey and Cailles Farcie.&lt;br&gt;
Roast Chicken.&lt;br&gt;
Braized Ox Tongues. York Hams.&lt;br&gt;
Raised Pies.&lt;br&gt;
Pressed Spiced Beef. Galantine of Chicken.&lt;br&gt;
Galantine of Veal.&lt;br&gt;
Patties — Assorted. Lobsters Plain.&lt;br&gt;
Lobster Salad. Plain Salads.&lt;br&gt;
Foi Gras en Aspec.&lt;br&gt;
Plovers Eggs.&lt;br&gt;
Sweets.&lt;br&gt;
Maraschino Jellies. Pine Apple Jellies.&lt;br&gt;
Noyeau, Vanilla, and Strawberry Creams.&lt;br&gt;
Meringnes [sic]. Triffles. Fancy Pastry.&lt;br&gt;
Maids of Honour.&lt;br&gt;
Buffet.&lt;br&gt;
Tea. Coffee. Home Made Lemonade.&lt;br&gt;
Claret Cup. Hock Cup.&lt;br&gt;
Sandwiches — Assorted.&lt;br&gt;
Cakes (Fancies), etc. Ices.&lt;br&gt;
Strawberry and Vanilla Creams. Lemon Water.&lt;br&gt;

The number present was 205, some fifty more than last year, and among them — and many gentlemen were in scarlet coats — were Lord Leconfield, M.F.M., Lord Wodehouse, Hon. E. Perrlepont [Perriepont?], Hon. John Scott-Montagu, M.P., and Lady Cecil Scott-Montagu, Sir Charles and Lady Darling, Miss Darling, Hon. Dudley Carleton, Hon. Gerald and Mrs. Lascelles, Miss Lascelles, Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Sir George Meyrick, Lady Meyrick, Miss Meyrick, Miss Phipps, the Count de Miremont, Hon. Mrs. Alwyn Greville, Captain G. D. Jeffreys (Grenadier Guards) and the Viscountess Cantelupe, Mr. G. and Lady Augusta Fane, Mr. B. Howard, Miss Clara Howard, Mr. F. M. Sibbald Scott (3rd Battalion Royal Scots), Mr. Camellan (Hampshire Regiment), Miss M. Bowden Smith, Miss Cumberbatch, Miss Sibbald Scott, Mr. and Miss Pitcher, Captain and Mrs. Maitland, Miss Maitland, Mr. Vachell, Mr. Noel Baxendale, Mrs. Heathcote, Miss Heathcote, Miss M. Heathcote, Miss Bainbridge, Mr. Woodyatt, Mr. Noel, Miss Laura Jones, Major Dalrymple, Mrs. Dalrymple, Miss Dalrymple, Miss Anderson, Mr. H. R. Dalrymple, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Nevile Henderson, Mr. C. L. Hargreaves, Mr. R. Gand, Mrs. Hargreaves, Mr. John Jeffreys, Mrs. Jeffreys, Miss Gwendolin Jeffreys, Miss Mildred Jeffreys, Mr. Cosmo Douglas, R.N., Lieutenant R. D. Ward, R.N., Mr. J. L. Forbes, R.A., Mr. E. Scott Mackirdy, Mr. Robert Pearce and Mrs. Pearce, Miss E. Ward, Major H. L. Powell, Mrs. Powell, Mr. Salt, R.H.A., Mr. Balston, R.H.A., Miss Inagh Frewen, Mr. W. S. D. Craven, Mr. Gerald Duplessis, Miss Duplessis, Captain and Mrs. Standish, Miss Beatrice Pulteney, Mrs. Pigott, Captain Granville, Mrs. Granville, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Martin Powell, Colonel Fowle, Captain Halaban, Captain Bathurst, Mr. Gillson, Lieutenant Eric Fullerton, R.N., Mr. C. Herbert, Colonel Barklie McCalmont, C.B., Mrs. McCalmont, Miss McCalmont, Miss M. Phelps, Captain A. C. Herbert, Captain and Mrs. Burns Hartopp, Miss Bodkin, Mr. Edward Hawkins, Mrs. Hawkins, Miss Abercromby, Mr. A. Bazley-Worthington, Mr. Meyrick, Mr. Nugent, Miss Morant, Captain H. T. Timson, Mrs. Timson, Mr. G. Eyre Matcham, Mrs. Matcham, Miss Jeffreys, Mr. Ralph Macan, Captain W. A. Grant and Mrs. Grant, Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Glasgow, Miss Alyn Mazall, Dr. Hastings Stewart, Mr. Fitzgerald, Mr. Butler, Miss Arnold, Mrs. Robinson, Captain Synars, Mr. N. Learmonth, Captain Warren Peacocke, Mrs. Peacocke, Mr. John Peacocke, Miss Wade, Miss Frewen, Miss Pryor, Miss Bodkin, Mr. Marriott, Mr. and Mrs. Dixon, Mr. H. Fane, Mr. Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Rayleigh Phillpotts, Miss Lyon, Mrs. Butler, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan, Mr. Arthur L. Watson, Mr. C. H. Wilmer, Miss M. Farquharson, Mr. Merric Bovill, Mr. Skeene, Miss Chandos Pole, Colonel and Mrs. Spurgin, Captain Johnston Browne, Mr. J. Darling, Mr. Hugh Neville, Miss G. Milne, Mr. E. Martin, Miss Gossip, Mr. J. Blake, Mr. R. E. S. Pearce, Rev. C. Maturin, Major Wyndham Pain, Mrs. Wyndham Pain, Mr. A. C. Crossley, Captain Innes, Mr. L. R. Hargreaves, Miss Bryan, Mr. A. K. Hargreaves, Miss Skene, Miss Merehouse, Mr. Thornhill, Mr. and Mrs. Price, Mr. Freeland, Mr. E. Meade-Waldo, Mrs. Meade-Waldo, Mr. W. I. Whitaker, the Hon. Mrs. Whitaker, Miss Blythe, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Douglas Scott, Major R. E. Bolton (Scots Guards), Mr. E. Harington, Miss Meade-Waldo, Miss Dorothy Meade-Waldo, Mr. Ernest L. Wingrove, Mr. H. F. and Mrs. Compton, Miss Jeffray, Mr. Farquharson, Captain Godfrey Heseltine, Mr. D. Grimmell-Milne, Mrs. Godfrey Baring, Mr. T. C. Musgrave, Mr. H. W. Eaden, Mrs. Eaden, and party, Captain Granville, Mr. A. L. Duncan, Miss Arkwright, Mrs. Crofton, Captain Ellis.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New Forest United Hunt Ball. A Brilliant Gathering at Lyndhurst.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 29 April 1905, Saturday: 6 [of 12], Col. 2a–b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/19050429/163/0006. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1905===
Summer 1905: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).
===July 1905===
====10 July 1905, Monday====
1905 July 10, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador hosted a dinner party:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador entertained the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia of Connaught at dinner at the Embassy in Belgrave-square on Monday evening. There were also present the Spanish Ambassador and Mme. Bernabé, the United States Ambassador and Mrs. and Miss Whitelaw Reid, Princess Hohenlohe, Prince Francis of Teck, Princess Teano, the Earl of Essex, the Earl and Countess of Crewe, Viscount Villiers, Viscount Errington, Viscount Newry, Mrs. J. Leslie, [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Miss Muriel Wilson]], Mr. R. Graham, Mrs. Astor, Lady Maud Warrender, Prince Furstenburg, Count Szenchenyi, Captain A. Meade, and Miss Pelly and Colonel Murray in attendance on the Duke and Duchess.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Times'', 12 July 1905, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHRNq6. Accessed 20 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Last week of July, 1905 ====
Lady Cadogan hosted a children's party at Chelsea House:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Cadogan’s children’s party last week at Chelsea House was one of the prettiest sights imaginable. Her grandchildren, the little Chelseas, came to help entertain the guests, and nearly all the smart women in London brought their small folk. One of loveliest little girls present was Daphne Bourke, Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Algernon Bourke]]’s only child; and Lady De Trafford’s young daughter Violet was much admired, and Lady Maud Ramsden’s little people were among daintiest of the small children.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===September 1905===

==== 1 September 1905, Friday ====

===== Society Sportswomen =====
The ''Willesden Chronicle'' published a piece on sportswomen, as did the ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-Western Press''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Sportswomen.&quot; ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-Western Press'' 1 September 1905, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19050901/191/0007.&lt;/ref&gt; The article does not list Lady Violet Greville, who did deer-stalking in Scotland, but perhaps she wasn't as good as these women or she was not socially important the way many of these women were; she was certainly not in the social networks that included some of them.&lt;blockquote&gt;Each season sees new recruits in the ranks of Society sportswomen. Princess Charles of Denmark is a skilled shot, and as a child was taught to shoot at a target. Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg, formerly Grand Duchess of Hesse, and niece to King Edward, is another famous markswoman.

The Duchess of Bedford is a splendid shot, and so is the Duchess of Newcastle, who killed many head of big game in the Rocky Mountains. The Marchioness of Breadalbane is a first-rate rife shot and deer-stalker. Lady Loch shoots well, and many fine stags have fallen to her rifle. Lady Sandhurst and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] must also be included among noted deerstalkers. Lady Hindlip is another big game shot, and brought down and brought home a giraffe from her recent travels in East Africa. Lady Delamere has also secured some notable trophies from the African jungle.

Lady Wolverton, Lady Helen Stavordale, Lady Vivian, and Lady Juliet Duff are all good markswomen, and Lady Constance Stewart- Richardson is, of course, second to none as a noted sportswoman. She has shot stags in Scotland, big game in the jungles of Ceylon, and wild hogs on the plains of South-West Texas. Lady Beatrice Pole-Carew is another splendid shot, and the list also includes Lady Wickham, sister to the Marquis of Huntly, Lady Constance Scott, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, Mrs. Asquith, and Miss Muriel Wilson.

Mrs. Alan Gardner, daughter Sir James Blyth, has killed big game in the four quarters of the globe; and Mrs. George Cornwallis West shoots as well she writes or plays on the piano. The Hon. Mrs. Lancelot Lowther is a good rabbit shot, and Violet Lady Beaumont and the Countess of Warwick are deadly with partridges and pheasants.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Sportswomen.&quot; ''Willesden Chronicle'' 1 September 1905, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001721/19050901/127/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===October 1905===

==== 1905 October 14, Saturday ====
A &quot;send-off dinner&quot; for Jerome K. Jerome before his trip to the U.S. occurred at the Garrick Club &quot;the other evening&quot; before October 14:&lt;blockquote&gt;Jerome K. Jerome has undertaken a six months lecturing tour in the United States. I believe that this tour will be a great success, particularly when the Americans come to realise that Mr. Jerome is not only a humorous writer but a brilliant, serious writer with very genuine pathos. His appeal on this side has not, perhaps, gone home to the English people as much as it should, but the quick-witted Americans will not be slow to recognise his talents of both kinds, nor will they fail to appreciate the significance of the fact that the other evening a send-off dinner was given to Mr. Jerome at the Garrick Club. The hosts of the evening were Mr. Pett Ridge and Mr. W. W. Jacobs, which shows that there is no such thing as literary jealousy among our best humorists.

The presence of quite a galaxy of novelists to the dinner to Mr. Jerome, including Mr. Barrie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mr. Max Pemberton, Mr. H. G. Wells, Mr. G. B. Burgin, Mr. Arthur Morrison, and Mr. Israel Zangwill, serve to indicate the existence of a pleasant brotherhood among the writers of fiction. The readers of ''Three Men in a Boat'' may be interested to know that there were also present Mr. Jerome's companions in that famous journey — Mr. Carl Hentschel and Mr. C. Wingrove.

When I have named further the presence of three artists in Mr. A. S. Boyd, Mr. John Hassall, and Mr. Will Owen, and two journalists in Dr. Robertson Nicoll and [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], I have given some record of an exceedingly pleasant dinner party. The essential point, however, of this enumeration of names is that many of them are among the most highly honoured of Englishmen in the United States, and that thus Mr. Jerome cannot fail to reap additional benefit from this dinner so thoughtfully given in his honour by Mr. Jacobs and Mr. Pett Ridge.&lt;ref&gt;S., C. K. &quot;A Literary Letter.&quot; ''The Sphere'' 14 October 1905, Saturday: 16 [of 20], Col. 2a–c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19051014/022/0016. Print p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===November 1905===
Sometime in November 1905, &quot;Arnold Dolmetsch was again asked to provide music for a Been Greet season in New York — an engagement that brought about his first meeting with two young actors on their first American tour, Sybil Thorndike, and her brother, Russell&quot; (Campbell 169). Dolmetsch's return to the US; was [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] still with the Thorndikes?

==1906==
===March 1906===
====5 March 1906====
&quot;Mr. Frederick John Horniman, who died on March 5, in his seventy-first year, was the son of that well-known Quaker and tea-merchant, John Horniman, who made a magnificent fortune by retailing tea in air-tight packets, and, like his father, devoted both time and wealth to charitable objects. A great traveller, both for business and pleasure, Mr. Horniman gathered togther an admirable collection of curios, and this is housed at Forest Hill in the museum that bears his name. His private benefactions were also large. Mr. Horniman, who was a Liberal, sat in two Parliaments, representing Penrhyn and Falmouth Boroughs in one. He did not seek re-election in January last.&quot; (&quot;The World's News.&quot; Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, March 10, 1906; pg. 338; Issue 3490, Col. C)
===June 1906===
Summer 1906: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

=== December 1906 ===

==== 1906 December 10, Monday ====
Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Quite a large number of Americans attended Lady Dudley's sale of beautiful Irish needlework at 7, Carlton-gardens on Monday. The Duchess of Roxburghe, in mouse-coloured velvets and sable, was one of the earliest buyers. Mrs. Astor was another American who bought extensively, and the Duchess of Marlborough, who visited the sale on Sunday, secured a couple of charming water-colours, &quot;Dusk in Glasnevin &quot;and &quot;The Circus Clown,&quot; while Lady Essex bought the six-guinea cushion cover made at [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|Miss Yeats]]'s school at Dundrum.

[[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], who came over from Ireland especially to help, had a table heaped with embroidery, and Adeline Duchess of Bedford presided over the raffles, and disposed of guinea chances for an exquisite panel enamelled on silver.

Lady Mar and Kellie remained until her sister, Lady Maud Warrender, had sung her last song, and Lady Dickson-Poynder came with her pretty little daughter and Mrs. Asquith. Lady Kenmare and her daughter were selling from a central table, and the Duchess of Rutland, in deep black, Mrs. Harry Lindsay, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], and Lady Grosvenor were among those to be seen in the tea-room downstairs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Gossip.&quot; ''American Register'' 15 December 1906, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003338/19061215/035/0004. Print title and p. the same.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

==1907==
===April 1907===
April 1907, [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] went to Italy with Lady Gregory (Harper 80 28).
===June 1907===
Summer 1907: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

'''1907 June 22, Saturday'''
The annual dinner of the Correctors of the Press was held at De Keyser's Royal Hotel:&lt;blockquote&gt;The London Association of Correctors of the Press held their annual dinner at De Keyser’s Royal Hotel on Saturday. The Chairman was the Lord Mayor, and among his supporters were Sir John Cockburn, Colonel David Bruce, Colonel Earl Church, Lieutenant-Colonel Alsager Pollock, Sheriff Dunn, Mr. J. W. Cleland, M.P., Mr. R. Donald, Mr. T. Seccombe, Mr. Francis H. Skrine, Major H. F. Trippel, Mr. Walter Haddon, Mr. W. Pett Ridge, Mr. W. H. Helm, Mr. R. Warwick Bond, Mr. F. W. Rudler, Major Vane Stow, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], Mr. J. Randall (Chairman of the Association), Mr. Foxen, and Mr. Feldwick. Proposing the toast of &quot;Literature,” Mr. W. H. Helm speculated as to what would follow the banning of &quot;Mary Barton&quot; by the Education Committee of the London County Council. In his opinion &quot;The Swiss Family Robinson&quot; was a more immoral book, because beyond any other work it had fostered the Micawber view of life. (Laughter.) The LORD MAYOR [init caps large, rest sm, throughout], submitting the toast of &quot;The Readers' Pension Fund,” apologised for appearing in morning dress. The reason was that he had been to the King’s Garden Party at Windsor, and whlle he was returning to London by motor something burst. (Laughter.) Only that morning he had arrived from Berlin, where he learned some lessons useful to people who give dinners. When the Oberburgomeister of Berlin proposed the health of, say, the Lord Mayor of London, there was an end of the business. He did not push forward the Houses of Parliament, the Navy and Army, or even Literature. (Laughter.) Being a practical people the Germans when they met for a particular purpose applied themselves to no other, and the English would well to copy them. (Hear, hear.) Mr. J. RANDALL said that last year the Association helped five readers and one reader’s widow to pensions, and this year it had done the same for two readers and two widows. One of the men assisted last March had taught himself Greek, Arabic, and Sanscrit, and in leisure moments amused himself by making object glasses for microscopes and telescopes. At this very gathering there was a printer’s reader who was Hebrew scholar. (Hear, hear.) With regard to finance Mr. Randall was happy to say that this dinner would enable the Association to establish a fourth pension. (Cheers.) The Lord Mayor, [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Lord Glenesk]] (President of the Readers' Pensions Committee), the Clothworkers’ Company, and the Cutlers’ Company had contributed ten guineas each, and the total addition to the fund resulting from the dinner was £l90. During the evening excellent entertainment was provided by Miss Helena Foxen, Miss Kathleen Dwyer, Mr. T. C. Bell, Mr. P. E. Syrett, Mr. Prank Rhodes, and Mr. E. Croft-Williams, the last-named being the hon. musical director.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Correctors of the Press.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 24 June 1907, Monday: 4 [of 14], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19070624/074/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===August 1907===

==== Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster ====
On 24 August, the Queen reported about the week at Eaton Hall:&lt;blockquote&gt;My Cheshire friends have written me a most interesting account of the polo week at Eaton Hall, where the Duke and Duchess of Westminster have been entertaining a large party, including the Duke's sister, Lady Beauchamp; his cousin, Mrs Ivor Guest, and her husband; Lady Constance Stewart-Richardson, Lord Cholmondeley and his lovely daughter, Lady Lettice Cholmondeley; and Miss Millicent Grosvenor, whose engagement to Mr Wallis, of the Scots Guards, was announced at the end of the season. Others of the party at Eaton were Lord and Lady Arthur Grosvenor (of caravan fame), Mr and Mrs Frank Bellville (who had been entertaining at Papillon Hall the week before for the Rugby polo tournaments), Mr G. and Mr C. Miller and their wives, Lord Shrewsbury, Lord Wodehouse, Lord Ingestre, Mr Osmond Hastings, Capt. de Crespigny, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mr Algernon Bourke]], and several others. At Saighton Grange Lady Grosvenor's guests included Lady Marjorie and Lady Violet Manners, Lady Mildred Follet and her husband, Lord Hugh Cecil and Mr Banbury, as well as Lady Grosvenor's handsome young son, Mr Percy Wyndham; and these were all day at Eaton taking part in the polo or looking on. Capt. Miller, who helps the Duke to organise the tournament, brought with him his pack of beagles from Rugby, and when not following these in the early morning the indefatigable guests were cubhunting at dawn. This in addition to the polo matches every afternoon held on the Duke' s private ground — one of the best in England — in the beautiful park. Eight teams competed, and the play was most exciting, especially in the final on Friday, contested by the two teams that had hitherto won all the ties. These were Hotspurs — Mr Banbury, Capt. de Crespigny, Mr Nickalls, and Capt. Campbell — and Eaton Hall — Mr Percy Wyndham (the Duke's half brother), Major Hobson. Mr J. A. Miller, and the Duke of Westminster. The Hotspurs won a most thrilling game by five goals to four.

The Duchess had engaged Gottlieb's delightful band for the week, and in the evening she often sang to the accompaniment of some of its members, which delighted her guests, for her voice is quite beautiful. On Thursday the party was joined by Lord and Lady Mary Crichton and Lord and Lady Hugh Grosvenor; Lady Grosvenor brought over her guests from Saighton, and there was a small dance in the evening. The day before, it being too wet to play polo, a cinematograph show was got up for everyone's amusement in the ballroom. On Saturday the party scattered, and the Duke and Duchess went north to Lochmore, and are due in Ireland later on for the horse show week. Princess Henry of Pless, the Duchess of Westminster's only sister, has been thrown into mourning by the death of her father-in-law, the Duke of Pless, to whose title and vast possessions her husband now succeeds.&lt;ref&gt;Mouche. &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 August 1907, Saturday: 18 [of 68], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19070824/115/0018. Same print title, p. 348.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===November 1907===
====10 November 1907====
&lt;quote&gt;On 10 November, Dolmetsch, 'awfully tired and disquieted with overwork', writes to Horne, 'longing for Florence'.

7, Bayley Street&lt;br /&gt;W.C.&lt;br /&gt;My concert went very well last night. Melodie quite distinguished herself, and a sister of [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] Lucy Carr Shaw sang delightfully. …&lt;br /&gt;But Symmons [sic] … did not go before 1 o'cl. and yet, by the first post this morning, I got a charming poem on Rameau. … He must have spent all night on it.&lt;/quote&gt; (Campbell 120)

==1908==
In 1908 Sidney Paget died in 1908 in some &quot;untimely&quot; fashion (Baring-Gould II 239).

=== April 1908 ===

==== 1908 April 9, Thursday ====
The Provisional Committee for the Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre met at the Hôtel Métropole:&lt;blockquote&gt;SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL.

A meeting of the Provisional Committee for the forthcoming Shakespeare Memorial demonstration at the Lyceum Theatre was held yesterday at the Hôtel Métropole. Mr. T. P. O’Connor, M.P., presided, and there were present : The Earl of Lytton, Mr. Percy Alden, M.P., Mr. Henry Ainley, Mr. Percy Ames, Mr. Robert Barr, Mr. Arthur à Beckett, Mr. Austin Brereton, Mr. Acton Bond (General Director of the British Empire Shakespeare Society), Mr. Dion Boucicault, Mrs. Bateman-Crowe, Professor Boss, Mr. Norreys Connell, Mr. W. M. Crook, Mr. John Cutler, K.C., Mr. J. Comyns Carr, Mr. Ernest Carpenter, the Rev. P. H. Ditchfleld, Mr. Robert Donald, Mr. A. C. Forster Boulton, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Gomme, Mr. A. A. Gardiner, Mr. C. T. Hunt (hon. secretary London Shakespeare League), Mr. Laurence Housman, Mr. J. A. Hobson. Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, Mr. Selwyn Image, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, Mr. Jerome K. Jerome, Mr. Frederick Kerr, Miss Gertrude Kingston, Professor Knight, Mr. Matheson Lang, the Hon. Mrs. Alfred Lyttelton, Miss Lillah McCarthy, Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy, Colonel Henry Mapleson, Dr. Gilbert Murray, Mr. T. Fairman Ordish, Mr. A. W. Pinero, Mr. Ernest Rhys, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mr. Clarence Rook]], the Rev. J. Cartmel Robinson, Mr. George Radford, M.P., Mr. Clement Shorter, Mr. Otto Salimann (hon. secretary of the Elizabethan Society), [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|Mr. Bernard Shaw]], Mr. H. W. Smith, Mr. Herbert Trench, [[Social Victorians/People/Todhunter|Dr. Todhunter]], and Mr. James Welch. It was agreed that the Lyceum demonstration should take place in May, and a resolution should be moved in favour of the establishment of a National Theatre as a memorial to Shakespeare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shakespearea Memorial.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 10 April 1908, Friday: 7 [of 12], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19080410/126/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1908===
Summer 1908: [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

==== 1908 June 21, Sunday ====
Very large demonstration for women's suffrage in Hyde Park coming from &quot;seven points in London.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;WOMAN'S VOTE.
SUFFRAGISTS' GREAT MARCH TO HYDE PARK TODAY.

WHITE DEMONSTRATION.

AMUSING ADDRESS TO M.P.'s. FROM RIVER LAUNCH.

From seven points in London to-day seven big prossesions will march to Park, and there jointly demand the Parliamentary franchise for women.

The whole town will be alive with demonstrating suffragists. The streets will resound with the cry of &quot;Votes for Women.&quot; In Hyde Park eighty speakers will voice the demand from twenty platforms.

London has been divided into districts for the purposes of the mighty demonstration, and each of theee has an assembling place, from which the processions will move off to Hyde Park, as given in the following official list: —

A. — Euston-road. — Form up at 12 o'clock, east of Euston Station. Start at 1 p.m. March via Euston-road, Portland-place, Upper Regent-street, Oxford-street, to the Marble Arch.

B. — Trafalgar-square. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Pall Mall, Regent-street, Piccadilly, Berkeley-street, and Mount-street to the Grosvenor Gate.

C. — Victoria Embankment. [sic] Form up 12.30. Start from Westminster Bridge 1.30. March via Victorla-street, Grosvenor-place, to Hyde Park Corner.

D. — Chelsea Embankment. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Oakley-street, King's-road, Sloane-square, Sloane-street to Albert Gate.

E. — Kensington High-street. — Form up 1 o'clock. Start 1.30. March via Kensington into the Alexandra Gate of the Park.

F. — Paddington Station. — Form up 1 p.m. Start 2 p.m. March via Victoria Gate into Hyde Park.

G. — Marylebone-road. — Form up 12.30. Start 1.30. March via Seymour-place, Seymour-street, and Into the Park close to the Marble Arch.

The demonstrators will come from all parts of the country, some seventy special trains being run from the big towns in the provinces. These will be met at the London stations by white-garbed &quot;Captains&quot; and &quot;Stewards,&quot; and their occupants marshalled in proper divisions.

Literature and the drama will be represented in several of the processions. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Shaw will join in Trafalgar-square, and so will Mr. Pett Ridge. Starting from Euston-road will be a coach carrying Mrs. Parkhurst, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Mrs. Mona Caird, and Miss Elizabeth Robins.

Mrs. Israel Zangwill will chaperon a party on a coach from the Thames Embankment, which will include Professor and Mrs. Ayrton, Madame Sarah Grand, Miss Lillah McCarthy (Mrs. Granville Barker), Miss Marian McCarthy, Mr. Lucien Wolf, Professor Perry, F.R.S. (scientist), Mrs. H. G. Wells, Mrs. Alice Meynell, and Suffragist leaders from Sweden, Finland, and Norway. In Finland women not only have the vote, but they sit in Parliament. Madame Stromberg, from that country, is now in London attending the Horse Show at Olympia, and will be present at to-day's demonstration. Mr. H. Nevinson and Mr. H. N. Brailsford will walk in the Embankment procession.

On the Kensington four-in-hand coach will be:— [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Mrs. Clarence Rook]], Mrs. Jopling Rowe, Mlle. Stavance (Norwegian editor and authoress), Mrs. French Sheldon, F.R.G.S., and Miss Christine Silver. 

...

In addition to seven four-horse coaches — one for each procession — there will be more than sixty brakes, filled with country suffragists, and elaborately decorated. [Story continues.]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Women's Vote. Suffragists' Great March to Hyde Park To-day. White Demonstration. Amusing Address to M.P.'s from River Launch.&quot; ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper'' 21 June 1908, Sunday: 1 [of 28], Col. 1a–c [of 5], 2, Col. 5. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003216/19080621/002/0001. Print p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Works Cited===
*Baring-Gould

=== July 1908 ===

==== 30 July 1908, Thursday ====

===== Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses. =====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cup day at Goodwood, says the “Daily Telegraph,” is always looked upon as the occasion for a display of beautiful toilettes, and Thursday was no exception to the rule: in fact, the scene reminded one more of Ascot on a miniature scale. Some very beautiful Directoire gowns were to be seen, and in all materials. There was the ever-delightful satin charmeuse, silk voile, ninon, embroidered muslin, chiffon, and hand-painted muslins in endless variety. Shantung, too, played its part, and so did broderie Anglaise, and other cool and diaphanous materials. One could not help noticing the important part that embroidery plays in modern toilettes. Some of it is very elaborate, the most fashionable being worked in floss silks, while old Oriental patterns have been copied with considerable success. Persian, Indian, and Algerian motifs were to be seen on many wearers. Marquisette is an admirable material to embroider on, and here again floss silk was used in profusion. The embroidered linens seem to grow more elaborate every year. In many cases beautiful incrustations were used half way up the skirt, and many little coats were almost covered with these elaborate designs. Gold, silver, and platinum have also played a great part in the decoration of toilettes this year, and these tinsels, when skilfully blended with colours, have proved extremely beautiful.

The great heat last week made the fashionable long satin cloaks of various colours quite unnecessary, and in their place were seen sleeveless coats of silk muslin or short jackets of Irish lace. One lady was noted wearing a little hanging cape of cyclamen-coloured satin over a white dress, and the touch of colour was very becoming. Large hats have again been to the fore, and those trimmed with aigrettes of various colours have been very plentiful, but not to the extent one saw at Ascot. A tendency to introduce antumn flowers has been distinctly noted, and more than one smart hat has been decorated, with cornflowers and poppies. The blossoms of iris, fuschia, wistaria [sic], and roses have been the ideal floral decoration, and, here again, gold, silver, and platinum tissue have played a great part. One or two mole-coloured hats, trimmed with plantinum tissue, were very becoming. The reign of the natural ostrich feather, too, continues, and wings on a very large scale have also been seen. Quills of parti-colours found many wearers, and shaded feathers, going from very dark to light tones, have been greatly in evidence. The Elizabethan ruffle, which at the beginning of the season promised to be so fashionable, has almost disappeared, and in its place were to be seen short ruffles of tulle finished off with rosettes and ends of coloured satin. Another fashionable item at Goodwood was the wearing of coloured shoes and stockings to match the gowns, the more popular being those made of suede, and one lady was wearing a gown of grey silk muslin, with grey silk stockings to match, and shoes of grey suede, with paste buckles. Much jewellery has been seen, nearly every woman having a pearl necklace, and the vogue of the emerald must certainly be noted. The Queen set the example by wearing a long emerald pendant, from which fell a cabochon ruby. Jewelled hat pins, too, have played their part, and jewelled butterflies have been very fashionable to fasten veils.

The King and Queen, with Princess Victoria and the Duke of Richmond, arrived about a quarter past one. Some very lovely toilettes were to be noted in the Royal party. The Queen chose a delicate toilette of lavender grey, with a cross-over bodice, and a small grey toque trimmed with ostrich feathers. Princess Victoria wore a delicate shade of blue, with a hat trimmed with black and white feathers and pink roses. The Countess of Mar and Kellie appeared to great advantage in white crepe de chine and a large floral-trimmed hat. The Countess of Ilchester's gown of small black and white checked muslin was relieved by a mauve waistbelt and a large shady bat, trimmed with mauve irises. Lady Helen Gordon Lennox was in white, striped with mauve, the revers of the bodice being of pale mauve satin, and ber hat was trimmed with roses. Lady Anne Lambton wore white, with a hat of dull purple flowers and leaves relieved by pink roses here and there. Lady Muriel Beckwith was in blue, and the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel wore white crepe de chine, with many upstanding feathers in her hat. The Marchioness of Salisbury chose a very light gown, with a purple hat, trimmed with a purplish-blue feather, the brim of the hat being lined with rose colour. Lady Cooper was another of the many ladies present to appear in white embroidered muslin, and her hat was trimmed with many flowers. Lady Bernard Gordon-Lennox wore painted crepe, and a flower-trimmed hat. Miss Ivy Gordon-Lennox was in girlish white, the Hon. Charlotte Knollys wore a toilette of mauve and pink and white, Lady Sassoon in black and white striped silk muslin. Viscountess Crichton was wearing embroidered muslin: Lady Juliet Duff wore a mauve neck ruff, and a pale coloured hat with a dress of white lace and muslin. The King wore a lilac tie and a pink flower, with a blue frock coat and grey trousers and a tall grey hat.

Quite a bevy of beautifully-dressed women were to be seen sitting in the shade of the telegraph pavilion, which is situated in between the club enclosure and the paddock. Here were noted the Countess of Lonsdale, in dahlia-coloured crepe and satin, and Lady de Trafford, who chose a very successful gown of black and white striped muslin, the effect being almost grey, and with this she wore a beautiful hat of pure moonlight blue, which suited her to perfection. Lady Noreen Bass, in rose-red silk gauze, had a large white hat, with upstanding ospreys, and by her side sat Lady Rowena Paterson, in white, with a hat trimmed with lilac and roses. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] chose a beautiful shade of salmon-pink [Col. 1c–2a] voile, and her hat had flowers of the same colour. By her side might have been seen the Hon. Mrs. Lancelot Lowther, in pervenche-coloured silk voile, striped with bands of satin of the same shade. Mrs. Farquharson, of Invercauld, looked charming in white, with a mauve waistband and parasol, and mauve and pink flowers in her hat. The Hon. Mrs. Rochfort Maguire chose white crepe de chine, slightly trimmed with gold embroidery; and yet another to be seen here was Mrs. William James, who was in ivory crepe de chine, with touches of gold embroidery on the bodice. The Hon. Mrs. William Lawson was in mauve and white striped gauze, and Mrs. Arthur James wore rose pink voile.

The scene in the paddock was as interesting as ever. Here were noted Earl and Countess Fitzwilliam, who motored to the races from Portsmouth Harbour, where they entertained a party of friends on the “Kathleen.” Her ladyship's gown was most original. It was of orchid mauve silk gauze, with a short over-skirt of golden gauze, a mauve hat slightly touched with gold, and her cream sunshade was veiled in gold gauze. The Countess of March, in unrelieved black, was accompanied by her three children, Lady Amy and Lady Doris Gordon-Lennox, and little Lord Settrington. Her sister-in-law, Lady Evelyn Cotterell, in a large black and white checked gown, accompanied her also. Lady Teynham's white embroidered muslin, with a short cloak of rose pink satin, was greatly admired, and so was the black satin charmeuse toilette, with gold embroideries, on a blue ground, worn by Mrs. Turner. The Countess of Sefton wore a simple little frock of silver grey silk ninon, and a low-crowned hat trimmed with lace, and the Hon. Mrs. Cyril Ward looked very pretty in white linen, with a large straw hat trimmed with blue ribbons and pink roses.

The large general attendance included: the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Earl of Sefton, the Earl of Essex, Lord Albert Osborne, Lady Clifford of Chudleigh, General Sir Albert Williams, Colonel Sir Augustus FitzGeorge, Lord Wolverton, Viscount Valletort, Major Eustace Loder, Colonel Holford, Colonel Sir Arthur Davidson, the Countess of Aylesford, Lady Theo. Acheson, the Hon. Cyril Ward, the Hon. Sidney Greville, Mr. Blundell Leigh, Mr. Montagu Elliott, Sir Hill Child, Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, and Miss Ivy Gordon-Lennox, Lord and Lady Gifford, Viscount Royston, Captain and Mrs. Bingham Turner, the Countess of Verulam, and Lady Vera Grimston, Lord Somers, Major Trotter, and very many others.

Among the local gentry were to be seen: Mrs. John Orr-Ewing with the Misses Orr-Ewing (both in white), Lady Gifford in grey satin with hat to match, Mrs. Agar in grey, Mrs. W. Dundas in black, and Mrs. Hankey, Miss Leslie, charmingly gowned in yellow, Mrs. Lacaita (of whose party was Lady Isobel Browne), Miss Gladys Grace, Mrs. Bradey Frith, Mrs. and the Misses Lees (the former wearing a charming cream dress and mauve hat), Major and Mrs. Layton, Capt. and Mrs. Bellamy, Capt. and Mrs. Griffin, Miss Buchanan, Mrs. and Miss Wood, Mr. and Mrs. P. de Bathe, Lady Dorothy Mercer Henderson in white stripped [sic] ninon and a large black picture hat, Miss Millicent James in pale blue with a black hat, and Miss Drexel.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.&quot; ''Chichester Observer'' 5 August 1908, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001917/19080805/074/0006. Print title ''Chichester Observer and West Sussex Recorder'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==1909==
===January 1909===
====1 January 1909====
Rev. [[Social Victorians/People/Ayton|W. A. Ayton]] died (Howe 85 10-11).

==== 20 April 1909, Tuesday ====
The wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Rosemary Cairns]] and Wyndham Portal in St. Margaret's, Westminster.&lt;blockquote&gt;The marriage of Mr. Wyndham Portal and Lady Rosemary Cairns takes place on the 20th at St. Margaret's, Westminster. The bride will be given away by her stepfather, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Roger Sloane Stanley]]. She will wear a gown of white meteor satin, embroidered with crystals and silver. The train will be of silver tissue, also embroidered with crystals.
The bridesmaids are Miss Sherborne (a cousin of the bride), Miss Glynn, Miss Comb, Miss Alex [comics panel on &quot;Clothes to Wear During the Holidays&quot;] Bertie (a daughter of Lord and Lady Norreys), Miss Taylor, and Miss Larnach. These young ladies will wear gowns of pale primrose and silver, with black hats trimmed with pale yellow feathers.

There are also five small bridesmaids, these being the bride's two baby sisters, Miss Lavender Sloane Stanley and Miss Diana Sloane Stanley, Lady Ursula Cairns, Miss Timson, and Miss Fetherstonhaugh. The bridegroom's nephew, Master Henry Monck, will act as train-bearer. Lord Gifford (eldest son of Lord Tweeddale, and a brother-officer in the 1st Life Guards) will act as best man. After the ceremony, which will be performed by the Bishop of Peterborough, Olivia Lady Cairns, mother of the bride, will hold a reception at 78, Harley-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;This Morning's Gossip.&quot; ''Daily Mirror'' 10 April 1909, Saturday: 7 [of 16], Col. 2a, 2c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19090410/067/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===June 1909===
Summer 1909: W. B. Yeats summered with Lady Gregory at Coole Park 1897-1917 or so, until WBY bought the Tower at Ballylee. (I got this from Wade?).

=== September 1909 ===

==== Visitors in Venice from the U.K. ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Venice has become a great rendezvous of cosmopolitan society in the early autumn, and the Piazza San Marco and the Grand Canal have been full of animation all this month.

The Duke of Marlborough, Louise Duchess of Devonshire, with her daughter, the Countess of Gosford, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], Lady Lilian Wemyss, the Hon. Mrs. Page-Roberts, Mr. Gordon-Lennox, Mr. and Mrs. Guy Paget, Lady Hadfield, who motored from Lucerne, Sir Benjamin Whitney, has been at Aix-les-Bains, Sir Charles and Lady Swinfen Eady, General de Horsey, and Mr. Claud Phillips have been among the many English visitors.

Lady Helen Vincent has been entertaining at Palazzo Giustiniani. Lady Layard has returned to Casa Capella. Prince Frederick Charles pf Hohenlöhe is at his residence on the Grand Canal. Princess Edmond de Polignac is residing at her palace. Mr. and Mrs. Hummphrey Johnston are back at Santa Maria dell'Arto. Mrs. and Miss Gebhardt and Countess A. Morosini have return3ed once more.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Venice.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 29 September 1909, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19090929/052/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bibliography ==
#&quot;Calendar for the Year 1900.&quot; Jumk.de Webprojects. https://kalender-365.de/public-holidays.php?yy=1900. Accessed November 2023.
#Howe

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="54940" sha1="0slarmbwwz7bua36amkically04pw2j" xml:space="preserve">= Victorian Things and Everyday Objects =

== Barristers and Solicitors ==
The men in the courtroom arguing the cases are barristers, the elite of their class and profession. They went to what we could call &quot;prep&quot; schools together, or with boys just like them. One might hire a solicitor, or have a solicitor on retainer, for regular, normal legal advice, as for weddings and wills, taxes and finances, real estate, and so on.

== Bathing Machines ==
Bathing machines were little wooden shacks or houses, usually on wheels, which allowed modest people a place to change to their swimming costumes and get into the water without being seen. The houses were lined up on the beach, and the users would go to their house, or the one they had rented, and enter it through a door facing the water. Inside were hooks for hanging clothing on and benches attached to the walls to sit on. When the users had changed and hung their clothing up on the hooks out of the reach of the water, the house could be rolled into the surf far enough that the users could swim out the front door and play in the water without having to stand, visible, in their swimming suits.

For much of the century women used the bathing machines and men swam nude, or at least it was common enough for men to swim nude that it would not have been shocking. There were swimming costumes for both men and women, however, which were knee-length dresses and shorts for the women, and a sleeveless top and shorts for the men. Likely to have been made of wool, they were heavy and bulky and probably itchy as well, but they covered much of the body and still were a great deal less cloth and structure than people's normal clothing.

In an email he wrote on this subject to the discussion list Savoynet, Larry Simons says, &quot;Finally, it's worthy of mention that in the 1997 film Mrs Brown (also called Her Majesty, Mrs Brown in the USA), there is one scene in which Queen Victoria (played by Dame Judi Dench) goes for a swim and actually USES a bathing machine (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0119280)&quot; (Simons &quot;More on bathing machines&quot;).
Lewis Carroll mentions a bathing machine in &quot;The Hunting of the Snark&quot; and in ''Alice's Adventures Underground'', in the chapter called &quot;Pool of Tears&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In that case, I can go back by railway.&quot; (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion that, wherever you go to on the English coast, you find a number of bathing-machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them, a railway station).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In a posting to Savoynet from the bathing-machine thread, J. L. Speranza points out these citations and says, &quot;For more on bathing-machines, see Chapter 2, Note 6, of ''Alice's Adventures Underground'' in ''The Annotated Alice''; and ''The English Seaside'' by H. G. Stokes, 1947, pages 17-25&quot; (Speranza &quot;something between a large bathing-machine&quot;).

In Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor describes something as being in size &quot;'something between a large bathing-machine / and a very small second-class carriage.&quot;

== Brand Names ==
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Bayer aspirin]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Coca Cola]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]]
* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Popular Medicinal Products|Heroin]]
* House of Worth
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Liberty Fabrics|Liberty Fabrics]]
* Pepsi Cola
* Vaseline: &quot;the word 'vaseline' was introduced as a proprietary term by R. A. Chesebrough&quot; in 1872. According to Morris Rosenblum, &quot;It is found in British publications in 1874 and 1876.&quot; (Baring-Gould I 450, n. 13).

== Cartes des Visites, Visiting and Calls ==

=== Cartes des Visites ===
From Victoriana.com Study Center, &quot;Fashions in Calling Cards (for Gentlemen) from Harper's Bazaar (C.1868)&quot;:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Visiting cards for the coming season are of unglazed card board, large and almost square. Tinted cards, especially buff, are fashionable. The lettering is in old English text, or in script. The expense of fifty cards is $3.50.

One corner of the card is turned down to denote the object of the visit. In different cities a different signification is attached to these broken cards. We give the custom of New York society. On the left hand upper corner the word Visite is engraved on the reverse side. This corner is turned downed, displaying the word on the front of the card to signify that an ordinary call is made. On the right hand corner is Felicitation, to be used when making a visit of congratulation on some happy event, such as a marriage, or the birth of a child. On the left lower side is Conge, or Good-by. The remaining corner is marked Condolence.&quot; (http://www.victoriana.com/library/ccard.html)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

E-bay had some silver cases, with chain handle, for carrying visiting cards.

=== Visiting and Calls ===
Judge Brack's early calls on the Tesmans in ''Hedda Gabler'' are daring and aggressive. According to Sally Mitchell, &quot;morning calls&quot; occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 P.M. &quot;Morning,&quot; used in an expression like morning dress or morning coat, meant something like &quot;daytime,&quot; the opposite of evening. Unless the calls were to acknowledge some event like a wedding, when they were likely to be no more than fifteen minutes, calls typically ran twenty minutes to half an hour. Judge Brack arrives early in the morning, as early as 7:30, even after a death in the family, which seems clearly indecent.

Food was not likely to be served.

'''???''' says it is proper to make morning calls no earlier than 11:00 A.M., though for many morning calls properly began at noon.

Mrs. Beeton discusses calls, as well.

Daniel Poole says,&lt;blockquote&gt;If you were not well acquainted with the callee, you made your call between three and four o'clock. If you were somewhat better acquainted, between four and five, and a good friend received you between five and six. ... Certainly, no one but a great intimate would presume to actually call in the ''real'' morning, i.e., before one o'clock. (68-69)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works ==

=== Dictionary of Slang ===
John Stephen Farmer.  ''Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More Than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, Etc''.  Poulter, 1890. Vol. 1: ''Google Books'': https://books.google.com/books?id=A8xfcjboymkC. [Google Books incorrectly has ''Haterodox'' in the title.]

=== Encyclopaedia Britannica ===
It has been published in the United States since 1901, although the spelling has remained British.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The 9th Edition ====
Here is a copy of the 9th edition at the ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/I|https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/]].

If the people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] did any research on the figures from the past or from art or mythology or the arts, the 9th edition of the Britannica offers an example of what kinds of information would have been available to them. (The idea of them doing personal research like this is unlikely — more likely might be that they or their costumier studied what art and portraits were available at the galleries they frequented.) In a sense, the Britannica represents higher level popular knowledge.

The 9th edition of the Britannica (1875–1889) — the &quot;Scholar's Edition&quot; — was the first edition written by men (almost exclusively) who were experts in their field and who could write well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] said he read the 9th edition except for the articles about science.&lt;ref&gt;Kogan, Herman. ''The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica''. The University of Chicago Press, 1958.  Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.&lt;/ref&gt; Some notable people who contributed articles (with the abbreviations used for authorship attribution) include the following:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/contributors.html|title=Important Contributors to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875-89) and 10th Edition (1902-03)|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=2023-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Grant Allen (G.A.): &quot;Mimicry&quot;
* Amelia Blandford Edwards (A.B.E.): &quot;Mummy&quot;
* James George Frazer (J.G.F&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;Pericles,&quot; &quot;Taboo,&quot; &quot;Totemism&quot;
* Thomas Henry Huxley (T.H.H.): &quot;'''Actinozoa''',&quot; &quot;'''Animal''' Kingdom,&quot; &quot;'''Biology''',&quot; &quot;Evolution: Evolution in Biology&quot;
* Prince Peter Alexeivitch, Prince Kropotkine (P.A.K.): &quot;Moscow&quot;, &quot;Nova Zembla [Novaya Zemlya],&quot; &quot;Odessa,&quot; &quot;Siberia&quot;
* Andrew Lang (A.L.): &quot;'''Apparitions''',&quot; &quot;Family,&quot; &quot;Molière&quot;
* Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (M.): &quot;Francis '''Atterbury''',&quot; &quot;John '''Bunyan''',&quot; &quot;Samuel Johnson,&quot; &quot;Oliver Goldsmith,&quot; &quot;William Pitt [the Younger]&quot;
* Clements Robert Markham (C.R.M.): &quot;Geography (Historical Geography)&quot;
* James Clerk Maxwell (J.C.M.): &quot;'''Atom''',&quot; &quot;Ether&quot;
* William Minto (W.M.): &quot;'''Byron''',&quot; &quot;'''Chaucer''',&quot; &quot;'''Dickens''',&quot; &quot;Poe,&quot; &quot;Wordsworth&quot;
* William Morris (W.M&lt;small&gt;O&lt;/small&gt;.) and John Henry Middleton (J.H.M.): &quot;Mural Decoration&quot;
* Emilia F. S. Pattison, Lady Dilke (E.F.S.P.): &quot;Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres&quot;
* Lord Rayleigh (R.): &quot;Optics, Geometrical&quot; and &quot;Wave Theory of Light&quot;
* William Michael Rossetti (W.M.R.): &quot;Bartolemé Esteban Murillo,&quot; &quot;Percy Bysshe Shelley&quot;
* George Edward Bateman Saintsbury (G.S&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;Pierre '''Corneille''',&quot; &quot;Daniel '''Defoe''',&quot; &quot;Clément Marot,&quot; &quot;Michel de Montaigne,&quot; &quot;Jean Racine,&quot; &quot;Jean-Jacques Rousseau,&quot; &quot;François Marie Arouet de Voltaire&quot;
* Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick) (E.M.S.): &quot;Spiritualism&quot;
* Robert Louis Stevenson (R.L.S.): &quot;Pierre Jean de '''Béranger'''&quot;
* Algernon Charles Swinburne (A.C.S.): &quot;John Keats&quot;
*John Addington Symonds (J.A.S.): &quot;Renaissance&quot;
*William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (W.T&lt;small&gt;H&lt;/small&gt;.): &quot;'''Ether''',&quot; &quot;Elasticity,&quot; &quot;Heat&quot; [I can't find the byline, but the article ends with tables and a &quot;Mathematical Appendix,&quot; so it's a little difficult to tell where it actually ends]
*Alfred Russell Wallace (A.R.W.): &quot;'''Acclimatisation''',&quot; &quot;'''Distribution''' (Biology) - Introduction. Distribution of Animal Life&quot;

The 25 volumes had&lt;blockquote&gt;thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. Great use was made of the new ability to print large graphic illustrations on the same pages as the text, as opposed to limiting illustrations to separate copperplates. Although this technology had first been used in a primitive fashion the 7th edition, and to a much lesser extent in the 8th, in the 9th edition there were thousands of quality illustrations set into the text pages, in addition to the plates.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ninth edition, 1875–1889.&quot; {{Cite journal|date=2022-11-10|title=History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1121066541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica#Ninth edition, 1875–1889.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The 11th edition (1911) continued the tradition of recruiting writers who had expertise and is also known for the quality of the writing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Until the ''Wikisource'' project on the ''Britannica'' is finished, perhaps the best online source is at the ''Internet Archive'':

* Index volume here:
* List of contributors for the 9th edition: https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Index%20193479114.23/page/491/mode/1up

Perhaps 500,000 pirated copies of this edition — &quot;10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#Edition summary]].&lt;/ref&gt; — were made in the US.

==== The 10th Edition ====
The 10th edition (1902–1903) was the first managed and owned by Americans. It is &quot;an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-01-08|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&amp;oldid=1132316500|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Encyclopædia_Britannica|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica#1901–1973]].&lt;/ref&gt; The supplement revised the articles to be more current at the beginning of the 20th century, may have increased the coverage of North America in deference to its American readers.

John Muir wrote the article on Yosemite for the 10th edition.

== Drugs ==
Depending upon when, of course, drugs that were not regulated and products that were generally available that would not be now:

*Arsenic
*Laudanum
*Cocaine
*Coca wine
*Heroin

According to [[Social Victorians/People/Waite|A. E. Waite]], [[Social Victorians/People/Less-Famous People Involved in Spiritualism#Walter Moseley|Walter Moseley]]'s &quot;health had been seriously damaged by the use of drugs for occult purposes&quot; (Howe 85 39, n. 3). Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] had injections of ground-up &quot;monkey glands&quot; in order to increase his masculinity (is this true?).

Baring-Gould speaks of Sherlock Holmes, as always, as if he were a biographical rather than fictional character:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Dr. Kohki Naganuma has questioned (&quot;Sherlock Holmes and Cocaine&quot;) Holmes' use of cocaine by hypodermic injection at this time since &quot;Karl Ludwig Schleich, of Berlin, [was] the first surgeon to use cocaine solution in hypodermic injection [in 1891].] But Dr. Julian Wolff has replied (&quot;A Narcotic Monograph&quot;) that &quot;although Schleich is usually given credit for priority in the use of cocaine by injection, actually the credit should go to a great American surgeon. The first such use of cocaine was not in 1891 by Schleich, as is generally supposed, but in 1884, by Dr. William S. Halsted. … 1884 was early enough so that it was no anachronism for Holmes to be taking cocaine injections when Watson said he was.&quot;

It should be pointed out that, at this time, there was no popular prejudice against drug-takers. As Mr. Michael Harrison has written (In the Footsteps of Sherlock Homes): &quot;In Holmes' day, not only was the purchase of most 'Schedule IV' drugs legal; Madeleine Smith and Mrs. Maybrick bought their arsenic; De Quincey and Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson, their laudanum; with no more trouble than that with which they purchased their tooth-powder. No 'Dangerous Drug Act' had been passed, in its original form when Holmes bought and took his cocaine in doses that Watson's description of the typical cocaine-addition syndromes indicate to have been heavy ones. (Holmes probably purchased his supplies from either John Taylor, Chemist, at the corner of George Street and Baker Street — east side — or of Curtis and Company, No. 44, on the west side) ….&quot; (Baring-Gould I 610, n. 1; all editorial marks are ''sic).''
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Popular Medicinal Products ===
[[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of heroin produced by Friedr. Bayer &amp; Co.]]
==== Beecham's Pills ====
The 1909 ''Secret Remedies: What They Cost and What They Contain'' says that a box of Beecham's Pills, &quot;advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s. 1 1/2 d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains is about half a farthing. ... The pills had an average weight of 11/4 grains, and analysis showed them to consist of aloes, ginger and soap ; no other medicinal ingredient was found.&quot; It lists the ingredients for each pill thus:
:Aloes... ... ... ... ... 0.5 grain.
:Powdered ginger... ..... 0.55 &quot;
:Powdered soap... ... ... 0.18 &quot;
Liz Calvert Smith says that &quot;aloes are 'a bitter purgative drug, condensed from the juice of the leaves of various species of Aloes'&quot; (Smith 2003).

==== Coca wine ====
Coca wine, developed in the mid-19th century, contained cocaine and wine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-08|title=Coca wine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca_wine&amp;oldid=1081528920|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_wine.&lt;/ref&gt; It seems to have been produced by local pharmacists from a standard formula. As the US began prohibition, the wine in the mixture had to be replaced. One Georgia pharmacist replaced the wine with a sugar syrup, making the original recipe for Coca Cola.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Lindsey Fitzharris says that one brand of coca wine, Vin Mariani (the same formulation used by the pharmacist in Georgia), &quot;was enjoyed by Jules Verne, Alexander Dumas &amp; Arthur Conan Doyle&quot; and Thomas Edison, and that it &quot;contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Fitzharris, Lindsey @DrLindseyFitz. ''Twitter'' 27 December 2022 11:07 a.m. https://twitter.com/DrLindseyFitz/status/1607785196987752448 (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Heroin ====
Although C. R. Alder Wright synthesized what we now call heroin in 1874, nothing was done with the invention beyond one test on animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;History.&quot; {{Cite journal|date=2022-12-22|title=Heroin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&amp;oldid=1128826316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} [[wikipedia:Heroin|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#History]].&lt;/ref&gt; Felix Hoffmann, who was working for pharmaceutical company Friedr. Bayer &amp; Co. in Germany, re-invented the chemical independently, 11 days after he had synthesized aspirin for the first time, 21 August 1897.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Bayer lost trademark rights to heroin and aspirin after Germany's defeat in World War I.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Electricity and Gas ==

=== 1840s–1850s ===
The &quot;moniker&quot; ''city of light''&lt;blockquote&gt;had taken on new meaning in the 1840s and ’50s when the boulevards were lit up at night and the city flourished, as Charles Baudelaire wrote, “in the light of the gas lamps, illuminated . . . and as if drunk on it.” Gaslight allowed for the emergence of a truly nocturnal city. At sunset, twenty thousand lampposts ignited automatically, fed from fuel lines connected to subterranean gas mains. Scores of lamplighters lit another three thousand streetlights manually. These new lights could illuminate a far larger area than before — a boon to safety that also transformed Parisians’ sense of their city’s potential, enhancing the culture of spectacle for which it was already famous, and leaving giddy visitors with an impression of ineffable modernity. The capital, wrote Joachim Schloer, became “like an island of light against the surrounding darkness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; (33–34 of 667)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1870s ===
Under Bismarck's seige of Paris 1870–1871, in late November and December of 1870,&lt;blockquote&gt;Supplies of gas had been summarily cut off. The light that had illuminated Second Empire Paris, transforming social life in the process, had been in short supply for over a month. Earlier in the siege, Thomas Gibson Bowles, the founding editor of ''Vanity Fair'', had noticed the “astonishing” effect that halving the supply of gas to the streetlamps had had on the atmosphere. “It has changed the aspect of the town,” he wrote, “and no less striking is the influence it exerts in driving people home at an early hour. ... [/] Temperatures were now consistently below freezing. After two heavy snowfalls, the city was blanketed in snow from December 12 until early January.

With Christmas approaching, Paris was still resisting, but the optimism of autumn had guttered out. Hungry, sapped of its glamour and pride, the city was bracing for a winter that would prove the coldest in living memory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; (276–278 of 667)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
Electricity&lt;blockquote&gt;would have been theoretically possible [in England] at any time after 1880 but in practice it was most unlikely, for the original legislation was most restrictive and the first supply companies found it practically impossible to function. Only later in the eighties / were the restrictions removed. (Baring-Gould II 566–67, n. 19)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1894s ===
Electricity was available in Hampstead (Baring-Gould II 567, n. 19).

The newspapers reported as people had electricity installed in their houses. Richard D'Oyly Carte is said to have had the first house in London to have electricity and an elevator, and the Savoy Theatre, which he built, was the first public building to be lit only with electricity. The Savoy Hotel was the first to be lit with electricity and the first to have electric elevators.

Electric lights were used for the coronation of King Edward VII; Queen Consort Alexandra's coronation dress had silver threads in the weft, making it quite a statement under the electric lights in Westminster Abbey.

== Food ==

=== Punch ===
Punch was a drink served cold or at room temperature in glasses, often colored or flavored by the citrus fruits currently in season. In 1889, Mrs. Beeton says of punch,
&lt;blockquote&gt;Punch is a beverage made of various spirituous liquors or wine, hot water, the acid juice of fruits, and sugar. It is considered to be very intoxicating; but this is probably because the spirit being partly sheathed by the mucilaginous juice and the sugar, its strength does not appear to the taste so great as it really is. Punch, which was almost universally drunk among the middle classes about fifty or sixty years ago, has almost disappeared from our domestic tables, being superseded by wine. There are many different varieties of punch. It is sometimes kept cold in bottles, and makes a most agreeable summer drink. In Scotland, instead of the Madeira or sherry generally used in its manufacture, whiskey is substituted, and then its insiduous properties are more than usually felt. Where fresh lemons cannot be had for punch or similar beverages, crystallised citric acid and a few drops of the essence of lemon will be very nearly the same thing. In the composition of &quot;Regent's punch,&quot; champagne, brandy and veritable Martinique are required; &quot;Norfolk punch&quot; requires Seville oranges; &quot;milk punch&quot; may be extemporised by adding a little hot milk to lemonade, and then straining it through a jelly-bag. Then there are &quot;Wine punch,&quot; Tea-punch&quot; [sic] and &quot;French punch,&quot; made with lemons, spirits, tea and wine, in fantastic proportions. But of all the compounds of these materials, perhaps for a summer drink, the North-American &quot;mint julep&quot; is the most inviting. Captain Marryat gives the following recipe for its preparation: — &quot;Put into a tumbler about a dozen sprigs of the tender shoots of mint; upon them put a spoonful of white sugar, and equal proportions of peach and common brandy, so as to fill up one third, or, perhaps, a little less; then take rasped or pounded ice, and fill up the tumbler. Epicures rub the lips of the tumbler with a piece of fresh pineapple; and the tumbler itself if very often encrusted outside with stalactites of ice. As the ice melts, you drink.&quot; The Virginians, says Captain Marryat, claim the merit of having invented this superb compound; but, from a passage in the &quot;Comus&quot; of Milton, he claims it for his own country. (Beeton 1889 1220-21)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Biscuits ===
Mrs. Beeton covers biscuits in her ''Book of Household Management'' and provides a page of illustrations (1109). Biscuits are both sweet and savory, depending on the recipe, what Americans might call both cookies and crackers.

== Grooming and Hygiene ==
Macassar Oil

== Household Goods ==

=== Doily ===
A simple and well-supported etymology traces the ''doily'' to &quot;a 17th-century London draper&quot; whose &quot;cheap and genteel&quot; &quot;woolen stuff&quot; was eventually used for &quot;'a small ornamental napkin used at dessert', known as a 'doily-napkin.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-11|title=Doily|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doily&amp;oldid=1268677585|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 January 1895, the New Zealand ''Bruce Herald'' reprinted this folk etymology from the ''New York Recorder''. It is useful for its recording of the variant spelling, versions of which appear in British newspaper at the end of the 19th century as well.&lt;blockquote&gt;The word doyley, now a familiar one with ladies, is derived from the name of Robert D'Oyley, one of the followers of William the Norman. He received a grant of valuable lands on the condition of a yearly tender of a tablecloth of three shillings' value at the feast of St. Michael. Agreeably to the fashion of the time the ladies of the D'Oyley household were accustomed to embroider and ornament the quit-rent tablecloths; hence these cloths, becoming curiosities and accumulating in the course of years, were at length brought into use as napkins at the royal table and called doyleys.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Origin of the Word Doyley.&quot; ''Bruce Herald'', Volume XXVI, Issue 2617, 22 January 1895, p. 3.  https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BH18950122.2.20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Lady Helen Stewart received several &quot;d'Oyleys&quot; on her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]]. 

=== Vitrine ===
A vitrine or vitrine case is a display case made of glass. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''&lt;blockquote&gt;OED's earliest evidence for ''vitrine'' is from 1880, in the writing of Charlotte Schreiber, translator, businesswoman, and collector.&lt;ref&gt;“Vitrine, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1091506473&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Lady Helen Stewart received 2 vitrines plus a vitrine table for her [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|1902 wedding to Lord Stavordale]].

== Mail ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;In downtown London, in Holmes' and Watson's day, there were as many as twelve postal deliveries a day, and in Baker Street there were six. There were no Sunday deliveries, however — if one wanted to send a message on the Sabbath, he found it necessary to hire a commissionaire or some other special messenger.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Baring-Gould I.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|349, n. 17}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Money ==
The denominations:

* Penny
* Shilling
* Pound

In &quot;A Case of Identity,&quot; Sherlock Holmes says to Miss Mary Sutherland, &quot;I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds.&quot; Baring-Gould says that this is a &quot;highly revealing statement on the cost of living in Britain in the 1880's. A single lady could then get on very nicely upon an income of about sixty pounds -- about $300 -- a year.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|407 and n. 13}}

John Watson appears to have had his practice in the [[Social Victorians/Places#Paddington|Paddington district]]:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is impossible to say in which of Paddington's many streets Watson lived; he could have lived in Eastbourne Terrace, which runs alongside the west wall of Paddington Station, and connects Praed Street with Bishop's Bridge Road. ... It is far more likely that Watson lived across Praed Street, in Spring Street or London Street or even in Norfolk Square, which is separated from Praed Street only by a block of houses. He would thus be near neough to the Station to be known to the staff, which sufficiently removed from the traffic of Praed Street to enjoy a certain amount of quiet. His rent would have been (for a three-storeyed house in, say Spring Street) about £60 [$300] per annum; a four-storeyed house in nearby Norfolk Square would have been about £80 [$400]; both figures exclusive of rates.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Baring-Gould II.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|153-54, n. 2}} [quoting Michael Harrison; ellipsis mine, interpolations his]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Resources for understanding Victorian finances

* Inflation Calculator&lt;ref&gt;Bank of England. Internet Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20090324044204/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/flash/index.htm (retrieved October 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Newspapers ==
[[Social Victorians/Newspapers|Newspapers]] and magazines are on their own page, with places to find them and some of the people in the industry.

== Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ==
For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and '''at a certain point in the 19th century''' they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors.

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;). Although they were both called Prince of Wales's feathers, the fashionable plumes worn at court by women and this official part of the Prince of Wales's heraldry have a complex relationship, especially in the 18th century. 
  
In her &quot;'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade,&quot; Sarah Abrevaya Stein says that the ostrich-feather industry&lt;blockquote&gt;
was shaped by — and in turn influenced — imperial policy and social realities in the Russian and British empires; the complex social and economic constitution of colonial Africa; the growing importance of global, trans-Atlantic, and colonial trade; and the whims and politics of women's fashion. And it was fostered primarily by Jews, who were instrumental in nurturing the popularity and exchange of this commodity over oceans, political boundaries, and cultural and linguistic divides.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. &quot;'Falling into Feathers': Jews and the Trans-Atlantic Ostrich Feather Trade.&quot; ''The Journal of Modern History'' December 2007 (Vol. 79, No. 4): 772–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/521065 (accessed December 2022). Stable url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521065.&lt;/ref&gt; (774)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
It appears that the fashion for wearing plumes in headdresses was imported from France in the last half of the 18th century, before the French revolution, when so much of what people wore signified political allegiance. Miriam Handley refers to an image from 1786 of George, Prince of Wales and &quot;eight well-known aristocratic ladies, seven of whom wear the feather .... The image alludes to Gay’s ''The Beggar’s Opera'', III. xvii and uses the feather to imply the sexual relationship between the Prince and the women.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Handley, Miriam. &quot;Flying the Feather: George, Prince of Wales and the Performance of Masculinity on the Late-Eighteenth-Century Stage.&quot; ''European Drama and Performance Studies'', n° 10, 2018 – 1, ''Masculinité et théâtre'': 29–49. DOI: [https://classiques-garnier.com/european-drama-and-performance-studies-2018-1-n-10-masculinite-et-theatre-flying-the-feather.html 10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-07790-9.p.0029].&lt;/ref&gt; (30, n. 4) One link, then, between the Prince of Wales and aristocratic women is the implication that women who wore the feather were &quot;his.&quot; The ostrich plume was eventually used in political cartoons and comic theatre in the 18th century to associate the Prince of Wales and fashionable women with complexities in the performance of masculinity, appropriation by women for social status, power and political opposition, and freedom and enslavement. Handley says, &quot;as the image of [a double-gendered] Chevalier suggests, the feather in the late 1770s was seen as the crowning touch to an extravagant head-dress. Plays and caricatures derived much comedy from these head-dresses, which were worn ﬁrst by Macaronis returning from their European Grand Tours, ... and subsequently by fashionable aristocratic women in the early 1770s.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; (35)


The &quot;popular women's fashion&quot; of white ostrich plumes spread widely among the fashionable in Europe and North America:&lt;blockquote&gt;A variety of feathers, including those of the ostrich, adorned the hats and clothes of elite European and American women from at least the second half of the eighteenth century, when Marie Antoinette introduced a minor ostrich feather craze among elite women by wearing towering plumes atop her hats. The thirst for feathers endured among members of the aristocracy throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But ostrich feathers were not widely employed by the fashion world until the 1880s. This was a decade in which women were gaining ever more opportunity and desire to consume ....&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (778)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries ===
Women wore plumes at the court of Charlotte, Queen Consort of George III. The January 1810 ''La Belle Assemblée'' reports that the Duchess of Leeds headdress was a &quot;Caledonian cap of crimson velvet, diamonds, and ostrich feathers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Qtd. in Rachel Knowles. &quot;Drawing Room Presentations — A Regency History Guide.&quot; ''Regency History'' 27 October 2021&lt;nowiki/&gt;https://www.regencyhistory.net/2021/10/drawing-room-presentations-regency.html (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Lamb's 1809 ''Book Explaining the Ranks and Dignities of British Society''. says, &quot;Feathers are not reckoned a necessary part of a court dress; but young ladies very seldom go without them, and they are supposed to be under dressed if they do.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The ''Lady’s Magazine'' mentions the headdress worn by the Countess of Carlisle in January 1809: &quot;Head-dress, ruby turban, jewels, and feathers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Candice Hern. &quot;Court Dresses, Overview.&quot; ''Regency World'' https://candicehern.com/regencyworld/court-dresses-overview/ (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Every illustration on &quot;Court Dresses, Overview&quot; in Candice Hern's blog ''Regency World'' — and they are all tinted fashion plates — shows a woman wearing plumes. Most of the plumes on this page are white, but one plate from March 1806 shows plumes dyed to match the dress, and most of the drawings show a few feathers (perhaps 3) but one plate from July 1820 has a positive efflorescence of plumes in the headdress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Victorian Era ===
The three white plumes so like the Prince of Wales's feathers were not universal in early June 1853 at the first Queen's drawing room of the year.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Her Majesty's Drawing-Room.&quot; ''The Court Journal'' 4 June 1853, Saturday: 354, Col. 1a – 363, Col. 3c; 366, Col. 2a – 372, Col. 1a. ''Google Books'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=three+white+ostrich+plumes+at+court&amp;pg=PA371&amp;printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Court_Journal/JKhUGEnNVTwC] (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Many but not all of the women present did wear white plumes, and not all the plumes were white.


What was first fashionable and then de rigeur at court evolved and then reified by the end of the 19th century. First published in 1893, Lady Colin Campbell's ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt; 

It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.

White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

In ''Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce'', Sarah Abrevaya Stein says, &quot;Ostrich feathers were valuable commodities at the beginning of the twentieth century, their value per pound almost equal to that of diamonds.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade.&lt;/ref&gt; Stein says, &quot;Ostrich feathers could be found wherever there were arbiters of style: a consignment of £20,000 worth of the plumes was even lost&quot; when ''Titanic'' sank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (780) When ostrich feathers first became popular in the west, the birds were hunted and killed for their plumage, but by the end of the 19th century they were farmed and the plumes plucked. 

The labor force was in some cases highly skilled and specialized: &lt;blockquote&gt;London acquired the monopoly on European ostrich feather auctions in 1876, just as the feather market — and London's merchant house economy — was expanding. ... At about the same time, London was absorbing roughly 15,000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants: men, women, girls, and boys who furnished a bountiful labor market to the feather trade. ... Due in great part to this influx of immigrants, Jews quickly proved well represented in all tiers of the supply side of Britain's feather industry. Jewish girls and women were the principal unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers to staff the hundreds of feather manufactories that dotted London's East End, and Jewish men were well represented among ostrich feather dealers and manufacturers in the British capital, constituting, in 1883, 57 percent and 43 percent of these occupational niches, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

The labor force associated with ostrich plumes was largely &quot;immigrant Jewish women and girls who had experience in the needle trades. Workers suffered poor wages and were often subject to the abuse of their rights by employers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Before the 20th century, this industry was &quot;concentrated in a one-mile radius from the City of London into the East End. In particular, around the Barbican, Aldersgate, London Wall, Jewin Street, Cripplegate, Bartholomew Close, and the Fenchurch Street area.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Post-Edwardian Era ===


Besides people working in the ostrich-feather industry itself, milliners also needed the skills for working with the plumes. From the immediately post-Edwardian era, this book addresses not the plumes worn at court but attached to the hats of the fashionable:&lt;blockquote&gt;Prince of Wales feathers ... consist of three small ostrich feathers, one placed high in the center and the other two placed just below, so that the flues of the two lowest feathers will cover the stem of the one at the top. They are frequently referred to as the Prince de Galles. The Prince of Wales tips are used for trimming hats for the mature woman and are quite frequently separated and used to encircle the crown of a wide-brimmed hat for a younger woman. In case they are used in this manner the wire items should be cut off and the back of the feather sewed firmly to the hat. Small feathers that are attached to the side crown of the hat should be sewed on with silk floss matching the feather in color. Sew over the stem but not through it, so that, / after the entire hat is trimmed, each feather may be twisted and turned to its proper position.&lt;ref&gt;Cné, Orna. &quot;Flowers and Feathers.&quot; &quot;Natural and Man-Made Feathers.&quot; Children and Misses' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak08AQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=RA5-PA28&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;hl=en|title=Woman's Institute Reference Library ... V. A7-A9|last=millinery|first=Woman's Institute of Domestic Arts and Sciences Department of|date=1916|publisher=International textbook Company|language=en}} 1916. Google Books [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;pg=RA5-PA28&amp;printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Woman_s_Institute_Reference_Library_V_A7/Ak08AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Prince+of+Wales+plumes+women+headdress&amp;pg=RA5-PA28].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|28–29}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== The Crash ===
The market for ostrich plumes rose and fell several times: two years in which the plumes were not fashionable were 1885 and 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade|title=Ostrich feather trade|website=City of London|language=en|access-date=2022-12-22}} https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage/london-metropolitan-archives/collections/ostrich-feather-trade,&lt;/ref&gt; The fashion for prior years had used plumes and feathers of other birds to &quot;excess,&quot; as the 6 January 1886 ''Pall Mall Gazette'' put it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The Plumage League was founded in 1885, &quot;a predecessor of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Stein says,&lt;blockquote&gt;1913 proved a peak year for feather sales, but their popularity was not to endure long: feathers would soon be rejected by consumers on both sides of the Atlantic. This shift in taste ws at one aesthetic, political, and economic. It was prompted by several related factors: the success of the antiplumage and bird protection movement; an emerging sense of austerity in women's fashion catalyzed, in part, by the outbreak of the First World War; and the extensive oversupply of ostrich plumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; (802)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Questions about Ostrich Plumes and the Prince of Wales's Feathers ===
# At some point, women being presented at court were expected to wear a headdress with 3 white ostrich-feather plumes. When did this occur?
# At some point, did the court style of the feathered headdress became associated with the Prince of Wales' heraldic badge of the three ostrich-feather plumes?

== Phonograph, Gramophone, etc. ==
In &quot;England in 1903, ''gramophone'' distinctly meant the Berliner-Gramophon &amp; Typewriter disc machine, while cyclinder [sic] machines were known as ''phonographs'' or ''graphophones''.&quot; (Baring-Gould II 745, n. 15).

See also [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Electrophone|Electrophone]].

== Photography ==
*Daguerrotype
*Frames for photographs were common wedding gifts, and in the lists of gifts, reporters are likely to use the term ''photo'' as well as ''photograph frame''.

== Police Business ==
Francis Galton gave a paper &quot;to the British Association … on Finger-prints and the Detection of Crime in India. Galton's method was examined by a committee appointed by Asquith in 1894. … Finger-prints as a means of detecting criminals were first used by Sir William Herschel of the I.C.S. in the district of Hooghli, in Bengal. They were recognized as superior to Bertillon's anthropometry, and were recommended for all India in a report of 1896.&quot; (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9, quoting Vernon Rendall). Fingerprinting was adopted by Scotland Yard ikn 1901 (Baring-Gould II 425, n. 9).

== Retailers ==

* [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Edouard Henry Dreyfous]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|Worth, of Paris]]

=== Edouard Henry Dreyfous ===
A &quot;retailer of fine antique furniture and objets d’art with establishments in London (Mayfair), Paris and New York[, Dreyfous] was active in the late 19th century, from 1880, through early in the 20th century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;A Very Fine and Rare french 19th Century Louis XV Style Etched Glass, Ormolu and Porcelain (Probably by Sèvres) Encrier Inkwell by E''douard Henry Dreyfous''.&quot; Jan's &amp; Co., Inc.: Fine French Antiques &amp; Ojects d'Art. 17 June 2025 https://www.jansantiques.com/Lot/jac2520.php.&lt;/ref&gt; Born in France, &quot;Dreyfous called London his home and sold fine furnishings and objets d'art.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; He held a Royal Warrant (in the early 20th century at least), and his &quot;main clientele were some of the richest, most affluent and influential people from around the world, including Royalty,&quot; like Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Three gifts identified as having come from Dreyfous were given to [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen Stewart at her 1902 marriage to Lord Stavordale]], a green leather blotter apparently bought from Dreyfous as well as 2 trays.

== Sequins and Spangles ==
Sequins have holes in the center and spangles at the top; paillettes are large and flat.

Sequins themselves have a long history and were probably mass-produced by the end of the 19th century. The silver ones like the ones used in the Duchess of Devonshire's costume in 1897 were useful in garments worn only once because they would have tarnished, turning black and dull.

Sequins in one form or another have been used to decorate clothing, especially for the elite, for millennia (dating back to the Egyptians, discovered during and popularized by the opening of King Tutenkhamen's tomb in 1922&lt;ref&gt;Spivack, Emily. &quot;A History of Sequins from King Tut to the King of Pop.&quot; ''Smithsonian Magazine'' 28 December 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-history-of-sequins-from-king-tut-to-the-king-of-pop-8035/ (accessed December 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;). 

== Servants and Household Staff ==

Sally Mitchell says that &quot;The most typical middle-class urban household had three female servants: cook, housemaid, and nursemaid. The cook was in charge&quot; (Mitchell 52). &lt;blockquote&gt;When there were only two or three servants, the cook cleaned the kitchen and dining room and swept the outside steps; she might also look after children for part of the day. ...

Housemaids swept, dusted, and cleaned. If there were no menservants, the housemaids carried coal and tended fires; even if there were menservants, housemaids would be responsible for the fires in the bedrooms used by women and children. They also carried water upstairs, saw to baths, emptied slops, and looked after lamps. (Mitchell 54)

The standard outfit for female servants consisted of a washable cotton dress (usually of striped or printed material) with a full-length apron and a white cap, which was worn in the morning while cleaning. Servants who might be visible during the afternoons wore a black dress with a fancier cap and apron. (Mitchell 56) &lt;/blockquote&gt;In England, &quot;servants made up 16% of the national workforce in 1891&quot; (Poole 1993 220).

At the end of the 1890s, in a household in the Paddington district in London, the staff might have been paid the following:
*cook £30 a year 
*house parlormaid between £18 to £15 a year 
*tweeny between £10 to £15 a year 
(Baring-Gould II 225, n. 3, quoting M. Harrison) 

== Telephone and Telegraph ==
&quot;The telegram rate to France of twopence a word was introduced in 1889 and continued until 1920, when it changed to twopence halfpenny; the rate to Switzerland at the time was threepence a word (it dropped to twopence halfpenny in 1909 but reverted to threepence in 1926).&quot; (Baring-Gould II 658, n. 6, quoting Kaser).

=== Electrophone ===
On Monday, 11 May 1896,&lt;blockquote&gt;An electrophone has been installed at Marlborough House, whereby the Prince of Wales and family on Monday listened to the Drury Lane opera and selections from other pieces in various London theatres.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Latest Home News by the 'Carthage.'&quot; ''Civil &amp; Military Gazette'' (Lahore) 12 May 1896, Tuesday: 4 [of 18], Col. 1b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18960512/036/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Typewriter ==

=== Typewriter Manufacturers ===
*Berliner-Gramophon &amp; Typewriter
*Remington

=== Writers and Their Typewriters ===

==== [[Social Victorians/People/William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats]] ====
Yeats wrote &quot;The Second Coming&quot; on a typewriter? In these comments, a ''typewriter'' is a person, not a machine:
*letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 10 April 1902, from 18 Woburn Bldgs: &quot;I am working at my novel — dictating to a typewriter. I dictated 2000 words in an hour and ten minutes yesterday — and go on again tomorrow. This dictation is really a discovery&quot; (Wade 370).
*letter WBY to Lady Gregory, 3 April 1905, from 8 Cavendish Row, Dublin: &quot;You will be sorry to hear that I have just dictated a rough draft of a new Grania second act to Moore's typewriter&quot; (Wade 368).

==== Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes ====
*&quot;I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well&quot; (in &quot;A Case of Identity,&quot; Baring-Gould I 414). 
*&quot;'And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank,' Homes continued. 'I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the &quot;e's&quot; slurred and the &quot;r's&quot; tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well.'&quot; (Baring-Gould I 414) [September 1891]
*G. Lestrade sends Holmes a typescript of a statement dictated to the police, &quot;taken down, just as he made it, by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose&quot; (in &quot;The Cardboard Box,&quot; January 1893, in Baring-Gould II 204). 
*Laura Lyons in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 &quot;The Hound of the Baskervilles&quot; has &quot;a typewriting business,&quot; and when Watson visits her, she is &quot;sitting before a Remington typewriter&quot; (Baring-Gould II 74). 
&quot;'In … the ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' (November-December, 1947) there appears a review of an article in the Police Journal, the title of which is &quot;Identification of Typewriting,&quot; reputedly by one George McLean,' Mr. Archibald Hart wrote in 'The Effects of Trades Upon Hands.' 'Is it not apparent that some hoarder of the only existent copies of all of Holmes' brochures is now releasing them one by one under false authorships? 'McLean' urges us to note the peculiarities of each typed character, the vertical and horizontal alignment, the side impressions of each character, and the shortening of the serifs in P, D, B, and H, and the diacritic in the letter T.'&quot; (Baring-Gould I 415, n. 28).

==== Teddy Roosevelt ====
Teddy Roosevelt was the first U.S. President to use a typewriter.

==== Victorian Fiction with Typewriters ====
From a discussion on the Victoria listserv, January 2021; my thanks to the contributors to the thread &quot;Victorian Fiction about Typewriters or Typed Letters.&quot;

* Allen, Grant. ''Miss Cayley's Adventures''.
** “The Adventure of the Urbane Old Gentlemen” (16.91, August 1898): 201–212.
** “The Adventure of the Unprofessional Detective” (17.98, February 1899): 191–201.
** “The Adventure of the Cross-Eyed Q.C.” (16.96, December 1898): 688–698.
* Allen, Grant. ''The Type-Writer Girl''. (1897)
* Bangs, John Kendrick. ''The Enchanted Typewriter''. (Harper &amp; Brothers, 1899)
* Burnett, Frances Hodgson. ''The Shuttle''. (1906
* Cape, Bernard. &quot;Poor Lucy Rivers&quot; (1906 collection, periodical publication earlier)
* Doyle, Arthur Conan. &quot;The Adventure of A Case of Identity.&quot;
* Gallon, Tom. ''The Girl Behind the Keys''. Hutchinson &amp; Co. (1903.
* Gissing, George. ''The Odd Women''
* Bram Stoker, ''Dracula'' (1897)

==== Secondary Sources on Typewriters ====
* Gardey, Delphine (2001). ''Le dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire: Histoire des employés de bureau, 1890–1930. Histoire et Société: Modernités''. Ed by Louis Bergeron and Patrice Bourdelais. Paris: Berlin, 2001.
* Keep, Christopher. “The Introduction of the Sholes &amp; Glidden Type-Writer, 1874.″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=christopher-keep-the-introduction-of-the-sholes-glidden-type-writer-1874).
* Price, Leah, and Pamela Thurschwell, eds. ''Literary Secretaries / Secretarial Culture''. Routledge, 2005.
* Thurschwell, Pamela. Chapter on typewriters. ''Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920''. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
* Wanggren, Lena. &quot;Typewriters and Typists: Secretarial Agency at the Fin de Siècle,&quot; Chapter 3 in her ''Gender, Technology and the New Woman'' (Edinburgh University Press).
* Young, Arlene. “The Rise of the Victorian Working Lady: The New-Style Nurse and the Typewriter, 1840-1900″ BRANCH (http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=arlene-young-the-rise-of-the-victorian-working-lady-the-new-style-nurse-and-the-typewriter-1840-1900)

==Works Cited==
*Simons, Larry. &quot;More on Bathing Machines.&quot; Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002.
*Speranza, J. L. &quot;Something between a Large Bathing-machine.&quot; Posting to Savoynet 22 December 2002.

== References ==
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      <text bytes="189056" sha1="fxf3bj5th841mykh2bi49esmrjrg1xj" xml:space="preserve">Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have.

We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does.

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's ==
[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below.

=== À la Romaine ===
[[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']]
A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls.

Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments.

For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' &quot;at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|81, Col. 2c}}

[[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]]
[[File:Frans_Hals_-_The_Meagre_Company_(detail)_-_WGA11119.jpg|thumb|Frans Hals - The Meagre Company (detail) - WGA11119.jpg]]

=== Cavalier ===
As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier style established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&amp;oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress.

=== Coats ===

==== Doublet ====
* In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''.
* Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.

==== Pourpoint ====
A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor.

==== Surcoat ====
Sometimes just called ''coat''.

[[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]]
=== Hose, Stockings and Tights ===
Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights.

In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as &quot;Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted.

''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous.

In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling.

The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait.

In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject.

=== Shoes and Boots ===

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's ==

=== '''Chérusque''' ===
According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&amp;oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corsage ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the &quot;'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;corsage, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making.

The sense of &quot;a bouquet worn on the bodice&quot; is, according to the ''OED'', American.

=== Décolletage ===

=== Girdle ===

=== Mancheron ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a &quot;historical&quot; word for &quot;A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;mancheron, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve &quot;cut directly on the bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&amp;oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Petticoat ===

According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a &lt;blockquote&gt;skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.&lt;ref&gt;“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', &quot;The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries.&quot; However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. 

In the 19th century, women wore their chemises, bloomers and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|hoops]] under their petticoats. 

=== Stomacher ===
According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is &quot;An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry.

=== Train ===
A train is

The Length of the Train

'''For the monarch [or a royal?]'''

According to Debrett's,&lt;blockquote&gt;A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer:

* Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet
* Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet
* Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet
* Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet
* Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms.

Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?''']

== Hats, Bonnets and Headwear ==

=== Women's ===

==== Fontanges ====
Another fontange:
[[File:Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg|none|thumb|Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg]]
[[File:Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg|none|thumb|Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg]]

=== Men's ===

== Cinque Cento ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cinquecento, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century.

== Corset ==
[[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]]
The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. 

This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.)

* This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.
* The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.
* The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.
* The sharp definition of the waist was caused by
** length of the corset (especially on the sides)
** the stiffness of the boning
** the layers of fabric
** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)
** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom
** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom
* The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.
* The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.
* The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.
* This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.
The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century &quot;look&quot; is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets.

==== Things To Add ====
[[File:Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|thumb|Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|none]]

* Corset as an outer garment, 18th century, in place of a stomacher&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (419)
* Corsets could be laced in front or back
* Methods for making the holes for the laces and the development of the grommet (in the 1830s)

== Court Dress ==
Also Levee and drawing-room

== Crevé ==
''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;creve, v.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.''']

== Elaborations ==
In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|93}}

Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at &quot;historical accuracy&quot; reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,&lt;blockquote&gt;In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.&lt;ref&gt;Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&amp;A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.&lt;/ref&gt; (117)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Aglets from Spanish portraits - collage by shakko.jpg|thumb|alt=A collage of 12 different ornaments typically worn by elite people from Spain in the 1500s and later|Aglets — Detail from Spanish Portraits]]
=== Aglet, Aiglet ===
Historically, an aglet is a &quot;point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches).

Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584 (316) portrait (above right, in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#16th Century|Hoops section]]) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its &quot;typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour,&quot; with &quot;handsome aiglets cascad[ing] down center front.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt; (315)

=== Frou-frou ===
In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&amp;oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&amp;oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial and, perhaps, excessive.

=== Plastics ===
Small poufs of fabric connected in a strip in the 18th century, Rococo styles.

=== Pouf, Puff, Poof ===
According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a &quot;kind of women's hairstyle&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing.

=== Shirring ===
''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam.

=== Sequins ===
Sequins, paillettes, spangles

Sequins — or paillettes — are &quot;small, scalelike glittering disks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as &quot;Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&amp;oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.&lt;/ref&gt; The first instance of ''spangle'' as &quot;A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts&quot; is from c. 1420.&lt;ref&gt;“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger).

Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins.

=== Trim and Lace ===
''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6–7}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ====

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — &quot;And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work.&quot; In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel&quot; worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold &quot;tissue&quot; to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver.

Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the &quot;gold wire&quot; of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &amp;c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. &quot;Gold and silver,&quot; says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, &quot;are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly.&quot;

Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as &quot;orris,&quot; fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality.  Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies.

The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &amp;c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.&lt;ref&gt;William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. &quot;Gold and Silver Lace.&quot; In &quot;Gold.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Honiton Lace ====

Kate Stradsin says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Strasdin, Kate. &quot;Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research.&quot; ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt  http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads &quot;Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]]
==== Passementerie ====
''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great &quot;''exubérance''&quot; in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&amp;oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Point d'Alençon Lace ====
A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure.

Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is &quot;a two thread [needlepoint] lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a &quot;floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}}

The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.&lt;/ref&gt; The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine.

== Elastic ==
Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of &quot;Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“elastic, adj. &amp; n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: &quot;The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Fabric ==

=== Brocatelle ===
Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du &lt;abbr&gt;xvi&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&amp;oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Which translates to this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an &quot;imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed&quot; between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;brocatelle, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broché ===

=== Ciselé ===

=== Crépe de Chine ===
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is &quot;often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;crêpe, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is &quot;a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk.&quot;

=== Crinoline ===
Technically, crinoline was a fabric made mostly of horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, similar to buckram today, used in men's military collars and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinolines|women's foundation garments]]. Lewandowski defines crinoline as &lt;blockquote&gt;(1840–1865 C.E.). France. Originally horsehair cloth used for officers' collars. Later used for women's underskirts to support skirts. Around 1850, replaced by many petticoats, starched and boned. Around 1856, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline Hoops|light metal cage]] was developed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Épinglé Velvet ===
Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. 

=== Lace ===
While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]].

=== Liberty Fabrics ===

=== Lisse ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a &quot;kind of silk gauze&quot; was used in the 19th-century UK and US.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;lisse, n.1.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satin ===
The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's &quot;insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description&quot; at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Selesia ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is &quot;A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Silesia, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — &quot;Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sleazy, adj.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; — may be related.

=== Shot Fabric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', &quot;Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.&lt;/ref&gt; A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers.

=== Tissue ===
A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft.

Historically, the term in English was used for a &quot;rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver&quot; or &quot;various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fan ==

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century &lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;C&lt;/small&gt;. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day.

Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies.

Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals.

Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously  proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes.

The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century.

The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes.

During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other &quot;genre&quot; painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &amp;c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum.

Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.&lt;ref&gt;J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. &quot;Fan.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Folding fans were available and popular early and are common accessories in portraits of fashionable women through the centuries.

== Costumes for Theatre and Fancy Dress ==
Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe and North America during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. 

At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. 

=== Fancy Dress ===
In her ''Magnificent Entertainments: Fancy Dress Balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898'', Cynthia Cooper describes the resources available to those needing help making a costume for a fancy-dress ball:&lt;blockquote&gt;There were a number of places eager ballgoers could turn for assistance and inspiration. Those with a scholarly bent might pore over history books or study pictures of paintings or other works of art. For more direct advice, one could turn to the barrage of published information specifically on fancy dress. Women’s magazines such as ''Godey’s Lady’s Book'' and ''The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine'' sometimes featured fancy dress designs and articles, and enticing specialized books were available with extensive recommendations for choosing fancy dress. By far the most complete sources were the books by [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], a prolific British authority on the subject. Holt’s book for women, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (published in six editions between 1879 and 1896), began with the query, ‘‘But what are we to wear?” Holt’s companion book, ''Gentlemen’s Fancy Dress:'' ''How to Choose It'', was also published in six editions from 1882 to 1905. Other prominent authorities included Mrs. Aria’s ''Costume: Fanciful, Historical, and Theatrical'' and, in the US, the Butterick Company’s ''Masquerade and Carnival: Their Customs and Costumes''. The Butterick publication relied heavily on Holt, copying large sections of the introduction outright and paraphrasing other sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Cooper, Cynthia. ''Magnificent entertainments: fancy dress balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898''.Fredericton, N.B.; Hull, Quebec: Goose Lane Editions and Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1997. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/magnificententer0000coop/.&lt;/ref&gt; (28–29)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Cynthia Cooper discusses how &quot;historical accuracy&quot; works in historical fiction and historical dress: &lt;blockquote&gt;A seemingly accurate costume and coiffure bespoke a cultured individual whose most gratifying compliment would be “historically correct.” Those who were fortunate enough to own actual clothing from an earlier period might wear it with pride as a historical relic, though they would generally adapt or remake it in keeping with the aesthetics of their own period. Historical accuracy was always in the eye of beholders inclined to overlook elements of current fashion in a historical costume. Theatre had long taught the public that if a costume appeared tasteful and attractive, it could be assumed to be accurate. Even at Queen Victoria’s fancy dress balls, costume silhouette was always far more like the fashionable dress of the period than of the time portrayed. For this reason, many extant eighteenth-century dresses show evidence of extensive alterations done in the nineteenth century, no doubt for fancy dress purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; (25) &lt;/blockquote&gt;The newspaper ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. Holt also wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. 

In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: &quot;Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Ardern. &quot;Fancy Dress a la Mode.&quot; The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.&lt;/ref&gt; Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy.

As Leonore Davidoff says, &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations]

=== Historical Accuracy ===
Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages.

The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor.

By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric).

* clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques
* Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was.

==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look &quot;Victorian&quot; to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. 

Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. 

==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways.

* Trim
* Mixing neck treatments
* Hair
* Breeches
* Shoes and boots
* Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots

== Feathers and Plumes ==

=== Aigrette ===
Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as &quot;France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle.

=== Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes ===
The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]].

For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes.

First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt;It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.

White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abstract&quot; for Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?'''

Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]:

# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]]
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]]
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)
#Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay
#Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'')
#[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers
#Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775
#Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde &quot;Daisy&quot; Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick
#Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri
#Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette

More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers:

*

==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ====
* Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x.
* &quot;Prince of Wales's feathers.&quot; ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page''']
* Simpson, William. &quot;On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers.&quot; ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=643&amp;q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.

== Honors ==

=== The Bath ===
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion)

=== The Garter ===
The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion)

[[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 &quot;Last Knight&quot; exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]]
=== The Golden Fleece ===
To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be &quot;the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world&quot; because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&amp;oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]]
The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the &quot;turn of the XV and XVI centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Polski:  Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]].

The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit.

The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.&lt;ref&gt;Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Victorian Order ===
(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member)

=== St. John ===
The Order of the Knights of St. John

=== Star of India ===
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion)

=== Thistle ===
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle

== Hoops ==
'''This section is under construction right now'''.

Over the 19th century fashionable shapes for women's skirts — and their bodies — evolved ever more quickly, and sometimes several distinct silhouettes were fashionable at the same time. This evolution occurred as a result of changes in a number of large cultural factors:

#what was most fashionable changed over time, and the speed with which those changes occurred accelerated, which is associated with technological developments, the materials for clothing and foundations and the technologies for creating them
#* Over the course of the century, the materials that hoops were made of evolved, to include whalebone (cartilage), cane, iron and steel bands or wire as well as, apparently, sometimes rubber elastic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; The evolution caused the hoops to become lighter and smoother. The cage also stopped the movement of fullness in skirts to the back.
#* grommets
#* the various materials used to make hoops
#* sewing machines
#* machines to make lace
#* aniline dyes
#relationship between fashion and social class: changes in conditions for women as social classes developed and increased wealth among the growing oligarchy, the needs among middle- and working-class women for freedom of movement and safety from fires
#*role of elites in controlling (sumptuary laws)
#*setting the style (Marie Antoinette)
#*development of the upper 10,000: expanding class of elite to include larger upper middle class, expanding aristocracy, growing oligarchy, internationalization of aristocracy and oligarchy, to include European royals seeking shelter in the U.K., American heiresses admitted into British aristocracy
#*role of Victoria as queen, leader of one branch of the aristocracy, her domesticity, her sense of style
#*fashion began to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by people in the middle and sometimes working classes
#Impact of fashion on women's mobility, women's rights
#evolutionary process in the development of hoops: not discrete structures but over the centuries one leads to another
Terms: farthingale, panniers, hoops, crinoline, cage, bustle

Between 1450 and 1550 a loosely woven, very stiff fabric made from linen and horsehair was used in &quot;horsehair petticoats.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|137}} Heavy and scratchy, these petticoats made the fabric of the skirt lie smooth, without wrinkles or folds. Over time, this horsehair fabric was used in several kinds of objects made from fabric, like hats and padding for poufs, but it is best known for its use in the structure of hoops, or cages. Horsehair fabric was used until the mid-19th century, when it  was called ''crinoline'' and used for petticoats again (1840–1865).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}} We still call this fabric ''crinoline''.

''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn by a woman to hold her skirts away from her body. The term ''cage'' is also 19th century, and ''crinoline'' is sometimes used in a non-technical way for 19th-century cages as well. Both these terms are commonly used now for the general understructure of a woman's skirts, but they are not technically accurate for time periods before the 19th century.

As fashion, that cage-like structure was the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat, and created the fashionable silhouette from the 15th through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making hoops popular outside Spain for women of the elite classes. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, and it still is. The cage is notable for how long it lasted in fashion and for its complex evolution.

Together with the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corset]], the cage enabled all the changes in fashionable shapes, from the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers to the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear as a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while corsets did their work above it.

When hoops were first introduced in the 15th century, women's shoes for the first time differentiated from men's and became part of the fashionable look. In the periods when the skirts were flat in front (with the farthingale and in the transitional 17th century), they did not touch the floor, making shoes visible and important fashion accessories. Portraits of high-status, high-fashion women consistently show their pointy-toed shoes, which would have been more likely to show when they were moving than when they were standing still. The shoes seem to draw attention to themselves in these portraits, suggesting that they were important to the painters and, perhaps, the women as well.

In addition to the shape, the materials used to make hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel bands and wire. Initially fabric strips, tabs or ribbons were the vertical elements in the cages and evolved into channels in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt encasing wires or bands. Fabrics besides crinoline —  like cotton, silk and linen — were used to connect the hoops and bands in cages. All of these materials used in cages had disadvantages and advantages. 

=== Disadvantages and Advantages ===
Hoops affected the way women were able to move. ['''something about riding'''?]

==== Disadvantages ====
the weight, getting through doorways, sitting, the wind, getting into carriages, what the dances involved. Raising '''one's''' skirts to climb stairs or walk was more difficult with hoop. 

['''Contextualize with dates?'''] &quot;The combination of corset, bustle, and crinolette limited a woman's ability to bend except at the hip joint, resulting in a decorous, if rigid, sense of bearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Koda, Harold. ''Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed.'' The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; (130) 

As caricatures through the centuries makes clear, one disadvantage hoops had is that they could be caught by the wind, no matter what the structure was made of or how heavy it was. 

In her 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', Laura Ingalls Wilder writes a scene in which Laura's hoops have crept up under skirts because of the wind. Set in 1883,&lt;ref&gt;Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.&lt;/ref&gt; this very unusual scene shows a young woman highly skilled at getting her hoops back down without letting her undergarments show. The majority of European and North American women wore hoops in 1883, but to our knowledge no other writer from this time describes any solution to the problem of the wind under hoops or, indeed, a skill like Laura's. &lt;blockquote&gt;“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be.

“As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again.

“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.”

“They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie in the U.S., far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style, although she reads the American women's domestic and fashion monthly ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' and would know what was stylish.

==== '''Advantages''' ====
The '''weight''' of hoops was somewhat corrected over time with the use of steel bands and wires, as they were lighter than the wood, cane or whalebone hoops, which had to be thick enough to keep their shape and to keep from breaking or folding under the weight of the petticoats and skirts. Full skirts made women's waists look smaller, whether by petticoats or hoops. Being fashionable, being included among the smart set.

The hoops moved the skirts away from the legs and feet, making moving easier. 

By moving the heavy petticoats and skirts away from their legs, hoops could actually give women's legs and feet more freedom to move.

Because so few fully constructed hoop foundation garments still exist, we cannot be certain of a number of details about how exactly they were worn. For example, the few contemporary drawings of 19th-century hoops show bloomers beneath them but no petticoats. However, in the cold and wind (and we know from Laura Ingalls Wilder how the wind could get under hoops), women could have added layers of petticoats beneath their hoops for warmth.[[File:Chaise à crinolines.jpg|thumb|Chaise à Crinolines, 19th century]]
=== Accommodation ===
Hoops affected how women sat, and furniture was developed specifically to accommodate these foundation structures. The ''chaise à crinolines'' or chair for hoop skirts (right), dating from the 2nd half of the 19th century, has a gap between the seat and the back of the chair to keep her undergarments from showing as she sat, or even seated herself, and to reduce wrinkling of the fabric by accommodating her hoops, petticoats and skirts.[[File:Vermeer Lady Seated at a Virginal.jpg|thumb|Vermeer, Lady Seated at a Virginal|left]]Vermeer's c. 1673 ''Lady Seated at a Virginal'' (left) looks like she is sitting on this same kind of chair, suggesting that furniture like this had existed long before the 19th century. Vermeer's painting shows how the chair could accommodate her hoops and the voluminous fabric of her skirts.

The wide doorways between the large public rooms in the Palace of Versailles could accommodate wide panniers. '''Louis XV and XVI of France occupied an already-built Versailles, but they both renovated the inside over time'''.

Some configurations of hoops permitted folding, and of course the width of the hoops themselves varied over time and with the evolving styles and materials.

With hoops, skirts moved away from the legs and feet, and when skirts got shorter, to above the floor, women's feet had nearly unrestricted freedom to move. Evening gowns, with trains, were still restrictive.

A modern accommodation are the leaning boards developed in Hollywood for women wearing period garments like corsets and long, full skirts. The leaning boards allowed the actors to rest without sitting and wrinkling their clothes.[[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a woman wearing a dress from the 1400s holding the decapitated head of a man with a halo before a table of people at a dinner party|Pedro García de Benabarre, Detail from St. John Altarpiece, Showing Visible Hoops]]
=== Early Hoops ===
Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for at least 3 centuries.

A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salomé (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like visible wooden hoops attached to the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it.

The clothing and hairstyles of the people in this painting are sufficiently realistic to offer details for analysis. The foundation garments the women are wearing are corsets and bum rolls. Because none still exist, we do not know how these hoops attached to the skirts or how they related structurally to the corset. The bottom hoop on Salomé's skirt rests on the ground, and her feet are covered. The women near her are kneeling, so not all their hoops show. 

The painter De Benabarre was &quot;active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.&lt;/ref&gt; so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon, whose hoops are now called a farthingale.

=== Early Farthingale ===
In the 16th century, the foundation garment we call ''hoops'' was called a ''farthingale''. Elizabeth Lewandowski says that the metal supports (or structure) in the hoops were made of wire:&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;FARTHINGALE: Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;''{{rp|105}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The French term for ''farthingale'' is ''vertugadin'' — &quot;un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&amp;oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.&lt;/ref&gt; The French also called the farthingale a &quot;''cachenfant'' for its perceived ability to hide pregnancy,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clothes on the Shakespearean Stage.&quot; Carleton Production. Amazon Web Services. https://carleton-wp-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/84/2023/05/Clothes-on-the-Shakespearean-Stage_-1.pdf (retrieved April 2025).&lt;/ref&gt; not unreasonable given the number of portraits where the subject wearing a farthingale looks as if she might be pregnant. The term in Spanish is ''vertugado''. Nowadays clothing historians make clear distinctions among these terms, especially farthingale, bustle and hip roll, but the terminology then did not need to distinguish these garments from later ones.

The hoops on the outsides of the skirts in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be considered a vertugado.[[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a princess wearing a richly jeweled outfit|Alonso Sánchez Coello, Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia Wearing a Vertugado, c. 1584]]

Blanche Payne says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the [16th] century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|291}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In fact, &quot;The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death, then was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn.

Of England, Lewandowski says that &quot;Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|291}} That is, hoops were &quot;quite generally worn&quot; among the ruling and aristocratic classes in England, and may have been worn by some women among the wealthy bourgeoisie. Sumptuary laws addressed &quot;certain features of garments that are decorative in function, intended to enhance the silhouette&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-22|title=Sumptuary law|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_law|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and signified wealth and status, but they were generally not very successful and not enforced well or consistently. (Sumptuary laws &quot;attempted to regulate permitted consumption, especially of clothing, food and luxury expenditures&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-27|title=sumptuary law|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumptuary_law|journal=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in order to mark class differences and, for our purposes, to use fashion to control women and the burgeoning middle class.)

The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an symmetrical A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|316}} portrait (right) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its &quot;typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|315–316}}

The shoes do not show in the portraits of women wearing the Spanish cone-shaped vertugado. The round hoops stayed in place in front, even though the skirts might touch the floor, giving the women's feet enough room to take steps. 

By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales had evolved separately and were no longer the same garment.[[File:Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the YoungerFXD.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a queen in a white dress with shoulders and hips exaggerated by her dress|Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Queen Elizabeth I in a French Cartwheel Farthingale, 1592|left]]

The French vertugadin — a cartwheel farthingale — was a flat &quot;platter&quot; of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt fell straight to the floor, into a kind of asymmetrical drum shape that was balanced by strict symmetry in the rest of the garment. The English Queen Elizabeth I is wearing a French drum-shaped farthingale in Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger's c. 1592 portrait (left).[[File:Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England.jpg|thumb|Hilliard, Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England, c. 1598–1599]]In Nicholas Hilliard's c. 1598–1599 portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (right), an extraordinary showing of jewels, pearls and embroidery from the top of her head to the tips of her toes make for a spectacular outfit. The drum of the cartwheel farthingale is closer to the body beneath the point of the bodice, and the underskirt is gathered up the sides of the foundation corset to where her natural waistline would be. The gathers flatten the petticoat from the point to the hem, and the fabric collected at the sides falls from the edge of the drum down to her ankles.

Associated with the cartwheel farthingale was a very long waist and a skirt slightly shorter in the front. A rigid corset with a point far below the waist and the downward-angled farthingale flattened the front of the skirt. Because the skirt in front over a cartwheel farthingale was closer to the woman's body and did not touch the floor, the dress flowed and the women's shoes showed as they moved. Almost all portraits of women wearing cartwheel farthingales show the little pointy toes of their shoes. In Gheeraerts' painting, Queen Elizabeth's feet draw attention to themselves, suggesting that showing the shoes was important.

Farthingales were heavy, and together with the rigid corsets and the construction of the dress (neckline, bodice, sleeves, mantle), women's movement was quite restricted. Although their feet and legs had the freedom to move under the hoops, their upper bodies were held in place by their foundation garments and their clothing, the sleeves preventing them from raising their arms higher than their shoulders. This restriction of the movement of their arms can be seen in Elizabethan court dances that included clapping. They clapped their hands beside their heads rather than over their heads.

The steady attempts in the sumptuary laws to control fine materials for clothing reveals the interest middle-class women had in wearing what the cultural elite were wearing at court.

=== The Transitional 17th Century ===
What had been starched and stiff in women's dress in the 16th century — like ruffs and collars — became looser and flatter in the 17th. This transitional period in women's clothing also introduced the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Cavalier|Cavalier style of men's dress]], which began with the political movement in support of England's King Charles II while he was still living in France. Like the ones women wore, men's ruffs and collars were also no longer starched or wired, making them looser and flatter as well.

For much of the 17th century — beginning about 1620, according to Payne — skirts were not supported by the cage-like hoops that had been so popular.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|355}} Without structures like hoops, skirts draped loosely to the floor, but they did not fall straight from the waist. Except for dressing gowns (which sometimes appear in portraiture in spite of their informality), the skirts women wore were held away from the body by some kind of padding or stiffened roll around the waist and at the hips, sometimes flat in front, sometimes not. The skirts flowed from the hips, either straight down or in an A-line depending on the cut of the skirt.
[[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982.jpg|thumb|Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]]
==== Hip Rolls ====
This c. 1600 Dutch engraving attributed to Maerten de Vos (right) shows two servants dressing two wealthy women in masks and hip rolls. In its title of this engraving the Metropolitan Museum of Art calls a hip roll a ''bustle'' (which it defines as a padded roll or a French farthingale),&lt;ref&gt;De Vos, Maerten. &quot;The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles.&quot; Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vanity_of_Women_Masks_and_Bustles_MET_DT4982.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; but the engraving itself calls it a ''cachenfant''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;De Vos, Maerten (attrib. to). &quot;The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles.&quot; Circa 1600. ''The Costume Institute: The Metropolitan Museum of Art''. Object Number: 2001.341.1. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82615&lt;/ref&gt; The craftsmen in the back are wearing masks. The one on the left is making the masks that the shop sells, and the one on the right is making the hip rolls.

The serving woman on the left is fitting a mask on what is probably her mistress. The kneeling woman on the right is tying a hip roll on what is probably hers.

The text around the engraving is in French and Dutch. The French passages read as follows (clockwise from top left), with the word ''cachenfant'' (farthingale) bolded:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Orne moy auecq la masque laide orde et sale:
&lt;br&gt;Car laideur est en moy la beaute principale.

Achepte dame masques &amp; passement:
&lt;br&gt;Monstre vostre pauvre [?] orgueil hardiment.

Venez belles filles auecq fesses maigres:
&lt;br&gt;Bien tost les ferayie rondes &amp; alaigres.

Vn '''cachenfant''' come les autres me fault porter:
&lt;br&gt;Couste qu'il couste; le fol la folle veult aymer.

Voy cy la boutiquel des enragez amours,
&lt;br&gt;De vanite, &amp; d'orgueil &amp; d'autres tels tours:

D'ont plusieurs qui parent la chair puante,
&lt;br&gt;S'en vont auecq les diables en la gehenne ardante.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Which translates, roughly, into
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Adorn me with the ugly, dirty, and orderly mask:
&lt;br&gt;For ugliness is the principal beauty in me.

Buy, lady, masks and trimmings:
&lt;br&gt;Boldly show your poor [?] pride.

Come, beautiful girls with thin buttocks:
&lt;br&gt;Soon, make them round and cheerful.

I must wear a [farthingale, lit. &quot;hide child&quot;] like the others:
&lt;br&gt;No matter how much it costs; the madman wants to love.

See here the store of rabid loves,
&lt;br&gt;Of vanity, and pride, and other such tricks:

Many of whom adorn the stinking flesh,
&lt;br&gt;Go with the devils to the burning hell.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982 (detail of padded rolls or French farthingales).jpg|thumb|Detail of Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]]
Traditionally thought of as padding, the hip rolls, at least in this detail of the c. 1600 engraving (right), are hollow and seem to be made cylindrical by what looks like rings of cane or wire sewn into channels. The kneeling woman is tying the strings that attach the hip roll, which is being worn above the petticoat and below the overskirt that the mistress is holding up and back. The hip roll under construction on the table looks hollow, but when they are finished the rolls look padded and their ends sewn closed.

Farthingales were more complex than is usually assumed. Currently, ''farthingale'' usually refers to the cane or wire foundation that shaped the skirt from about 1450 to 1625, although the term was not always used so precisely. Padding was sometimes used to shape the skirt, either by itself or in addition to the cartwheel and cone-shaped foundational structures. The padding itself was in fact another version of hoops that were structured both by rings as well as padding. Called a bustle, French farthingale, cachenfant, bum barrel&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42}} or even (quoting Ben Jonson, 1601) bum roll&lt;ref&gt;Cunnington, C. Willett (Cecil Willett), and Phillis Cunnington. ''Handbook of English Costume in the Sixteenth Century''. Faber and Faber, 1954. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/handbookofenglis0000unse_e2n2/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|161}} in its day, the hip roll still does not have a stable name. The common terms for what we call the hip roll now include ''bum roll'' and ''French farthingale''. The term ''bustle'' is no longer associated with the farthingale.

==== Bunched Skirts or Padding ====
The speed with which trends in clothing changed began to accelerate in the 17th century, making fashion more expensive and making keeping up with the latest styles more difficult. Part of the transition in this century, then, is the number of silhouettes possible for women, including early forms of what became the pannier in the 18th century and what became the bustle in the late 19th. In the later periods, these forms of hoops involved &quot;baskets&quot; or cages (or crinolines), but during this transitional period, these shapes were made from &quot;stiffened rolls [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hip Rolls|hip rolls]]] that were tied around the waist&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bendall, Sarah A. () The Case of the “French Vardinggale”: A Methodological Approach to Reconstructing and Understanding Ephemeral Garments, ''Fashion Theory'' 2019 (23:3), pp. 363-399, DOI: [[doi:10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862|10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|369}} at the hips under the skirts or from bunched fabric, or both. The fabric-based volume in the back involved the evolution of an overskirt, showing more and more of the underskirt, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|petticoat]], beneath it. This development transformed the petticoat into an outer garment.[[File:Princess Teresa Pamphilj Cybo, by Jacob Ferdinand Voet.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1670]]
[[File:Caspar Netscher - Girl Standing before a Mirror - 1925.718 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|thumb|Netscher, Girl Standing before a Mirror|left]]

Two examples of the bunched overskirt can be seen in Caspar Netscher's ''Girl Standing before a Mirror'' (left) and Voet's ''Portrait of Anna Pamphili'' (right), both painted about 1670. (This portrait of Anna Pamphili and the one below right were both misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.) In both these portraits, the overskirt is split down the center front, pulled to the sides and toward the back and stitched (probably) to keep the fabric from falling flat. The petticoat, which is now an outer garment, hangs straight to the floor. In Netscher's portrait, the girl's shoe shows, but the skirt rests on the ground, requiring her to lift her skirts to be able to walk, not to mention dancing. The dress in Anna Pamphili's portrait is an interesting contrast of soft and hard. The embroidery stiffens the narrow petticoat, suggesting it might have been a good choice for a static portrait but not for moving or dancing.

Besides bunched fabric, the other way to make the skirts full at the hips was with hip rolls. Mierevelt's 1629 Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (below, left) shows a split overskirt, although the fabric is not bunched or draped toward the back. The fullness here is caused by a hip roll, which adds fullness to the hips and back, leaving the skirts flat in front. In this case the flatness of the roll in front pulls the overskirt slightly apart and reveals the petticoat, even this early in the century. One reason this portrait is striking because Elizabeth Stuart appears to be wearing a mourning band on her left arm. Also striking are the very elaborate trim and decorations, displaying Stuart's wealth and status, including the large ornament on the mourning band. [[File:Michiel van Mierevelt - Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), circa 1629.jpg|thumb|Michiel van Mierevelt, Elizabeth Stuart, c. 1629|left]][[File:Attributed to Voet - Portrait of Anna Pamphili, misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1671]]

The c. 1671 portrait of Anna Pamphili (below, right) shows an example of the petticoat's development as an outer garment. In the Mierevelt portrait (left), the petticoat barely shows. A half century later, in the portrait of Anna Pamphili, the overskirt is not split but so short that the petticoat is almost completely revealed. A hip roll worn under both the petticoat and the overskirt gives her hips breadth. The petticoat is gathered at the sides and smooth in the front, falling close to her body. The fullness of the petticoat and the overskirt is on the sides — and possibly the back. The heavily trimmed overskirt is stiff but not rigid. Anna Pamphili's shoe peeps out from under the flattened front of the petticoat.

The neckline, the hipline, the bottom of the overskirt, the trim at the hem of the petticoat and overskirt and the ribbons on the sleeves — as well as even the hair style — all give Pamphili's outfit a sophisticated horizontal design, a look that soon would become very important and influential as panniers gained popularity.

=== Panniers ===
The formal, high-status dress we most associate with the 18th century is the horizontal style of panniers, the hoops at the sides of the skirt, which is closer to the body in front and back. Popular in the mid century in France, panniers continued to dominate design in court dress in the U.K. &quot;well into the 19th century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} ''Paniers anglais'' were 8-hoop panniers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|219}}

Panniers were made from a variety of materials, most of which have not survived into the 21st century, and the most common materials used panniers has not been established. Lewandowski says that skirts were &quot;stretched over metal hoops&quot; that &quot;First appear[ed] around 1718 and [were] in fashion [for much of Europe] until 1800. ... By 1750 the one-piece pannier was replaced by [two pieces], with one section over each hip.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|219}} According to Payne, another kind of pannier &quot;consisted of a pair of caned or boned [instead of metal] pouches, their inner surfaces curved to the ... contour of the hips, the outside extending well beyond them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|428}} Given that it is a natural material, surviving examples of cane for the structure of panniers are an unexpected gift, although silk, linen and wool also occasionally exists in museum collections. No examples of bone structures for panniers exist, suggesting that bone is less hardy than cane. Waugh says that whalebone was the only kind of &quot;bone&quot; (it was actually cartilage, of course) used;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;Waugh, Norah. ''Corsets and Crinolines''. New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books, 1954. Rpt. Routledge/Theatre Arts Books, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|167}} Payne says cane and whalebone were used for panniers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|426}} Neither Payne nor Waugh mention metal. Examples of metal structures for panniers have also not survived, perhaps because they were rare or occurred later, during revolutionary times, when a lot of things got destroyed.

The pannier was not the only silhouette in the 18th century. In fact, the speed with which fashion changed continued to accelerate in this century. Payne describes &quot;Six basic forms,&quot; which though evolutionary were also quite distinct. Further, different events called for different styles, as did the status and social requirements for those who attended. For the first time in the clothing history of the culturally elite, different distinct fashions overlapped rather than replacing each other, the clothing choices marking divisions in this class.

The century saw Payne's &quot;Six basic forms&quot; or silhouettes generally in this order but sometimes overlapping:

# '''Fullness in the back'''. The fabric bustle. While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411}} The overskirt was all pulled to the back, the fullness probably mostly made by bunched fabric.
# '''The round skirt'''. &quot;The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops[,] in England by 1710, in France by 1720.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411}}
# '''The ellipse, panniers'''. &quot;The ellipse ... was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. ... English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411, 413}}
# '''Fullness in the back and sides'''. &quot;The dairy maid, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Polonaise|polonaise]], style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
# '''Fullness in the back'''. The return of the bustle in the 1780s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
# '''No fullness'''. The tubular [or Empire] form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
Hoops affected how women sat, went through doors and got into carriages, as well as what was involved in the popular dances. Length of skirts and trains. Some doorways required that women wearing wide panniers turn sideways, which undermined the &quot;entrance&quot; they were expected to make when they arrived at an event. Also, a woman might be accompanied by a gentleman, who would also be affected by her panniers and the width of the doorway. Over the century skirts varied from ankle length to resting on the floor. Women wearing panniers would not have been able to stand around naturally: the panniers alone meant they had to keep their elbows bent. 

[[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Wooden and Fabric-covered Structure for 18th-century Panniers|left]][[File:Hoop petticoat and corset England 1750-1780 LACMA.jpg|thumb|Hooped Petticoat and Corset, 1750–80]]The 1760–1770 French panniers (left) are &quot;a rare surviving example&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Panniers|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668|date=1760–70|accessdate=2025-01-01}}. The Costume Institute, Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668.&lt;/ref&gt; of the structure of this foundation garment. Almost no examples of panniers survive. The hoops are made with bent cane, held together with red velvet silk ribbon that looks pinked. The cane also appears to be covered with red velvet, and the hoops have metal &quot;hinges that allow [them] to be lifted, facilitating movement in tight spaces.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; This inventive hingeing permitted the wearer to lift the bottom cane and her skirts, folding them up like an accordion, lifting the front slightly and greatly reducing the width (and making it easier to get through doors). ['''Write the Met to ask about this description once it's finished. Are there examples of boned or metal panniers that they're aware of?''']

The corset and hoops shown (right) are also not reproductions and are also rare examples of foundation garments surviving from the 18th century. These hoops are made with cane held in place by casings sewn into a plain-woven linen skirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714|title=Woman's Hoop Petticoat (Pannier) {{!}} LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|access-date=2025-01-03}} Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714.&lt;/ref&gt; These 1750–1780 hoops are modestly wide, but the gathering around the casings for the hoops suggests that the panniers could be widened if longer hoops were inserted. (The corset shown with these hoops is treated in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|Corsets section]]. The mannequin is wearing a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise undergarment]] as well.)[[File:Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine1 copy.jpg|thumb|Martin van Meytens, Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine, c. 1760|left]]In her c. 1760 portrait (left), Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine is wearing exaggerated court-dress panniers, shown here about the widest that they got. Johanna Gabriele was the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, so she was a sister of Marie Antoinette, who also would have worn panniers as exaggerated as these. Johanna Gabriele's hairstyle has not grown into the huge bouffant style that developed to balance the wide court dress, so her outfit looks out of proportion in this portrait. And, because of her panniers, her arms look slightly awkward. The tips of her shoes show because her skirt has been pulled back and up to rest on them.

France had become the leader in high fashion by the middle of the century, led first by Madame Pompadour and then by Marie Antoinette, who was crowned queen in 1774.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-23|title=Marie Antoinette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Court dress has always been regulated, but it could be influenced. Marie Antoinette's influence was toward exaggeration, both in formality and in informality. In their evolution formal-dress skirts moved away from the body in front and back but were still wider on the sides and were decorated with massive amounts of trim, including ruffles, flowers, lace and ribbons. The French queen led court fashion into greater and greater excess: &quot;Since her taste ran to dancing, theatrical, and masked escapades, her costumes and those of her court exhibited quixotic tendencies toward absurdity and exaggeration.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|428}} Both Madame Pompadour's and Marie Antoinette's taste ran to extravagance and excess, visually represented in the French court by the clothing.[[File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in 1778 and 1779]]The two portraits (right), painted by Élizabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1778 on the left and 1779 on the right, show Marie Antoinette wearing the same dress. Although one painting has been photographed as lighter than the other, the most important differences between the two portraits are slight variations in the pose and the hairstyle and headdress. Her hair in the 1779 painting is in better proportion to her dress than it is in the earlier one, and the later headdress — a stylized mobcap — is more elaborate and less dependent on piled-up hair. (The description of the painting in Wikimedia Commons says she gave birth between these two portraits, which in particular affected her hair and hairline.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg.&quot; ''Wikimedia Commons'' [&lt;bdi&gt;Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, 2 portraits of Marie Antoinette&lt;/bdi&gt;] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_1778-1783.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt;)[[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|Queen Charlotte of England, 1781|left]]

In this 1781&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/wd/jAGip1dpEkf-Fw|title=Portrait of Queen Charlotte of England - Thomas Gainsborough, studio|website=Google Arts &amp; Culture|language=en|access-date=2025-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; portrait from the workshop of Thomas Gainsborough (left), Queen Charlotte is wearing panniers less exaggerated in width than Johanna Gabriele's. The English did not usually wear panniers as wide as those in French court dress, but the decoration and trim on the English Queen Charlotte's gown are as elaborate as anything the French would do.

The ruffles (many of them double) and fichu are made with a sheer silk or cotton, which was translucent rather than transparent. The ruffles on Queen Charlotte's sleeves are made of lace. The ruffles and poufs of sheer silk are edged in gold. The embroidered flowers and stripes, as well as the sequin discs and attached clusters are all gold. The skirt rose above the floor, revealing Queen Charlotte's pointed shoe. Shoes were fashion accessories because of the shorter length of the skirts.

The whole look is more balanced because of the bouffant hairstyle, the less extreme width in the panniers and the greater fullness in front (and, probably, back). 

The white dress worn by the queen in Season 1, Episode 4 of the BBC and Canal+ series ''Marie Antoinette'' stands out because nobody else is wearing white at the ball in Paris and because of the translucent silk or muslin fabric, which would have been imported from India at that time (some silk was still being imported from China). Muslin is not a rich or exotic fabric to us, but toward the end of the 18th century, muslin could be imported only from India, making it unusual and expensive.&lt;blockquote&gt;Another English contribution to the fashion of the eighties was the sheer white muslin dress familiar to us from the paintings of Reynolds, Romney, and Lawrence. In this respect the English fell under the spell of classic Greek influence sooner than the French did. Lacking the restrictions imposed by Marie Antoinette's court, the English were free to adapt costume designs from the source which was inspiring their architects and draftsmen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|438}} &lt;/blockquote&gt;So while a sheer white dress would have been unlikely in Marie Antoinette's court, according to Payne, the fabric itself was available and suddenly became very popular, in part because of its simplicity and its sheerness. The Empire style replaced the Rococo busyness in a stroke, like the French Revolution.

By the 1790s French and English fashion had evolved in very different directions, and also by this time, accepted fashion and court dress had diverged, with the formulaic properties of court dress — especially in France — preventing its development. In general,&lt;blockquote&gt;English women were modestly covered ..., often in overdress and petticoat; that heavier fabrics with more pattern and color were used; and that for a while hairdress remained more elaborate and headdress more involved than in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|441}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Even in such a rich and colorful court dress as Queen Charlotte is wearing in the Gainsborough-workshop portrait, her more &quot;modest&quot; dress shows these trends very clearly: the white (muslin or silk) and the elaborate style in headdress and hair.

=== Polonaise ===

==== Marie Antoinette — The Context ====

The robe à la Polonaise in casual court dress was popularized by Marie Antoinette for less formal settings and events, a style that occurred at the same time as highly formal dresses with panniers. An informal fashion not based on court dress, although court style would require panniers, though not always the extremely wide ones, and the new style. It was so popular that it evolved into one way court dress could be.[[File:Marie Antoinette in a Park Met DP-18368-001.jpg|thumb|Le Brun, ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'']]Trianon: Marie Antoinette's &quot;personal&quot; palace at Versailles, where she went to entertain her friends in a casual environment. While there, in extended, several-day parties, she and her friends played games, did amateur theatricals, wore costumes, like the stylization of what a dairy maid would wear. A release from the very rigid court procedures and social structures and practices. Separate from court and so not documented in the same way events at Versailles were.

In the c. 1780–81 sketch (right) of Marie Antoinette in a Park by Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun,&lt;ref&gt;Le Brun, Elisabeth Louise Vigée. ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'' (c. 1780–81). The Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/824771.&lt;/ref&gt; the queen is wearing a robe à la Polonaise with an apron in front, so we see her in a relatively informal pose and outfit. The underskirt, which is in part at least made of a sheer fabric, shows beneath the overskirt and the apron. This is a late Polonaise, more decoration, additions of ribbons, lace, lace, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ruffles, which did not exist on actual milkmaid dresses or earlier versions of the robe à la Polonaise. Even though this is a sketch, we can see that this dress would be more comfortable and convenient for movement because the bodice is not boned, and wrinkles in the bodice suggest that she is not likely wearing a corset. 

==== Definition of Terms ====

The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, the usage of the word in written English dating from 1773 although ''Polonaise'' is French for ''the Polish woman'', and the style arose in France:&lt;blockquote&gt;A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;“Polonaise, N. &amp; Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The lack of boning in the bodice would make this fashion more comfortable than the formal foundation garments worn in court dress.

The term ''á la polonaise'' itself is not in common use by the French nowadays, and the French ''Wikipédia'' doesn't use it for clothing. French fashion drawings and prints from the 18th-century, however, do use the term.

Elizabeth Lewandowski dates the Polonaise style from about 1750 to about 1790,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|123}} and Payne says it was &quot;prevalent&quot; in the 1770s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}

The style à la Polonaise was based on an idealization of what dairy maids wore, adapted by aristocratic women and frou-froued up. Two dairymaids are shown below, the first is a caricature of a stereotypical milkmaid and the second is one of Marie Antoinette's ladies in waiting costumed as a milkmaid.
[[File:La laitiere. G.16931.jpg|left|thumb|Mixelle, ''La Laitiere'' (the Milkmaid)]]
[[File:Madame A. Aughié, Friend of Queen Marie Antoinette, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon - Nationalmuseum - 21931.tif|thumb|Madame A. Aughié, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon]]In the aquatint engraving of ''La Laitiere'' (left) by Jean-Marie Mixelle (1758–1839),&lt;ref&gt;Mixelle, Jean-Marie. ''La Laitiere'', Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, Inventory Number: G.16931. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/la-laitiere-8#infos-secondaires-detail.&lt;/ref&gt; the milkmaid is portrayed as flirtatious and, perhaps, not virtuous. She is wearing clogs and two white aprons. Her bodice is laced in front, the ruffle is probably her chemise showing at her neckline, and the peplum sticks out, drawing attention to her hips. As apparently was typical, she is wearing a red skirt, short enough for her ankles to show. The piece around her neck has become untucked from her bodice, contributing to the sexualizing, as does the object hanging from her left hand and directing the eye to her bosom. (The collection of engravings that contains this one is undated but probably from the late 19th or early 20th century.)

The 1787 &lt;bdi&gt;Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller&lt;/bdi&gt; portrait of Madame Adélaïde Aughié in the Royal Dairy at Petit Trianon-Le Hameau&lt;ref&gt;Wertmüller, Adolf Ulrik. ''Adélaïde Auguié as a Dairy-Maid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon''. 1787. The National Museum of Sweden, Inventory number NM 4881. https://collection.nationalmuseum.se/en/collection/item/21931/.&lt;/ref&gt; (right) is about as casual as Le Trianon got. A contemporary of Marie Antoinette, she is in costume as a milkmaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon, perhaps for a theatrical event or a game. Her dress is not in the à la Polonaise style but a court interpretation of what a milkmaid would look like, in keeping with the hired workers at le Trianon.

==== The 3 Poufs ====
Visually, the style à la Polonaise is defined by the 3 poufs made by the gathering-up of the overskirt. Initially most of the fabric was bunched to make the poufs, but eventually they were padded or even supported by panniers. Payne describes how the polonaise skirt was constructed, mentioning only bunched fabric and not padding:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions [the poufs] appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle, G.4555.jpg|thumb|Robe à la polonaise, c. 1775]]The overskirt, which was gathered or pulled into the 3 distinctive poufs, was sometimes quite elaborately decorated, revealing the place of this garment in high fashion (rather than what an actual working dairy maid might wear). The fabrics in the underskirt and overskirt sometimes were different and contrasting; in simpler styles, the two skirts might have the same fabrics. More complexly styled dresses were heavily decorated with ruffles, bows, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ribbons, flowers, lace and trim.

The c. 1775&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle.&quot; Palais Galliera, musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris. Inventory number: G.4555. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/palais-galliera/oeuvres/robe-a-la-polonaise-jaune-et-violette-galerie-des-modes-fonds-d-estampes-du#infos-principales.&lt;/ref&gt; fashion color print (right) shows the way the overskirt of the Polonaise was gathered into 3 poufs, one in back and one on either side. In this illustration, the underskirt and the overskirt have the same yellow fabric trimmed with a flat band of purple fabric. The 18th-century caption printed below the image identifies it as a &quot;Jeune Dame en robe à la Polonoise de taffetas garnie a plat de bandes d'une autre couleur: elle est coeffée d'un mouchoir a bordures découpées, ajusté avec gout et bordé de fleurs [Young Lady in a Polonaise dress of taffeta trimmed flat with bands of another color: she is wearing a handkerchief with cut edges, tastefully adjusted and bordered with flowers].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

The skirt's few embellishments are the tasseled bows creating the poufs. The gathered underskirt falls straight from the padded hips to a few inches above the floor. Her cap is interesting, perhaps a forerunner of the mob cap (here a handkerchief worn as a cap [&quot;mouchoir a bordures découpées&quot;]).

===== The Evolution of the Polonaise into Court Dress =====
Part of the original attraction of the robe à la Polonaise was that women did not wear their usual heavy corsets and hoops, which is what would have made this style informal, playful, easy to move in, an escape from the stiffness of court life. Traditionally court dress with panniers and the robe à la Polonaise were thought to be separate, competing styles, but actually the two styles influenced each other and evolved into a design that combined elements from both.

By the time the robe à la Polonaise became court dress, the poufs were no longer only bunched fabric but large, controlled elaborations that were supported by structural elements, and the silhouette of the dress had returned to the ellipsis shape provided by panniers, with perhaps a little more fullness in front and back. The underskirt fell straight down from the hip level, indicating that some kind of padding or structure pulled it away from the body.

Court dress required the controlled shape of the skirt and a tightly structured bodice, which could have been achieved with corseting or tight lacing of the bodice itself. In the combined style, the bodice comes to a pointed V below the waist, which could only be kept flat by stays. While the Polonaise was ankle length, court dress touched the floor.

The following 3 images are fashion prints showing Marie Antoinette in court dress influenced by the robe à la Polonaise, made into a personal style for the queen by the asymmetrical poufs, the reduction of Rococo decoration, layers stacked upon each other and a length that keeps the hem of the skirts off the floor.[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, ooo 356 Grand habit de bal a la Cour (..), RP-P-2009-1213.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Ball Gown à la Polonaise|left]]The 1787 &quot;Grand habit de bal à la Cour, avec des manches à la Gabrielle &amp; c.&quot; (left) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a ballgown for the court with sleeves à la Gabrielle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--10ceb0e05fbb45ad4941bed1dacb27f1|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

This ballgown, influenced by the robe à la polonaise, is balanced but asymmetrical and seems to have panniers for support of the side poufs. The only decoration on the skirt is ribbon or braid and tassels. Contrasting fabrics replace the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]] for more depth and interest. The lining of the poufs has been pulled out for another contrasting color. The print makes it impossible to tell if the purple is an underskirt and an overskirt or one skirt with attached loops of the ribbon-like trim. 

(A sleeve à la Gabrielle has turned out to be difficult to define. The best we can do, which is not perfect, is a 4 July 1814 description: &quot;On fait, depuis quelque temps, des manches à la Gabrielle. Ces manches, plus courtes que les manches ordinaires, se terminent par plusieurs rangs de garnitures. Au lieu d'un seul bouillonné au poignet, on en met trois ou quatre, que l'on sépare par un poignet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Modes.&quot; ''Journal des Dames et des Modes''. 4 July 1814 (18:37), vol. 10, 1. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=kwNdAAAAcAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|296}} [&quot;For some time now, sleeves have been made in the Gabrielle style. These sleeves, shorter than ordinary sleeves, end in several rows of trimmings. Instead of a single ruffle at the wrist, three or four are used, separated by a wrist treatment.&quot;] The sleeves on the bodice of robes à la Polonaise seem to have been short, 3/4-length or less.) [[File:Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 Robe de Cour à la Turque (..), RP-P-2009-1220.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Dress à la Turque]]The c. 1787 &quot;Robe de Cour à la Turque, coeffure Orientale aves des aigrettes et plumes, &amp;c.&quot; (right) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a court dress à la Turque with a headdress that has [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Aigrette|aigrettes]] and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/---75499afec371ac1741dd98d769b14698|title=Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 : Robe de Cour à la Turque; (...)|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;coeffure Orientale&quot; seems to be a highly stylized turban.

This court dress is à la Polonaise in that it has poufs, but it has 2 layers of poufs and an underskirt with a large ruffle. With its unusual striped fabric, its contrasting colors, the very asymmetrical skirt and the ruffles, bows and tassels, this is an elaborate and visually complex dress, but it is not decorated with a lot of [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]].

Several prints in this fashion collection show the robe à la Turque, a late-Georgian style [1750–1790],&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}} none of which look &quot;Turkish&quot; in the slightest. Lewandowski defines robe à la Turque:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Very tight bodice with trained over-robe with funnel sleeves and a collar. Worn with a draped sash.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Her &quot;Robe à la Reine&quot; might offer a better description of this outfit, or at least of the overskirt:&lt;blockquote&gt;Popular from 1776 to 1787, bodice with an attached overskirt swagged back to show the underskirt. .... Gown was short sleeved and elaborately decorated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Francais, 1787, ooo.359, Habit de Cour en hyver (titel op object), RP-P-2004-1142.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in Winter Court Fashion]]

This 18th-century interpretation of what looked Turkish would have been about what was fashionable and, in the case of Marie Antoinette's court, dramatic.

The 1787 &quot;Habit de Cour en hyver garni de fourrures &amp;c.&quot; (right) of Marie Antoinette by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a winter court outfit trimmed with white fur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--727dc366885cc0596cd60d7b2c57e207|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unusually, this &quot;habit&quot; à la Polonaise has a train. The highly stylized court version of a mob cap was appropriated from the peasantry and turned into this extravagant headdress with its unrealistic high crown and its huge ribbon and bows. This outfit as a whole is balanced even though individual elements (like the cap and the white drapes gathered and bunched with bows and tassels) are out of proportion.

The decadence of the aristocratic and royal classes in France at the end of the 18th century are revealed by these extravagant, dramatic fashions in court dress. These restructured, redesigned court dresses are the merging of the earlier, highly decorated and formal pannier style with the simpler, informal style à la Polonaise. The design is complex, but the complexity does not result from the variety of decorations. The most important differences in the merged design are in the radical reduction of frou-frou and the number of layers. Also, sometimes, the skirts are ankle rather than floor length. The foundation garments held the layers away from the legs, not restricting movement. The different styles of farthingales that existed at the same time are variations on a theme, but the panniers and the Polonaise styles, which also existed at the same time, had different purposes and were designed for different events, but the two styles influenced each other to the point that they merged. 

All the various forms of hoops we've discussed so far are not discrete but moments in a long evolution of foundation structures. Once fashion had moved on, they all passed out of style and were not repeated. Except the Polonaise, which had influence beyond the 18th century — in the 1870s revival of the à la Polonaise style and in Victorian fancy-dress (or costume) balls. For example, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Lady Beatrix Herbert]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] was wearing a Polonaise, based on a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of dancer Giovanna Baccelli.

=== Crinoline Hoops ===
''[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline|Crinoline]]'', technically, is the name for a kind of stiff fabric made mostly from horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, and used for [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Foundation Garments|foundation garments]] like petticoats or bustles. The term ''crinoline'' was not used at first for the cage (shown in the image below left), but that kind of structure came to be called a crinoline as well as a cage, and the term is still used in this way by some.

After the 1789 French Revolution, for about one generation, women stopped wearing corsets and hoops in western Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|445–446}} What they did wear was the Empire dress, a simple, columnar style of light-weight cotton fabric that idealized classical Greek outlines and aesthetics. Cotton was a fabric for the elite at this point since it was imported from India or the United States. Sometimes women moistened the fabric to reveal their &quot;natural&quot; bodies, showing that they were not wearing artificial understructures.[[File:Crinoline era3.gif|thumb|1860s Cage Showing the Structure|left]]

Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century and continuing through the 1830s, corsets returned and skirts became more substantial, widened by layers of flounced cotton petticoats — and in winter, heavy woolen or quilted ones. The waist moved down to the natural waist from the Empire height. As skirts got wider in the 1840s, the petticoats became too bulky and heavy, hanging against the legs and impeding movement. In the mid 1850s&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|510}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}} those layers of petticoats began to be replaced by hoops, which were lighter than all that fabric, even when made of steel, and even when really wide.

The sketch (left) shows a crinoline cage from the 1860s, making clear the structure that underlay the very wide, bell or hemisphere shapes of the era without the fabric that would normally have covered it.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, Carl Emil. ''Karikatur-album: den evropaeiske karikature-kunst fra de aeldste tider indtil vor dage. Vaesenligst paa grundlag af Eduard Fuchs : Die karikature'', Eduard Fuchs. Vol. 1. København, A. Chrustuabsebs Forlag, 1906. P. 504, Fig. 474 (probably) ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=BUlHAQAAMAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; (This image was published in a book in 1904, but it may have been drawn earlier. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise]] is accurate but oversimplified, minus the usual ruffles, more for the wealthy and less for the working classes.) When people think of 1860s hoops, they think of this shape, the one shown in, say, the 1939 film ''Gone with the Wind''. The extremely wide, round shape, which is what we are accustomed to seeing in historical fiction and among re-enactors, was very popular in the 1860s, but it was not the only shape hoops took at this time. The half-sphere shape — in spite of what popular history prepares us to think — was far from universal.[[File:Miss Victoria Stuart-Wortley, later Victoria, Lady Welby (1837-1912) 1859.jpg|thumb|Victoria Stuart-Wortley, 1859]]As the 1860s progressed, hoops (and skirts) moved towards the back, creating more fullness there and leaving a flatter front. The photographs below show the range of choices for women in this decade. Cages could be more or less wide, skirts could be more or less full in back and more or less flat in front, and skirts could be smooth, pleated or folded, or gathered. Skirts could be decorated  with any of the many kinds of ruffles or with layers (sometimes made of contrasting fabrics), and they could be part of an outfit with a long bodice or jacket (sometimes, in fact, a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Peplum|peplum]]). As always, the woman's social class and sense of style, modesty and practicality affected her choices.

In her portrait (right) Victoria Stuart-Wortley (later Victoria, Lady Welby) is shown in 1859, two years before she became one of Queen Victoria's maids of honor. While Stuart-Wortley is dressed fashionably, her style of clothing is modest and conservative. The wrinkles and folds in the skirt suggest that she could be wearing numerous petticoats (which would have been practical in cold buildings), but the smoothness and roundness of the silhouette of the skirt suggest that she is wearing conservative hoops.[[File:Elisabeth Franziska wearing a crinoline and feathered hat.jpg|thumb|Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska, 1860s|left]]

The portrait of Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska (left) offers an example of hoops from the 1860s that are not half-sphere shaped and a skirt that is not made to fit smoothly over them. The dress seems to have a short peplum whose edges do not reach the front. She is standing close to the base of the column and possibly leaning on the balustrade, distorting the shape of the skirt by pushing the hoop forward.

This dress has a complex and sophisticated design, in part because of the weight and textures of the fabric and trim. The folds in the skirt are unusually deep. Even though the textured or flocked fabric is light-colored, this could be a winter dress.

The skirt is trimmed with zig-zag rows of ruffles and a ruffle along the bottom edge. The ruffles may be double with the top ruffle a very narrow one (made of an eyelet or some kind of textured fabric). Both the top and bottom edges of the tiered double ruffles are outlined in a contrasting fabric, perhaps of ribbon or another lace, perhaps even crocheted. Visual interest comes from the three-dimensionality provided by the ruffles and the contrast caused by dark crocheted or ribbon edging on the ruffles. In fact, the ruffles are the focus of this outfit.

[[File:Her Majesty the Queen Victoria.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, 1861]]
The photographic portrait (right) of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, in evening dress with diadem and jewels, is by Charles Clifford&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ppgcfuck|title=Queen Victoria. Photograph by C. Clifford, 1861.|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en|access-date=2025-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Madrid, dated 14 November 1861 and now held by the Wellcome Institute. Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-20|title=Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; so this carte-de-visite portrait was taken one month before Victoria went into mourning for 40 years.

This fashionable dress could be a ballgown designed by a designer.

The hoops under these skirts appear to be round rather than elliptical but are rather modest in their width and not extreme. That is, there is as much fullness in the front and back as on the sides. In this style, the skirt has a smooth appearance because it is not fuller at the bottom than the waist, where it is tightly gathered or pleated, so the skirts lie smoothly on the hoops and are not much fuller than the hoops. The smoothness of this skirt makes it definitive for its time. 

Instead of elaborate decoration, this visually complex dress depends on the woven moiré fabric with additional texture created by the shine and shadows in the bunched gathering of the fabric. The underskirt is gathered both at the waist and down the front, along what may be ribbons separating the gathers and making small horizontal bunches. The overskirt, which includes a train, has a vertical drape caused by the large folds at the waist. The horizontal design in the moiré fabric contrasts with the vertical and horizontal gathers of the underskirt and large, strongly vertical folds of the overskirt.[[File:Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall. early 1860s|left]]
The carte-de-visite portrait of Queen Victoria by John Jabez Edwin Paisley Mayall (left) shows hoops that are more full in the back than the front. Mayall took a number of photographs of the royal family in 1860 and in 1861 that were published as cartes de visite,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-08|title=John Jabez Edwin Mayall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the style of Victoria's dress is consistent with the early 1860s.

The fact that she has white or a very light color at her collar and wrists suggests that she was not in full mourning and thus wore this dress before Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. We cannot tell what color this dress is, and it may not be black in spite of how it appears in this photograph. Victoria's hoops are modest — not too full — and mostly round, slightly flatter in the front. The skirt gathers more as it goes around the sides to the back and falls without folds in the front, where it is smoother, even over the flatter hoops. This is a winter garment with bulky sleeves and possibly fur trim. Except for what may be an undergarment at the wrists, this one-layer garment might be a dress or a bodice and skirt (perhaps with a short jacket). Over-trimmed garments were standard in this period. Lacking layers, ruffles, lace or frou-frou, the simple design of Victoria's dress is deliberate and balanced — and looks warm.

The bourgeois, inexpensive-looking design of this dress echoes Victoria's performance of a queen who is respectable and responsible rather than aristocratic and &quot;fashion forward.&quot; So she looks like a middle-class matron.[[File:Queen Emma of Hawaii, photograph by John &amp; Charles Watkins, The Royal Collection Trust (crop).jpg|thumb|Queen Emma Kaleleokalani of Hawai'i, 1865]]

The portrait (right) of Queen Emma of Hawaii —  Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke — is a carte de visite from an album of ''Royal Portraits'' that Queen Victoria collected. The carte-de-visite photograph is labelled 1865 and ''Queen Emma of the Sandwich Islands'',&lt;ref&gt;Unknown Photographer. ''Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1836-85)''. ''www.rct.uk''. Retrieved 2025-02-07. https://www.rct.uk/collection/2908295/emma-kalanikaumakaamano-kaleleonalani-naea-rooke-queen-of-the-kingdom-of-hawaii.&lt;/ref&gt; possibly in Victoria's hand. How Victoria got this photograph is not clear. Queen Emma traveled to North America and Europe between 6 May 1865 and 23 October 1866,&lt;ref&gt;Benton, Russell E. ''Emma Naea Rooke (1836-1885), Beloved Queen of Hawaii''. Lewiston, N.Y., U.S.A. : E. Mellen Press, 1988. ''Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/emmanaearooke1830005bent/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|49}} visiting London twice, the second time in June 1866.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Queen Emma of Hawaii|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In her portrait Queen Emma is standing before some books and an open jewelry box. She shows an elegant sense of style.

The silhouette shows a sophisticated variation of the hoops as the fullness has moved to the back and the front flattened. The large pleats suggest a lot of fabric, but the front falls almost straight down. The overskirt and bodice are made from a satin-weave fabric, and the petticoat has a matt woven surface. The overskirt is longer in the back, leading us to expect the petticoat also to be longer and to turn into a train. Although the hoops cause the skirt to fall away from her body in back, the skirt does not drag on the floor as a train would and just clears the floor all the way around.

This optical illusion of a train makes this dress look more formal than it actually was. The covered shoulders and décolletage say the dress was not a formal or evening gown. In fact, this looks like a winter dress, and the sleeves (which she has pushed up above her wrist) are wrinkled, suggesting they may be padded. Queen Emma seems to have worn veils like this at other times as well, especially after the death of her husband, as did Victoria, so this is also not her wedding dress.

Popular history has led us to believe that crinoline hoops were half-spherical and always very wide, but photographs of the time show a variety of shapes for skirts, with many women wearing skirts that had flatter fronts and more fabric in the back. In fact, also in the 1860s, according to Lewandowski, a version of the bustle — called a crinolette or crinolette petticoat — developed:&lt;blockquote&gt;Crinolette petticoat: Bustle (1865–1890 C.E.). Worn in 1870 and revived in 1883, petticoat cut flat in front and with half circle steel hoops in back and flounces on bottom back.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This development of a bustle mid century is the result of construction techniques that include foundation structures and specifically shaped pattern pieces to achieve the evolving silhouette, in this case part of the general movement of the fullness of skirts away from the front and toward the back. The other essential element of these construction techniques is angled seams in the skirts, made by gores, pieces of fabric shaped to fit the waist (and sometimes the hips) and to widen at the bottom so that the skirt flares outward.

==== The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise ====
The Polonaise style was revived in the last third of the 19th century, but the revival did not bring back the 18th-century 3 poufs. The robe à la Polonaise had evolved. The foundation that created the poufs is gone, replaced possibly in fact by the crinolette petticoat or something like it. The panniers — and the 2 side poufs they supported — have gone, and the bulk of the fabric has been bunched in the back.

Also, the poufs on the sides have been replaced with a flat drape in front that functions as an overskirt.

The Polonaise dress (below left and right), in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, is English, dating from about 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Woman's Dress Ensemble.&quot; Costumes and Textiles. LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214459.&lt;/ref&gt; The sheer fabric has red &quot;wool supplementary patterning&quot; woven into the weft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Because the mannequin is modern, we cannot be certain how long the skirts would have been on the woman who wore this dress.[[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (1 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, front view|left]][[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (4 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, side view]]The dress has an overskirt that is draped up toward the back and pulled under the top poof. The underskirt gets fuller at the bottom because it is constructed with gores to create the A-line but it is also slightly gathered at the waist.

The vertical element is emphasized by the angled silhouette and the folds caused by the gathering at the waist. The ruffles and lace form horizontal lines in the skirts. The skirts are very busy visually because of pattern in the fabric and the contrasting vertical and horizontal elements as well as the ruffles, some of which are double, and the machine-made lace at the edge of the ruffles. The skirts look three dimensional because of these elements and the layering of the fabric, multiplying the jagged-edged red &quot;supplementary patterning.&quot;

The fabric of the overskirt is cut, gathered and draped so that the poufs in back are full and rounded, but they are also possibly supported by some kind of foundation structure. The lower pouf in back introduces the idea that the fullness in the back is layered, making this element of the Polonaise a kind of precursor to the bustle and continuing what the crinolette petticoat began in the 1860s. This layering of the lower pouf also indicates one way a train might be attached.

Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before, unusually, and calls her dress a Polonaise. Although they are common in current historical fiction, descriptions of foundation garments are rare in the writings of the women who wore them or in the literature of the time. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), Wilder gives a detailed description of the undergarments as well as the foundation garments under her dress, including a bustle, and talks about how they make the Polonaise look on her:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened to either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front.

Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe.

Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom.&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper &amp; Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the &quot;tight, unboned bodice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; and perhaps a simple, modest look like the stereotype of a dairy maid. While the bodice was unboned, the fact that she is wearing a corset cover means that she is corseted under it.   
==== Bustle or Tournure ====
As we have seen, bustles were popular from around 1865 to 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|296}} The French term ''tournure'' was a euphemism in English for ''bustle''. The article on the tournure in the French ''Wikipédia'' addresses the purpose of the bustle and crinoline:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Crinoline et tournure ont exactement la même fonction déjà recherchée à d'autres époques avec le vertugadin et ses dérivés: soutenir l'ampleur de la jupe, et par là souligner par contraste la finesse de la taille; toute la mode du xixe siècle visant à accentuer les courbes féminines naturelles par le double emploi du corset affinant la taille et d'éléments accentuant la largeur des hanches (crinoline, tournure, drapés bouffants…).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-27|title=Tournure|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournure|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[Translation by ''Google Translate'': Crinoline and bustle have exactly the same function already sought in other periods with the farthingale and its derivatives: to support the fullness of the skirt, and thereby emphasize by contrast the finesse of the waist; all the fashion of the 19th century aimed at accentuating natural feminine curves by the dual use of the corset refining the waist and elements accentuating the width of the hips (crinoline, bustle, puffy drapes, etc.).]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Hoops' final phase was the development of the bustle, which as early as the 1860s was created by one of several methods: by draping the dress over a crinolette petticoat or some other structure, or by pulling the fabric to the back and bunching it with pleats or gathers. The overskirt so popular with the revival of the Polonaise pulled additional fabric to the back of the skirt, the poufs supported by some substructure, bunched fabric, padding and, often, ruffled petticoats. The bustle, then, is more complex than might be normally be thought and more complex than some of the earlier foundation garments in the evolution of hoops, in part because the silhouette of hoops (and dresses) was changing more rapidly in the last half of the 19th century than ever before.

[[File:La Gazette rose, 16 Mai 1874; robe à tournure.jpg|thumb|&quot;Toilettes de Printemps,&quot; 1874|left]]In fact, fashion trends were moving so fast at this point that the two &quot;bustle periods&quot; were actually only two decades, the 1870s and the 1880s. Bustle fashion was at its height for these two decades, which saw the line of the skirts change radically. As the bustle developed, the 1870s ruffles disappeared, replaced by draping and layering, which made the bustles more complex visually.&lt;p&gt;

&quot;Toilettes de Printemps&quot; (left), an 1874 French fashion plate, shows two women walking in the country, the one in green wearing an extremely long and impractical train. Both of these have several rows of ruffles beneath the overskirt, a short-lived fashion. The ruffles create a fullness in the front of the skirt at the bottom that not seen in the 2nd bustle period. The bodice of both dresses connects to an overskirt, like a jacket. The excess skirt fabric is draped in the back over a foundation structure. [[File:Somm26.jpg|thumb|Henry Somm, 1880s]]Plumes makes the hats tall, part of the proportioning with the bustle. The dog at the feet of the woman in the green dress recalls the dogs ubiquitous in earlier portraiture. 

The Henry Somm watercolor (right) offers a clear example of how extreme bustles got in the mid 1880s, in the 2nd bustle period. Henry Somm was the pen name François Clément Sommier (1844–1907) used on his paintings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-01|title=Henry Somm|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Somm&amp;oldid=222597815|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was in Paris beginning in the 1860s and so was present for the Civil War of 1870–71 and the rise of Impressionism in that highly political and dangerous context.&lt;ref&gt;Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Somm's c. 1895&lt;ref&gt;&quot;File:Somm26.jpg.&quot; Henry Somm, &quot;An Elegantly Dressed Woman at a Door (wearing mid-1880s bustled fashions),&quot; c. 1895. June 2025. Wikimedia Commons 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somm26.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; impressionist painting shows an immediate moment — an elegant mid-1880s woman outside a door, her right hand and face animated, as if she is talking to someone standing to our left.

Her skirt is quite narrow and flat in front with yards of fabric draped in poufs over the huge foundation bustle behind. This dress has no ruffles or excessive frills. The narrow sleeves and tall hat, along with the umbrella so tightly folded it looks like a stick, contribute to the lean silhouette. Details of the dress are not present to see because this painting is impressionistic rather than realistic, showcasing the play of light on the fabric and the elegance of the woman. The square corner of the front overskirt is not realistic draping, perhaps an artifact of the painter working from memory rather than a model.[[File:Elizabeth Alice Austen in June 1888.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Alice Austen, 1888|left]]

The 1888 photograph of American photographer Elizabeth Alice Austen (left) is also from the 2nd bustle period. The very stylish Austen is wearing a bustle that is large but not as extreme as they got. The design of her dress is sophisticated and complex with the proportions more clearly presented than we see in paintings or fashion plates. Her plumed hat is tall, one of the vertical elements, along with the slim line of the bodice, sleeves and skirt. The overskirt may be pulled to Austen's right so that it does not lie flat in front. The overskirt and bustle appear to have been made from 3 different fabrics with 3 different patterns. The front drape and bodice are made of a light-colored fabric with a light striped pattern, and the bustle has 2 fabrics, a shiny reflective material with no pattern and a strongly striped section that matches the underskirt. The strongly and horizontally striped fabric in the underskirt contrasts with the vertical line of the outfit itself.

In spite of the very strong contrasts in the stripes and horizontal and vertical elements, Austen's dress has a light touch about it. With the draped overskirt in front and the complex construction of the bustle, Austen's dress makes a delicate reference to the poufs of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise|Polonaise revival]]. [[File:Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg|thumb|Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg]]This mid-1880s fashion plate (right) has caricatures for figures because it is a fashion plate, with exaggerated waists, feet, height, but it is useful because of the 3 different ways bustles are working in the illustration. The little girl's overskirt and sash function as a bustle, regardless of whatever foundation garments she is wearing. The two women's outfits have the characteristic narrow sleeves and tall hats, and the one in white is holding another extremely narrow umbrella as well. The trim on the white dress controls the ruffles, preventing them from sticking out. The front overskirt is very flat and the back overskirt contributes to the bustle. The front of the bodice on the green dress extends below the waist to an extreme point. A wide black ribbon bow adorns the front one of the solid black panels on the skirt. Tiny pleats peep out from below the skirt on both women's dresses. The child's dress has 3 flat pleated ruffles in front that contrast with the fuller but still controlled folds in the back.

The most common image of the bustle — the extreme form of the 1880s — required a foundation structure, one of which was &quot;steel springs placed inside the shirring [gathering] around the back of the petticoat.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (296) Many manufacturers were making bustles by this time, offering women a choice on the kinds of materials used in the foundation structures ['''check this'''].

'''Trains, skirt length'''

== Jewelry and Stones ==

=== Cabochon ===
This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing &quot;the rough parts&quot; and the parts that are not the right stone.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cabochon, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting.

=== Cairngorm ===
=== Half-hoop ===
Usually of a ring or bracelet, a precious-metal band with a setting of stones on one side, covering perhaps about 1/3 or 1/2 of the band. Half-hoop jewelry pieces were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride.

=== Jet ===

=== ''Orfèvrerie'' ===
Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler.

=== Solitaire ===
A solitaire is a ring with a single stone set as the focal point. Solitaire rings were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride.

=== Turquoise ===

== Mantle, Cloak, Cape ==
In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments.

=== '''Mantle''' ===
A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous.

=== '''Cloak''' ===

=== '''Cape''' ===

== Military ==
Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not.

=== Baldric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is &quot;A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;baldric, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense has been in existence since c. 1300.

=== Cuirass ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is &quot;A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cuirass, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]]
=== Household Cavalry ===
The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of &quot;the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joll, Christopher. &quot;Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles.&quot; The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, &quot;the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from &quot;the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch.

The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 &quot;and guarding their subsequent execution,&quot; the Household Cavalry contributed to the &quot;the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents&quot; in 1884.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} In 1887 they &quot;were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

==== Grenadier Guards ====
Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing &quot;scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs&quot; as well as items associated with weapons and armor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}}

Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment &quot;was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation&quot; at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&amp;oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt; They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&amp;oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&amp;oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,&lt;blockquote&gt;In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats.

The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:&lt;blockquote&gt;Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Life Guards ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&amp;oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.&lt;/ref&gt; The 1st Life Guards were on &quot;the extreme right&quot; of a French countercharge and &quot;kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
== Peplum ==
According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a &quot;Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress&quot; [translation by Google Translate].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&amp;oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Revers ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the &quot;edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;revers, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&amp;oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Traditional vs Progressive Style ==

=== Progressive Style ===
The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' — as well as ''rational dress'' or ''dress reform'' — are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements, as is ''rational dress'', a movement located largely among women in the middle classes from the middle to the end of the century. In general, what we are calling the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit.

* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Ada Nettleship]]: Constance Wilde and Ellen Terry; an 1883 exhibition of dress by the Rational Dress Society featured her work, including trousers for women (with a short overskirt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-21|title=Ada Nettleship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Nettleship&amp;oldid=1286707541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Alice Comyns Carr]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-06|title=Alice Comyns Carr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Comyns_Carr&amp;oldid=1294283929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Grosvenor Gallery

=== Traditional Style ===
Images

* Smooth bodice, fabric draped to the back, bustle, laters: Victoria Hesse NPG 95941 crop.jpg
By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 &quot;high style&quot; in a gown by Worth with &quot;the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|530}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''.

William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style.

=== The Styles ===
[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']]
We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — &quot;recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress&quot; — deliberately contrasts what he calls the &quot;folly&quot; of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.&lt;/ref&gt; Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress &quot;ephemeral,&quot; but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century.

As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the &quot;craze&quot; associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or &quot;bones&quot;) to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope.

A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''&lt;ref&gt;Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, &quot;while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Rebecca N. &quot;The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900.&quot; ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.&lt;/ref&gt; (294)

* historical dress: beautiful clothing.

* the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys
* &quot;In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ...&quot;

Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] 

But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. 

As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it.  

Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove,&quot; that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]].  

Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change.  

== Undergarments ==
Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural.
The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. 

=== Undergarments ===

* Chemise
* Corset cover
* Bloomers
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|Petticoats]] (distinguish between the outer- and undergarment type of petticoat)
* Combinations
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hose, Stockings and Tights|Hose, stockings and tights]]
* Men's shirts
* Men's unders

==== Bloomers ====

==== Chemise ====
A chemise is a garment &quot;linen, homespun, or cotton knee-length garment with [a] square neck&quot; worn under all the other garments except the bloomers or combinations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (61) According to Lewandowski, combinations replaced the chemise by 1890.

==== Combinations ====

=== Foundation Garments ===
Foundation structures changed the shape of the body by metal, cane, boning. Men wore corsets as well.
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corset|Corset]]
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|Hoops]]
* Padding

==== Padding ====
Some kinds of padding were used in the Victorian age to enlarge women's bosoms and create cleavage as well as to keep elements of a garment puffy. In the Elizabethan era, men's codpieces are examples of padding.

With respect to the costumes worn at fancy-dress balls, most important would be bum rolls and cod pieces. 

What are commonly called '''bum rolls''' were sometimes called roll farthingales, French farthingales or padded rolls.

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="189722" sha1="cvj8gn9ou3ltczt2qt0ix2nt3r1h40w" xml:space="preserve">Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have.

We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does.

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's ==
[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below.

=== À la Romaine ===
[[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']]
A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls.

Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments.

For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' &quot;at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|81, Col. 2c}}

[[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]]
[[File:Frans_Hals_-_The_Meagre_Company_(detail)_-_WGA11119.jpg|thumb|Frans Hals - The Meagre Company (detail) - WGA11119.jpg]]

=== Cavalier ===
As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier style established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&amp;oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress.

=== Coats ===

==== Doublet ====
* In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''.
* Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.

==== Pourpoint ====
A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor.

==== Surcoat ====
Sometimes just called ''coat''.

[[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]]
=== Hose, Stockings and Tights ===
Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights.

In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as &quot;Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted.

''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous.

In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling.

The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait.

In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject.

=== Shoes and Boots ===

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's ==

=== '''Chérusque''' ===
According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&amp;oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corsage ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the &quot;'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;corsage, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making.

The sense of &quot;a bouquet worn on the bodice&quot; is, according to the ''OED'', American.

=== Décolletage ===

=== Girdle ===

=== Mancheron ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a &quot;historical&quot; word for &quot;A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;mancheron, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve &quot;cut directly on the bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&amp;oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Petticoat ===

According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a &lt;blockquote&gt;skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.&lt;ref&gt;“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', &quot;The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries.&quot; However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. 

In the 19th century, women wore their chemises, bloomers and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|hoops]] under their petticoats. 

=== Stomacher ===
According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is &quot;An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry.

=== Train ===
A train is

The Length of the Train

'''For the monarch [or a royal?]'''

According to Debrett's,&lt;blockquote&gt;A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer:

* Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet
* Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet
* Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet
* Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet
* Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms.

Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?''']

== Hats, Bonnets and Headwear ==

=== Women's ===

==== Fontanges ====
Another fontange:
[[File:Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg|none|thumb|Madame de Ludre en Stenkerke et falbala - (estampe) (2e état) - N. arnoult fec - btv1b53265886c.jpg]]
[[File:Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg|none|thumb|Recueil de modes - Tome 4 - cent-quatre-vingt-cinq planches - estampes - btv1b105296325 (083 of 195).jpg]]

=== Men's ===

== Cinque Cento ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cinquecento, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century.

== Corset ==
[[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]]
The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. 

This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.)

* This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.
* The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.
* The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.
* The sharp definition of the waist was caused by
** length of the corset (especially on the sides)
** the stiffness of the boning
** the layers of fabric
** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)
** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom
** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom
* The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.
* The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.
* The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.
* This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.
The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century &quot;look&quot; is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets.

==== Things To Add ====
[[File:Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|thumb|Woman's Corset LACMA M.2007.211.353.jpg|none]]

* Corset as an outer garment, 18th century, in place of a stomacher&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (419)
* Corsets could be laced in front or back
* Methods for making the holes for the laces and the development of the grommet (in the 1830s)

== Court Dress ==
Also Levee and drawing-room

== Crevé ==
''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;creve, v.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.''']

== Elaborations ==
In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|93}}

Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at &quot;historical accuracy&quot; reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,&lt;blockquote&gt;In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.&lt;ref&gt;Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&amp;A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.&lt;/ref&gt; (117)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Aglets from Spanish portraits - collage by shakko.jpg|thumb|alt=A collage of 12 different ornaments typically worn by elite people from Spain in the 1500s and later|Aglets — Detail from Spanish Portraits]]
=== Aglet, Aiglet ===
Historically, an aglet is a &quot;point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches).

Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584 (316) portrait (above right, in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#16th Century|Hoops section]]) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its &quot;typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour,&quot; with &quot;handsome aiglets cascad[ing] down center front.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt; (315)

=== Frou-frou ===
In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&amp;oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&amp;oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial and, perhaps, excessive.

=== Plastics ===
Small poufs of fabric connected in a strip in the 18th century, Rococo styles.

=== Pouf, Puff, Poof ===
According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a &quot;kind of women's hairstyle&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing.

=== Shirring ===
''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam.

=== Sequins ===
Sequins, paillettes, spangles

Sequins — or paillettes — are &quot;small, scalelike glittering disks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as &quot;Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&amp;oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.&lt;/ref&gt; The first instance of ''spangle'' as &quot;A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts&quot; is from c. 1420.&lt;ref&gt;“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger).

Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins.

=== Trim and Lace ===
''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6–7}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ====

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — &quot;And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work.&quot; In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel&quot; worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold &quot;tissue&quot; to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver.

Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the &quot;gold wire&quot; of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &amp;c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. &quot;Gold and silver,&quot; says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, &quot;are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly.&quot;

Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as &quot;orris,&quot; fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality.  Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies.

The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &amp;c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.&lt;ref&gt;William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. &quot;Gold and Silver Lace.&quot; In &quot;Gold.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Honiton Lace ====

Kate Stradsin says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Strasdin, Kate. &quot;Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research.&quot; ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt  http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads &quot;Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]]
==== Passementerie ====
''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great &quot;''exubérance''&quot; in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&amp;oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Point d'Alençon Lace ====
A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure.

Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is &quot;a two thread [needlepoint] lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a &quot;floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}}

The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.&lt;/ref&gt; The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine.

== Elastic ==
Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of &quot;Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“elastic, adj. &amp; n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: &quot;The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Fabric ==

=== Brocatelle ===
Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du &lt;abbr&gt;xvi&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&amp;oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Which translates to this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an &quot;imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed&quot; between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;brocatelle, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broché ===

=== Ciselé ===

=== Crépe de Chine ===
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is &quot;often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;crêpe, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is &quot;a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk.&quot;

=== Crinoline ===
Technically, crinoline was a fabric made mostly of horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, similar to buckram today, used in men's military collars and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinolines|women's foundation garments]]. Lewandowski defines crinoline as &lt;blockquote&gt;(1840–1865 C.E.). France. Originally horsehair cloth used for officers' collars. Later used for women's underskirts to support skirts. Around 1850, replaced by many petticoats, starched and boned. Around 1856, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline Hoops|light metal cage]] was developed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Épinglé Velvet ===
Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. 

=== Lace ===
While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]].

=== Liberty Fabrics ===

=== Lisse ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a &quot;kind of silk gauze&quot; was used in the 19th-century UK and US.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;lisse, n.1.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satin ===
The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's &quot;insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description&quot; at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Selesia ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is &quot;A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Silesia, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — &quot;Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sleazy, adj.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; — may be related.

=== Shot Fabric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', &quot;Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.&lt;/ref&gt; A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers.

=== Tissue ===
A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft.

Historically, the term in English was used for a &quot;rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver&quot; or &quot;various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fan ==

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century &lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;C&lt;/small&gt;. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day.

Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies.

Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals.

Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously  proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes.

The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century.

The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes.

During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other &quot;genre&quot; painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &amp;c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum.

Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.&lt;ref&gt;J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. &quot;Fan.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Folding fans were available and popular early and are common accessories in portraits of fashionable women through the centuries.

== Costumes for Theatre and Fancy Dress ==
Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe and North America during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. 

At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. 

=== Fancy Dress ===
In her ''Magnificent Entertainments: Fancy Dress Balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898'', Cynthia Cooper describes the resources available to those needing help making a costume for a fancy-dress ball:&lt;blockquote&gt;There were a number of places eager ballgoers could turn for assistance and inspiration. Those with a scholarly bent might pore over history books or study pictures of paintings or other works of art. For more direct advice, one could turn to the barrage of published information specifically on fancy dress. Women’s magazines such as ''Godey’s Lady’s Book'' and ''The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine'' sometimes featured fancy dress designs and articles, and enticing specialized books were available with extensive recommendations for choosing fancy dress. By far the most complete sources were the books by [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], a prolific British authority on the subject. Holt’s book for women, ''Fancy Dresses Described, or What to Wear at Fancy Balls'' (published in six editions between 1879 and 1896), began with the query, ‘‘But what are we to wear?” Holt’s companion book, ''Gentlemen’s Fancy Dress:'' ''How to Choose It'', was also published in six editions from 1882 to 1905. Other prominent authorities included Mrs. Aria’s ''Costume: Fanciful, Historical, and Theatrical'' and, in the US, the Butterick Company’s ''Masquerade and Carnival: Their Customs and Costumes''. The Butterick publication relied heavily on Holt, copying large sections of the introduction outright and paraphrasing other sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Cooper, Cynthia. ''Magnificent entertainments: fancy dress balls of Canada's Governors General, 1876-1898''.Fredericton, N.B.; Hull, Quebec: Goose Lane Editions and Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1997. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/magnificententer0000coop/.&lt;/ref&gt; (28–29)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Cynthia Cooper discusses how &quot;historical accuracy&quot; works in historical fiction and historical dress: &lt;blockquote&gt;A seemingly accurate costume and coiffure bespoke a cultured individual whose most gratifying compliment would be “historically correct.” Those who were fortunate enough to own actual clothing from an earlier period might wear it with pride as a historical relic, though they would generally adapt or remake it in keeping with the aesthetics of their own period. Historical accuracy was always in the eye of beholders inclined to overlook elements of current fashion in a historical costume. Theatre had long taught the public that if a costume appeared tasteful and attractive, it could be assumed to be accurate. Even at Queen Victoria’s fancy dress balls, costume silhouette was always far more like the fashionable dress of the period than of the time portrayed. For this reason, many extant eighteenth-century dresses show evidence of extensive alterations done in the nineteenth century, no doubt for fancy dress purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; (25) &lt;/blockquote&gt;The newspaper ''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]], who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. Holt also wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. 

In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: &quot;Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Ardern. &quot;Fancy Dress a la Mode.&quot; The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.&lt;/ref&gt; Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy.

As Leonore Davidoff says, &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations]

=== Historical Accuracy ===
Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages.

The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor.

By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric).

* clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques
* Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was.

==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look &quot;Victorian&quot; to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. 

Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. 

==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways.

* Trim
* Mixing neck treatments
* Hair
* Breeches
* Shoes and boots
* Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots

== Feathers and Plumes ==

=== Aigrette ===
Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as &quot;France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle.

=== Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes ===
The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]].

For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes.

First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt;It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.

White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abstract&quot; for Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?'''

Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]:

# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]]
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]]
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)
#Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay
#Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'')
#[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers
#Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775
#Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde &quot;Daisy&quot; Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick
#Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri
#Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette

More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers:

*

==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ====
* Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x.
* &quot;Prince of Wales's feathers.&quot; ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page''']
* Simpson, William. &quot;On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers.&quot; ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=643&amp;q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.

== Honors ==

=== The Bath ===
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion)

=== The Garter ===
The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion)

[[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 &quot;Last Knight&quot; exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]]
=== The Golden Fleece ===
To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be &quot;the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world&quot; because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&amp;oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]]
The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the &quot;turn of the XV and XVI centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Polski:  Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]].

The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit.

The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.&lt;ref&gt;Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Victorian Order ===
(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member)

=== St. John ===
The Order of the Knights of St. John

=== Star of India ===
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion)

=== Thistle ===
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle

== Hoops ==
'''This section is under construction right now'''.

Over the 19th century fashionable shapes for women's skirts — and their bodies — evolved ever more quickly, and sometimes several distinct silhouettes were fashionable at the same time. This evolution occurred as a result of changes in a number of large cultural factors:

#what was most fashionable changed over time, and the speed with which those changes occurred accelerated, which is associated with technological developments, the materials for clothing and foundations and the technologies for creating them
#* Over the course of the century, the materials that hoops were made of evolved, to include whalebone (cartilage), cane, iron and steel bands or wire as well as, apparently, sometimes rubber elastic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; The evolution caused the hoops to become lighter and smoother. The cage also stopped the movement of fullness in skirts to the back.
#* grommets
#* the various materials used to make hoops
#* sewing machines
#* machines to make lace
#* aniline dyes
#relationship between fashion and social class: changes in conditions for women as social classes developed and increased wealth among the growing oligarchy, the needs among middle- and working-class women for freedom of movement and safety from fires
#*role of elites in controlling (sumptuary laws)
#*setting the style (Marie Antoinette)
#*development of the upper 10,000: expanding class of elite to include larger upper middle class, expanding aristocracy, growing oligarchy, internationalization of aristocracy and oligarchy, to include European royals seeking shelter in the U.K., American heiresses admitted into British aristocracy
#*role of Victoria as queen, leader of one branch of the aristocracy, her domesticity, her sense of style
#*fashion began to move down the social classes so that hoops (and, for example, top hats) were worn by people in the middle and sometimes working classes
#Impact of fashion on women's mobility, women's rights
#evolutionary process in the development of hoops: not discrete structures but over the centuries one leads to another
Terms: farthingale, panniers, hoops, crinoline, cage, bustle

Between 1450 and 1550 a loosely woven, very stiff fabric made from linen and horsehair was used in &quot;horsehair petticoats.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|137}} Heavy and scratchy, these petticoats made the fabric of the skirt lie smooth, without wrinkles or folds. Over time, this horsehair fabric was used in several kinds of objects made from fabric, like hats and padding for poufs, but it is best known for its use in the structure of hoops, or cages. Horsehair fabric was used until the mid-19th century, when it  was called ''crinoline'' and used for petticoats again (1840–1865).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}} We still call this fabric ''crinoline''.

''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn by a woman to hold her skirts away from her body. The term ''cage'' is also 19th century, and ''crinoline'' is sometimes used in a non-technical way for 19th-century cages as well. Both these terms are commonly used now for the general understructure of a woman's skirts, but they are not technically accurate for time periods before the 19th century.

As fashion, that cage-like structure was the foundation undergarment for the bottom half of a woman's body, for a skirt and petticoat, and created the fashionable silhouette from the 15th through the late 19th century. The 16th-century Katherine of Aragon is credited with making hoops popular outside Spain for women of the elite classes. By the end of the 16th century France had become the arbiter of fashion for the western world, and it still is. The cage is notable for how long it lasted in fashion and for its complex evolution.

Together with the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|corset]], the cage enabled all the changes in fashionable shapes, from the extreme distortions of 17th-and-18th-century panniers to the late 19th-century bustle. Early hoops circled the body in a bell, cone or drum shape, then were moved to the sides with panniers, then ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and finally were pulled to the rear as a bustle. That is, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, especially below the waist, while corsets did their work above it.

When hoops were first introduced in the 15th century, women's shoes for the first time differentiated from men's and became part of the fashionable look. In the periods when the skirts were flat in front (with the farthingale and in the transitional 17th century), they did not touch the floor, making shoes visible and important fashion accessories. Portraits of high-status, high-fashion women consistently show their pointy-toed shoes, which would have been more likely to show when they were moving than when they were standing still. The shoes seem to draw attention to themselves in these portraits, suggesting that they were important to the painters and, perhaps, the women as well.

In addition to the shape, the materials used to make hoops evolved — from cane and wood to whalebone, then steel bands and wire. Initially fabric strips, tabs or ribbons were the vertical elements in the cages and evolved into channels in a linen, muslin or, later, crinoline underskirt encasing wires or bands. Fabrics besides crinoline —  like cotton, silk and linen — were used to connect the hoops and bands in cages. All of these materials used in cages had disadvantages and advantages. 

=== Disadvantages and Advantages ===
Hoops affected the way women were able to move. ['''something about riding'''?]

==== Disadvantages ====
the weight, getting through doorways, sitting, the wind, getting into carriages, what the dances involved. Raising '''one's''' skirts to climb stairs or walk was more difficult with hoop. 

['''Contextualize with dates?'''] &quot;The combination of corset, bustle, and crinolette limited a woman's ability to bend except at the hip joint, resulting in a decorous, if rigid, sense of bearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Koda, Harold. ''Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed.'' The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; (130) 

As caricatures through the centuries makes clear, one disadvantage hoops had is that they could be caught by the wind, no matter what the structure was made of or how heavy it was. 

In her 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', Laura Ingalls Wilder writes a scene in which Laura's hoops have crept up under skirts because of the wind. Set in 1883,&lt;ref&gt;Hill, Pamela Smith, ed. ''Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography''.&lt;/ref&gt; this very unusual scene shows a young woman highly skilled at getting her hoops back down without letting her undergarments show. The majority of European and North American women wore hoops in 1883, but to our knowledge no other writer from this time describes any solution to the problem of the wind under hoops or, indeed, a skill like Laura's. &lt;blockquote&gt;“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be.

“As she and Carrie hurried on she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again.

“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.”

“They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The 16-year-old Laura makes the comment that she wants to be in style, but she lives on the prairie in the U.S., far from a large city, and would not necessarily wear the latest Parisian style, although she reads the American women's domestic and fashion monthly ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' and would know what was stylish.

==== '''Advantages''' ====
The '''weight''' of hoops was somewhat corrected over time with the use of steel bands and wires, as they were lighter than the wood, cane or whalebone hoops, which had to be thick enough to keep their shape and to keep from breaking or folding under the weight of the petticoats and skirts. Full skirts made women's waists look smaller, whether by petticoats or hoops. Being fashionable, being included among the smart set.

The hoops moved the skirts away from the legs and feet, making moving easier. 

By moving the heavy petticoats and skirts away from their legs, hoops could actually give women's legs and feet more freedom to move.

Because so few fully constructed hoop foundation garments still exist, we cannot be certain of a number of details about how exactly they were worn. For example, the few contemporary drawings of 19th-century hoops show bloomers beneath them but no petticoats. However, in the cold and wind (and we know from Laura Ingalls Wilder how the wind could get under hoops), women could have added layers of petticoats beneath their hoops for warmth.[[File:Chaise à crinolines.jpg|thumb|Chaise à Crinolines, 19th century]]
=== Accommodation ===
Hoops affected how women sat, and furniture was developed specifically to accommodate these foundation structures. The ''chaise à crinolines'' or chair for hoop skirts (right), dating from the 2nd half of the 19th century, has a gap between the seat and the back of the chair to keep her undergarments from showing as she sat, or even seated herself, and to reduce wrinkling of the fabric by accommodating her hoops, petticoats and skirts.[[File:Vermeer Lady Seated at a Virginal.jpg|thumb|Vermeer, Lady Seated at a Virginal|left]]Vermeer's c. 1673 ''Lady Seated at a Virginal'' (left) looks like she is sitting on this same kind of chair, suggesting that furniture like this had existed long before the 19th century. Vermeer's painting shows how the chair could accommodate her hoops and the voluminous fabric of her skirts.

The wide doorways between the large public rooms in the Palace of Versailles could accommodate wide panniers. '''Louis XV and XVI of France occupied an already-built Versailles, but they both renovated the inside over time'''.

Some configurations of hoops permitted folding, and of course the width of the hoops themselves varied over time and with the evolving styles and materials.

With hoops, skirts moved away from the legs and feet, and when skirts got shorter, to above the floor, women's feet had nearly unrestricted freedom to move. Evening gowns, with trains, were still restrictive.

A modern accommodation are the leaning boards developed in Hollywood for women wearing period garments like corsets and long, full skirts. The leaning boards allowed the actors to rest without sitting and wrinkling their clothes.[[File:Pedro García de Benabarre St John Retable Detail.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a woman wearing a dress from the 1400s holding the decapitated head of a man with a halo before a table of people at a dinner party|Pedro García de Benabarre, Detail from St. John Altarpiece, Showing Visible Hoops]]
=== Early Hoops ===
Hoops first appeared in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for at least 3 centuries.

A detail (right) from Pedro García de Benabarre's c. 1470 larger altarpiece painting shows women wearing a style of hoops that predates the farthingale but marks the beginning point of the development of that fashion. Salomé (holding John the Baptist's head) is wearing a dress with what looks like visible wooden hoops attached to the outside of the skirt, which also appears to have padding at the hips underneath it.

The clothing and hairstyles of the people in this painting are sufficiently realistic to offer details for analysis. The foundation garments the women are wearing are corsets and bum rolls. Because none still exist, we do not know how these hoops attached to the skirts or how they related structurally to the corset. The bottom hoop on Salomé's skirt rests on the ground, and her feet are covered. The women near her are kneeling, so not all their hoops show. 

The painter De Benabarre was &quot;active in Aragon and in Catalonia, between 1445–1496,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/|title=Saint Peter|website=Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-11}} https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/10528/.&lt;/ref&gt; so perhaps he saw the styles worn by people like Katharine of Aragon, whose hoops are now called a farthingale.

=== Early Farthingale ===
In the 16th century, the foundation garment we call ''hoops'' was called a ''farthingale''. Elizabeth Lewandowski says that the metal supports (or structure) in the hoops were made of wire:&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;FARTHINGALE: Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;''{{rp|105}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The French term for ''farthingale'' is ''vertugadin'' — &quot;un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&amp;oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.&lt;/ref&gt; The French also called the farthingale a &quot;''cachenfant'' for its perceived ability to hide pregnancy,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clothes on the Shakespearean Stage.&quot; Carleton Production. Amazon Web Services. https://carleton-wp-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/84/2023/05/Clothes-on-the-Shakespearean-Stage_-1.pdf (retrieved April 2025).&lt;/ref&gt; not unreasonable given the number of portraits where the subject wearing a farthingale looks as if she might be pregnant. The term in Spanish is ''vertugado''. Nowadays clothing historians make clear distinctions among these terms, especially farthingale, bustle and hip roll, but the terminology then did not need to distinguish these garments from later ones.

The hoops on the outsides of the skirts in the Pedro García de Benabarre painting (above right) predate what would technically be considered a vertugado.[[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello 011.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a princess wearing a richly jeweled outfit|Alonso Sánchez Coello, Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia Wearing a Vertugado, c. 1584]]

Blanche Payne says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale ... into England early in the [16th] century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|291}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In fact, &quot;The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501 [La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death, then was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn.

Of England, Lewandowski says that &quot;Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|291}} That is, hoops were &quot;quite generally worn&quot; among the ruling and aristocratic classes in England, and may have been worn by some women among the wealthy bourgeoisie. Sumptuary laws addressed &quot;certain features of garments that are decorative in function, intended to enhance the silhouette&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-22|title=Sumptuary law|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary_law|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and signified wealth and status, but they were generally not very successful and not enforced well or consistently. (Sumptuary laws &quot;attempted to regulate permitted consumption, especially of clothing, food and luxury expenditures&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-09-27|title=sumptuary law|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumptuary_law|journal=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in order to mark class differences and, for our purposes, to use fashion to control women and the burgeoning middle class.)

The Spanish vertugado shaped the skirt into an symmetrical A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. Alonso Sánchez Coello's c. 1584&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|316}} portrait (right) shows infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia wearing a vertugado, with its &quot;typically Spanish smooth cone-shaped contour.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|315–316}}

The shoes do not show in the portraits of women wearing the Spanish cone-shaped vertugado. The round hoops stayed in place in front, even though the skirts might touch the floor, giving the women's feet enough room to take steps. 

By the end of the 16th century the French and Spanish farthingales had evolved separately and were no longer the same garment.[[File:Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the YoungerFXD.jpg|thumb|alt=Old oil painting of a queen in a white dress with shoulders and hips exaggerated by her dress|Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Queen Elizabeth I in a French Cartwheel Farthingale, 1592|left]]

The French vertugadin — a cartwheel farthingale — was a flat &quot;platter&quot; of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt fell straight to the floor, into a kind of asymmetrical drum shape that was balanced by strict symmetry in the rest of the garment. The English Queen Elizabeth I is wearing a French drum-shaped farthingale in Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger's c. 1592 portrait (left).[[File:Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England.jpg|thumb|Hilliard, Hardwick Hall Portrait of Elizabeth I of England, c. 1598–1599]]In Nicholas Hilliard's c. 1598–1599 portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (right), an extraordinary showing of jewels, pearls and embroidery from the top of her head to the tips of her toes make for a spectacular outfit. The drum of the cartwheel farthingale is closer to the body beneath the point of the bodice, and the underskirt is gathered up the sides of the foundation corset to where her natural waistline would be. The gathers flatten the petticoat from the point to the hem, and the fabric collected at the sides falls from the edge of the drum down to her ankles.

Associated with the cartwheel farthingale was a very long waist and a skirt slightly shorter in the front. A rigid corset with a point far below the waist and the downward-angled farthingale flattened the front of the skirt. Because the skirt in front over a cartwheel farthingale was closer to the woman's body and did not touch the floor, the dress flowed and the women's shoes showed as they moved. Almost all portraits of women wearing cartwheel farthingales show the little pointy toes of their shoes. In Gheeraerts' painting, Queen Elizabeth's feet draw attention to themselves, suggesting that showing the shoes was important.

Farthingales were heavy, and together with the rigid corsets and the construction of the dress (neckline, bodice, sleeves, mantle), women's movement was quite restricted. Although their feet and legs had the freedom to move under the hoops, their upper bodies were held in place by their foundation garments and their clothing, the sleeves preventing them from raising their arms higher than their shoulders. This restriction of the movement of their arms can be seen in Elizabethan court dances that included clapping. They clapped their hands beside their heads rather than over their heads.

The steady attempts in the sumptuary laws to control fine materials for clothing reveals the interest middle-class women had in wearing what the cultural elite were wearing at court.

=== The Transitional 17th Century ===
What had been starched and stiff in women's dress in the 16th century — like ruffs and collars — became looser and flatter in the 17th. This transitional period in women's clothing also introduced the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Cavalier|Cavalier style of men's dress]], which began with the political movement in support of England's King Charles II while he was still living in France. Like the ones women wore, men's ruffs and collars were also no longer starched or wired, making them looser and flatter as well.

For much of the 17th century — beginning about 1620, according to Payne — skirts were not supported by the cage-like hoops that had been so popular.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|355}} Without structures like hoops, skirts draped loosely to the floor, but they did not fall straight from the waist. Except for dressing gowns (which sometimes appear in portraiture in spite of their informality), the skirts women wore were held away from the body by some kind of padding or stiffened roll around the waist and at the hips, sometimes flat in front, sometimes not. The skirts flowed from the hips, either straight down or in an A-line depending on the cut of the skirt.
[[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982.jpg|thumb|Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]]
==== Hip Rolls ====
This c. 1600 Dutch engraving attributed to Maerten de Vos (right) shows two servants dressing two wealthy women in masks and hip rolls. In its title of this engraving the Metropolitan Museum of Art calls a hip roll a ''bustle'' (which it defines as a padded roll or a French farthingale),&lt;ref&gt;De Vos, Maerten. &quot;The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles.&quot; Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wikimedia Commons 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vanity_of_Women_Masks_and_Bustles_MET_DT4982.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; but the engraving itself calls it a ''cachenfant''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;De Vos, Maerten (attrib. to). &quot;The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles.&quot; Circa 1600. ''The Costume Institute: The Metropolitan Museum of Art''. Object Number: 2001.341.1. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82615&lt;/ref&gt; The craftsmen in the back are wearing masks. The one on the left is making the masks that the shop sells, and the one on the right is making the hip rolls.

The serving woman on the left is fitting a mask on what is probably her mistress. The kneeling woman on the right is tying a hip roll on what is probably hers.

The text around the engraving is in French and Dutch. The French passages read as follows (clockwise from top left), with the word ''cachenfant'' (farthingale) bolded:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Orne moy auecq la masque laide orde et sale:
&lt;br&gt;Car laideur est en moy la beaute principale.

Achepte dame masques &amp; passement:
&lt;br&gt;Monstre vostre pauvre [?] orgueil hardiment.

Venez belles filles auecq fesses maigres:
&lt;br&gt;Bien tost les ferayie rondes &amp; alaigres.

Vn '''cachenfant''' come les autres me fault porter:
&lt;br&gt;Couste qu'il couste; le fol la folle veult aymer.

Voy cy la boutiquel des enragez amours,
&lt;br&gt;De vanite, &amp; d'orgueil &amp; d'autres tels tours:

D'ont plusieurs qui parent la chair puante,
&lt;br&gt;S'en vont auecq les diables en la gehenne ardante.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Which translates, roughly, into
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Adorn me with the ugly, dirty, and orderly mask:
&lt;br&gt;For ugliness is the principal beauty in me.

Buy, lady, masks and trimmings:
&lt;br&gt;Boldly show your poor [?] pride.

Come, beautiful girls with thin buttocks:
&lt;br&gt;Soon, make them round and cheerful.

I must wear a [farthingale, lit. &quot;hide child&quot;] like the others:
&lt;br&gt;No matter how much it costs; the madman wants to love.

See here the store of rabid loves,
&lt;br&gt;Of vanity, and pride, and other such tricks:

Many of whom adorn the stinking flesh,
&lt;br&gt;Go with the devils to the burning hell.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:The Vanity of Women Masks and Bustles MET DT4982 (detail of padded rolls or French farthingales).jpg|thumb|Detail of Maerten de Vos, ''The Vanity of Women: Masks and Bustles'', c. 1600]]
Traditionally thought of as padding, the hip rolls, at least in this detail of the c. 1600 engraving (right), are hollow and seem to be made cylindrical by what looks like rings of cane or wire sewn into channels. The kneeling woman is tying the strings that attach the hip roll, which is being worn above the petticoat and below the overskirt that the mistress is holding up and back. The hip roll under construction on the table looks hollow, but when they are finished the rolls look padded and their ends sewn closed.

Farthingales were more complex than is usually assumed. Currently, ''farthingale'' usually refers to the cane or wire foundation that shaped the skirt from about 1450 to 1625, although the term was not always used so precisely. Padding was sometimes used to shape the skirt, either by itself or in addition to the cartwheel and cone-shaped foundational structures. The padding itself was in fact another version of hoops that were structured both by rings as well as padding. Called a bustle, French farthingale, cachenfant, bum barrel&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42}} or even (quoting Ben Jonson, 1601) bum roll&lt;ref&gt;Cunnington, C. Willett (Cecil Willett), and Phillis Cunnington. ''Handbook of English Costume in the Sixteenth Century''. Faber and Faber, 1954. Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/handbookofenglis0000unse_e2n2/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|161}} in its day, the hip roll still does not have a stable name. The common terms for what we call the hip roll now include ''bum roll'' and ''French farthingale''. The term ''bustle'' is no longer associated with the farthingale.

==== Bunched Skirts or Padding ====
The speed with which trends in clothing changed began to accelerate in the 17th century, making fashion more expensive and making keeping up with the latest styles more difficult. Part of the transition in this century, then, is the number of silhouettes possible for women, including early forms of what became the pannier in the 18th century and what became the bustle in the late 19th. In the later periods, these forms of hoops involved &quot;baskets&quot; or cages (or crinolines), but during this transitional period, these shapes were made from &quot;stiffened rolls [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hip Rolls|hip rolls]]] that were tied around the waist&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bendall, Sarah A. () The Case of the “French Vardinggale”: A Methodological Approach to Reconstructing and Understanding Ephemeral Garments, ''Fashion Theory'' 2019 (23:3), pp. 363-399, DOI: [[doi:10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862|10.1080/1362704X.2019.1603862]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|369}} at the hips under the skirts or from bunched fabric, or both. The fabric-based volume in the back involved the evolution of an overskirt, showing more and more of the underskirt, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|petticoat]], beneath it. This development transformed the petticoat into an outer garment.[[File:Princess Teresa Pamphilj Cybo, by Jacob Ferdinand Voet.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1670]]
[[File:Caspar Netscher - Girl Standing before a Mirror - 1925.718 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|thumb|Netscher, Girl Standing before a Mirror|left]]

Two examples of the bunched overskirt can be seen in Caspar Netscher's ''Girl Standing before a Mirror'' (left) and Voet's ''Portrait of Anna Pamphili'' (right), both painted about 1670. (This portrait of Anna Pamphili and the one below right were both misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.) In both these portraits, the overskirt is split down the center front, pulled to the sides and toward the back and stitched (probably) to keep the fabric from falling flat. The petticoat, which is now an outer garment, hangs straight to the floor. In Netscher's portrait, the girl's shoe shows, but the skirt rests on the ground, requiring her to lift her skirts to be able to walk, not to mention dancing. The dress in Anna Pamphili's portrait is an interesting contrast of soft and hard. The embroidery stiffens the narrow petticoat, suggesting it might have been a good choice for a static portrait but not for moving or dancing.

Besides bunched fabric, the other way to make the skirts full at the hips was with hip rolls. Mierevelt's 1629 Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (below, left) shows a split overskirt, although the fabric is not bunched or draped toward the back. The fullness here is caused by a hip roll, which adds fullness to the hips and back, leaving the skirts flat in front. In this case the flatness of the roll in front pulls the overskirt slightly apart and reveals the petticoat, even this early in the century. One reason this portrait is striking because Elizabeth Stuart appears to be wearing a mourning band on her left arm. Also striking are the very elaborate trim and decorations, displaying Stuart's wealth and status, including the large ornament on the mourning band. [[File:Michiel van Mierevelt - Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), circa 1629.jpg|thumb|Michiel van Mierevelt, Elizabeth Stuart, c. 1629|left]][[File:Attributed to Voet - Portrait of Anna Pamphili, misidentified with her mother Olimpia Aldobrandini.jpg|thumb|Attr. to Voet, Anna Pamphili, c. 1671]]

The c. 1671 portrait of Anna Pamphili (below, right) shows an example of the petticoat's development as an outer garment. In the Mierevelt portrait (left), the petticoat barely shows. A half century later, in the portrait of Anna Pamphili, the overskirt is not split but so short that the petticoat is almost completely revealed. A hip roll worn under both the petticoat and the overskirt gives her hips breadth. The petticoat is gathered at the sides and smooth in the front, falling close to her body. The fullness of the petticoat and the overskirt is on the sides — and possibly the back. The heavily trimmed overskirt is stiff but not rigid. Anna Pamphili's shoe peeps out from under the flattened front of the petticoat.

The neckline, the hipline, the bottom of the overskirt, the trim at the hem of the petticoat and overskirt and the ribbons on the sleeves — as well as even the hair style — all give Pamphili's outfit a sophisticated horizontal design, a look that soon would become very important and influential as panniers gained popularity.

=== Panniers ===
The formal, high-status dress we most associate with the 18th century is the horizontal style of panniers, the hoops at the sides of the skirt, which is closer to the body in front and back. Popular in the mid century in France, panniers continued to dominate design in court dress in the U.K. &quot;well into the 19th century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} ''Paniers anglais'' were 8-hoop panniers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|219}}

Panniers were made from a variety of materials, most of which have not survived into the 21st century, and the most common materials used panniers has not been established. Lewandowski says that skirts were &quot;stretched over metal hoops&quot; that &quot;First appear[ed] around 1718 and [were] in fashion [for much of Europe] until 1800. ... By 1750 the one-piece pannier was replaced by [two pieces], with one section over each hip.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|219}} According to Payne, another kind of pannier &quot;consisted of a pair of caned or boned [instead of metal] pouches, their inner surfaces curved to the ... contour of the hips, the outside extending well beyond them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|428}} Given that it is a natural material, surviving examples of cane for the structure of panniers are an unexpected gift, although silk, linen and wool also occasionally exists in museum collections. No examples of bone structures for panniers exist, suggesting that bone is less hardy than cane. Waugh says that whalebone was the only kind of &quot;bone&quot; (it was actually cartilage, of course) used;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;Waugh, Norah. ''Corsets and Crinolines''. New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books, 1954. Rpt. Routledge/Theatre Arts Books, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|167}} Payne says cane and whalebone were used for panniers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|426}} Neither Payne nor Waugh mention metal. Examples of metal structures for panniers have also not survived, perhaps because they were rare or occurred later, during revolutionary times, when a lot of things got destroyed.

The pannier was not the only silhouette in the 18th century. In fact, the speed with which fashion changed continued to accelerate in this century. Payne describes &quot;Six basic forms,&quot; which though evolutionary were also quite distinct. Further, different events called for different styles, as did the status and social requirements for those who attended. For the first time in the clothing history of the culturally elite, different distinct fashions overlapped rather than replacing each other, the clothing choices marking divisions in this class.

The century saw Payne's &quot;Six basic forms&quot; or silhouettes generally in this order but sometimes overlapping:

# '''Fullness in the back'''. The fabric bustle. While we think of the bustle as a 19th-century look, it can be found in the 18th century, as Payne says.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411}} The overskirt was all pulled to the back, the fullness probably mostly made by bunched fabric.
# '''The round skirt'''. &quot;The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops[,] in England by 1710, in France by 1720.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411}}
# '''The ellipse, panniers'''. &quot;The ellipse ... was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. ... English court costume [411/413] followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|411, 413}}
# '''Fullness in the back and sides'''. &quot;The dairy maid, or [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Polonaise|polonaise]], style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
# '''Fullness in the back'''. The return of the bustle in the 1780s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
# '''No fullness'''. The tubular [or Empire] form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}
Hoops affected how women sat, went through doors and got into carriages, as well as what was involved in the popular dances. Length of skirts and trains. Some doorways required that women wearing wide panniers turn sideways, which undermined the &quot;entrance&quot; they were expected to make when they arrived at an event. Also, a woman might be accompanied by a gentleman, who would also be affected by her panniers and the width of the doorway. Over the century skirts varied from ankle length to resting on the floor. Women wearing panniers would not have been able to stand around naturally: the panniers alone meant they had to keep their elbows bent. 

[[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Wooden and Fabric-covered Structure for 18th-century Panniers|left]][[File:Hoop petticoat and corset England 1750-1780 LACMA.jpg|thumb|Hooped Petticoat and Corset, 1750–80]]The 1760–1770 French panniers (left) are &quot;a rare surviving example&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Panniers|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668|date=1760–70|accessdate=2025-01-01}}. The Costume Institute, Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/139668.&lt;/ref&gt; of the structure of this foundation garment. Almost no examples of panniers survive. The hoops are made with bent cane, held together with red velvet silk ribbon that looks pinked. The cane also appears to be covered with red velvet, and the hoops have metal &quot;hinges that allow [them] to be lifted, facilitating movement in tight spaces.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; This inventive hingeing permitted the wearer to lift the bottom cane and her skirts, folding them up like an accordion, lifting the front slightly and greatly reducing the width (and making it easier to get through doors). ['''Write the Met to ask about this description once it's finished. Are there examples of boned or metal panniers that they're aware of?''']

The corset and hoops shown (right) are also not reproductions and are also rare examples of foundation garments surviving from the 18th century. These hoops are made with cane held in place by casings sewn into a plain-woven linen skirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714|title=Woman's Hoop Petticoat (Pannier) {{!}} LACMA Collections|website=collections.lacma.org|access-date=2025-01-03}} Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214714.&lt;/ref&gt; These 1750–1780 hoops are modestly wide, but the gathering around the casings for the hoops suggests that the panniers could be widened if longer hoops were inserted. (The corset shown with these hoops is treated in the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsets|Corsets section]]. The mannequin is wearing a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise undergarment]] as well.)[[File:Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine1 copy.jpg|thumb|Martin van Meytens, Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine, c. 1760|left]]In her c. 1760 portrait (left), Johanna Gabriele of Habsburg Lorraine is wearing exaggerated court-dress panniers, shown here about the widest that they got. Johanna Gabriele was the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, so she was a sister of Marie Antoinette, who also would have worn panniers as exaggerated as these. Johanna Gabriele's hairstyle has not grown into the huge bouffant style that developed to balance the wide court dress, so her outfit looks out of proportion in this portrait. And, because of her panniers, her arms look slightly awkward. The tips of her shoes show because her skirt has been pulled back and up to rest on them.

France had become the leader in high fashion by the middle of the century, led first by Madame Pompadour and then by Marie Antoinette, who was crowned queen in 1774.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-23|title=Marie Antoinette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Court dress has always been regulated, but it could be influenced. Marie Antoinette's influence was toward exaggeration, both in formality and in informality. In their evolution formal-dress skirts moved away from the body in front and back but were still wider on the sides and were decorated with massive amounts of trim, including ruffles, flowers, lace and ribbons. The French queen led court fashion into greater and greater excess: &quot;Since her taste ran to dancing, theatrical, and masked escapades, her costumes and those of her court exhibited quixotic tendencies toward absurdity and exaggeration.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|428}} Both Madame Pompadour's and Marie Antoinette's taste ran to extravagance and excess, visually represented in the French court by the clothing.[[File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in 1778 and 1779]]The two portraits (right), painted by Élizabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1778 on the left and 1779 on the right, show Marie Antoinette wearing the same dress. Although one painting has been photographed as lighter than the other, the most important differences between the two portraits are slight variations in the pose and the hairstyle and headdress. Her hair in the 1779 painting is in better proportion to her dress than it is in the earlier one, and the later headdress — a stylized mobcap — is more elaborate and less dependent on piled-up hair. (The description of the painting in Wikimedia Commons says she gave birth between these two portraits, which in particular affected her hair and hairline.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;File:Marie Antoinette 1778-1783.jpg.&quot; ''Wikimedia Commons'' [&lt;bdi&gt;Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, 2 portraits of Marie Antoinette&lt;/bdi&gt;] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_1778-1783.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt;)[[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|Queen Charlotte of England, 1781|left]]

In this 1781&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/wd/jAGip1dpEkf-Fw|title=Portrait of Queen Charlotte of England - Thomas Gainsborough, studio|website=Google Arts &amp; Culture|language=en|access-date=2025-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; portrait from the workshop of Thomas Gainsborough (left), Queen Charlotte is wearing panniers less exaggerated in width than Johanna Gabriele's. The English did not usually wear panniers as wide as those in French court dress, but the decoration and trim on the English Queen Charlotte's gown are as elaborate as anything the French would do.

The ruffles (many of them double) and fichu are made with a sheer silk or cotton, which was translucent rather than transparent. The ruffles on Queen Charlotte's sleeves are made of lace. The ruffles and poufs of sheer silk are edged in gold. The embroidered flowers and stripes, as well as the sequin discs and attached clusters are all gold. The skirt rose above the floor, revealing Queen Charlotte's pointed shoe. Shoes were fashion accessories because of the shorter length of the skirts.

The whole look is more balanced because of the bouffant hairstyle, the less extreme width in the panniers and the greater fullness in front (and, probably, back). 

The white dress worn by the queen in Season 1, Episode 4 of the BBC and Canal+ series ''Marie Antoinette'' stands out because nobody else is wearing white at the ball in Paris and because of the translucent silk or muslin fabric, which would have been imported from India at that time (some silk was still being imported from China). Muslin is not a rich or exotic fabric to us, but toward the end of the 18th century, muslin could be imported only from India, making it unusual and expensive.&lt;blockquote&gt;Another English contribution to the fashion of the eighties was the sheer white muslin dress familiar to us from the paintings of Reynolds, Romney, and Lawrence. In this respect the English fell under the spell of classic Greek influence sooner than the French did. Lacking the restrictions imposed by Marie Antoinette's court, the English were free to adapt costume designs from the source which was inspiring their architects and draftsmen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|438}} &lt;/blockquote&gt;So while a sheer white dress would have been unlikely in Marie Antoinette's court, according to Payne, the fabric itself was available and suddenly became very popular, in part because of its simplicity and its sheerness. The Empire style replaced the Rococo busyness in a stroke, like the French Revolution.

By the 1790s French and English fashion had evolved in very different directions, and also by this time, accepted fashion and court dress had diverged, with the formulaic properties of court dress — especially in France — preventing its development. In general,&lt;blockquote&gt;English women were modestly covered ..., often in overdress and petticoat; that heavier fabrics with more pattern and color were used; and that for a while hairdress remained more elaborate and headdress more involved than in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|441}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;Even in such a rich and colorful court dress as Queen Charlotte is wearing in the Gainsborough-workshop portrait, her more &quot;modest&quot; dress shows these trends very clearly: the white (muslin or silk) and the elaborate style in headdress and hair.

=== Polonaise ===

==== Marie Antoinette — The Context ====

The robe à la Polonaise in casual court dress was popularized by Marie Antoinette for less formal settings and events, a style that occurred at the same time as highly formal dresses with panniers. An informal fashion not based on court dress, although court style would require panniers, though not always the extremely wide ones, and the new style. It was so popular that it evolved into one way court dress could be.[[File:Marie Antoinette in a Park Met DP-18368-001.jpg|thumb|Le Brun, ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'']]Trianon: Marie Antoinette's &quot;personal&quot; palace at Versailles, where she went to entertain her friends in a casual environment. While there, in extended, several-day parties, she and her friends played games, did amateur theatricals, wore costumes, like the stylization of what a dairy maid would wear. A release from the very rigid court procedures and social structures and practices. Separate from court and so not documented in the same way events at Versailles were.

In the c. 1780–81 sketch (right) of Marie Antoinette in a Park by Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun,&lt;ref&gt;Le Brun, Elisabeth Louise Vigée. ''Marie Antoinette in a Park'' (c. 1780–81). The Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/824771.&lt;/ref&gt; the queen is wearing a robe à la Polonaise with an apron in front, so we see her in a relatively informal pose and outfit. The underskirt, which is in part at least made of a sheer fabric, shows beneath the overskirt and the apron. This is a late Polonaise, more decoration, additions of ribbons, lace, lace, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ruffles, which did not exist on actual milkmaid dresses or earlier versions of the robe à la Polonaise. Even though this is a sketch, we can see that this dress would be more comfortable and convenient for movement because the bodice is not boned, and wrinkles in the bodice suggest that she is not likely wearing a corset. 

==== Definition of Terms ====

The Polonaise was a late-Georgian or late-18th-century style, the usage of the word in written English dating from 1773 although ''Polonaise'' is French for ''the Polish woman'', and the style arose in France:&lt;blockquote&gt;A woman's dress consisting of a tight, unboned bodice and a skirt open from the waist downwards to reveal a decorative underskirt. Now historical.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;“Polonaise, N. &amp; Adj.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2555138986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The lack of boning in the bodice would make this fashion more comfortable than the formal foundation garments worn in court dress.

The term ''á la polonaise'' itself is not in common use by the French nowadays, and the French ''Wikipédia'' doesn't use it for clothing. French fashion drawings and prints from the 18th-century, however, do use the term.

Elizabeth Lewandowski dates the Polonaise style from about 1750 to about 1790,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|123}} and Payne says it was &quot;prevalent&quot; in the 1770s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}

The style à la Polonaise was based on an idealization of what dairy maids wore, adapted by aristocratic women and frou-froued up. Two dairymaids are shown below, the first is a caricature of a stereotypical milkmaid and the second is one of Marie Antoinette's ladies in waiting costumed as a milkmaid.
[[File:La laitiere. G.16931.jpg|left|thumb|Mixelle, ''La Laitiere'' (the Milkmaid)]]
[[File:Madame A. Aughié, Friend of Queen Marie Antoinette, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon - Nationalmuseum - 21931.tif|thumb|Madame A. Aughié, as a Dairymaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon]]In the aquatint engraving of ''La Laitiere'' (left) by Jean-Marie Mixelle (1758–1839),&lt;ref&gt;Mixelle, Jean-Marie. ''La Laitiere'', Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, Inventory Number: G.16931. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/la-laitiere-8#infos-secondaires-detail.&lt;/ref&gt; the milkmaid is portrayed as flirtatious and, perhaps, not virtuous. She is wearing clogs and two white aprons. Her bodice is laced in front, the ruffle is probably her chemise showing at her neckline, and the peplum sticks out, drawing attention to her hips. As apparently was typical, she is wearing a red skirt, short enough for her ankles to show. The piece around her neck has become untucked from her bodice, contributing to the sexualizing, as does the object hanging from her left hand and directing the eye to her bosom. (The collection of engravings that contains this one is undated but probably from the late 19th or early 20th century.)

The 1787 &lt;bdi&gt;Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller&lt;/bdi&gt; portrait of Madame Adélaïde Aughié in the Royal Dairy at Petit Trianon-Le Hameau&lt;ref&gt;Wertmüller, Adolf Ulrik. ''Adélaïde Auguié as a Dairy-Maid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon''. 1787. The National Museum of Sweden, Inventory number NM 4881. https://collection.nationalmuseum.se/en/collection/item/21931/.&lt;/ref&gt; (right) is about as casual as Le Trianon got. A contemporary of Marie Antoinette, she is in costume as a milkmaid in the Royal Dairy at Trianon, perhaps for a theatrical event or a game. Her dress is not in the à la Polonaise style but a court interpretation of what a milkmaid would look like, in keeping with the hired workers at le Trianon.

==== The 3 Poufs ====
Visually, the style à la Polonaise is defined by the 3 poufs made by the gathering-up of the overskirt. Initially most of the fabric was bunched to make the poufs, but eventually they were padded or even supported by panniers. Payne describes how the polonaise skirt was constructed, mentioning only bunched fabric and not padding:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, [or, later, buckles] which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise .... These diversions [the poufs] appeared in the late [seventeen] sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our own [American] Revolutionary War period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle, G.4555.jpg|thumb|Robe à la polonaise, c. 1775]]The overskirt, which was gathered or pulled into the 3 distinctive poufs, was sometimes quite elaborately decorated, revealing the place of this garment in high fashion (rather than what an actual working dairy maid might wear). The fabrics in the underskirt and overskirt sometimes were different and contrasting; in simpler styles, the two skirts might have the same fabrics. More complexly styled dresses were heavily decorated with ruffles, bows, [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Plastics|plastics]], ribbons, flowers, lace and trim.

The c. 1775&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Robe à la polonaise jaune et violette, Galerie des modes, Fonds d'estampes du XVIIIème siècle.&quot; Palais Galliera, musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris. Inventory number: G.4555. https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/palais-galliera/oeuvres/robe-a-la-polonaise-jaune-et-violette-galerie-des-modes-fonds-d-estampes-du#infos-principales.&lt;/ref&gt; fashion color print (right) shows the way the overskirt of the Polonaise was gathered into 3 poufs, one in back and one on either side. In this illustration, the underskirt and the overskirt have the same yellow fabric trimmed with a flat band of purple fabric. The 18th-century caption printed below the image identifies it as a &quot;Jeune Dame en robe à la Polonoise de taffetas garnie a plat de bandes d'une autre couleur: elle est coeffée d'un mouchoir a bordures découpées, ajusté avec gout et bordé de fleurs [Young Lady in a Polonaise dress of taffeta trimmed flat with bands of another color: she is wearing a handkerchief with cut edges, tastefully adjusted and bordered with flowers].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;

The skirt's few embellishments are the tasseled bows creating the poufs. The gathered underskirt falls straight from the padded hips to a few inches above the floor. Her cap is interesting, perhaps a forerunner of the mob cap (here a handkerchief worn as a cap [&quot;mouchoir a bordures découpées&quot;]).

===== The Evolution of the Polonaise into Court Dress =====
Part of the original attraction of the robe à la Polonaise was that women did not wear their usual heavy corsets and hoops, which is what would have made this style informal, playful, easy to move in, an escape from the stiffness of court life. Traditionally court dress with panniers and the robe à la Polonaise were thought to be separate, competing styles, but actually the two styles influenced each other and evolved into a design that combined elements from both.

By the time the robe à la Polonaise became court dress, the poufs were no longer only bunched fabric but large, controlled elaborations that were supported by structural elements, and the silhouette of the dress had returned to the ellipsis shape provided by panniers, with perhaps a little more fullness in front and back. The underskirt fell straight down from the hip level, indicating that some kind of padding or structure pulled it away from the body.

Court dress required the controlled shape of the skirt and a tightly structured bodice, which could have been achieved with corseting or tight lacing of the bodice itself. In the combined style, the bodice comes to a pointed V below the waist, which could only be kept flat by stays. While the Polonaise was ankle length, court dress touched the floor.

The following 3 images are fashion prints showing Marie Antoinette in court dress influenced by the robe à la Polonaise, made into a personal style for the queen by the asymmetrical poufs, the reduction of Rococo decoration, layers stacked upon each other and a length that keeps the hem of the skirts off the floor.[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, ooo 356 Grand habit de bal a la Cour (..), RP-P-2009-1213.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Ball Gown à la Polonaise|left]]The 1787 &quot;Grand habit de bal à la Cour, avec des manches à la Gabrielle &amp; c.&quot; (left) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a ballgown for the court with sleeves à la Gabrielle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--10ceb0e05fbb45ad4941bed1dacb27f1|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

This ballgown, influenced by the robe à la polonaise, is balanced but asymmetrical and seems to have panniers for support of the side poufs. The only decoration on the skirt is ribbon or braid and tassels. Contrasting fabrics replace the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]] for more depth and interest. The lining of the poufs has been pulled out for another contrasting color. The print makes it impossible to tell if the purple is an underskirt and an overskirt or one skirt with attached loops of the ribbon-like trim. 

(A sleeve à la Gabrielle has turned out to be difficult to define. The best we can do, which is not perfect, is a 4 July 1814 description: &quot;On fait, depuis quelque temps, des manches à la Gabrielle. Ces manches, plus courtes que les manches ordinaires, se terminent par plusieurs rangs de garnitures. Au lieu d'un seul bouillonné au poignet, on en met trois ou quatre, que l'on sépare par un poignet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Modes.&quot; ''Journal des Dames et des Modes''. 4 July 1814 (18:37), vol. 10, 1. ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=kwNdAAAAcAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|296}} [&quot;For some time now, sleeves have been made in the Gabrielle style. These sleeves, shorter than ordinary sleeves, end in several rows of trimmings. Instead of a single ruffle at the wrist, three or four are used, separated by a wrist treatment.&quot;] The sleeves on the bodice of robes à la Polonaise seem to have been short, 3/4-length or less.) [[File:Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 Robe de Cour à la Turque (..), RP-P-2009-1220.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in a Court Dress à la Turque]]The c. 1787 &quot;Robe de Cour à la Turque, coeffure Orientale aves des aigrettes et plumes, &amp;c.&quot; (right) by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a court dress à la Turque with a headdress that has [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Aigrette|aigrettes]] and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/---75499afec371ac1741dd98d769b14698|title=Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français, 1787, sss 384 : Robe de Cour à la Turque; (...)|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;coeffure Orientale&quot; seems to be a highly stylized turban.

This court dress is à la Polonaise in that it has poufs, but it has 2 layers of poufs and an underskirt with a large ruffle. With its unusual striped fabric, its contrasting colors, the very asymmetrical skirt and the ruffles, bows and tassels, this is an elaborate and visually complex dress, but it is not decorated with a lot of [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]].

Several prints in this fashion collection show the robe à la Turque, a late-Georgian style [1750–1790],&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}} none of which look &quot;Turkish&quot; in the slightest. Lewandowski defines robe à la Turque:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Very tight bodice with trained over-robe with funnel sleeves and a collar. Worn with a draped sash.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Her &quot;Robe à la Reine&quot; might offer a better description of this outfit, or at least of the overskirt:&lt;blockquote&gt;Popular from 1776 to 1787, bodice with an attached overskirt swagged back to show the underskirt. .... Gown was short sleeved and elaborately decorated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|250}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:Marie Antoinette de modekoningin Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Francais, 1787, ooo.359, Habit de Cour en hyver (titel op object), RP-P-2004-1142.jpg|thumb|Marie Antoinette in Winter Court Fashion]]

This 18th-century interpretation of what looked Turkish would have been about what was fashionable and, in the case of Marie Antoinette's court, dramatic.

The 1787 &quot;Habit de Cour en hyver garni de fourrures &amp;c.&quot; (right) of Marie Antoinette by printmaker Nicolas Dupin, after a drawing by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, shows Marie Antoinette in a winter court outfit trimmed with white fur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/object/Marie-Antoinette-The-Queen-of-Fashion-Gallerie-des-Modes-et-Costumes-Francais--727dc366885cc0596cd60d7b2c57e207|title=Marie Antoinette: The Queen of Fashion: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français|website=Rijksmuseum.nl|language=en|access-date=2025-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unusually, this &quot;habit&quot; à la Polonaise has a train. The highly stylized court version of a mob cap was appropriated from the peasantry and turned into this extravagant headdress with its unrealistic high crown and its huge ribbon and bows. This outfit as a whole is balanced even though individual elements (like the cap and the white drapes gathered and bunched with bows and tassels) are out of proportion.

The decadence of the aristocratic and royal classes in France at the end of the 18th century are revealed by these extravagant, dramatic fashions in court dress. These restructured, redesigned court dresses are the merging of the earlier, highly decorated and formal pannier style with the simpler, informal style à la Polonaise. The design is complex, but the complexity does not result from the variety of decorations. The most important differences in the merged design are in the radical reduction of frou-frou and the number of layers. Also, sometimes, the skirts are ankle rather than floor length. The foundation garments held the layers away from the legs, not restricting movement. The different styles of farthingales that existed at the same time are variations on a theme, but the panniers and the Polonaise styles, which also existed at the same time, had different purposes and were designed for different events, but the two styles influenced each other to the point that they merged. 

All the various forms of hoops we've discussed so far are not discrete but moments in a long evolution of foundation structures. Once fashion had moved on, they all passed out of style and were not repeated. Except the Polonaise, which had influence beyond the 18th century — in the 1870s revival of the à la Polonaise style and in Victorian fancy-dress (or costume) balls. For example, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Lady Beatrix Herbert]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] was wearing a Polonaise, based on a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of dancer Giovanna Baccelli.

=== Crinoline Hoops ===
''[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Crinoline|Crinoline]]'', technically, is the name for a kind of stiff fabric made mostly from horsehair and sometimes linen, stiffened with starch or glue, and used for [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Foundation Garments|foundation garments]] like petticoats or bustles. The term ''crinoline'' was not used at first for the cage (shown in the image below left), but that kind of structure came to be called a crinoline as well as a cage, and the term is still used in this way by some.

After the 1789 French Revolution, for about one generation, women stopped wearing corsets and hoops in western Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|445–446}} What they did wear was the Empire dress, a simple, columnar style of light-weight cotton fabric that idealized classical Greek outlines and aesthetics. Cotton was a fabric for the elite at this point since it was imported from India or the United States. Sometimes women moistened the fabric to reveal their &quot;natural&quot; bodies, showing that they were not wearing artificial understructures.[[File:Crinoline era3.gif|thumb|1860s Cage Showing the Structure|left]]

Beginning in the second decade of the 19th century and continuing through the 1830s, corsets returned and skirts became more substantial, widened by layers of flounced cotton petticoats — and in winter, heavy woolen or quilted ones. The waist moved down to the natural waist from the Empire height. As skirts got wider in the 1840s, the petticoats became too bulky and heavy, hanging against the legs and impeding movement. In the mid 1850s&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|510}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}} those layers of petticoats began to be replaced by hoops, which were lighter than all that fabric, even when made of steel, and even when really wide.

The sketch (left) shows a crinoline cage from the 1860s, making clear the structure that underlay the very wide, bell or hemisphere shapes of the era without the fabric that would normally have covered it.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, Carl Emil. ''Karikatur-album: den evropaeiske karikature-kunst fra de aeldste tider indtil vor dage. Vaesenligst paa grundlag af Eduard Fuchs : Die karikature'', Eduard Fuchs. Vol. 1. København, A. Chrustuabsebs Forlag, 1906. P. 504, Fig. 474 (probably) ''Google Books'' https://books.google.com/books?id=BUlHAQAAMAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt; (This image was published in a book in 1904, but it may have been drawn earlier. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Chemise|chemise]] is accurate but oversimplified, minus the usual ruffles, more for the wealthy and less for the working classes.) When people think of 1860s hoops, they think of this shape, the one shown in, say, the 1939 film ''Gone with the Wind''. The extremely wide, round shape, which is what we are accustomed to seeing in historical fiction and among re-enactors, was very popular in the 1860s, but it was not the only shape hoops took at this time. The half-sphere shape — in spite of what popular history prepares us to think — was far from universal.[[File:Miss Victoria Stuart-Wortley, later Victoria, Lady Welby (1837-1912) 1859.jpg|thumb|Victoria Stuart-Wortley, 1859]]As the 1860s progressed, hoops (and skirts) moved towards the back, creating more fullness there and leaving a flatter front. The photographs below show the range of choices for women in this decade. Cages could be more or less wide, skirts could be more or less full in back and more or less flat in front, and skirts could be smooth, pleated or folded, or gathered. Skirts could be decorated  with any of the many kinds of ruffles or with layers (sometimes made of contrasting fabrics), and they could be part of an outfit with a long bodice or jacket (sometimes, in fact, a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Peplum|peplum]]). As always, the woman's social class and sense of style, modesty and practicality affected her choices.

In her portrait (right) Victoria Stuart-Wortley (later Victoria, Lady Welby) is shown in 1859, two years before she became one of Queen Victoria's maids of honor. While Stuart-Wortley is dressed fashionably, her style of clothing is modest and conservative. The wrinkles and folds in the skirt suggest that she could be wearing numerous petticoats (which would have been practical in cold buildings), but the smoothness and roundness of the silhouette of the skirt suggest that she is wearing conservative hoops.[[File:Elisabeth Franziska wearing a crinoline and feathered hat.jpg|thumb|Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska, 1860s|left]]

The portrait of Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska (left) offers an example of hoops from the 1860s that are not half-sphere shaped and a skirt that is not made to fit smoothly over them. The dress seems to have a short peplum whose edges do not reach the front. She is standing close to the base of the column and possibly leaning on the balustrade, distorting the shape of the skirt by pushing the hoop forward.

This dress has a complex and sophisticated design, in part because of the weight and textures of the fabric and trim. The folds in the skirt are unusually deep. Even though the textured or flocked fabric is light-colored, this could be a winter dress.

The skirt is trimmed with zig-zag rows of ruffles and a ruffle along the bottom edge. The ruffles may be double with the top ruffle a very narrow one (made of an eyelet or some kind of textured fabric). Both the top and bottom edges of the tiered double ruffles are outlined in a contrasting fabric, perhaps of ribbon or another lace, perhaps even crocheted. Visual interest comes from the three-dimensionality provided by the ruffles and the contrast caused by dark crocheted or ribbon edging on the ruffles. In fact, the ruffles are the focus of this outfit.

[[File:Her Majesty the Queen Victoria.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, 1861]]
The photographic portrait (right) of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, in evening dress with diadem and jewels, is by Charles Clifford&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ppgcfuck|title=Queen Victoria. Photograph by C. Clifford, 1861.|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en|access-date=2025-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Madrid, dated 14 November 1861 and now held by the Wellcome Institute. Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-20|title=Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; so this carte-de-visite portrait was taken one month before Victoria went into mourning for 40 years.

This fashionable dress could be a ballgown designed by a designer.

The hoops under these skirts appear to be round rather than elliptical but are rather modest in their width and not extreme. That is, there is as much fullness in the front and back as on the sides. In this style, the skirt has a smooth appearance because it is not fuller at the bottom than the waist, where it is tightly gathered or pleated, so the skirts lie smoothly on the hoops and are not much fuller than the hoops. The smoothness of this skirt makes it definitive for its time. 

Instead of elaborate decoration, this visually complex dress depends on the woven moiré fabric with additional texture created by the shine and shadows in the bunched gathering of the fabric. The underskirt is gathered both at the waist and down the front, along what may be ribbons separating the gathers and making small horizontal bunches. The overskirt, which includes a train, has a vertical drape caused by the large folds at the waist. The horizontal design in the moiré fabric contrasts with the vertical and horizontal gathers of the underskirt and large, strongly vertical folds of the overskirt.[[File:Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall.JPG|thumb|Queen Victoria photographed by Mayall. early 1860s|left]]
The carte-de-visite portrait of Queen Victoria by John Jabez Edwin Paisley Mayall (left) shows hoops that are more full in the back than the front. Mayall took a number of photographs of the royal family in 1860 and in 1861 that were published as cartes de visite,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-08|title=John Jabez Edwin Mayall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the style of Victoria's dress is consistent with the early 1860s.

The fact that she has white or a very light color at her collar and wrists suggests that she was not in full mourning and thus wore this dress before Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. We cannot tell what color this dress is, and it may not be black in spite of how it appears in this photograph. Victoria's hoops are modest — not too full — and mostly round, slightly flatter in the front. The skirt gathers more as it goes around the sides to the back and falls without folds in the front, where it is smoother, even over the flatter hoops. This is a winter garment with bulky sleeves and possibly fur trim. Except for what may be an undergarment at the wrists, this one-layer garment might be a dress or a bodice and skirt (perhaps with a short jacket). Over-trimmed garments were standard in this period. Lacking layers, ruffles, lace or frou-frou, the simple design of Victoria's dress is deliberate and balanced — and looks warm.

The bourgeois, inexpensive-looking design of this dress echoes Victoria's performance of a queen who is respectable and responsible rather than aristocratic and &quot;fashion forward.&quot; So she looks like a middle-class matron.[[File:Queen Emma of Hawaii, photograph by John &amp; Charles Watkins, The Royal Collection Trust (crop).jpg|thumb|Queen Emma Kaleleokalani of Hawai'i, 1865]]

The portrait (right) of Queen Emma of Hawaii —  Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke — is a carte de visite from an album of ''Royal Portraits'' that Queen Victoria collected. The carte-de-visite photograph is labelled 1865 and ''Queen Emma of the Sandwich Islands'',&lt;ref&gt;Unknown Photographer. ''Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1836-85)''. ''www.rct.uk''. Retrieved 2025-02-07. https://www.rct.uk/collection/2908295/emma-kalanikaumakaamano-kaleleonalani-naea-rooke-queen-of-the-kingdom-of-hawaii.&lt;/ref&gt; possibly in Victoria's hand. How Victoria got this photograph is not clear. Queen Emma traveled to North America and Europe between 6 May 1865 and 23 October 1866,&lt;ref&gt;Benton, Russell E. ''Emma Naea Rooke (1836-1885), Beloved Queen of Hawaii''. Lewiston, N.Y., U.S.A. : E. Mellen Press, 1988. ''Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/emmanaearooke1830005bent/.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|49}} visiting London twice, the second time in June 1866.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Queen Emma of Hawaii|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In her portrait Queen Emma is standing before some books and an open jewelry box. She shows an elegant sense of style.

The silhouette shows a sophisticated variation of the hoops as the fullness has moved to the back and the front flattened. The large pleats suggest a lot of fabric, but the front falls almost straight down. The overskirt and bodice are made from a satin-weave fabric, and the petticoat has a matt woven surface. The overskirt is longer in the back, leading us to expect the petticoat also to be longer and to turn into a train. Although the hoops cause the skirt to fall away from her body in back, the skirt does not drag on the floor as a train would and just clears the floor all the way around.

This optical illusion of a train makes this dress look more formal than it actually was. The covered shoulders and décolletage say the dress was not a formal or evening gown. In fact, this looks like a winter dress, and the sleeves (which she has pushed up above her wrist) are wrinkled, suggesting they may be padded. Queen Emma seems to have worn veils like this at other times as well, especially after the death of her husband, as did Victoria, so this is also not her wedding dress.

Popular history has led us to believe that crinoline hoops were half-spherical and always very wide, but photographs of the time show a variety of shapes for skirts, with many women wearing skirts that had flatter fronts and more fabric in the back. In fact, also in the 1860s, according to Lewandowski, a version of the bustle — called a crinolette or crinolette petticoat — developed:&lt;blockquote&gt;Crinolette petticoat: Bustle (1865–1890 C.E.). Worn in 1870 and revived in 1883, petticoat cut flat in front and with half circle steel hoops in back and flounces on bottom back.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|78}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This development of a bustle mid century is the result of construction techniques that include foundation structures and specifically shaped pattern pieces to achieve the evolving silhouette, in this case part of the general movement of the fullness of skirts away from the front and toward the back. The other essential element of these construction techniques is angled seams in the skirts, made by gores, pieces of fabric shaped to fit the waist (and sometimes the hips) and to widen at the bottom so that the skirt flares outward.

==== The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise ====
The Polonaise style was revived in the last third of the 19th century, but the revival did not bring back the 18th-century 3 poufs. The robe à la Polonaise had evolved. The foundation that created the poufs is gone, replaced possibly in fact by the crinolette petticoat or something like it. The panniers — and the 2 side poufs they supported — have gone, and the bulk of the fabric has been bunched in the back.

Also, the poufs on the sides have been replaced with a flat drape in front that functions as an overskirt.

The Polonaise dress (below left and right), in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, is English, dating from about 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Woman's Dress Ensemble.&quot; Costumes and Textiles. LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. https://collections.lacma.org/node/214459.&lt;/ref&gt; The sheer fabric has red &quot;wool supplementary patterning&quot; woven into the weft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Because the mannequin is modern, we cannot be certain how long the skirts would have been on the woman who wore this dress.[[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (1 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, front view|left]][[File:Woman's Polonaise Dress LACMA M.2007.211.777a-f (4 of 4).jpg|thumb|English Polonaise, c. 1875, side view]]The dress has an overskirt that is draped up toward the back and pulled under the top poof. The underskirt gets fuller at the bottom because it is constructed with gores to create the A-line but it is also slightly gathered at the waist.

The vertical element is emphasized by the angled silhouette and the folds caused by the gathering at the waist. The ruffles and lace form horizontal lines in the skirts. The skirts are very busy visually because of pattern in the fabric and the contrasting vertical and horizontal elements as well as the ruffles, some of which are double, and the machine-made lace at the edge of the ruffles. The skirts look three dimensional because of these elements and the layering of the fabric, multiplying the jagged-edged red &quot;supplementary patterning.&quot;

The fabric of the overskirt is cut, gathered and draped so that the poufs in back are full and rounded, but they are also possibly supported by some kind of foundation structure. The lower pouf in back introduces the idea that the fullness in the back is layered, making this element of the Polonaise a kind of precursor to the bustle and continuing what the crinolette petticoat began in the 1860s. This layering of the lower pouf also indicates one way a train might be attached.

Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the hoops her fictionalized self wore the century before, unusually, and calls her dress a Polonaise. Although they are common in current historical fiction, descriptions of foundation garments are rare in the writings of the women who wore them or in the literature of the time. In ''These Happy Golden Years'' (1943), Wilder gives a detailed description of the undergarments as well as the foundation garments under her dress, including a bustle, and talks about how they make the Polonaise look on her:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Then carefully over her under-petticoats she put on her hoops. She liked these new hoops. They were the very latest style in the East, and these were the first of the kind that Miss Bell had got. Instead of wires, there were wide tapes across the front, almost to her knees, holding the petticoats so that her dress would lie flat. These tapes held the wire bustle in place at the back, and it was an adjustable bustle. Short lengths of tape were fastened to either end of it; these could be buckled together underneath the bustle to puff it out, either large or small. Or they could be buckled together in front, drawing the bustle down close in back so that a dress rounded smoothly over it. Laura did not like a large bustle, so she buckled the tapes in front.

Then carefully over all she buttoned her best petticoat, and over all the starched petticoats she put on the underskirt of her new dress. It was of brown cambric, fitting smoothly around the top over the bustle, and gored to flare smoothly down over the hoops. At the bottom, just missing the floor, was a twelve-inch-wide flounce of the brown poplin, bound with an inch-wide band of plain brown silk. The poplin was not plain poplin, but striped with an openwork silk stripe.

Then over this underskirt and her starched white corset-cover, Laura put on the polonaise. Its smooth, long sleeves fitted her arms perfectly to the wrists, where a band of the plain silk ended them. The neck was high with a smooth band of the plain silk around the throat. The polonaise fitted tightly and buttoned all down the front with small round buttons covered with the plain brown silk. Below the smooth hips it flared and rippled down and covered the top of the flounce on the underskirt. A band of the plain silk finished the polonaise at the bottom.&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''These Happy Golden Years.'' Harper &amp; Row, Publishers, 1943. Pp. 161–163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
When a 20th-century Laura Ingalls Wilder calls her character's late-19th-century dress a polonaise, she is probably referring to the &quot;tight, unboned bodice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; and perhaps a simple, modest look like the stereotype of a dairy maid. While the bodice was unboned, the fact that she is wearing a corset cover means that she is corseted under it.   
==== Bustle or Tournure ====
As we have seen, bustles were popular from around 1865 to 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|296}} The French term ''tournure'' was a euphemism in English for ''bustle''. The article on the tournure in the French ''Wikipédia'' addresses the purpose of the bustle and crinoline:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Crinoline et tournure ont exactement la même fonction déjà recherchée à d'autres époques avec le vertugadin et ses dérivés: soutenir l'ampleur de la jupe, et par là souligner par contraste la finesse de la taille; toute la mode du xixe siècle visant à accentuer les courbes féminines naturelles par le double emploi du corset affinant la taille et d'éléments accentuant la largeur des hanches (crinoline, tournure, drapés bouffants…).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-27|title=Tournure|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournure|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[Translation by ''Google Translate'': Crinoline and bustle have exactly the same function already sought in other periods with the farthingale and its derivatives: to support the fullness of the skirt, and thereby emphasize by contrast the finesse of the waist; all the fashion of the 19th century aimed at accentuating natural feminine curves by the dual use of the corset refining the waist and elements accentuating the width of the hips (crinoline, bustle, puffy drapes, etc.).]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Hoops' final phase was the development of the bustle, which as early as the 1860s was created by one of several methods: by draping the dress over a crinolette petticoat or some other structure, or by pulling the fabric to the back and bunching it with pleats or gathers. The overskirt so popular with the revival of the Polonaise pulled additional fabric to the back of the skirt, the poufs supported by some substructure, bunched fabric, padding and, often, ruffled petticoats. The bustle, then, is more complex than might be normally be thought and more complex than some of the earlier foundation garments in the evolution of hoops, in part because the silhouette of hoops (and dresses) was changing more rapidly in the last half of the 19th century than ever before.

[[File:La Gazette rose, 16 Mai 1874; robe à tournure.jpg|thumb|&quot;Toilettes de Printemps,&quot; 1874|left]]In fact, fashion trends were moving so fast at this point that the two &quot;bustle periods&quot; were actually only two decades, the 1870s and the 1880s. Bustle fashion was at its height for these two decades, which saw the line of the skirts change radically. As the bustle developed, the 1870s ruffles disappeared, replaced by draping and layering, which made the bustles more complex visually.

&quot;Toilettes de Printemps&quot; (left), an 1874 French fashion plate, shows two women walking in the country, the one in green wearing an extremely long and impractical train. Both of these have several rows of ruffles beneath the overskirt — a short-lived fashion. The ruffles, which disappear in the 2nd bustle period, create a fullness in the front of the skirt at the bottom. The bodice of both dresses connects to an overskirt, like a jacket. The excess skirt fabric is draped in the back over a foundation structure. [[File:Somm26.jpg|thumb|Henry Somm, 1880s]]Plumes makes the hats tall, part of the proportioning with the bustle. The dog at the feet of the woman in the green dress recalls the dogs ubiquitous in earlier portraiture. 

The Henry Somm watercolor (right) offers a clear example of how extreme bustles got in the mid 1880s, in the 2nd bustle period. Henry Somm was the pen name that François Clément Sommier (1844–1907) used on his paintings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-01|title=Henry Somm|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Somm&amp;oldid=222597815|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was in Paris beginning in the 1860s and so was present for the Civil War of 1870–71 and the rise of Impressionism in that highly political and dangerous context.&lt;ref&gt;Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Somm's c. 1895&lt;ref&gt;&quot;File:Somm26.jpg.&quot; Henry Somm, &quot;An Elegantly Dressed Woman at a Door (wearing mid-1880s bustled fashions),&quot; c. 1895. June 2025. Wikimedia Commons 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somm26.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; impressionist painting shows an immediate moment — an elegant mid-1880s woman outside a door, her right hand and face animated, as if she is talking to someone standing to our left.

Her skirt is quite narrow and flat in front with yards of fabric draped in poufs over the huge foundation bustle behind. This dress has no ruffles or excessive frills. The narrow sleeves and tall hat, along with the umbrella so tightly folded it looks like a stick, contribute to the lean silhouette. Details of the dress are not present because this painting is impressionistic rather than realistic, showcasing the play of light on the fabric and the elegance of the woman. The square corner of the front overskirt is not realistic draping, perhaps an artifact of the painter working from memory rather than a model.[[File:Elizabeth Alice Austen in June 1888.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Alice Austen, 1888|left]]

The 1888 photograph of American photographer Elizabeth Alice Austen (left) is also from the 2nd bustle period. The very stylish Austen is wearing a bustle that is large but not as extreme as they got. The design of her dress is sophisticated and complex with the proportions more clearly presented than we see in paintings or fashion plates. Her plumed hat is tall, one of the vertical elements, along with the slim line of the bodice, sleeves and skirt. The overskirt is pulled to Austen's right so that it does not lie flat in front. The overskirt and bustle are made from 3 different fabrics with 3 different patterns. The front drape and bodice are made of a light-colored fabric with a light striped pattern, and the bustle has 2 fabrics, a shiny reflective material with no pattern and a strongly striped section that matches the underskirt. The strongly and horizontally striped fabric in the underskirt contrasts with the vertical line of the outfit itself.

In spite of the very strong contrasts in the stripes and horizontal and vertical elements, Austen's dress has a light touch about it. With the draped overskirt in front and the complex construction of the bustle, Austen's dress makes a delicate reference to the poufs of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#The 19th-century Revival of the Polonaise|Polonaise revival]]. [[File:Cperrien-fashionplatescan-p-vf 33.jpg|thumb|Fashion plate, mid-1880s]]This mid-1880s fashion plate (right) has caricatures for figures, with the usual minuscule waists and feet, exaggerated height and bustles, and general lack of realism in the details of the dresses. In fact, the drawing obscures what is necessary to understand how they were constructed, but it is useful because of the 3 different ways bustles are working in the illustration.

The little girl's overskirt and sash function as a bustle, independent of whatever foundation garments she may be wearing. The two women's outfits have the characteristic narrow sleeves and tall hats, and the one in white is holding another extremely narrow umbrella as well.

The bustle on the red-and-white dress is draped loosely over the very large foundation structure that was typical of the 1880s. The striking red jagged edges define the draping of the overskirt in front and the ruffles on the sides. These ruffles are unlike the ruffles of the 1870s, which added volume. They are flattened essentially into layers, preventing them from sticking out and providing texture rather than fullness. The front overskirt is very flat and the back overskirt contributes to the bustle.

The front of the bodice on both dresses extends to a point determined by the corset and typical of Victorian shaping. The waist treatment on the green dress visually lengthens the point to an extreme. The front of the green skirt is draped and layered. Tiny pleats peep out from below the skirt on both women's dresses. The child's dress has 3 flat pleated ruffles in front that contrast with the fuller but still controlled folds in the back.

These dresses have strongly vertical lines with contrasting horizontal lines in the bustles and trim.

Conclusion

The most common image of the bustle — the extreme form of the 1880s — required a foundation structure, one of which was &quot;steel springs placed inside the shirring [gathering] around the back of the petticoat.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (296) Many manufacturers were making bustles by this time, offering women a choice on the kinds of materials used in the foundation structures ['''check this'''].

'''Trains, skirt length'''

== Jewelry and Stones ==

=== Cabochon ===
This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing &quot;the rough parts&quot; and the parts that are not the right stone.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cabochon, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting.

=== Cairngorm ===
=== Half-hoop ===
Usually of a ring or bracelet, a precious-metal band with a setting of stones on one side, covering perhaps about 1/3 or 1/2 of the band. Half-hoop jewelry pieces were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride.

=== Jet ===

=== ''Orfèvrerie'' ===
Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler.

=== Solitaire ===
A solitaire is a ring with a single stone set as the focal point. Solitaire rings were occasionally given as wedding gifts to the bride.

=== Turquoise ===

== Mantle, Cloak, Cape ==
In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments.

=== '''Mantle''' ===
A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous.

=== '''Cloak''' ===

=== '''Cape''' ===

== Military ==
Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not.

=== Baldric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is &quot;A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;baldric, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense has been in existence since c. 1300.

=== Cuirass ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is &quot;A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cuirass, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]]
=== Household Cavalry ===
The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of &quot;the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joll, Christopher. &quot;Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles.&quot; The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, &quot;the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from &quot;the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch.

The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 &quot;and guarding their subsequent execution,&quot; the Household Cavalry contributed to the &quot;the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents&quot; in 1884.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} In 1887 they &quot;were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

==== Grenadier Guards ====
Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing &quot;scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs&quot; as well as items associated with weapons and armor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}}

Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment &quot;was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation&quot; at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&amp;oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt; They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&amp;oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&amp;oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,&lt;blockquote&gt;In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats.

The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:&lt;blockquote&gt;Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Life Guards ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&amp;oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.&lt;/ref&gt; The 1st Life Guards were on &quot;the extreme right&quot; of a French countercharge and &quot;kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
== Peplum ==
According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a &quot;Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress&quot; [translation by Google Translate].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&amp;oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Revers ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the &quot;edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;revers, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&amp;oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Traditional vs Progressive Style ==

=== Progressive Style ===
The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' — as well as ''rational dress'' or ''dress reform'' — are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements, as is ''rational dress'', a movement located largely among women in the middle classes from the middle to the end of the century. In general, what we are calling the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit.

* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Ada Nettleship]]: Constance Wilde and Ellen Terry; an 1883 exhibition of dress by the Rational Dress Society featured her work, including trousers for women (with a short overskirt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-21|title=Ada Nettleship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Nettleship&amp;oldid=1286707541|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr and Ada Nettleship|Alice Comyns Carr]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-06|title=Alice Comyns Carr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Comyns_Carr&amp;oldid=1294283929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Grosvenor Gallery

=== Traditional Style ===
Images

* Smooth bodice, fabric draped to the back, bustle, laters: Victoria Hesse NPG 95941 crop.jpg
By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 &quot;high style&quot; in a gown by Worth with &quot;the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;{{rp|530}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''.

William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style.

=== The Styles ===
[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']]
We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — &quot;recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress&quot; — deliberately contrasts what he calls the &quot;folly&quot; of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.&lt;/ref&gt; Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress &quot;ephemeral,&quot; but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century.

As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the &quot;craze&quot; associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or &quot;bones&quot;) to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope.

A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''&lt;ref&gt;Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, &quot;while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Rebecca N. &quot;The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900.&quot; ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.&lt;/ref&gt; (294)

* historical dress: beautiful clothing.

* the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys
* &quot;In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ...&quot;

Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] 

But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. 

As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it.  

Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove,&quot; that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]].  

Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change.  

== Undergarments ==
Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural.
The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. 

=== Undergarments ===

* Chemise
* Corset cover
* Bloomers
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Petticoat|Petticoats]] (distinguish between the outer- and undergarment type of petticoat)
* Combinations
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hose, Stockings and Tights|Hose, stockings and tights]]
* Men's shirts
* Men's unders

==== Bloomers ====

==== Chemise ====
A chemise is a garment &quot;linen, homespun, or cotton knee-length garment with [a] square neck&quot; worn under all the other garments except the bloomers or combinations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (61) According to Lewandowski, combinations replaced the chemise by 1890.

==== Combinations ====

=== Foundation Garments ===
Foundation structures changed the shape of the body by metal, cane, boning. Men wore corsets as well.
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corset|Corset]]
* [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|Hoops]]
* Padding

==== Padding ====
Some kinds of padding were used in the Victorian age to enlarge women's bosoms and create cleavage as well as to keep elements of a garment puffy. In the Elizabethan era, men's codpieces are examples of padding.

With respect to the costumes worn at fancy-dress balls, most important would be bum rolls and cod pieces. 

What are commonly called '''bum rolls''' were sometimes called roll farthingales, French farthingales or padded rolls.

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="40063" sha1="dsc8q7lezmsr3n5mogo3ilrjx13to9n" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidebate}}

Are wikidebates a good thing? Wikidebates are pages that show a binary (yes-no) question or motion, and a hierarchically itemized structure of arguments for, arguments against, objections to them, objections to objections, and so on. What is meant by &quot;good&quot; is left open for the debaters to consider. The guidelines for wikidebates are at [[Wikidebate/Guidelines]].

Contrasts and key concepts: treatise vs. debate, monologue vs. dialogue, argument, argument for, argument against, objection, objection to objection, statement vs. question, atomic argument vs. compound argument.

== Wikidebates are a good thing ==

=== Pro ===

* {{Argument for}} Wikidebates allow to collect responses to arguments, including poor but relatively often occurring arguments.
* {{Argument for}} Unlike a treatise typical of an encyclopedia or an academic article, a hierarchical debate encourages search for objections. In a sense, it is a more honest search for truth than treatise. It helps the person writing the debate discover problems that would be left not discovered in the treatise form, and one only needs to consider this very page to see that.
** {{Objection}} The dialectic process does not need to be exposed to the reader. The author should use the dialectic process to discover the truth and then present the reader with a treatise format showing the truth.
*** {{Objection}} By exposing the dialectic process to the readers, we teach them how to think. We show them how that works. We encourage them to use a similar process to discover errors and weaknesses in their argumentation. The educational value is great.
*** {{Objection}} For some subjects, it may be impossible to arrive at certain truth. Even if one abandons the specific debate format for them, the dialectical argument structure will leak into the treatise format in some way. It seems neater to expose the dialectical nature of certain problems directly than in the indirect treatise way.
* {{Argument for}} Debates are productively used in British politics and are a staple of British intellectual life, including those organized by [[W:Intelligence Squared]] and [[W:Oxford Union]]. That is inconclusive yet suggestive: perhaps this culture has some merits worth examining.
* {{Argument for}} Dialogues were put to good use in philosophy both ancient and modern, including Plato, Descartes, Berkeley, Hume, Galileo, Lakatos and Hofstadter. For more authors, see [[W:Socratic dialogue]]. There is likely to be some wisdom in this practice. This is inconclusive yet suggestive.
** {{Objection}} True. However, a dialogue in philosophy is a much broader phenomenon than the debate in wikidebate. The kinds of nodes in a wikidebate are arguments, and the kind of relations are &quot;X supports Y&quot; and &quot;X refutes or criticizes Y&quot;. Philosophical dialogs are not restricted to arguments. Plato's dialogs featured questions. (They also featured other material.) Therefore, the wide use of dialogue does little to establish that the specific form of argument for, argument against and objection is the core of the wisdom of these dialogues.
*** {{Objection}} Fair enough. However, the structure of argument for, argument against and objection (which is argument against a subargument) is often used in these dialogues. Admittedly, these dialogues often do feature questions as key elements, and Wikidebates, narrowly construed, do not support questions. (Some already do contain questions, but that may be a violation of the format narrowly construed.) Nonetheless, the plentiful presence of the argument structure in these dialogues has some force, as inconclusive as it may be.
** {{Objection}} One should not make inconclusive arguments. These should be dismissed and not allowed into the discussion; they just make it harder to follow.
*** {{Objection}} Even inconclusive arguments or arguments that have some force but not full force should be admitted as long as they have some cognitive or reasoning value. In this case, the argument serves as a form of double check, to point out a certain practice is widely followed. Sure, even bad practices are all too often in widespread use, but one should perhaps be much more cautious about an entirely innovative practice with no precedent than about practice that is widely used.
*** {{Objection}} A benefit of pointing to existing practice is that the reader can have a look at that practice and see for themselves whether it makes sense.
**** {{Objection}} To see whether the practice makes sense, the reader only needs to have a look at the example wikidebates in Wikiversity. There is no need to point to specific examples elsewhere.
***** {{Objection}} Since Wikiversity is edited by amateurs, it is all too likely to show not the best of the genre. To see the potential of the genre and format, one has to look at some of the best that it can offer, not to some of the most amateurish.
*** {{Objection}} The standard of excluding inconclusive arguments would make the debate format impossible. The fact that arguments made do not have the full logical force is the essence of the dialectical nature of the debate. If an argument has full logical force, no more objections are required.
**** {{Objection}} Even fully conclusive arguments can have some objections, invalid ones.
***** {{Objection}} But then the invalid objections would not be allowed, since they are not only inconclusive but outright invalid. The whole to-and-fro structure would need to be eliminated. And for philosophical subjects that often depend on non-shared assumptions, the arguments are necessarily inconclusive.
****** {{Objection}} It just isn't clear why an argument should be made of which the arguer immediately admits it is inconclusive. While it is true we need to allow inconclusive arguments (as per the above argumentation), we do not need to allow arguments that admit to be inconclusive as part of the argument.
******* {{Objection}} Anyone who makes some form of inductive or extrapolative argument in sciences must know, if they are properly trained, that the argument is logically inconclusive; see [[W:Problem of induction]]. The rejection of arguments of which we know from their form that they are logically inconclusive would eliminate coverage of most of empirical science.
******** {{Objection}} That would only be true for the truly problematic induction, by which someone concludes from &quot;for all cases of F that we know of, G was true&quot; that &quot;for all cases of F, G is true&quot;. The consequence should then speak of ''probability'', not certainty.
********* {{Objection}} That would make the language of discussing empirical facts cumbersome. We would need to admit uncertainty in principle all the time. We would no longer be able to use &quot;the Sun will rise tomorrow&quot; as a certain input into discussion, but rather &quot;probably&quot;. Thus, we would need to sprinkle all statements with &quot;probably&quot;, but that would rob the word &quot;probably&quot; of any differentiating power. As said, the standard of eliminating all inconclusiveness is very impractical.
********** {{Objection}} Good points. However, there are levels of inconclusiveness. The extrapolation from philosophical dialogues to wikidebates is a weak form of induction, unlike &quot;the sun will rise tomorrow&quot;. We need to differentiate weaker and stronger cases of induction, forming a whole relational structure. The structure is probably not a simple scale but rather some relatively complex order relation.
*********** {{Objection}} This is getting mathematical. Better stop here.
* {{Argument for}} Debates give fair hearing to multiple points of view. Some things are objectively true and false, but other depend on culturally-dependent assumptions.
** {{Objection}} So let Hitler speak for 5 minutes and then let Jews speak for 5 minutes?
*** {{Objection}} Sure. The vital thing is not to prevent Hitler from speaking but to make sure Jews cannot be silenced.
**** {{Objection}} Hitler, being a persuasive speaker, can convince masses of a bad doctrine.
***** {{Objection}} The masses are not stupid. They are culpable, to blame. Even if Aryan race were superior, would a truly superior race rule by attempted extermination of another ethnic, rather than acting as a ruler race above that ethnic? Unfortunately, humans in general have a great capacity for evil as well as good. It was Christians who, despite their nominal creed, treated the inhabitants of Americans badly. All too many people are liars, pretenders and frauds. Some of the best hopes is to create societies where the nasty human tendencies are kept in check by set up rules and institutions.
****** {{Objection}} What if the masses believed that the international Jew was to blame for bad things?
******* {{Objection}} What were the Slavic people to blame for, except for being of less worth than the master race? Surely not for international capitalism.
****** {{Objection}} Maybe you are a liar, a pretender and fraud.
******* {{Objection}} Don't believe me a single word. Examine each argument as possibly made by a sly sophist. Try to find independent sources of information and reasoning. Don't trust me on authority.
* {{Argument for}} Debates provide a tool for examining of culture and human thought. They help answer the question: what could have been their reasoning? Most human reasoning is inconclusive; the search is not for conclusive reasoning but rather for reasoning that has some force. Conclusive reasoning is ideal, but perfectly logically conclusive reasoning is found only in mathematics, and sound empirically conclusive reasoning is found in science. In investigations of morality, legality, shoulds and oughts, the reasoning is often inconclusive, yet not entirely hopeless and uninformative, and for such a situation, the debate format is a very good fit.
* {{Argument for}} Debates encourage participants to dare to think and to run the risk of being wrong. Since, one is not required to make correct argument but rather interesting arguments. It is the business of the opposition to find flaws in the arguments made.
* {{Argument for}} The interaction between argument, objection and counterobjection is often more interesting and lively than an encyclopedic monologue. That is not about utility but about attractiveness.
* {{Argument for}} A debate can be seen as a form of persuasive writing. It provides objective evidence that the author took some arguments against their position seriously, and which they are. Objections can be conspicuous by their absence, revealing the lack of understanding, insight or erudition on part of the author.
* {{Argument for}} Britannica's procon.org lists 3 pros and 3 cons for each question it considers, without providing a nested rebuttal structure. It can be accused of some of the things as wikidebates: it suggests relativism instead of absolute truth. Wikidebates have the advantage of listing more arguments and listing rebuttals. The model of procon.org is not conclusive, but is suggestive: they must see some merit in what they are doing.
* {{Argument for}} The debate format invites arguments that are incorrect but perhaps contain some elements of truth, and thereby have some informative value. (A similar argument was made by Mill in defense of free speech.) Such arguments can be likened to ore, from which the metal has to be extracted. Thus, a debate can be likened to a mining and metallurgy operation. A similar notion is the adage, don't bite my finger, look where I am pointing.
** {{Objection}} That is an interesting yet inconclusive point. Encouraging debaters to include low-quality arguments and then defend them by saying that there is at east a grain of truth in there and therefore they should be made does not seem obviously wise. One must be able to criticize arguments as incorrect and the don't-bite-my-finger should not be used as a line of defense. (This is similar to Popper's argument that contradictions between theses, arguments and observations, even if perhaps hard to avoid, must be seen as a problem to be corrected and not as the unavoidable good as implied by Hegel. Popper's conjectures and refutations (for sciences) and Lakatos' proofs and refutations (for mathematics) seem to be better concepts than Hegelian thesis, antithesis and synthesis.)
*** {{Objection}} A fair point. However, the idea is more like allowing ore (impure arguments) into debate, but not defending ore against metal extraction, defending arguments against valid criticism.
* {{Argument for}} A fairly marginal yet real benefit of a debate page is that it maps a question to most relevant further reading. Furthermore, the page can state related search terms to help the reader find more relevant further reading. That is of value even if the dialogue itself was poor.
** {{Objection}} This provides a rationale for creating pages that map questions to Wikipedia articles and further reading, not for the debate format.
* {{Argument for}} The debate structure is sometimes implicit or implied in the philosophical literature. Thus, Popper's ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' can be seen as a Popper's debate with Plato, Hegel, Marx, Heraclitus and other philosophers. Thus, Popper presents thought and arguments by the &quot;enemies&quot; and provides his responses and criticism. While the format is one of a monologue or treatise, the debate structure is apparent. Especially present is the daring to present objectionable ideas that some will find convincing. Thus, Popper runs the risk of spreading dangerous ideas. He probably thinks these are well spread anyway (which seems true enough), and what he is really doing is neutralizing them as best as he can. What wikidebates are doing is make the debate structure explicit. That is inconclusive yet suggestive.
* {{Argument for}} The debate structure is sometimes implicit or implied in scientific literature. Thus, Darwin's Origin of Species contained not only argument in support but also a section where he addressed possible objections or reservations, which are like arguments against, and Darwin's responses are like objections to these arguments against. What wikidebates are doing is make the debate structure explicit. That is inconclusive yet suggestive.
* {{Argument for}} The comment-response structure is well proven in engineering reviews. The comment is like an argument against and the response is like an objection to that argument for the cases where the comment (issue) is rejected. That is inconclusive yet suggestive.

=== Con ===

* {{Argument against}} Wikidebates support relativism, the idea that nothing is true or correct and to every argument there is a counterargument.
** {{Objection}} They may give that impression but the perceptive reader will realize that is not so. The reader will realize about many arguments that they are wrong even without reading the objections. And for unanswered objections, the reader will often be able to tell that they were wrong. The perceptive reader will not think that an unanswered objection has necessarily won.
*** {{Objection}} Many a reader will get the impression that there is some kind of disagreement between two sides of the argument and that there is no obvious winner. It is in part because no position is eventually sustained, and parties hardly ever admit mistakes, in part since there are so many parties. The responses do not have any party identified, so each response may be as if from a different person. The overall impression is one of relativity, and not of a sustained conclusion. This stands in sharp contrast to a mathematical proof.
**** {{Objection}} These are fair points. They are perhaps not entirely damning, but worth considering.
* {{Argument against}} Wikidebates duplicate encyclopedic articles. Thus, for a debate about the existence of God, there is already a Wikipedia article covering philosophical arguments for the idea much better.
** {{Objection}} That is true to some extent. However, an encyclopedic article does not provide a neat itemized structure of arguments and counterarguments. And encyclopedic articles take the stance of search for verified truth, whereas the essence of arguments in a debate is that they are at least moderately interesting and relevant but inconclusive and open to valid criticism, which may then lead to refinement of the arguments to withstand the criticism. One may be reminded of Hegel's dialectics with its thesis, antithesis and synthesis, but equally well of Karl Popper's Conjectures and Refutations. Thus, science and philosophy begin with problems, which lead to tentative solutions, which lead to criticism and modified versions of the solutions or to other solutions, which then leads to further criticism, etc. Thus, there was Ptolemaic astronomy, on which Kepler was an improvement, but then Newton's laws were an improvement on Kepler's laws, and Einstein's relativity is an improvement on Newton.
** {{Objection}} While Wikipedia does cover arguments for and against on some topics, it thereby in part abandons the style of reporting facts about a subject and switches on meta-level. Thus, instead of presenting us with a true statement X traced to sources, it leaves the truth of X undecided and instead presents arguments Y in support and arguments Z in opposition. Thus, it is not so much that wikidebates duplicate Wikipedia as that Wikipedia duplicates Wikidebates.
*** {{Objection}} That is debatable. It is normal encyclopedic practice for philosophical subjects to cover arguments for and against, e.g. for existence of God. Wikipedia is not going to drop that practice any time soon. And it will attract many more editors than Wikiversity, leading to higher-quality content.
**** {{Objection}} The problem of attracting editors is a fair point, but it pertains to Wikiversity platform itself, and not specifically to wikidebates. At a minimum, wikidebates are worth trying since the benefits of the format are undeniable; in the worst case, Wikiversity will have wikidebate pages of poor quality. By hosting original research, Wikiversity gives up on some of the quality aspects of Wikipedia, in an experiment to see how far the wiki technology can be pushed for the purpose. From that standpoint, wikidebates are a meaningful experiment with a sound format, and whether it will attract enough skilled editors remains to be seen. There is already some good content, so things look hopeful.
*** {{Objection}} Likening the progression of arguments in, say, politics and ethics to science may be misleading. Does ethics really make such progress as physics?
**** {{Objection}} Let us leave aside the question whether ethics makes progress. Even if ethics does not make progress, it is all the more important to show ethics as a debate and not only as a treatise.
**** {{Objection}} Perhaps ethics does not make progress in the same way as physics does. But the improved exploration of the idea and argument space is a real intellectual progress. Thus, we have Hume's is-ought distinction, we have the idea of speciesism, and so on. Ethics as a collection of interesting ideas and arguments made progress; it is for the reader to tell which they find most convincing. The reader is helped by having a menu to choose from, to aid their independent thought. Some readers will fall for bad arguments, some won't.
* {{Argument against}} In order to collect all relevant arguments, the debate would have to become very long and hard to follow.
** {{Objection}} Hard-to-follow wikidebates still have value.
** {{Objection}} The selection of arguments may be a challenge. For some domains of argumentation, the arguments can be sourced from literature, using literature as inclusion criterion. The problem is real but perhaps not intractable.
* {{Argument against}} Without objective, rule-based or algorithmic inclusion criteria, the wikidebates are open to whim of editors. Poor arguments can easily arrive at the top and poor and poorly worded objections can accumulate. Endless objections, objections to objections, etc. can develop without adding any real value.
** {{Objection}} That is a real problem but perhaps not intractable. We will see. Some vague inclusion criteria can be developed, such as: the argument must have some minimum relevance, some minimum plausibility or at least frequency of being used; the wording should be in native English and if it is not, someone should try to reword it.
** {{Objection}} A similar argument perhaps applies to Wikipedia as well, yet Wikipedia often does fine if imperfect job. The precise details of selection of material to include and the order of presentation are far from algorithmic in Wikipedia, as if a job for mindless untalented people focused on correcting spelling mistakes, comma splice and other aspects of writing mechanics.
* {{Argument against}} Wikidebates create the impression that serious issues can be decided by using material fitting into relatively small chunks of text. In science, that is not so. A scientific article is the proper means of persuasion.
** {{Objection}} Many arguments are relatively simple.
*** {{Objection}} Most simple arguments are incorrect. Worse yet, too many simple incorrect arguments are superficially plausible.
**** {{Objection}} Simple and incorrect arguments can often be refuted by simple and correct counter-arguments. The reader of a debate can learn why certain simple and superficially appealing arguments are wrong or inconclusive. While the reader may not learn the truth of the debated matter, they may be able to avoid certain oversimplifications and fallacies related to the matter. Thus, the reader's understanding of the matter may be advanced.
** {{Objection}} That may be true for some subjects, but not for all. Many subjects afford at least some summarizing arguments to be made. Some arguments actually made can be presented by a sentence or a paragraph.
** {{Objection}} In televised debates, there is not much more room for argument presentation than a wikidebate affords either.
*** {{Objection}} Televised debates may be interesting but are no golden standard for doing science and serious logical analysis. They may oversimplify political issues as well. At worst, televised debates can turn into a display of skilled rhetoric, where search for truth suffers. A scientist proper would perhaps prefer the medium of text anyway for the time it affords to carefully choose words.
**** {{Objection}} It would perhaps be best to look at specific debates that turned bad like that, or provide a link that discusses such debates.
***** {{Objection}} Ideally, yes, but for a start, anyone can try to look at some debates and see whether they were really most productive in search for truth.
****** {{Objection}} Whatever the weaknesses of such debates, the audience gets to hear both sides. By contrast, people all too often tend to read and listen to sources they tend to agree with, staying within their own bubble. If nothing else, the debate format bursts such bubbles.
******* {{Objection}} What if one side got poor defenders of it? The debate about the Catholic Church from Intelligence Squared was unfair: there were two heavyweights arguing against the Catholic Church, whereas the speakers in support were relatively weak, not doing the best advocacy available.
******** {{Objection}} Fair point. However, unlike a televised debate, the wikidebate can eventually be expanded by editors who arrive later, and thus can eventually attract good advocates for the side that initially got poor ones. And the wikidebate can accumulate some of the best further reading arguing for and against the motion available, to complement the debate itself.
* {{Argument against}} Wikidebates are redundant to Britannica's '''procon.org''' pages. Britannica's procon.org  is much more professional than wikidebates can ever hope to be, and will receive many more page views: the arguments are well referenced, well chosen, and there is an initial good introduction into each question. The utility of wikidebates is very small.
** {{Objection}} Wikidebates have a richer format by providing a ''nested structure of objections''. Thus, they allow the true dialectic process to truly unfold. Procon.org is like a debate where speakers can make their initial speeches but are not allowed to respond to each other's arguments; that is not the usual debate format. The educational value of the argument-rebuttal-counterrebuttal structure is great. It exposes the Popperian philosophy: a hypothesis may have a falsifier, but the falsifier itself can be subjection to falsification. Thus, in abstract analysis, a theory is hardly ever fully conclusively falsified. (Practically speaking, it is not quite true: some falsifiers are practically conclusive. This is a more confirmation of the dialectic process: one says something interesting and nearly valid, but not entirely valid. If one is only allowed to say certain and true things and correct arguments, one should better stay silent.)
** {{Objection}} Wikidebates can cover ''many more subjects and questions'' than procon.org currently covers, like Wikipedia covers many more subjects than Britannica does.
** {{Objection}} Britannica is much more professional than Wikipedia in many way, yet Wikipedia is a huge success. There is a hope that Wikidebates can also become a success; we need to see how far the wiki format can be pushed for the purpose. If we give up from the start, we will never find out.
* {{Argument against}} Wikidebates will contribute to the spread of some of the most compelling '''demagoguery''' or '''sophism''' (deceptive yet appealing argument) available. Whether the objections will succeed in neutralizing this kind of material is unclear. They will spread some of the most odious philosophy the world has seen.
** {{Objection}} A fair point. However, the odious philosophy is usually already available for anyone who cares to look. Thus, anyone who has a cursory look at Heraclitus learns that war is the father of all things and a great thing, or something of the sort. Anyone who reads Popper will learn about the ideas of the philosophers he is opposing. To neutralize this kind of matter with objections and debate is some of the best things we can do about it. To censor the world's philosophy does not seem to be the solution.
* {{Argument against}} A debate about whether an '''aggressive war''' is good is too likely to accumulate some of the most '''compelling''' arguments for this '''evil''' proposition. Accumulation of the most compelling arguments for both sides is part of the method of the wikidebate; it is currently indicated to include &quot;all arguments&quot;. These arguments do not need to be logically incorrect, merely rest on fundamentally evil assumptions about what is good, just and moral. The result will be a spread of '''pro-war words''' or propaganda in a particularly concentrated form, possibly to be likened to creation of a critical mass of fissile material that can explode. Another analogy is that to argument armament on both sides, arms race. The hope that arguments against and objections will neutralize these pro-war words is not based on any evidence or proof, and may be merely wishful thinking. This accumulation of evil words may lead to '''tangible harm''' in the real world if some people we be mentally defenseless against these words and will be lead to do bad things.
** {{Objection}} If the above is accepted without reservation, it does not mean that the wikidebate format is bad but rather that some topics are better left not covered and left for the readers to investigate. The problem does not seem to rest with the debate format in particular: Wikipedia has an article covering arguments for slavery and if it covered arguments for aggressive war in similar fashion, it would also create a possibly critical mass of fissile material. Thus, the question is whether we should censor and whether we should approach highly morally problematic subjects with an open mind, not whether we should debate. This question can be discussed without blaming the debate format.
*** {{Objection}} The search for arguments for evil propositions is a key element of the debate format. A Wikipedia article on arguments for aggressive war would have that element incorporated.
**** {{Objection}} Fair enough. Still, the objection can be addressed by avoiding certain subjects, while taking advantage of the debate format for other subjects that are not so highly morally problematic and are actually being publicly debated.
** {{Objection}} Those who seek texts arguing in favor of war will easily find them on the Internet, with no objections stated. Thus, a search for &quot;why war is good&quot; finds multiple articles arguing for the motion at length, including the horrible text ''The Benefits of War'' from 19th century by a U.S. admiral. It is not surprising: those in military positions are likely to find a range of rationalizations and a lot of it does not need to be related to defense. By using more search terms, one can find more.
*** {{Objection}} True. However, that will not create concentration of the most compelling material that can be discovered by multiple editors editing a wikidebate. Even novel devious arguments can be added. It may be likened to experimenting with viruses dangerous to humans, viruses of the mind.
**** {{Comment}} There is some force in the above argument but the risk needs to be put in proportion to the totality of base risk already existing, and the potential benefit from allowing us to quote evil words and then object to them.
** {{Objection}} Karl Popper's ''The Open Society'' quotes various German thinkers speaking positively of war. Thus, Popper also creates an accumulation of material. Maybe the material is not the most compelling, but it is at least material from a range of thinkers. Popper runs the risk that someone will find some of that material compelling. He does not even bother to explain to the reader why an aggressive war is bad; rather, he takes that as granted and uses his quotation material to blame Hegel and various German thinkers for creating and spreading a pro-war philosophy. Popper's stance is anti-war, and he does not think to spread pro-war thinking but rather to fight it by exposing it.
*** {{Objection}} Maybe Popper is wrong in his judgment that what he is doing is harmless. The above is interesting but inconclusive.
** {{Objection}} Anyone who pays any attention to history will realize that the belief that aggressive war is good is widespread through societies and eras. Wars of territorial expansions are know from 18th, 19th, 20th and 21th centuries as well as earlier centuries. Anyone who studies the atrocities of Hitler and Stalin can use them as inspiration and yet, we do not give up documenting these atrocities. Unlike Hitler, Stalin is in part seen positively in Russia, the reasoning behind being too obvious: the self-preservation and growth of a large collective entity is more important than human rights. To prevent aggressive wars, we rely above all on the worldly power of countries that can attack other countries engaging in an aggressive war and the worldly power of defensive military alliances; to some extent, we rely on innate moral sense and its interaction with arguments for and against. What a wikidebate does is explicitly document the structure of the argument space for anyone to understand better the minds of perpetrators. Not everyone would figure it out by themselves, but people with good moral sense are unlikely to be convinced that aggressive war is good; rather, they will understand the thinking of their adversaries better. If they find the thinking of their adversaries odious yet hard to argue against, that may reinforce their realization that evil cannot be overcome by mere argument.
** {{Objection}} A wikidebate collects not only the most compelling evil arguments for war but also the most compelling objections to them and most compelling arguments against war. The result may turn some people to evil but it also may turn some people to good. We do not know what the sum total is.
*** {{Objection}} The precautionary principle would tell us that if we do not know whether the action considered does more good than harm, we should not do it.
**** {{Objection}} Good point. But what it would mean is that we are not allowed to try to understand the evil mind and how it is formed from argument structure perspective, or if we are allowed to do so, then only behind a closed door. That creates analytical harm, by preventing our analytical powers from developing.
**** {{Objection}} The precautionary principle is not obviously correct. It says that we should err on the side of non-intervening in so far as creating a new page, a wikidebate, is creating a new intervention in the state of affairs. Thus, if the probability of more good than harm were 70%, a strict precautionary principle would say we should not do it.
** {{Objection}} The risk needs to be put in perspective. The holy texts of world religions including Judaism, Christianity and Islam contain enough God approval for an aggressive war. The additional possible harm created by a wikidebate does not seem particularly big.
*** {{Objection}} Wikidebate should not be making matters even worse, adding more evil verbal material to that already existing.
**** {{Objection}} The wikidebate does not only add the ''evil'' material, it also adds ''good'' material: the objections against the evil arguments. And the wikidebate cannot do so without quoting these evil arguments. Thus, the development of arsenal against evil involves quoting evil so that one can object to it. Admittedly, none of that is conclusive since on some level of analysis, the questions involved are empirical in principle and cannot be properly answered by mere abstract arguments as we try to do here.
** {{Objection}} In Sea-Wolf, Jack London presents the philosophy of Wolf Larsen, a captain who sees no value in human life except to serve his needs and whims and explains why he thinks so. It is not a defense of that kind of philosophy but an implicit criticism of it. This is one more little confirmation that evil ideas and arguments are easily found and authors are not afraid of exposing them. While this is not about war, presenting such arguments can be quite dangerous: those convinced by them may act in private without being caught. London does not seem to think to be convincing putative criminals to be ones.
*** {{Objection}} London may be wrong.
* {{Argument against}} It is a time sink that is not worth the time spent, especially when it comes to volunteers who may otherwise spent their time on other open source / commons tasks like writing Wikipedia, as it has only a [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews/?platform=all-access&amp;agent=user&amp;source=category&amp;range=last-month&amp;subjectpage=0&amp;subcategories=0&amp;sort=views&amp;direction=1&amp;view=list&amp;target=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Wikidebates small] readership, few participants and limited usefulness.
** {{Objection}} Since only few authors created most of the current wikidebates, the human resource use is extremely limited. The above statement is not quantitative; it does not compare the time/effort spent with the gained page views.
*** {{Objection}} There are very limited human resources who are very active in Wikimedia projects so these are not random human resources but people who could spend their times in other ways that may result in more important or useful results.
** {{Objection}} It is not clear that the debate authors have the talents or inclinations to write encyclopedic articles for Wikipedia.
*** {{Objection}} It is likely that debate starters and contributors are usually capable and/or inclined to contribute to Wikimedia projects which is not limited to writing articles and also includes e.g. article and file categorization, technical development, and so on. This is for example because Wikiversity is only known and used by a small niche group of users who are very familiar with Wikimedia projects.
** {{Objection}} The sentence packs together multiple non-trivial/non-obvious statements without an attempt for articulation or substantiation; for instance, it claims &quot;limited usefulness&quot; without any breakdown or analysis of why that would be.
*** {{Objection}} The usefulness is limited because these debates get very few page-views, would in most cases be fairly incomplete resources, are not as comprehensive as similar debates on other sites like Kialo or reddit or other publications about the subject, and because it's unlikely to have any notable impact on societal perception and culture.
* {{Argument against}} The user interface is not advanced but very basic and lacks features of {{w|Kialo}} (active) [and {{w|Argüman}} ([https://github.com/arguman/arguman.org open source] but defunct)] such as collective impact rating of arguments and sorting or navigable argument trees that make large complex debates more overseeable and so on. Unlike on Kialo,&lt;ref&gt;https://support.kialo.com/en/hc/suggesting-claims/#about-suggesting-claims&lt;/ref&gt; there also is no prior-publication peer-review which may have resulted in content quality issues of arguments without both supporting source and explanation. Thus, Wikidebates are redundant and could result in fragmentation, lower activity on Kialo, and a waste of time compared to contributing to the platform with the better design and UI. It does not add anything of value when these sites already and remain to exist.
** {{Objection}} If arguments require prior-publication review, then debates with inactive moderators (admins) exclude valid claims. Moreover, biased mods can exclude valid claims. Allowing contributors to post directly and only removing claims if necessary is a key advantage of Wikidebates over Kialo.
** {{Objection}} These are two arguments packed as one item, counter to the debate format.
*** {{Objection}} The argument is about inferiority to Kialo with several subpoints about why that is. If it was two separate arguments, it would need to be split which is done regularly in large Kialo debates.
** {{Objection}} &quot;may have resulted&quot; does not mean &quot;has resulted&quot;, and is a weak speculative statement.
*** {{Objection}} Many wikidebate debates have content quality issues. For example, even in debates as large as [[Should we use nuclear energy?]] with many possible sources available, most arguments do not include sources and the possibly largest debate [[Which is the best religion to follow?]] includes many statements without any substantiation such as a logical explanation such as &quot;Christianity is a complete […] system of belief&quot;. The speculation mostly about what the cause/reason for that is, not whether or not that is the case.
** {{Objection}} If &quot;prior-publication peer-review&quot; (a phrase that has almost no Google hits) means peer review prior to publication, Wikipedia articles do not have such a review either, and it is not clear why such a stringent requirement should be required in a wiki.

== Further reading ==

* [[/Essays|You are invited to read or contribute reflective essays on this topic at '''Are wikidebates a good thing/Essays''']]
* {{Subpages}}
* [[Wikipedia:Debate]]
* [[Wikipedia:Dialogue]]
* [[Wikipedia:Socratic dialogue]]
* [[Wikipedia:Proofs and Refutations]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sea-Wolf]]
* [[Wikidata:Q2909277|Wikidata:Conjectures and Refutations]]
* [https://www.filosofieonderwijs.be/files/Vd-Leeuw-Philosophical-dialogue.pdf PHILOSOPHICAL DIALOGUE AND THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH] by Karel L. van der Leeu
* [https://iai.tv/articles/how-should-we-do-philosophy-through-dialogue-or-debate-auid-1138 Should We Do Philosophy Through Dialogue or Debate?], iai.tv
* [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/16267/is-anyone-now-writing-philosophy-in-the-style-of-plato-the-dialogue Is anyone now writing philosophy in the style of Plato - the Dialogue?], philosophy.stackexchange.com

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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; AND.svg]] → [[File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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The pairs of matrices shown in the following boxes are twins. This is shorthand for the fact, that their rows are Zhegalkin twins. (Compare [[Zhegalkin matrix]].)

'''The left side of each pair''' shows the truth tables of {{w|variadic function|variadic}} {{w|logical connective}}s.
&lt;small&gt;(Compare [[commons:Category:Variadic Boolean functions (16×16 tables)|these 16×16 matrices]], which also show the arguments.)&lt;/small&gt;

Some of them are unusual, and have unusual names:&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|'''''SAND''''']] (a.k.a. [[minimal negation operator]]) could be called ''all but one''.
Its reflection [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|'''''SNOR''''']] could be called ''no but one''.&lt;br&gt;
The name [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR.svg|'''''XOR''''']] is used for the {{w|parity function}}.
The reflection of [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR.svg|''not XOR'']] is called [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND.svg|'''''XAND''''']]. &lt;small&gt;(Because the reflection of [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR.svg|''not OR'']] is [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|''AND'']].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND.svg|'''''GAND''''']] is [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|''SAND'']] extended by [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|''AND'']].
Its reflection [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR.svg|'''''GNOR''''']] is [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|''SNOR'']] extended by [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR.svg|''not OR'']].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;In [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND.svg|'''''ESAND''''']] and [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND.svg|'''''OSAND''''']] this extension happens only for an even or odd number of arguments. Their reflections are [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR.svg|'''''ESNOR''''']] and [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR.svg|'''''OSNOR''''']].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ.svg|'''''EQ''''']] makes sense as generalization of the {{w|logical biconditional|biconditional}}, and is true if all arguments have the same truth value &lt;small&gt;(but not if there are no arguments)&lt;/small&gt;.

'''The right side of each pair''' is a lower {{w|triangular matrix}}. Its entries are part of the {{w|Sierpinski triangle}}, which is the [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR twin.svg|twin of ''not OR'']].

Each of these triangles is symmetric to another one &lt;small&gt;(in two cases to itself)&lt;/small&gt;. Only the triangle rows are symmetric &lt;small&gt;(not the matrix rows)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Pairs with symmetric triangles are in the same box, e.g.:
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|''XOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND twin.svg|''OSAND'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|''SNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|''OSNOR'']]

&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;
Some triangles are relative complements in the Sierpinski triangle:
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE twin.svg|''TRUE'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR twin.svg|''OR'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; AND twin.svg|''AND'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ twin.svg|''EQ'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR twin.svg|''GNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|''SNOR'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|''OSNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR twin.svg|''ESNOR'']]
&lt;/small&gt;

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| TRUE
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| AND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; AND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| not AND
|-
|
|class=&quot;no-border&quot;|
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not AND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not AND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| not OR
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR.svg|300px]]
|class=&quot;no-border&quot;| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR twin.svg|300px]]
|
|
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| EQ
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| not XOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ESAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| XOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OSAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| not XAND
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XAND twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| XAND
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| GAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| GNOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ESNOR
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SNOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OSNOR
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 last antipodes collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| upper triangular
|-
|colspan=&quot;4&quot;|

{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 180
 | image1 = Variadic5 antipode; AND (not OR twin).svg | caption1 = AND
 | image2 = Variadic5 antipode; AND twin (not OR).svg | caption2 = not OR
 | footer = These matrices were also in the last section.
}}

This section also shows pairs of matrices whose rows are Zhegalkin twins.&lt;br&gt;
The binary patterns are the same as in the lower triangular matrices in the section before, but they are horizontally and vertically flipped.&lt;br&gt;
Just like in the section before, there are pairs of matrices whose triangle rows are horizontally mirrored. Here they are marked with the same color.

The labels in this section are to be understood like this:&lt;br&gt;
Take the lower triangular twin with that label, flip it horizontally and vertically, and make the twin of that.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;E.g. take the [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|''XOR twin'']] from the last section.
Flip it to get [[:File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR twin (not XAND).svg|''not XAND'']] in this section. The twin of that is [[:File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR (not XAND twin).svg|''XOR'']] in this section. &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .6&quot;&gt;[[:File:5-ary truth tables with even number of 4-bit digits.svg|(Half of these rows are noble, i.e. their own twins.)]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

|-
|class=&quot;NXAND-OSNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OSAND twin (OSNOR).svg|thumb|right|300px|OSNOR]]
|class=&quot;SAND-OSAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OSAND (OSNOR twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|OSAND]]
|class=&quot;SAND-OSAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; SAND (SNOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|SAND]]
|class=&quot;XOR-SNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; SAND twin (SNOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|SNOR]]
|-
|class=&quot;NXAND-OSNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR twin (not XAND).svg|thumb|right|300px|not XAND]]
|class=&quot;XOR-SNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR (not XAND twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|XOR]]
|class=&quot;XAND-ESNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XAND (not XOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|XAND]]
|class=&quot;NXOR-GNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XAND twin (not XOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|not XOR]]
|-
|class=&quot;XAND-ESNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND twin (ESNOR).svg|thumb|right|300px|ESNOR]]
|class=&quot;GAND-ESAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|ESAND]]
|class=&quot;GAND-ESAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; GAND (GNOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|GAND]]
|class=&quot;NXOR-GNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; GAND twin (GNOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|GNOR]]
|-
| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OR (not AND twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|OR]]
|class=&quot;NAND-EQ&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OR twin (not AND).svg|thumb|left|300px|not AND]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;NAND-EQ&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; EQ (noble).svg|thumb|center|300px|EQ]]
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Boolean functions; Zhegalkin stuff]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-20T20:24:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>2996189</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR.svg]] → [[File:Sierpinski 5 TL.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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      <text bytes="11144" sha1="pt060sgkbpzow6m570xvmf4nek97gzr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Zhegalkin twins 32/style.css&quot; /&gt;

The pairs of matrices shown in the following boxes are twins. This is shorthand for the fact, that their rows are Zhegalkin twins. (Compare [[Zhegalkin matrix]].)

'''The left side of each pair''' shows the truth tables of {{w|variadic function|variadic}} {{w|logical connective}}s.
&lt;small&gt;(Compare [[commons:Category:Variadic Boolean functions (16×16 tables)|these 16×16 matrices]], which also show the arguments.)&lt;/small&gt;

Some of them are unusual, and have unusual names:&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|'''''SAND''''']] (a.k.a. [[minimal negation operator]]) could be called ''all but one''.
Its reflection [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|'''''SNOR''''']] could be called ''no but one''.&lt;br&gt;
The name [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR.svg|'''''XOR''''']] is used for the {{w|parity function}}.
The reflection of [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR.svg|''not XOR'']] is called [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND.svg|'''''XAND''''']]. &lt;small&gt;(Because the reflection of [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TL.svg|''not OR'']] is [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|''AND'']].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND.svg|'''''GAND''''']] is [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|''SAND'']] extended by [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|''AND'']].
Its reflection [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR.svg|'''''GNOR''''']] is [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|''SNOR'']] extended by [[:File:Sierpinski 5 TL.svg|''not OR'']].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;In [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND.svg|'''''ESAND''''']] and [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND.svg|'''''OSAND''''']] this extension happens only for an even or odd number of arguments. Their reflections are [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR.svg|'''''ESNOR''''']] and [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR.svg|'''''OSNOR''''']].&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ.svg|'''''EQ''''']] makes sense as generalization of the {{w|logical biconditional|biconditional}}, and is true if all arguments have the same truth value &lt;small&gt;(but not if there are no arguments)&lt;/small&gt;.

'''The right side of each pair''' is a lower {{w|triangular matrix}}. Its entries are part of the {{w|Sierpinski triangle}}, which is the [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR twin.svg|twin of ''not OR'']].

Each of these triangles is symmetric to another one &lt;small&gt;(in two cases to itself)&lt;/small&gt;. Only the triangle rows are symmetric &lt;small&gt;(not the matrix rows)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Pairs with symmetric triangles are in the same box, e.g.:
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|''XOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND twin.svg|''OSAND'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|''SNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|''OSNOR'']]

&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;
Some triangles are relative complements in the Sierpinski triangle:
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE twin.svg|''TRUE'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR twin.svg|''OR'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; AND twin.svg|''AND'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ twin.svg|''EQ'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR twin.svg|''GNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|''SNOR'']],
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|''OSNOR'']] / [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR twin.svg|''ESNOR'']]
&lt;/small&gt;

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| TRUE
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| AND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; TRUE twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Sierpinski 5 TR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; AND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| not AND
|-
|
|class=&quot;no-border&quot;|
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not AND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not AND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| not OR
|-
| [[File:Sierpinski 5 TL.svg|300px]]
|class=&quot;no-border&quot;| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not OR twin.svg|300px]]
|
|
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| EQ
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; EQ twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| not XOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ESAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| XOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OSAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| not XAND
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; not XAND twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| XAND
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| GAND
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XAND twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GAND twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| GNOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ESNOR
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; GNOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; ESNOR twin.svg|300px]]
|}

{| class=&quot;zhe32 last collapsible collapsed&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| SNOR
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| OSNOR
|-
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; SNOR twin.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR.svg|300px]]
| [[File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; OSNOR twin.svg|300px]]
|}
&lt;!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
{| class=&quot;zhe32 last antipodes collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;| upper triangular
|-
|colspan=&quot;4&quot;|

{{multiple image
 | align = right  | total_width = 180
 | image1 = Variadic5 antipode; AND (not OR twin).svg | caption1 = AND
 | image2 = Variadic5 antipode; AND twin (not OR).svg | caption2 = not OR
 | footer = These matrices were also in the last section.
}}

This section also shows pairs of matrices whose rows are Zhegalkin twins.&lt;br&gt;
The binary patterns are the same as in the lower triangular matrices in the section before, but they are horizontally and vertically flipped.&lt;br&gt;
Just like in the section before, there are pairs of matrices whose triangle rows are horizontally mirrored. Here they are marked with the same color.

The labels in this section are to be understood like this:&lt;br&gt;
Take the lower triangular twin with that label, flip it horizontally and vertically, and make the twin of that.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;E.g. take the [[:File:Variadic logical connectives with up to 5 arguments; XOR twin.svg|''XOR twin'']] from the last section.
Flip it to get [[:File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR twin (not XAND).svg|''not XAND'']] in this section. The twin of that is [[:File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR (not XAND twin).svg|''XOR'']] in this section. &lt;span style=&quot;opacity: .6&quot;&gt;[[:File:5-ary truth tables with even number of 4-bit digits.svg|(Half of these rows are noble, i.e. their own twins.)]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

|-
|class=&quot;NXAND-OSNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OSAND twin (OSNOR).svg|thumb|right|300px|OSNOR]]
|class=&quot;SAND-OSAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OSAND (OSNOR twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|OSAND]]
|class=&quot;SAND-OSAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; SAND (SNOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|SAND]]
|class=&quot;XOR-SNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; SAND twin (SNOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|SNOR]]
|-
|class=&quot;NXAND-OSNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR twin (not XAND).svg|thumb|right|300px|not XAND]]
|class=&quot;XOR-SNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XOR (not XAND twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|XOR]]
|class=&quot;XAND-ESNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XAND (not XOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|XAND]]
|class=&quot;NXOR-GNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; XAND twin (not XOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|not XOR]]
|-
|class=&quot;XAND-ESNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND twin (ESNOR).svg|thumb|right|300px|ESNOR]]
|class=&quot;GAND-ESAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|thumb|left|300px|ESAND]]
|class=&quot;GAND-ESAND&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; GAND (GNOR twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|GAND]]
|class=&quot;NXOR-GNOR&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; GAND twin (GNOR).svg|thumb|left|300px|GNOR]]
|-
| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OR (not AND twin).svg|thumb|right|300px|OR]]
|class=&quot;NAND-EQ&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; OR twin (not AND).svg|thumb|left|300px|not AND]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;NAND-EQ&quot;| [[File:Variadic5 antipode; EQ (noble).svg|thumb|center|300px|EQ]]
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Boolean functions; Zhegalkin stuff]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Is German the language of bad people?</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>305232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719310</id>
      <parentid>2712020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T06:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2601:647:6800:E500:E999:A2FD:F189:C164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* German is the language of bad people */ Add argument against #DebateTools</comment>
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      <text bytes="2834" sha1="5h1nvvubqh25yc0ul7g9r5pp7hfsczl" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidebate}}

==German is the language of bad people==

===Pro===
* {{Argument for}} German is the language of the mass-murderous Hitler and the German Nazis.
** {{Objection}} There are many other dictators and murderous groups which have spoke different languages.
*** {{Objection}} The question is not whether German is ''the only'' language of bad people. And thus, the above is irrelevant to the motion.
* {{Argument for}} German is the language of the pseudophilosophers Fichte, Schelling and Hegel.
** {{Objection}} These are not generally recognized as pseudo and bad people.
* {{Argument for}}  German is the language of Marx, one of the most dangerous men who ever lived, whose pseudophilosophy and pseudoeconomics has caused untold harm and still presents a tangible risk to the world.
** {{Objection}} That assessment of Marx is not generally accepted.
** {{Objection}} Even if we accept the above: if German is the language of thinkers, also bad thinkers are likely to end up using the language.
*** {{Objection}} English is also a language of thinkers, but one struggles to find anything as bad as Marx (or other culprits/suspects). (French, another language of thinkers, fares worse than English given all those post-modern pseudophilosophers.)
* {{Argument for}} German is the language of the absolutist and rigid Austro-Hungarian empire, oppressing the poor non-German nations in it.
** {{Objection}} This seems very one-sided; one should be able to say good things about the empire.
* {{Argument for}} German is the language of two of the three empires that partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth  in the 18th century, per [[Wikipedia:Partitions of Poland]].

===Con===
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great poets (e.g. Goethe, Schiller, Rilke).
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great literary authors (e.g. Goethe, Mann, Schiller).
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great philosophers (e.g. Leibniz, Kant, Schopenhauer, Popper, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle)
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great mathematicians (e.g. Leibniz, Euler, Riemann, Gauss, Weierstrass, Cantor, Dedekind and Hilbert).
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great logicians (e.g. Frege and Gödel)
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great scientists (e.g. Kepler, Mendel, Einstein, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger).
* {{Argument against}} German is the language of great musicians (e.g. Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, Brams and Handel).
* {{Argument against}} German is a major language in Switzerland, the only (or one of very few?) world's ''direct'' democracy, where citizens really participate on the government.
* {{Argument against}} German is not *the* language of bad people because not all bad people speak German.

[[Category:German]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Timestamps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>305659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719251</id>
      <parentid>2718370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T17:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>154.27.190.174</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps */</comment>
      <origin>2719251</origin>
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      <text bytes="9176" sha1="j5j3y9uvu1wmmd87k336xm8pa2qs6y7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=table style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed with the following objectives in mind:

# Invent a timekeeping system which is sufficiently independent of Earth's motions and orientation, so that &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, time zones, and other correctional adjustments are not required.
# A timekeeping system which is fundamentally binary and compatible with computer architecture.
# A timekeeping system roughly based in galactic years, Great Years, and Great Weeks, with enough scope to uniquely and unambiguously identify each point in time, beginning with the Big Bang, and continuing into the foreseeable future.
# A timekeeping system with a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic | mnemonic device]], to promote education and understanding.&lt;/br&gt;

= What is the Bully Timestamp System? =

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: Bully Timestamps vs. Modern Time Zones
|-
! Bully Timestamp !! Selected Time Zones
|-
|
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|8209 2800 0000]]
||
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 pm (NZST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  9:59:29 pm (AEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
|}


'''The Bully Timestamp System''' is neither a clock nor a calendar.  Clocks are tied to the rotation of the Earth and measure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time Universal Time (UT)] in terms of days and fractions of days (for example: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour hours], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute minutes], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second seconds]).  Calendars are tied to changes in the seasons, which result from the orbit of the Earth around the Sun ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris_time Ephemeris time]), and from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession precession] of the equinoxes.  Calendars measure time in terms of days, weeks, months, and years.

Clocks and calendars are used for tracking biological processes such as setting a time to wake up in the morning or determining when to plant crops. It is essential for clocks and calendars to remain correlated with the earth's actual orientation, and to be adjusted for an individuals location on the globe for proper management of biological processes. As shown in figure 1 above, modern time keeping employs a set of time zones to adjust for disparate locations on Earth's surface. The Bully Timestamp is not adjusted for location, so a single, unique, Bully Timestamp is applicable at all locations on Earth simultaneously. As shown in figure 1, Bully timestamp 8209 2800 0000 was realized on June 21, 1998, when the time was 8:59:29 AM in London, and 8:59:29 PM in Tokyo.

Since clocks and calendars are tied to the motion of the Earth, and these motions are somewhat irregular, it becomes necessary from time to time to insert leap seconds, or make other corrections, to keep clocks and calendars in sync with the Earth's actual orientation.  As shown in figure 2 below, the Earth's rotational motion (UT) can experience variations on the order of 500 milliseconds per year. The Earth's orbital motion (ET) can experience variations on the order of 40 milliseconds per year. During the 110 year period (1930 AD ... 2040 AD) shown in figure 2, the accumulation of Earth's rotational variations resulted in an increase of Delta T (ET-UT) from less than 25 seconds to more than 70 seconds.

The Bully Timestamp System measures elapsed time in terms of Bully timestamps (shown on the far right axis in figure 2). Bully timestamps are not directly tied to the motions of the Earth, or any other planet, and hence, it is never necessary to insert leap seconds or other corrections into Bully timestamps. The Bully Timestamp System can be directly related to International Atomic Time (TAI), which is the passage of elapsed time as measured using atomic clocks.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

Bully spacetime units were originally derived from the orbital periods of various Solar System bodies. In particular, the number of seconds in Earth's sidereal year is 31558150 s = [[Bully Mnemonic |10330 * 3055 s]].  Large [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object astronomical objects], such as
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and the Solar System's [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_planet giant planets], can be thought of as bullies both in the traditional meaning of &quot;beautiful&quot;, but also in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. The bullies, in Bully Metric, are Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

[[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{16}^{12} \cdot 3055\ seconds = 27,249,360,000\ years&lt;/math&gt;

A unique hexadecimal twelve digit Bully timestamp is realized every 3055 seconds TAI.  The universe is currently understood to be less than 13.8 billion years old, which means that there are enough unique Bully timestamps to span the entire age of the universe.

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

The inability of computers to predict long term variations in Earth's motion has resulted in the creation of multiple time standards. Each standard is a reflection of circumstances that existed during the deployment of a particular system. For example, as shown in figure 2 above, The GPS system was deployed January 6, 1980.  At that time, there was a Delta T adjustment (TT-UTC) of more than 51 &quot;leap&quot; seconds. The LORAN-C upgrade, on the other hand, occurred in 1972 when the Delta T adjustment (TT-UTC) was closer to 42 &quot;leap&quot; seconds. The resulting timestamps provided by GPS and LORAN-C differ by nine seconds due to the disparate circumstances under which these systems were deployed.  Also, LORAN-C timestamps differ by ten seconds from TAI due to the fact that TAI was deployed in 1958.

Click on the below links for a comparison of six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI):

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

The unpredictability of leap second insertions is an ongoing source of confusion and expense.  Click on the following link for more information: 

[https://bullyrow.eeyabo.net/index.php/The_second_is_broken The second is broken]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic time standards did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==</text>
      <sha1>j5j3y9uvu1wmmd87k336xm8pa2qs6y7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iranian democracy movements</title>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders recently presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington, which included the son of the former Shah, [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2023-01-24 |title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so. |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference |url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=securityconference.org |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McColm |first=R. Bruce |date=2023-03-05 |title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2023-01-22 |title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]].  Later that day, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on Tuesday and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages Even those who identify themselves as members of the regime's security institutions express their fear, despair, and anger at what is happening in Iran and ask us to contact Israeli authorities, so that Iran does not suffer the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza.&quot;  The spokeperson said that the IDF is not the appropriate authority for this but, continued &quot;the least we can do is [https://mossad.gov.il/fa/contact-us refer you to the Mossad],&quot; adding a link to the Mossad's website. &quot;Maybe-maybe you'll find a new way to improve your situation there&quot;, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders, the [[w:Iran-Israel_war|Iran-Israel war]].  Later that day, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with Iran International's anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on Tuesday and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages Even those who identify themselves as members of the regime's security institutions express their fear, despair, and anger at what is happening in Iran and ask us to contact Israeli authorities, so that Iran does not suffer the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza.&quot;  The spokeperson said that the IDF is not the appropriate authority for this but, continued &quot;the least we can do is [https://mossad.gov.il/fa/contact-us refer you to the Mossad],&quot; adding a link to the Mossad's website. &quot;Maybe-maybe you'll find a new way to improve your situation there&quot;, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== NIA Council Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
[https://niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/ niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/]

A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== NIA Council Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
[https://niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/ niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/]

A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A plurality of the [https://niacouncil.org/ niacouncil.org/] opposes war with Iran and calls for diplomacy to end its nuclear program, with only 22% supporting war.

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== NIA Council Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
[https://niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/ niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/]

A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A plurality of the [https://niacouncil.org/ niacouncil.org/] opposes war with Iran and calls for diplomacy to end its nuclear program, with only 22% supporting war against the Islamic republic.

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[2019–2020 Iranian protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[2017–2021 Iranian protests]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]{{Relevance|date=March 2023}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== NIA Council Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
[https://niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/ niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/]

A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A plurality of the [https://niacouncil.org/ niacouncil.org/] opposes war with Iran and calls for diplomacy to end its nuclear program, with only 22% supporting war against the Islamic republic.

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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'''Democracy movements''' in [[Iran]] and its diaspora comprise a diverse range of dissidents, political and cultural leaders calling for Constitutional conventions and transition plans and/or popular uprisings, since the [[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt]] through the [[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]] to the present, including notable episodes [[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]] and [[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]].  During the 2022 [[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests|Mahsa Amini protests]] which occurred in Iran as a response to the [[w:Death_of_Mahsa_Amini|death of Mahsa Amini]], the chant [[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] ([[w:Kurdish|Kurdish]]: {{Lang|ku|ژن، ژیان، ئازادی}}) became widely used slogan used in both the [[w:Kurdish_Nationalism|Kurdish independence]] and [[w:Democratic_confederalism|democratic confederalist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirik |first=Dilar |title=The Kurdish Women's Movement: History, Theory, and Practice |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Çağlayan |first=Handan |title=Women in the Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |year=2019 |pages=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bayram |first1=Seyma |last2=Mohtasham |first2=Diba |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iran's protesters find inspiration in a Kurdish revolutionary slogan |url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/2022-10-27/irans-protesters-find-inspiration-in-a-kurdish-revolutionary-slogan |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=[[University of South Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war|regime has been de-stabilized during the Iran-Israel war of 2025]], with groups inside and out of Iran calling for [[w:Regime_change|regime change]].

The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#National Council of Resistance of Iran|National Council of Resistance of Iran]]'s leader [[w:Maryam_Rajavi|Maryam Rajavi]], calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.  The [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements#2023 U.S. House Resolution 100|US House Resolution 100]] has broad bipartisan support for her 10 point plan.

A 2022 summit of prominent diaspora opposition leaders presented a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#2023 Diaspora Summit and Joint Charter|vision for Iran's future at a summit]] in Washington titled &quot;the future of the Iranian democracy movement&quot;

Twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations published a [[Iranian Democracy Movement#Trade Unions Joint Charter|Joint Charter with a list of 12 minimum demands]].

== 1950's Democratic Election and Monarchist Coup ==


[[w:Mohammad_Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] was democratically elected, but overthrown in the [[w:1953_Iranian_coup_d'état|1953 Iranian coup d'etat]] instigated by the U.K. and assisted by the U.S. CIA.
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Democratic movements and the Revolution of '79 ==
[[w:Freedom_Movement_of_Iran|Freedom Movement of Iran]] (FMI), or '''Liberation Movement of Iran''' (LMI) is an Iranian pro-[[democracy]] political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as &quot;Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and [[w:Mohammad_Mossadegh|Mossadeghists]]&quot;.

[[w:Ruhollah_Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] was exiled in 1964 for opposing the [[w:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi|shah Pahlavi]]'s monarchist rule, he later became the [[w:Supreme_Leader_of_Iran|Supreme Leader of Iran]] after the [[w:Iranian_Revolution|1979 revolution]].
{{Expand section}}

== 2016 Cyrus the Great revolt through 2023 Mahsa Amini protests ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}
[[w:2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt|2016 Cyrus the Great revolt]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[w:2019–2020_Iranian_protests|Bloody Aban protests and crackdown]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[w:Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests|Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}


[[w:2017–2021_Iranian_protests|2017–2021 Iranian protests]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

[[w:Mahsa_Amini_protests#Historical_Background|Mahsa Amini protests#Historical Background]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== 2022 Free Iran World Summit ==
The [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran2022/ 2022 Free Iran World Summit] was a three-day international event 22-24 July, and featured speeches by many foreign dignataries.  Advertised speakers were: 

* Former Jordanian Minister of Development and Ambassador to Iran, Dr. Bassam Al-Omoush
* [[Michael Mukasey|Michael Mukaesey]], US Attorney General 2007-2009
* First US Secretary of Homeland Security [[Tom Ridge]]
* Former US Senator [[Joe Lieberman]]
* [[Linda Chavez]], former Director of White House Office of Public Liaison
* Former French Foreign Minster [[Bernard Kouchner]]
* Former French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Justice, [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]]
* Presidential candidate of Colombia, [[Íngrid Betancourt|Ingrid Betancour]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t
* Former Speaker of British House of Commons, Rt. Hon [[John Bercow]]
* Former Canadian Minister of Industry, Health, Hon. [[Tony Clement]]
* Former US Amb to Morocco [[Marc C. Ginsberg|Marc Ginsberg]]
* Former US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security [[Robert Joseph]]
* Former Candian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]]
* US Amb to UN Human Rights Commission [[Ken Blackwell]]

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== U.S. House Resolution 374 ==
The HR 374 introduced in 2019 is a bill with broad bipartisan support, [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/374?r=8&amp;s=1 Condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism and expressing support for the Iranian people's desire for a democratic, secular, and non-nuclear republic of Iran]

It offers support for National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) leader Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for a future Iran - including a universal right to vote, market economy and a non-nuclear Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition|title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2020-06-17|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has 221 lawmakers backing it, and was introduced by [[Tom McClintock|Rep. Tom McClintock]] who said in a speech to the OAIC, “There is a reason why a strong bipartisan majority in the United States House of Representatives has come together to co-sponsor this resolution condemning Iran’s terrorist acts,” McClintock said. “It’s because the world is watching the struggle for freedom in Iran, and it is cheering for your cause,&quot; observing that Iranian citizens have “taken to the streets and the airwaves” to protest against Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s regime, which he said has “lost any claim to legitimacy.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran|title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran|date=2020-06-17|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020-23 Free Iran World Summits ==
In a 2020 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/free-iran-global-summit/ virtual gathering] during COVID-19 Pandemic,  Iranians and 1000 current, former officials, international dignitaries, and bipartisan lawmakers, &quot;called on the world community to adopt a more resolute policy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/free-iran-global-summit/|title=Free Iran Global Summit|last=https://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2021 [https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ Free Iran World Summit] was an international event dedicated to liberating Iran from its oppressive leadership and paving the way for a free and democratic Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://iranfreedom.org/en/freeiran/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Iran Freedom |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was supported by the OAIC{{Cn|date=March 2023}} and NCRI.  

Foreign dignitaries in attendance included: Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia, Michael Pompeo, former US Secretary of State (2018-2021), Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada; former Foreign Ministers for France, Italy, and Poland; and Defense Ministers of United Kingdom and France. and included speeches by 30 US lawmakers, including Senators Robert Menendez, Ted Cruz, Roy Blunt; and Congressmen Kevin McCarthy, and Hakeem Jeffries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=https://www.washingtontimes.com |first=The Washington Times |title=Rhetoric from 'Free Iran' summit strikes nerve, sparks regime's ire |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jul/11/free-iran-world-summit-2021-sparks-iran-regimes-ir/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=The Free Iran World Summit 2021 |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/ncri-statements/statement-iran-resistance/the-free-iran-world-summit-2021-statement-no-2/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Expand section|date=March 2023}}

== Mousavi's Call for A Referendum ==
Former prime minister and reformist leader of the [[Green Revolution (Iran)|Green Revolution]], [[Mir-Hossein Mousavi|Mir Hussein Mousavi]] put out a call 3 February 2023, for a referendum and end to clerical rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302095136|title=Sunni Leader Lauds Call For Referendum By Former Iran PM|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signed by over 400 political activists and journalists, the statement said, &quot;With the current social awakening, and the society’s disillusionment with reforms within the current [political] structure, there is no other way than allowing the people to decide their own destiny.&quot;  Expressing its support of Mousavi’s three-stage proposal and a “peaceful and non-violent transition” to a democratic government and the “Woman, Life, Freedom” Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302132030|title=Hundreds Of Activists Support Mousavi's Call To End Clerical Rule|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not supporting regime change, he supports calling a [[constituent assembly]], and a new constitution.  

According to [[Iran International]] he &quot;seemed to reject reform as an alternative, urguing fundamental change.&quot;  And &quot;implicitly repeated what exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi has been saying for years, and other opposition activists have echoed in the past five months – transition from the Islamic Republic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302049934|title=Opposition Figure In Iran Calls For Fundamental Change, New Constitution|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pahlavi has embraced Mousavi's call for a new constitution, and says that the opposition must be &quot;big tent&quot; willing to embrace defectors.  According to [[Al Arabiya]] the opposition is &quot;stronger and more unified than ever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2023/03/02/Mousavi-deserts-Iran-s-regime-|title=Mousavi deserts Iran's regime|date=2023-03-02|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mousavi announced that &quot;''he no longer supports the current [[Constitution of Iran|Islamic Republic constitution]]&quot;'', and asked for a widespread referendum to fully change the constitution and make a fundamental change in Iran's political system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64522691|title=میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان «برای نجات ایران» شد|work=BBC News فارسی|access-date=2023-02-05|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Among many leading dissidents who publicly endorsed Mousavi’s call for a referendum, Iran’s top Sunni cleric, Mowlavi Abdolhamid stated, “With his recent statement, Mousavi showed that he understood the realities of society. It’s time for other politicians and ulema (religious scholars) to think about saving the country and see the facts.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 &quot;Future of the Movement&quot; Summit and Joint &quot;Mahsa Charter&quot; ==
[[The future of Iran’s democracy movement]] was a conference hosted by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security ([[w:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|GIWPS)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/prominent-iranian-dissidents-unite-to-discuss-democracy-movement-/6959274.html|title=Prominent Iranian Dissidents Unite to Discuss Democracy Movement|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/event/the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement-event/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|website=GIWPS|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [https://adfiran.com/en/docs/mahsa-charter Joint charter] was released in early march, on a website for the group that now styles itself the '''&quot;Alliance for Democracy and Freedom in Iran&quot;''' (ADFI), and declares this to be the &quot;'''[[w:Woman,_Life,_Freedom|Woman, Life, Freedom]] revolution'''&quot;.

Attending the summit meeting were 8 prominent diaspora leaders of the movement: actresses [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and [[w:Golshifteh_Farahani|Golshifteh Farahani]], Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[w:Shirin_Ebadi|Shirin Ebadi]], activists [[w:Masih_Alinejad|Masih Alinejad]] and Dr. [[w:Hamed_Esmaeilion|Hamed Esmaeilion]]; former soccer captain Ali Karimi, former [[w:Reza_Pahlavi|crown prince Reza Pahlavi]], and Kurdish leader [[w:Abdullah_Mohtadi|Abdullah Mohtadi]].  They claim to represent the country's &quot;democracy movement&quot;.

Mr. Pahlavi insists that whoever Iranians then elect in a free and open referendum is up to them, saying, &quot;The role that I'm offering in this process of transition is to be of help to maintain a smooth process — to maximise the participation of democratic forces in this process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-14/iran-exiled-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-revolution-regime-change/101961372|title=Why the exiled crown prince of Iran thinks the Islamic Republic is coming to an end|date=2023-02-13|work=ABC News|access-date=2023-03-13|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This effort received some attention from the press,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/women-life-freedom|title=Women, Life, Freedom {{!}} History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3862909-from-reform-to-revolution-what-is-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/|title=From reform to revolution: What is the future of Iran's democracy movement?|last=Bijan Ahmadi|first=Opinion Contributor|date=2023-02-17|website=The Hill|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2023/02/17/iran-democracy/|title=The Future of Iran's Democracy Movement|last=Security|first=Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and|date=2023-02-17|website=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are seeking support from the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/how-support-irans-democracy-movement|title=How to Support Iran's Democracy Movement|website=Freedom House|language=en|access-date=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== NIA Council Trade Unions Joint Charter ==
[https://niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/ niacouncil.org/iu-2-16/]

A joint charter with a list of 12 &quot;minimum demands” has been published and signed by twenty independent Iranian trade unions, feminist groups and student organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/113866-iranian-trade-unions-civic-groups-issue-charter-of-minimum-demands|title=Trade Unions Issue Charter Of Minimum Demands|date=16 February 2023|website=Iran Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-women-life-freedom-revolution-has-a-manifesto-here-are-the-next-steps/|title=Iran's 'women, life, freedom' revolution has a manifesto. Here are the next steps.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-02-23|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signatories include:

* The Coordinating Council of Iran's Teachers Trade Unions
* The Free Union of Iran Workers 
* The Union of Free Students
* The Center for Human Rights Defenders
* The Syndicate of Workers of Nishekar Heft Tepeh Company
* The Organization Council of Oil Contractual Workers’ Protests
* Iran Cultural House (Khafa)
* Bidarzani
* The Call of Iranian Women
* The Independent Voice of Ahvaz National Steel Group Workers
* The Labor Rights Defenders Center
* The Kermanshah Electric and Metal Workers’ Union
* The Coordination Committee to help create labor organizations
* The Union of Pensioners
* The Council of Pensioners of Iran
* The Progressive Students Organization
* The Council of Free-Thinking Students of Iran
* The Alborz Province Painters’ Syndicate
* The Committee to Follow up on the Creation of Labor Organizations of Iran
* The Council of Retirees of the Social Security Administration (BASTA)

== 2023 U.S. House Resolution 100 ==
House Resolution 100 was introduced by Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif., expresses [https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/100/text?s=2&amp;r=10 Congress’ support of a democratic, secular and non-nuclear republic]. There are 75 Democrats signed onto the resolution, among 222 members of the 435-member House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/resolution-backing-secular-democratic-iran-picks-majority-bipartisan-support-in-house|title=Resolution backing secular, democratic Iran republic picks up majority bipartisan support in House|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2023-03-09|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The resolution voices “support for the opposition leader Mrs. Maryam Rajavi’s 10-point plan for the future of Iran, which calls for the universal right to vote, free elections, and a market economy, and advocates gender, religious, and ethnic equality, a foreign policy based on peaceful coexistence, and a nonnuclear Iran.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mcclintock.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcclintock-introduced-house-resolution-with-over-160-co-sponsors-in-support|title=McClintock Introduced House Resolution With Over 160 Co-sponsors in Support of a Free, Democratic, and Secular Republic in Iran|date=2023-02-08|website=Congressman Tom McClintock|language=en|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 - Spring 2025 ==
The maximum pressure campaign against Iran was renewed on ___ by executive order of incoming U.S. president Donald Trump.  [[w:2025_United_States–Iran_negotiations|2025 United States–Iran nuclear negotiations]] commenced April 12th, with Iran given a deadline of 60 days to agree to permanently give up the enrichment of Uranium.

== Regime de-stabilization during the Iran-Israel war ==
{{See also|s:Iran-Israel war|w:Iran-Israel war|w:Timeline of the Iran-Israel war}}
On June 13th Israeli warplanes struck Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities, ballistic missile launchers, air-defenses, nuclear scientists and senior military commanders.  Later that day, Mohammad [[w:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], told Iranians that the time has come to “overthrow the Islamic Republic through street protests and nationwide strikes.&quot;  &quot;It could fall. As I have told my compatriots: Iran is yours and yours to reclaim. I am with you. Stay strong and we will win.  ... I have told the military, police, and security forces: break from the regime. Honor the oath of any honorable serviceman. Join the people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250613-son-of-late-shah-urges-iranians-to-break-with-islamic-republic|title=Son of late shah urges Iranians to break with Islamic republic|date=2025-06-13|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Israeli Prime Minister [[w:Benjamin_Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke directly to the &quot;esteemed people of Iran&quot; that night in a filmed statement, stating that the regime has &quot;never been so weak&quot; and urging Iranians to seize the moment to stand up against their leadership.    

In an interview with [[w:Iran_International|Iran International]]'s anchor Pouria Zeraati, Israeli president Netanyahu said &quot;A light has been lit—carry it to freedom,”  “This is the time,” he said. “Your hour of freedom is near—it’s happening now.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202506167015|title=Israel strikes Iran, Day 4: what we know so far|date=2025-06-17|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hackers reportedly hijacked the Iranian state broadcaster during a live broadcast on June 17th and broadcast anti-regime messages, and footage from anti-regime protests, specifically the massive 2022 &quot;Women, Life, Freedom&quot; protests, along with messages such as &quot;Rise up! This is your moment. Go out into the streets. Take control of your future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410262|title=Hackers take control of Iranian state media, broadcast anti-regime messages|last=Goldberg|first=Yitz|website=general.newsSeven|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The IDF Farsi-language reported receiving many messages from members of the regime's security institutions, seeking to prevent Iran from suffering the same fate as Lebanon and Gaza, or to change their personal situations.  The IDF spokeperson referred them to the Mossad, adding a link to the Mossad's website, instructing those who wish to reach out to do so using only an external VPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410241|title=IDF sends urgent message to Iranians in despair: contact Mossad|last=News|first=Israel National|website=Israel National News|language=en|access-date=2025-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A plurality of the [https://niacouncil.org/ niacouncil.org/] opposes war with Iran and calls for diplomacy to end its nuclear program, with only 22% supporting war against the Islamic republic.

== Organized Resistance Groups ==
=== National Council of Resistance of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] is recognized as the diplomatic wing of the MEK, [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], opposing the Islamic Republic.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Cohen |first1=Ronen A. |title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1014 |year=2018 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813 |s2cid=149542445}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katzman2012&quot;&gt;Kenneth Katzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfdMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317 Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048], in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,''  [[Oxford University Press]], 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayazmanesh&quot;&gt;Sasan Fayazmanesh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SMiTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'']  [[Routledge]], 2008 pp.79,81.&lt;/ref&gt;

They have articulated a [[National Council of Resistance of Iran#Constitutional platform|Constitutional platform]].

A majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” in June 2020 supporting [[Maryam Rajavi]] and the NCRI's “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian [[state-sponsored terrorism]]”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers, gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran”) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.”  The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime's terror |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title='The world is watching': Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organization of Iranian American Communities ===
The [[Organization of Iranian American Communities]] is allied with the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], or the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), which advocates the overthrow of the [[government of Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lipin |first=Michael |date=17 March 2018 |title=US Senators Pledge Help to Iranian Group Seeking End to Iran's Islamist Rule |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217191816/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-iran-opposition/4303135.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gharib |first1=Ali |last2=Clifton |first2=Eli |date=26 February 2015 |title=Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/02/26/long-march-yellow/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=19 September 2018 |title=Giuliani to Speak Beside Leader of Accused Iranian 'Cult' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/giuliani-to-speak-beside-leader-of-accused-iranian-cult |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The OIAC does not support a foreign war, nor does it support an appeasement policy towards Iran. More specifically, OIAC supports the 10-point plans by Mrs. Maryam Rajavi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryam Rajavi {{!}} President-elect of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) |url=https://www.maryam-rajavi.com/en/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Maryam Rajavi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a democratic Iran that aligns with security for America and peace in the Middle East and beyond. OIAC works in collaboration with all Iranian-Americans and concerned citizens across the country to achieve its mission and vision. OIAC holds yearly protests outside the [[United Nations]] building against Iranian Presidents&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-09-20/protesters-rally-against-iranian-president-at-un Protesters Rally Against Iranian President at United Nations] by REBECCA GIBIAN, [[Associated Press]]; 20 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; and at times outside the [[White House]] &quot;in solidarity with [[2017–18 Iranian protests|protesters in Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wtop.com/white-house/2018/01/demonstrators-gather-wh-support-iranian-liberty-democracy/slide/1/ Demonstrators gather at White House to support Iranian ‘liberty, democracy’]; By Dick Uliano, [[WTOP-FM]], 6 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laipson |first=Ellen |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Foreign Policy Aftermath of the Iran Protests, in Tehran and Washington |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-foreign-policy-aftermath-of-the-iran-protests-in-tehran-and-washington/}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Joanne Stocker, &quot;the Organization of Iranian American Communities have played a crucial role in securing broad, bipartisan support in the United States for the opposition group by successfully portraying the group as a democratic, human rights-supporting alternative to the current regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The White House Once Labeled Them Terrorists. Now They're Being Called Iran's Next Government |newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/2019-08-13/ty-article/.premium/white-house-once-labeled-them-terrorists-now-it-calls-them-irans-next-government/0000017f-dc2a-db5a-a57f-dc6a244b0000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan ===
The [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] (KDPI), is an armed leftist [[ethnic party]] of [[Kurds in Iran]], exiled in northern [[Iraq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Buchta |first1=Wilfried |title=Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic |pages=102, 104 |year=2000 |place=Washington DC |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |isbn=978-0-944029-39-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.&lt;ref&gt;United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance - Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups, July 2016, Version 2.0, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/578f67c34.html [accessed 18 March 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

The group calls for [[self-determination]] of Kurdish people&lt;ref name=&quot;merip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iran|title=Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran|author=Martin Van Bruinessen|date=20 July 1986|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|access-date=29 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as seeking either [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|separatism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms |access-date=29 September 2016 |publisher=[[Stratfor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties |page=321 |year=2011 |contribution=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781442209961}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Alex Peter Schmid|author2=A. J. Jongman|title=Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, &amp; literature|year=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1|page=579|entry=Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[autonomy]] within a [[Federalism|federal]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qasemlu |access-date=August 1, 2016 |last=Prunhuber |first=Carol |date=February 18, 2012 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WRI&quot; /&gt; This included the [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency]], its [[KDPI insurgency (1989–96)|1989–1996 insurgency]] and [[2016 West Iran clashes|recent clashes in 2016]].

=== National Council of Iran ===
The [[National Council of Iran]], according to ''[[Observer.com|The Observer]]'', serves as [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]'s [[government in exile]] in order to reclaim the former throne after overthrowing the current government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |date=29 January 2016 |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been described as an organization that profiles him as &quot;the new [[president of Iran]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Maciej Milczanowski |title=US Policy towards Iran under President Barack Obama's Administration |date=2014 |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/hemispheres_29_4.pdf |journal=Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies |volume=29 |number=4 |pages=53–66 |publisher=Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences |issn=0239-8818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;self-styled&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milczanowski&quot; /&gt; National Council claims to have gathered &quot;tens of thousands of pro-democracy proponents from both inside and outside Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jon Gambrell |date=9 April 2017 |title=Iran's long-exiled prince wants a revolution in age of Trump |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409074842/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/aabda1d7582d49b784c7ec7ee2e96e6e/irans-long-exiled-prince-wants-revolution-age-trump |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also claims to represent religious and ethnic minorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Sonia Verma |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shah's son seeks support for people's revolution against Iran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/shahs-son-seeks-support-for-peoples-revolution-against-iran/article19059694/ |access-date=17 June 2017 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Kenneth Katzman, in 2017 the group which was established with over 30 groups has &quot;suffered defections and its activity level appears minimal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Kenneth Katzman |title=Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy |date=2 June 2017 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |page=27 |access-date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], who has renounced the monarchy and has long advocated for free elections to form a [[constituent assembly]] that could determine the future form of governance in Iran. Of the more than 390,000 supporters of a change.org petition declaring Pahlavi &quot;my representative&quot;, many emphasized that they only backed him as an “interim figure” who could bring about a democratic transition away from the Islamic Republic, not to restore the fallen monarchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/can-reza-pahlavi-help-unite-the-iranian-opposition-a-hashtag-is-suggesting-so/|title=Can Reza Pahlavi help unite the Iranian opposition? A hashtag is suggesting so.|last=Dagres|first=Holly|date=2023-01-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Invited to speak on Iran's future at the [[59th Munich Security Conference]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/woman-life-freedom-visions-for-iran-20230218-1616/|title=Woman, Life, Freedom: Visions for Iran - Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, one of Pahlavi's cohorts denounced the MEK/NCRI.  The [[International Business Times]] comments that he has no expereince, and is trying to &quot;pluck the fruits of others labor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/illusion-relevance-why-son-deposed-dictator-not-answer-3673282|title=In Iran, Why The Son Of A Deposed Dictator Is Not The Answer|last=McColm|first=R. Bruce|date=2023-03-05|website=International Business Times|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NCRI has denounced the son of the former Shah.  The MEK Spokesperson called on him &quot;to first return the billions of dollars his father stole from the nation, denounce the atrocities committed by his grandfather and father and distance himself from the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] and the [[Basij]], which he had previously praised as guardians of Iran’s territorial integrity and law and order in society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/anews/who-is-who/selling-a-dead-horse-reza-pahlavis-bid-to-market-a-trashed-monarchy/|title=Selling a Dead Horse: Reza Pahlavi's Bid to Market a Trashed Dictatorship|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=2023-01-22|website=NCRI|language=en-US|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism ==
Remarking on the initial international response to the Tehran protests, Iranian-American journalist and activist [[Masih Alinejad]] said, &quot;The first group who came to the streets were women of Afghanistan, can you believe that? The Western feminists who actually went to my country, wore a hijab, and bowed to the Taliban—they didn’t take to the streets.”  

“Most of them have never gone and lived under Sharia law,” she said of Western feminists. “And they don’t even let us talk about our own experiences.

Here they tell me, ‘Shh! If you talk about this, you’re going to cause Islamophobia.’ Phobia is irrational, but believe me my fear and the fear of millions of Iranian women is rational.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Self-centered feminists have forgotten the women of Iran |url=https://nypost.com/2023/03/11/self-centered-feminists-have-forgotten-the-women-of-iran/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography and References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-02-10 |title=Iran exiled opposition figures in talks to unite against government |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-exiled-opposition-figures-talks-unite-against-government-2023-02-10/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |title=Prominent Iranian Opposition Figures Pledge Unity, Urge World Support |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202302109922 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Iran International |language=en}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-07 |title=Gauging the future of Iran's democracy movement |url=https://www.demdigest.org/gauging-the-future-of-irans-democracy-movement/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Democracy Digest |language=en-US}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherrill |first=Clifton |year=2011 |title=After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader? |journal=Orbis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=631–47 |doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002}}{{Relevance?|date=March 2023}}
{{expand section|date=March 2023}}
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Protests in Iran}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1845" sha1="es0qubgec357uizalwimzsz8lk9fzue" xml:space="preserve">== Original research for a Broad-concept wikipedia article ==

Intended as a [[Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article]] for our sister project, it was rejected in spring 2023 as Original Research.  Although assessed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia, this may be a good place for this history to be documented and analyzed.   The hope is to overcome WP's bias toward [[w:WP:Recentism]], by summarizing the dozen existing articles on protest movements from 2016 to the present, in the context of each other, and of ~70 years of Iranian democracy movements.

* [[Wikiversity:Original_research]]
* [[Wikiversity:Research_ethics]]
* [[Wikiversity:Research_guidelines]]
[[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 03:45, 10 December 2024 (UTC)

== Nowruz 2025 message from Reza Pahlavi ==

[https://x.com/PahlaviReza/status/1902736890773864670?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1902736890773864670%7Ctwgr%5E35532c6720fa94f58f5a3deb01ce5aa95cbf40d2%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F202503209576 X.com/@PahlaviReza] and widely quoted in the media, [https://www.iranintl.com/en/202503209576], [https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/405693], and elsewhere.
&quot;Together, we can dismantle the Islamic Republic and end decades of global terror, blackmail, and hostage-taking,&quot; he said in the video, titled A Norooz Message to the World: Imagine a New Iran.
&quot;I extend our hand in friendship and partnership— to our neighbors from Israel and the Arab states, to our steadfast allies in the West, including President Trump and the United States, and to leaders across Europe and the G7,&quot; [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 00:18, 22 March 2025 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Are aliens mutilating cattle?</title>
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      <text bytes="13660" sha1="55r6s9rycw418i5jqkm001kam1j95wg" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidebate}}
[[File:Art of cow getting abducted by an UFO.jpg|thumb|Cow getting abducted by an UFO (illustration made with AI)]]
Are alien beings behind the {{w|cattle mutilations}} reported in the U.S. and many other countries?

Aliens here refers to extraterrestrial-origin beings – including automatons and biorobots – and anything manufactured and/or controlled by them directly or indirectly.

These arguments have been imported from the structured argument map &quot;[https://www.kialo.com/what-are-ufos-63205 What are UFOs?]&quot; on {{w|Kialo}}.

== Aliens are the explanation for cattle mutilations. ==

=== Arguments for ===

* {{Argument for}} There are over 10,000 cases&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2016/09/05/the-shocking-truth-behind-the-10000-animal-mutilations-in-americas-heartland/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[add more better refs]&lt;/sup&gt; of cattle mutilations, showing great consistency and representing a large number of cases where the likelihood where is humans would be behind these they would most likely have been caught by now but none have been convicted of these mutilations.
* {{Argument for}} As an explanation, a hoax is not possible anymore due to the evidence, wild animals or natural phenomena are not possible due to the surgically removed organs, a cult or government conspiracy is not possible due to little incentives to do so, high risks, public perception impacts, because nobody has yet been caught and because of the large quantity of cases in many parts of the U.S. and possibly the world. There are also no tracks and no signs of disturbance.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mysterywire.com/mysteries/animal-mutilation-mysteries-continue-to-baffle-investigators/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;This leaves only aliens as a viable explanation.&lt;ref&gt;An Alien Harvest: Further Evidence Linking Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions to Alien Life Forms&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/aliens-only-explanation-for-mutilated-cows-found-on-aussie-farm/news-story/301523760c67535e64c4cc5576786173&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Objection}} No {{w|Alien abduction claimants|alien abductee}} is known to have ever reported seeing parts of a cow in the alien craft or to have witnessed them abducting a cow except for possibly one case where a human was reportedly killed and mutilated but with no confirmation,&lt;ref&gt;https://interestingengineering.com/culture/11-of-the-most-mysterious-unresolved-ufo-cases-of-the-modern-era&lt;/ref&gt; possibly one case (1988 in the Guarapiranga Reservoir, Brazil) where a person was similarly mutilated and with no blood,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/ufos-aliens-animal-human-mutilation-lovette-cunningham&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(NSFL graphic images; year seems wrong) https://web.archive.org/web/20080509044511/https://www.alienvideo.net/0805/alien-abduction-mutilation.php&lt;/ref&gt; possibly further cases of human mutilations,&lt;ref&gt;https://badaliens.info/human-mutilations/&lt;/ref&gt; [[#farmer's photos|one case where photos have been taken]], and one case where a farmer couple witnessed aliens from an UFO abducting and levitating a cow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLZDWSenz4 Eyewitnesses talk about observing a landed UFO and aliens in a field, Missouri, 1983]&lt;/ref&gt; (Note: there's likely more cases of witnesses but they haven't yet been found/integrated here).
*** {{Objection}} They may hide or not show why they mutilate cows and parts of them to abductees. That one human may have been killed in a similar way is just another reason for why aliens is the most likely explanation.
* {{Argument for}} The cows are consistently cut very straight and clean&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/us/texas-madison-county-cow-deaths/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; with a surgical precision that excludes both wild predator animals and not just nonprofessional surgical equipment use but apparently all known human technology.
* {{Argument for}} There is no&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vice.com/en/article/hunt-for-the-skinwalker-is-the-first-video-released-from-inside-ufo-wolf-haunted-ranch-robert-bigelow/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[see the other refs or look it up and add more]&lt;/ref&gt; blood around the cows even when it is done outdoors and the dead cow is detected shortly after its death. Since this didn't happen just once but consistently many times that excludes explanations like some wild animals doing that and no human technology that can do so is known either.
* {{Argument for}} So far no perpetrator of these cow killings has ever been found even after decades. No forensic evidence&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2022/08/11/cults-or-ufos-decades-of-mysterious-cattle-mutilations-stump-police/&lt;/ref&gt; has ever been found at the sites.
* {{Argument for}} There is lots of evidence&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mhkc_ST8HEA&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw9Qst194A8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A Strange Harvest. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6362274/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[more could be added ; these are just examples and don't yet include investigative reports for example]&lt;/ref&gt; of all the claims such as many photos and videos.
* {{Argument for}} {{Visible anchor|farmer's photos|text=There is one case where a farmer saw an UFO abduct and kill a cow which he drew and photographed.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/TedRice/comments/15jvxou/a_friend_witnessed_a_cow_mutilation_the_other_day/&lt;/ref&gt; These images fit the conclusion by Australian farmers whose cattle have been mutilated that &quot;It must have something that lifts it up and puts it down and doesn't leave any marks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/aliens-only-explanation-for-mutilated-cows-found-on-aussie-farm/news-story/301523760c67535e64c4cc5576786173&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, it is consistent with a report claiming Air Force sergeant Jonathan P. Lovette was seen by Major William Cunningham with a long snake-like arm wrapped around his legs being dragged into a silver disk hovering above the ground which pulled Lovette inside to then rise vertically into the sky. Reportedly, after three days, Lovette's nude deceased body was found with all of his organs removed with very high surgical precision.&lt;ref&gt;https://interestingengineering.com/culture/11-of-the-most-mysterious-unresolved-ufo-cases-of-the-modern-era&lt;/ref&gt; In another case, a farmer couple witnessed aliens from an UFO abducting and levitating a cow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLZDWSenz4 Eyewitnesses talk about observing a landed UFO and aliens in a field, Missouri, 1983]&lt;/ref&gt; There likely are further cases where people witnessed the events.
** {{Objection}} The photos are blurred and nobody has analyzed them.
*** {{Objection}} Somebody could however do so and this is not a reason to dismiss it especially since there is little plausible motivation for a farmer to create hoax images and drawings just post this without much attention on one website. In fact, there are several motivations for that person to not do so, mainly likely ridicule by others.
* {{Argument for}} Often the cows are drained of blood,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.npr.org/2019/10/08/767283820/not-one-drop-of-blood-cattle-mysteriously-mutilated-in-oregon&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/mutilations-of-cattle-in-texas-oklahoma-called-work-of-cults.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mysterywire.com/mysteries/animal-mutilation-mysteries-continue-to-baffle-investigators/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chronline.com/stories/netflixs-investigation-alien-offers-another-look-at-oregon-cattle-mutilation-cases,368729&lt;/ref&gt; this can't be done easily if at all.
* {{Argument for}} In several occasions, cows mysteriously crashed through a roof, including one case that was filmed.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8H0rPt93zg&lt;/ref&gt; In one case, a cow somehow got on top of a roof.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11606449/Cow-ends-stranded-ROOF-Utah-farm-slipping-off.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Often these occur at around the same time a UFO sighting is reported.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/cattle-mutilation-1970s-skinwalker-ranch-ufos&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[add more here]&lt;/sup&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Various specific cow organs are frequently removed so quickly cleanly and targeted outdoors&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/cattle-mutilation-1970s-skinwalker-ranch-ufos&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2016/09/05/the-shocking-truth-behind-the-10000-animal-mutilations-in-americas-heartland/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://cowboystatedaily.com/2024/10/26/cattle-mutilations-across-wyoming-and-the-west-in-1970s-still-a-mystery/&lt;/ref&gt; that excludes wild animal predators and makes human causes unlikely. Humans or flies can't do these things within less than an hour for example.
* {{Argument for}} So far no mutilation has ever been recorded except for one potential case that shows a UFO mutilating a cow (see above).
* {{Argument for}} These mutilations cause substantial financial harm to farmers. This means it is unlikely they do this to their own cows. Despite of that they did not get compensation for that and no perpetrator has been found despite of investigations and substantial financial interest in finding them.
* {{Argument for}} The alien explanation is consistent with and would also explain – {{w|Occam's razor|in the simplest way}} the many alien abductions and corroborated reported sightings of UFOs with apparently above-human aviation technology.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kialo.com/some-of-the-alleged-anomalous-aerial-vehicles-were-directly-or-indirectly-manufactured-andor-operated-by-63205.4&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Several investigations found in some cases something likely landed near the cow. An investigation led by {{w|Gabe Valdez}} in June 1976 &quot;found that some type of aircraft landed and scorched the grass&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://youtu.be/AlhcmqevfXA?t=206&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arguments against ===
* {{Argument against}} Motivations why they would do that are unclear and it seems absurd.
** {{Objection}} They could do it for entertainment or to demonstrate their capabilities or to produce certain things with biotechnology or to use their organs for things like xenotransplantation or for training of their doctors or to make people interested in UFOs and related subjects sound absurd and stupid to name just a few potential motivations.
** {{Objection}} The ruminant digestive system is special and they may need it for some biotechnology or investigate it for it. For example, the cow rumen microbiome could be used for degradation of synthetic polymers.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459/full&lt;/ref&gt;
*** {{Objection}} Other animals are also being mutilated, not just cattle, and often only other parts of the cow body get taken.
** {{Objection}} We shouldn't assume to be able to know possibly and likely advanced aliens' motivations. For example, these may be due to very advanced technologies we can't yet think about.
* {{Argument against}} If it was aliens, they likely have been here much earlier already and thus could have done these cattle abduction and mutilations long before the current millennia to achieve what they intended to achieve.
** {{Objection}} They may need doing so for a persistent time, not just for a while until some objective is reached similar to how humans need to eat food persistently, not just until a few thousand years ago.
** {{Objection}} It could have to do with modern human civilization.
* {{Argument against}} Something else could explain it. Hibbs claimed mutilation fell into three categories: Natural causes such as predators, deaths caused by pranksters or deviants, and animals mutilated with &quot;sharp instruments&quot;. Wikipedians wrote &quot;Fringe explanations for the mutiliation have blamed satanic cults, aliens, or even mythical monsters&quot;, including the alien explanation as a brief subsection {{w|Cattle mutilation#Other explanations|under &quot;Other explanations&quot; classified as &quot;fringe&quot;}}.
** {{Objection}} The Pros have already refuted this explanation, making it not viable anymore. It is &quot;debunked&quot; so to say.
** {{Objection}} Wikipedia is biased.
** {{Objection}} They have set the conclusion that it must not be aliens first instead of approaching it neutrally and rationally where the conclusion or classification and assessments only follow after looking at collected data.
* {{Argument against}} It could be inaccurate to attribute it to &quot;aliens&quot; if these UFOs are controlled by humans or if the beings are not extraterrestrial but emerged on this planet in the sense of, roughly described, being created by extraterrestrial aliens.
** {{Objection}} The explanation would still be 'aliens' even if humans control alien technology UFOs or if the entities and/or technologies have been developed on Earth by a system originally set up by extraterrestrial aliens.
* {{Argument against}} There is not enough evidence for the existence of aliens for this theory to hold.
** {{Objection}} Theories hold also without evidence. They are just confirmed by evidence. This debate is about what the explanation is, not whether there is a proven explanation. Alien activity is the by far most likely explanation consistent with all of the large amount of available data.
** {{Objection}} There is enough evidence that so far indicates alien life is viable and likely plentiful in Milky Way galaxy. There is enough evidence supporting claims for UFOs far beyond human technology and claims of alien abductions.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kialo.com/some-may-argue-that-evidence-that-could-be-called-somewhat-unambiguous-exists-but-is-not-taken-seriously-and-that-there-63205.876&lt;/ref&gt;
*** {{Objection}} Some SETI experts believe that alien life is not plentiful in the Milky Way.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aliens]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial life]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13565" sha1="11lfxrzdxbl2ht0p8mymxsawyon2xoo" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidebate}}
[[File:Art of cow getting abducted by an UFO.jpg|thumb|Cow getting abducted by an UFO (illustration made with AI)]]
Are alien beings behind the {{w|cattle mutilations}} reported in the U.S. and many other countries?

Aliens here refers to extraterrestrial-origin beings – including automatons and biorobots – and anything manufactured and/or controlled by them directly or indirectly.

These arguments have been imported from the structured argument map &quot;[https://www.kialo.com/what-are-ufos-63205 What are UFOs?]&quot; on {{w|Kialo}}.

== Aliens are the explanation for cattle mutilations. ==

=== Arguments for ===

* {{Argument for}} There are over 10,000 cases&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2016/09/05/the-shocking-truth-behind-the-10000-animal-mutilations-in-americas-heartland/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[add more better refs]&lt;/sup&gt; of cattle mutilations, showing great consistency and representing a large number of cases where the likelihood where is humans would be behind these they would most likely have been caught by now but none have been convicted of these mutilations.
* {{Argument for}} As an explanation, a hoax is not possible anymore due to the evidence, wild animals or natural phenomena are not possible due to the surgically removed organs, a cult or government conspiracy is not possible due to little incentives to do so, high risks, public perception impacts, because nobody has yet been caught and because of the large quantity of cases in many parts of the U.S. and possibly the world. There are also no tracks and no signs of disturbance.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mysterywire.com/mysteries/animal-mutilation-mysteries-continue-to-baffle-investigators/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;This leaves only aliens as a viable explanation.&lt;ref&gt;An Alien Harvest: Further Evidence Linking Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions to Alien Life Forms&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/aliens-only-explanation-for-mutilated-cows-found-on-aussie-farm/news-story/301523760c67535e64c4cc5576786173&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Objection}} No {{w|Alien abduction claimants|alien abductee}} is known to have ever reported seeing parts of a cow in the alien craft or to have witnessed them abducting a cow except for possibly one case where a human was reportedly killed and mutilated but with no confirmation,&lt;ref&gt;https://interestingengineering.com/culture/11-of-the-most-mysterious-unresolved-ufo-cases-of-the-modern-era&lt;/ref&gt; possibly one case (1988 in the Guarapiranga Reservoir, Brazil) where a person was similarly mutilated and with no blood,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/ufos-aliens-animal-human-mutilation-lovette-cunningham&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(NSFL graphic images; year seems wrong) https://web.archive.org/web/20080509044511/https://www.alienvideo.net/0805/alien-abduction-mutilation.php&lt;/ref&gt; possibly further cases of human mutilations,&lt;ref&gt;https://badaliens.info/human-mutilations/&lt;/ref&gt; [[#farmer's photos|one case where photos have been taken]], and one case where a farmer couple witnessed aliens from an UFO abducting and levitating a cow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLZDWSenz4 Eyewitnesses talk about observing a landed UFO and aliens in a field, Missouri, 1983]&lt;/ref&gt; (Note: there's likely more cases of witnesses but they haven't yet been found/integrated here).
*** {{Objection}} They may hide or not show why they mutilate cows and parts of them to abductees. That one human may have been killed in a similar way is just another reason for why aliens is the most likely explanation.
* {{Argument for}} The cows are consistently cut very straight and clean&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/us/texas-madison-county-cow-deaths/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; with a surgical precision that excludes both wild predator animals and not just nonprofessional surgical equipment use but apparently all known human technology.
* {{Argument for}} There is no&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vice.com/en/article/hunt-for-the-skinwalker-is-the-first-video-released-from-inside-ufo-wolf-haunted-ranch-robert-bigelow/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[see the other refs or look it up and add more]&lt;/ref&gt; blood around the cows even when it is done outdoors and the dead cow is detected shortly after its death. Since this didn't happen just once but consistently many times that excludes explanations like some wild animals doing that and no human technology that can do so is known either.
* {{Argument for}} So far no perpetrator of these cow killings has ever been found even after decades. No forensic evidence&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2022/08/11/cults-or-ufos-decades-of-mysterious-cattle-mutilations-stump-police/&lt;/ref&gt; has ever been found at the sites.
* {{Argument for}} There is lots of evidence&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mhkc_ST8HEA&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw9Qst194A8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A Strange Harvest. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6362274/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[more could be added ; these are just examples and don't yet include investigative reports for example]&lt;/ref&gt; of all the claims such as many photos and videos.
* {{Argument for}} {{Visible anchor|farmer's photos|text=There is one case where a farmer saw an UFO abduct and kill a cow which he drew and photographed.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/TedRice/comments/15jvxou/a_friend_witnessed_a_cow_mutilation_the_other_day/&lt;/ref&gt; These images fit the conclusion by Australian farmers whose cattle have been mutilated that &quot;It must have something that lifts it up and puts it down and doesn't leave any marks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/aliens-only-explanation-for-mutilated-cows-found-on-aussie-farm/news-story/301523760c67535e64c4cc5576786173&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, it is consistent with a report claiming Air Force sergeant Jonathan P. Lovette was seen by Major William Cunningham with a long snake-like arm wrapped around his legs being dragged into a silver disk hovering above the ground which pulled Lovette inside to then rise vertically into the sky. Reportedly, after three days, Lovette's nude deceased body was found with all of his organs removed with very high surgical precision.&lt;ref&gt;https://interestingengineering.com/culture/11-of-the-most-mysterious-unresolved-ufo-cases-of-the-modern-era&lt;/ref&gt; In another case, a farmer couple witnessed aliens from an UFO abducting and levitating a cow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLZDWSenz4 Eyewitnesses talk about observing a landed UFO and aliens in a field, Missouri, 1983]&lt;/ref&gt; There likely are further cases where people witnessed the events.
** {{Objection}} The photos are blurred and nobody has analyzed them.
*** {{Objection}} Somebody could however do so and this is not a reason to dismiss it especially since there is little plausible motivation for a farmer to create hoax images and drawings just post this without much attention on one website. In fact, there are several motivations for that person to not do so, mainly likely ridicule by others.
* {{Argument for}} Often the cows are drained of blood,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.npr.org/2019/10/08/767283820/not-one-drop-of-blood-cattle-mysteriously-mutilated-in-oregon&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/mutilations-of-cattle-in-texas-oklahoma-called-work-of-cults.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mysterywire.com/mysteries/animal-mutilation-mysteries-continue-to-baffle-investigators/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chronline.com/stories/netflixs-investigation-alien-offers-another-look-at-oregon-cattle-mutilation-cases,368729&lt;/ref&gt; this can't be done easily if at all.
* {{Argument for}} In several occasions, cows mysteriously crashed through a roof, including one case that was filmed.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8H0rPt93zg&lt;/ref&gt; In one case, a cow somehow got on top of a roof.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11606449/Cow-ends-stranded-ROOF-Utah-farm-slipping-off.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Often these occur at around the same time a UFO sighting is reported.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/cattle-mutilation-1970s-skinwalker-ranch-ufos&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[add more here]&lt;/sup&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Various specific cow organs are frequently removed so quickly cleanly and targeted outdoors&lt;ref&gt;https://www.history.com/news/cattle-mutilation-1970s-skinwalker-ranch-ufos&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nypost.com/2016/09/05/the-shocking-truth-behind-the-10000-animal-mutilations-in-americas-heartland/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://cowboystatedaily.com/2024/10/26/cattle-mutilations-across-wyoming-and-the-west-in-1970s-still-a-mystery/&lt;/ref&gt; that excludes wild animal predators and makes human causes unlikely. Humans or flies can't do these things within less than an hour for example.
* {{Argument for}} So far no mutilation has ever been recorded except for one potential case that shows a UFO mutilating a cow (see above).
* {{Argument for}} These mutilations cause substantial financial harm to farmers. This means it is unlikely they do this to their own cows. Despite of that they did not get compensation for that and no perpetrator has been found despite of investigations and substantial financial interest in finding them.
* {{Argument for}} The alien explanation is consistent with and would also explain – {{w|Occam's razor|in the simplest way}} the many alien abductions and corroborated reported sightings of UFOs with apparently above-human aviation technology.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kialo.com/some-of-the-alleged-anomalous-aerial-vehicles-were-directly-or-indirectly-manufactured-andor-operated-by-63205.4&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Argument for}} Several investigations found in some cases something likely landed near the cow. An investigation led by {{w|Gabe Valdez}} in June 1976 &quot;found that some type of aircraft landed and scorched the grass&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://youtu.be/AlhcmqevfXA?t=206&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arguments against ===
* {{Argument against}} Motivations why they would do that are unclear and it seems absurd.
** {{Objection}} They could do it for entertainment or to demonstrate their capabilities or to produce certain things with biotechnology or to use their organs for things like xenotransplantation or for training of their doctors or to make people interested in UFOs and related subjects sound absurd and stupid to name just a few potential motivations.
** {{Objection}} The ruminant digestive system is special and they may need it for some biotechnology or investigate it for it. For example, the cow rumen microbiome could be used for degradation of synthetic polymers.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459/full&lt;/ref&gt;
*** {{Objection}} Other animals are also being mutilated, not just cattle, and often only other parts of the cow body get taken.
** {{Objection}} We shouldn't assume to be able to know possibly and likely advanced aliens' motivations. For example, these may be due to very advanced technologies we can't yet think about.
* {{Argument against}} If it was aliens, they likely have been here much earlier already and thus could have done these cattle abduction and mutilations long before the current millennia to achieve what they intended to achieve.
** {{Objection}} They may need doing so for a persistent time, not just for a while until some objective is reached similar to how humans need to eat food persistently, not just until a few thousand years ago.
** {{Objection}} It could have to do with modern human civilization.
* {{Argument against}} Something else could explain it. Hibbs claimed mutilation fell into three categories: Natural causes such as predators, deaths caused by pranksters or deviants, and animals mutilated with &quot;sharp instruments&quot;. Wikipedians wrote &quot;Fringe explanations for the mutiliation have blamed satanic cults, aliens, or even mythical monsters&quot;, including the alien explanation as a brief subsection {{w|Cattle mutilation#Other explanations|under &quot;Other explanations&quot; classified as &quot;fringe&quot;}}.
** {{Objection}} The Pros have already refuted this explanation, making it not viable anymore. It is &quot;debunked&quot; so to say.
** {{Objection}} Wikipedia is biased.
** {{Objection}} They have set the conclusion that it must not be aliens first instead of approaching it neutrally and rationally where the conclusion or classification and assessments only follow after looking at collected data.
* {{Argument against}} It could be inaccurate to attribute it to &quot;aliens&quot; if these UFOs are controlled by humans or if the beings are not extraterrestrial but emerged on this planet in the sense of, roughly described, being created by extraterrestrial aliens.
** {{Objection}} The explanation would still be 'aliens' even if humans control alien technology UFOs or if the entities and/or technologies have been developed on Earth by a system originally set up by extraterrestrial aliens.
* {{Argument against}} There is not enough evidence for the existence of aliens for this theory to hold.
** {{Objection}} Theories hold also without evidence. They are just confirmed by evidence. This debate is about what the explanation is, not whether there is a proven explanation. Alien activity is the by far most likely explanation consistent with all of the large amount of available data.
** {{Objection}} There is enough evidence that so far indicates alien life is viable and likely plentiful in Milky Way galaxy. There is enough evidence supporting claims for UFOs far beyond human technology and claims of alien abductions.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kialo.com/some-may-argue-that-evidence-that-could-be-called-somewhat-unambiguous-exists-but-is-not-taken-seriously-and-that-there-63205.876&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aliens]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial life]]</text>
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    <title>Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25</title>
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      <text bytes="44637" sha1="kzensso9os68r5ppzy6q5lyrqsvugy0" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot; (Col. 1b)
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot; (Col. 1b)
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.
==Related Events==
* Reception
* Honeymoon
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====
====Bridesmaids====
====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===
===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==
# Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart: The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.
#
==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received a lot of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, '''a whole sable arranged on the crown''', the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
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      <text bytes="48202" sha1="2vtjub04kqxf4tqgjuh5cigawro4o6t" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.
==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==
# Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart
## Wedding Gown&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Travelling Dress, with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#The bridesmaids
#*&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)
#*The Girls&lt;blockquote&gt;wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#*The Women&lt;blockquote&gt;wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
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      <text bytes="48211" sha1="qi03s55e1uu6ocqc3e7naizpiv30767" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==
# Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart
## Wedding Gown&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Travelling Dress, with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#The bridesmaids
#*&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)
#*The Girls&lt;blockquote&gt;wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#*The Women&lt;blockquote&gt;wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="48228" sha1="3lw6yp47nvebzs4vt1mzvkvchk9s363" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==
# Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart
## Wedding Gown&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (Col. 1a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Travelling Dress, with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#The bridesmaids
#*&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
#*The Girls&lt;blockquote&gt;wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#*The Women&lt;blockquote&gt;wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
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        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="48234" sha1="tom3noetelmcnp0uz8bq7y6fjp3iivc" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==
# Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart
## Wedding Gown&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Travelling Dress, with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#The bridesmaids
#*&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
#*The Girls&lt;blockquote&gt;wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
#*The Women&lt;blockquote&gt;wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <comment>/* What People Wore */</comment>
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      <text bytes="48269" sha1="q7o6d1hzwejih34kh8gcaa65yuvdrz2" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==

=== Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart ===

==== Wedding Gown ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Travelling Dress ====
... with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat:&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== The bridesmaids ===
*&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
*The Girls&lt;blockquote&gt;wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The Women&lt;blockquote&gt;wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne—Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
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      <text bytes="48300" sha1="fnk0dj0ztzkeu153g90ljgibg55so98" xml:space="preserve">=Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart and Lord Stavordale=

== Event ==
Wedding of Lady Helen Stewart (Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]], daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry) and Lord Stavordale ([[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester)

==Overview==

==Logistics==
* Saturday, 25 January 1902, 2:00 p.m., St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London

=== Officiating Clergy ===

* William Alexander&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-23|title=William Alexander (bishop)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Alexander_(bishop)&amp;oldid=1271207579|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Primate of Ireland
* The Rev. Canon Body (Durham)
* The Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park)
* The Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square)

=== Staff and Vendors ===
* Bride's bouquet &quot;was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's dress made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly.
* &quot;The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}
* Bride's traveling dress made by Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' dresses made by Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' hats made by Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W.
* Bridesmaids' bouquets made by Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

==Related Events==
* Reception: Londonderry House 
* Honeymoon: Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride
==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====

* Lady Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]

====Bridesmaids====
Children

# Miss Marion Beckett
# Miss Gladys Beckett
# Miss Margaret Beaumont
# Miss Aline Beaumont
# Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways

Adults

# Lady Edith Dawson
# Lady Viola Talbot
# Miss Muriel Chaplin
# Miss Madeleine Stanley
# Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach

====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===

* Groom, [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Giles Fox-Strangways]], Lord Stavordale
* Best man, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde

===People Who Attended===

# Could these be the writers?
##Mr. Edmund Gosse [gift to the bride]
##Mr. Thomas Hardy
##Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle
##Mr. and Mrs. Wells [gift to the groom]
==What People Wore==

=== Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart ===

==== Wedding Gown ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Travelling Dress ====
... with the body of a sable, including its head, on the crown of the hat:&lt;blockquote&gt;The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== The bridesmaids ===
&quot;The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}

==== The Girls ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;... wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The Women ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;... wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Gifts==
Lady Helen Stewart received an unusually large number of pieces of very valuable jewelry, including a diamond and turquoise brooch from King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and a pearl and diamond bracelet from the tenantry on the family county Down estate and the inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland. She also received an unusually large number of books

=== From Tenants and Servants ===

==== For the Bride ====

* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
*Plus various local organizations, including children from the local school

==== For the Groom ====
Two of the groups giving gifts to Lord Stavordale also delivered addresses, which he probably got a copy of.

* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.

===Books===
The bride received an unusually large number of books, and the groom received some as well.
*Book (x24), including books from Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Thomas Hardy and some Shakespeare from Mr. and Mrs. Wells
*Book (18th Century)
*Russian leather hymn-book, Prayer Book (x2), Bible and Prayer Book, Silver Prayer Book
*Book on gardening
*Set of books — George III.
*Book on Japan
*Jane Austen’s novels
*Volumes of poetry
*Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes
*Two &quot;Punch'’ books
*Merriman's Novels
*Twenty-five volumes poetry
*Six volumes Rudyard Kipling
*Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Book (Bacon’s Essays)
* Shelley's Poems
* Book (Browning)
* Matthew Arnold’s Poems
* Book, Tennyson
* Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works
* MS. music book
* Tennyson (six volumes)
* German book
* Birthday book
* Two volumes poetry
* Book, Keble's poems
* Four volumes of Shakespeare
* Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes
*Life of Napoleon I.
*Five vols. Spenser's Poems
*Book (Josephine Impl.) [to the groom]
*Book (Prince Charles Edward)
*Books (Shakespeare)

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

*Pony phæton and harness
*Dinner service
*Fur rug, Brown fur rug, Blue cloth and white fur rug, Fur rug, Fur rug
*Silver aneroid [barometer], Barograph
*Green leather blotter ([[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]])
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Edouard Henry Dreyfous|Dreyfous]] tray (x2)
*Electric clock, Electric lamp
*Riding whip (hippo) [to the bride], Hippo. hide cane [to the groom]
*Bellows
*lndian embroidery
*Enamel letter rack
*Silver telegraph case
*Two safety pins, Three turquoise safety pins
*German album
*Gong
*[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doiley|d'Oyleys]] [sic], Six d’oyleys [sic]
*Shagreen box
*Karosse [either a South African &quot;mantle (or sleeveless jacket) made of the skins of animals with the hair on&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Kaross, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6958498769.&lt;/ref&gt; — or another fur rug, possibly made of sheep skin]
*Diamond sword [possibly jewelry]
*Three guns [to the groom]
*Deersfoot matchbox
*Asparagus helper [tongs or server?]

=== Furniture ===

* Writing cabinet, Writing table, Writing table, Writing desk, Writing cabinet
*Writing case
* Table (7), Antique table, Carved wood table, Vitrine table, Work table, Brassey table
* Bureau, Chippendale bureau [for the groom], Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau
* Rosewood table and box
* Screen (x8), Fire screen (x2), Embroidered firescreen
* Card table (x2)
* Book tray and stand, Bookslide and stand, Book stand (x2), Book case
* Corner cupboard
* Vitrine (x2)
* Two newspaper stands
* Small plate chest
* Walnut seat

==Anthology==
From the ''Londonderry Standard'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart. A Brilliant Gathering.

The marriage of Lady Helen Stewart, only daughter of the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry, Londonderry House, Park-lane, London, with Lord Stavordale, son of the Earl and Countess of Ilchester, Holland House, Kensington, London, took place in St. Peter’s Church, Eaton-square, London, on Saturday at two o’clock. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress made of a lovely shade of rich ivory duchesse satin. The skirt was embroidered with graduated true lover's knots on the same satin, veined with a silver thread. The train was an original one, as it formed, and was part of, the skirt, and . [sic] was made with an exquisite flounce of Limerick lace, caught up with bows of the same embroidery. The bodice was very prettily arranged with old lace, forming a fichu at the back, with insertions of the same lace in front. The sleeves were of transparent chiffon and lace. The bride wore a wreath of orange blossorns and myrtle grown from that used in her mother's wedding bouquet, and also a veil of Brussels lace, which was worn by Lady Londonderry and her sisters, and by the Hon. Mrs. Beckett at their weddings, and by the Dowager Lady Shrewsbury. The bride’s ornaments were a pearl and diamond collar, a gift from the county of Durham, and a diamond riviere, the gift of her father. She was attended by ten bridesmaids, viz., Miss Marion Beckett, Miss Gladys Beckett, Miss Margaret Beaumont, Miss Aline Beaumont, Lady Muriel Fox-Strangways, Lady Edith Dawson, Lady Viola Talbot, Miss Muriel Chaplin, Miss Madeleine Stanley, and Miss Eleanor Hicks-Beach. The four first-named were little girls, and they wore Empire frocks, to the ground, of old lace, over ‘‘quicksilver” silk, with high sashes of cloth of gold. Gold shoes and stockings and white mittens completed this quaint costume. The remaining and elder bridesmaids wore gowns of white ‘‘quicksilver” silk, draped with old lace over chiffon, the deep flounce headed by crescents of Russian sable. The bodices had deep lace collars bordered with the sable, and were fastened at the waist with sashes of cloth of gold tied at the side and falling in long ends. They wore long biscuit coloured suede gloves and white felt hats, trimmed with bouquets of white and yellow jonquils and green and brown leaves. The bridesmaids carried baskets of jonkils [sic] and lilies of the valley, and wore diamond birds, the gifts of the bridegroom. The officiating clergy were the Primate of Ireland, the Rev. Canon Body (Durham), the Rev. H. A. V. Boddy (vicar of Grindon, county Durham, and chaplain to Lord Londonderry at Wynyard Park), and the Rev. J. Storrs (vicar of St. Peter’s, Eaton-square). The bridegroom was attended by Lord Hyde as best man. The ceremony over, a reception was held at Londonderry House, and later the bride and bridegroom left for Ingestre, Stafford, the residence of the Earl of Shrewsbury, uncle of the bride, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride's travelling dress was of creamy white cloth, the skirt being made with a garniture of deep ecru embroidered lace, opening in front over an underdress of creamy white panne velvet, a border of which was shown all round the bottom of the skirt, and edged with sable. The corsage, with a vest of lace to match the skirt, the cloth slashed down each side, with little straps of panne velvet fastened with tiny gold studs, showing the lace underneath, a double collar round the shoulder, the under one in panne velvet, the outer one in cloth, with lace applique and slashed similar to bodice in order to show the panne collar underneath. A shaped belt of gold fabric, made high back and front, and slashed into little bands, showing the white dress underneath, the sleeves finished with transparent full undersleeves of lace and wristbands embroidered gold, neckband to match. Large cream beaun picture hat, with two large ostrich feathers round the mount, a whole sable arranged on the crown, the sable’s head just showing to the face; on one side a cluster of creamy roses nestling on the hair under the brim. She wore a black sable muff and boa, given her by the Marchioness of Londonderry, and a cape to match, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Dunville, of Redburn, county Down.

The bride’s bouquet was made at Wynyard by Mr. H. E. Gribble, head gardener, and was composed of gardineres, lilies of the valley, with orange blossom and myrtle. The Marchioness of Londonderry wore a silver grey crepe de chine dress, with valenciennes lace, toque, ruffle, and muff to match.

The bride’s dress was made by Madame Kate Reily, No. 10, Dover-street, Piccadilly. The whole of the embroidery, &amp;c., was made and arranged in England by Madame Reily’s own workers. Bride's travelling dress — Madame E. Durrant, 116, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ dresses — Madame Oliver Holmes, 61, New Bond-street, W. Bridesmaids’ hats — Madame Cecil, 43, South Molton-street, W. Bridesmaids’ bouquets — Madame Escourt, Wigmorestreet, London.

Presents to the Bride. 

* Marquis of Londonderry — Diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond riviere, three diamond brooches, pearl and diamond ring, pony phæton and harness.
* Marchioness of Londonderry — Diamond arrow, sable muff and boa, set of Cambrai point lace, set of Irish rose point, two flounces of Irish lace.
* Earl of Ilchester — Pearl necklace, with diamond clasp.
* Countess of Ilchester — Emerald and diamond necklace, with large emerald and diamond pendant, emerald and diamond comb, two emerald and diamond brooches.
* Lord Stevordale — Diamond brooch, ruby and diamond bracelet, turquoise and diamond earrings, emerald and diamond ring.
* Their Majesties the King and Queen — Diamond and turquoise brooch.
* H.R.H. Princess Victoria — Turquoise and diamond pendant.
* Prince and Princess of Wales — Diamond and sapphire crescent.
* T.H.R. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught — Mirror.
* The Duke and Duchess of Fife — Travelling bag.
* Prince Christian — Crystal and emerald umbrella handle.
* Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar — Silver mirror.
* Belfast Conservative Association — Emerald and diamond bracelet.
* Officers of Second Durham Artillery Volunteers — Silver salver.
* Tenantry on county Down estate and inhabitants of Newtownards, Ireland — Pearl and diamond bracelet.
* Friends in the county of Durham — Pearl and diamond dog collar.
* The ladies of Belfast — Carrickmacross lace robe.
* County Down Staghounds’ Hunt Club — Silver tea and coffee set.
* North-Eastern Agricultural Society (county Down) — Silver candlebra.
* Officials General Post Office — Silver inkstand.
* Mr. George Hardy and workmen of Londonderry Engine Works — [sic]
* Servants at Londonderry House — Gold and velvet pincushion.
* Employees at Wynyard — Gold mirror.
* Seaham Harbour Primrose League — Three silver rose bowls.
* Tenants on Wynyard Park and Longnewtown estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Mount Stewart estate — Gold necklace, with pearl ornament.
* North Durham tenants — Silver bowl.
* Tradespeople of Stockton-on-Tees — Writing cabinet.
* Mothers’ Union at New Seaham — Writing-case.
* G.F.S. at Wynward — Silver and leather blotter.
* Wynyard school children — Silver and leather paper case.
* Wynyard choir — Visitors’ book.
* Mountstewart school children — Two satin covers.
* Downger Marchioness of Londonderry — Gold tea service. [Col. 1c–2a]
* Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury — Pearl and diamond cluster ring.
* Earl of Shrewsbury — Gold-mounted and tortoiseshell dressing-case.
* Mr. and Lady Aline Beaumont — Pearl and diamond comb and sapphire ring.
* Lord Henry Vane-Tempest — Turquoise and diamond bracelet.
* Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest — Enamel pearl muff chain.
* Viscount and Viscountess Helmsley — Emerald and pearl necklet and ornament and enamel comb.
* Viscount and Viscountess Castlereagh — Dinner service.
* Mr. and the Hon. Mrs. G. Beckett — Pearl and diamond earrings.
* Marquis of Salisbury — Jewelled and emerald necklace.
* Baroness Burdett-Coutts — Emerald and pearl necklace and emerald and diamond buckle.
* Lord and Lady Rothschild — Sapphire and diamond star brooch.
* Lord and Lady Lurgan — Sapphire and diamond bracelet and emerald and diamond ditto.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Zetland — Muff chain.
* Mr. and Lady Isabel Larnach — Sapphire and diamond horseshoe bracelet.
* General the Hon. R. Talbot and Mrs. Talbot — Holbein pendant and gold and pearl chain.
* Earl and Countess Brownlow — Sapphire and diamond buckle.
* The Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal — Blue enamel buckle.
* Lord and Lady Tweedmouth — Ruby and emerald pendant.
* Duke and Duchess of Marlborough — Ruby and diamond locket and chain.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon — Diamond bow brooch.
* Lady Margaret Orr-Ewing — Turquoise and gold muff chain.
* Sir William and Lady Eden — Emerald and pearl bracelet.
* Duke and Duchess of Portland — Diamond and pearl brooch.
* Mr. C. D. Rose — Amethyst and gold chain.
* Count Koziebrodzki — Gold chain bracelet.
* Lord Willoughby de Eresby — Ruby and diamond bangle.
* Lady Maria Hood — Paste buttons.
* Sir Samuel and Lady Sophie Scott — Turquoise and diamond ring.
* Mr. and Hon. Mrs. Maguire — Hat pin.
* Earl and Countess of Scarborough — Brooch.
* Lady Brabourne — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Beaumont — Enamel brooch.
* Sir Ernest Cassel — Brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley — Brooch.
* Countess Camilla Hoyos — Antique Viennese watch.
* Right Hon. George Wyndham — Emerald and diamond shamrock brooch.
* Lord and Lady Iveagh — Diamond and sapphire pendant.
* Sir Thomas and Lady Wrightson — Antique gold chatelaine.
* Earl Cadogan — Antique French box.
* Earl and Countess Cadogan — Antique table.
* Right Hon. St. John Brodrick — Bureau.
* Right Hon. Walter Long and Lady Doreen Long — Silver inkstand.
* Earl Mansfield — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Crewe — Emerald and diamond ornament.
* Sir Henry and Lady Drummond Wolff — Pair of antique silver vases.
* Lord and Lady Burton — Ormulu inkstand.
* Lord and Lady Annesley—Empire gold tea service.
* Duke and Duchess of Abercorn — Jade ornament.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Waterford — Silver coffee pot.
* Lady Savile and Miss Helyar — Pair silver sconces.
* Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne — Four silver candlesticks.
* Right Hon. James Lowther — Four silver candlesticks.
* Dr. Mahaffy — Silver gipsy kettle.
* Earl and Countess of Erne — Silver vase.
* Lord Rowton — Silver bowl.
* Marchioness of Headfort — Silver box.
* Lord George Scott — Six silver menu holders.
* Mr. and the Misses Parkin and Miss Bowser — Silver dish and spoon.
* The Lord Mayor of Belfast and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Lord and Lady O’Neill — Silver fruit basket.
* Right Hon. Henry and Mrs. Asquith — Four silver salt cellars.
* Lady Susan Beresford — Silver tea strainer.
* Earl and Countess of Coventry — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Duchess of Montrose — Silver mirror.
* Countess of Suffolk — Silver box.
* Sir Francis Mowatt — Four silver dishes.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Mulhall — Silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks.
* Miss Montgomerie — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Hopper — Silver rose bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hamerton — Silver mirror.
* Count Albert Mensdorff — Silver bonbonniere.
* Mrs. Boddy — Carved silver waistband.
* Mr. Robert Yeoman — Antique Venetian buttons.
* Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki — Silver bowl.
* Earl and Countess of Carnarvon — Gilt inkstand.
* Miss Madeline Stanley — Silver bowl.
* Duke and Duchess of Sutherland — Two silver sauce boats.
* Mr. and Mrs. Eminson — Silver bridge box.
* Earl of Durham — Writing table.
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer — Fur rug.
* Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach — Green leather despatch box.
* Mr. Bathurst — Book on gardening.
* Lord and Lady Grey — Set of books — George III.
* Lord Errington — Silver box.
* Miss Chandos-Pole — Gold sugar castor.
* Lady Cynthia Graham — Old basket brooch.
* Mr. and Mrs. D. Cooper — Fan, with mother of pearl stick.
* General Stracey — Silver shoe.
* Miss Farquharson — Gold heart-shaped brooch.
* Captain Ponsonby — Riding whip (hippo).
* Lord and Lady Ribblesdale — Paste buckle.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Houston — Two fire screens.
* Captain and Mrs. Behrens — Mother of pearl and feather fan.
* Lord and Lady Burton — lnkstand, &amp;c.
* Lord and Lady Londesborough — Rosewood table and box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dunville — Brown fur rug.
* Lady Selkirk — Tortoiseshell fan.
* Dowager Lady Scarborough — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lady Hindlip — Twelve silver knives.
* Mr. J. L. Wharton — Two silver vases.
* Mr. J. B. Houston — Mezzotint of Lord Castlereagh.
* Lord and Lady Annaly — Silver gilt tea service.
* Lord Kerry — Silver aneroid.
* Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller — Two antique fans.
* Mr. Watson — Two silver frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. Oppenheim — Two gold boxes.
* Lady Mabel Crichton — Green leather blotter (Dreyfous).
* Mr. and Lady Sophia Montgomerie — Enamel plaques in frame.
* Mr. H. Fetherstonhaugh — Trivet and toasting fork.
* Mr. Spender Clay — White enamel buckle.
* The Moss Family — Two painted panels.
* Canon Tristram — Book on Japan.
* Mr. Smalley — Jane Austen’s novels.
* Mr. and Mrs. Lecky — Silver clothes brush.
* Sir Berkeley and Miss Sheffield — Blue cloth and white fur rug.
* Mr. Francis Jeune — Volumes of poetry.
* Mr. Brinsly Marley — Gilt handglass.
* Lord and Lady William Cecil — Boswell’s Life of Johnson — 5 volumes.
* Mrs. Boreham — Lace collar and cuffs.
* The Ladies Northcote — Prayer Book.
* Mr. Coventry — Driving whip.
* Lord Cole — Cushion.
* Miss B. Houston — Gold penknife.
* Lady Garvagh — Seal.
* Colonel F. Rhodes — Electric clock.
* Lady Leila Egerton — Crystal umbrella handle.
* Mr. V. Hussey-Walsh — Silver shoe.
* Miss Gooday — Painted China umbrella handle. [Col. 2c–3a]
* Lieutenant-Colonel O'Shaughnessy — Trefoil silver pincushion.
* Lady Antrim — Two &quot;Punch'’ books.
* Lord and Lady Farquhar — Two stands and lamps.
* Major Wynne Finch — En tout case.
* Lord and Lady Cowper — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur James — Screen.
* Captain and Lady Sarah Wilson — Two turquoise pins.
* Lady Fort — Silver and velvet pincushion.
* Lord and Lady Wenlock — Bellows.
* Bishop of Rochester — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen — Merriman's Novels.
* Sir H. and Lady Meysey-Thompson — Dreyfous tray.
* The Misses Meysey-Thompson — Penholder.
* Duchess of Manchester — Seal.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Villiers — Dresden China inkstand.
* Princess Henry of Pless — Cameo ornament.
* Lord and Lady Elcho — lnlaid wooden tray.
* Mr. and Mrs. M‘Neile — Blotter and paper case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Apperley — Card table.
* Miss Dorothy Hood — Amethyst seal.
* Captain Hicks-Beach — Two silver frames.
* Lady Edith Ashley — Silver corkscrew and seal.
* Lady Mildred Allsopp — Screen.
* Dr. M‘Kendrick — Twenty-five volumes poetry.
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Silver muffineers.
* Captain Brinton — Six volumes Rudyard Kipling.
* Sir Francis and Lady Jeune — Screen.
* Sir W. and Lady Harcourt — Enamel jar.
* Lady De Ramsey — Red leather blotter.
* Rev. Edgar Shepperd — Shooting stick.
* Mrs. M'Donald — Screen.
* Mrs. A. Meysey-Thompson — Gold box.
* Lady Hamilton — lndian embroidery.
* Miss Brassey — Gold frame.
* Lord and Lady Halsbury — Two books.
* Mrs. and Miss Vernon — Fan.
* Sir Hedworth Williamson — Four scent bottles in gilt stand.
* Mr. and Miss Parkin — Silver dish and spoon.
* Lady Constance Butler — Enamel box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Meiklejohn — Tortoiseshell and gold card case.
* Mrs. Watkins — Sketch.
* Mrs. G. Fowler — Paste buckle.
* Mrs. Farquharson — Purse.
* Sir Daniel and Lady Dixon — Silver bread basket.
* Duchess of Devonshire — White sunshade.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold chain purse.
* Masters Stirling — Silver box.
* Miss Winsonme Wharton — Book (Mme. Ricomier).
* Lady Helen Vincent — Book (Bacon’s Essays).
* Duchess of Roxburghe — Fire screen.
* Mr. R. Lucas — Book.
* Lord and Lady Bathurst — Enamelled box.
* Mrs. Maurice Glyn — Book tray and stand.
* Lord and Lady Knutsford — Book.
* Mrs. Battey — Frame.
* Lord Cairns — Gold and china box.
* Captain and Lady V. Villiers — Two crystal jugs.
* Lady Beatrice Meade — Four cups and saucers.
* Prince and Princess Bismarck — Three scent bottles.
* Lady Kilmorey — Lamp.
* Mr. Frank Chaplin — Sunshade.
* Mr. and Mrs. Graham Menzies — Silver box.
* Lady Mary Willoughby — Shelley's Poems.
* Mr. and Lady Clodagh Anson — Silver box.
* Countess Isabelle Deym — Tortoiseshell and crystal umbrella top.
* Miss Sturmfels — Russian leather hymn-book.
* The Duchess of Westminster — Tortoiseshell and lace fan.
* Miss Dorothy Wilson — Twelve shamrock buttons.
* Lord and Lady Minto — Lamp and shade.
* Mrs. G. Cornwallis West — Gold inkstand.
* Major and Mrs. M‘Kenzie — Twelve amethyst buttons.
* Lord and Lady Annesley — Bookslide and stand.
* Lord and Lady Ancaster — Embroidered firescreen.
* Lady Huntingdon — Book stand.
* Lady Katherine Somerset — Work basket.
* Mr. De Pledge — Print of Lord Castlereagh.
* Major Arthur Doyle — Two carved pictures.
* Lady Parker and Captain Matthews — Book case.
* Lord and Lady Barnard — Screen.
* Sir Charles Cust — Enamel frame.
* Mr. James Mackenzie — Silver ornament.
* Miss Wrightson — Picture in frame.
* Mr. Ottley — Book (Browning).
* Mr. and Mrs. W. James — Table.
* Mr. Charles Pollen — Walking-stick.
* Miss Knatchbull Hugessen — Matthew Arnold’s Poems.
* Miss B. and Miss W. Paget — Smelling salts bottle.
* Lord and Lady Duncannon — Frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Delacour — Gold trinket tray.
* Viscount Ridley — Enamel letter rack.
* Miss Ridgeway — Carved wood table.
* Mr. and Mrs. George Gregson — Lace fan.
* Lady Inchiquin — Silver frame.
* The Bishop of Durham — Book.
* General Albert Williams — Silver telegraph case.
* Mr. Ward Cook — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. H. Boddy — Bible and Prayer Book.
* Lady Helen Graham — Book, Tennyson.
* Lady Charlotte Montgomery — Blotter.
* Mr. Edmund Gosse — Book.
* The Hon. E. and the Hon. A. Cadogan — Silver bottle.
* Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor — Vitrine table.
* Colonel Swaine — Gilt box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hall-Walker — Two silver sugar casters.
* Captain and Mrs. Colin Keppell — Book.
* Mrs. C. Vane-Tempest — White feather fan.
* Lady Sybil Gray — Enamel hatpin.
* Mr. Algernon Peel — lnlaid gold box.
* General and Miss Thesiger — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Falmouth — Enamel box.
* Mr. Ruggles-Brise — Thirty-one volumes Carlyle’s works.
* Lord and Lady Henry Nevill — Two safety pins.
* Lady Muril Parsons — Silver box.
* The Misses Daisy and Aline and Master Wentworth Beaumont — Prayer Book.
* Dr. and Mrs. Dillon — Beer glass.
* Mr. and Mrs. Pirrie — Writing cabinet.
* Sir John Willoughby — Mirror.
* Sir F. and Lady Milner — Leather box.
* Lady Milton — Umbrella.
* Major Stracey Clitheroe — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. Webster — Silver mirror.
* Lord Hugh Cecil — Clock.
* Lord and Lady Enniskillen — Tortoiseshell umbrella handle.
* Rev. H. Martin and Mrs. Martin — Bible.
* Mrs. Seton—Six d’oyleys [sic].
* Dr. and Mrs. Blandford — Brown feather fan.
* Lord Crofton — MS. music book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jameson — Emerald hatpin.
* Misses Trefusis — Pair of vases.
* Mr. and Lady Evelyn Eyre — Pair of links.
* Mrs. Strong — Cushion.
* Duke and Duchess of Teck — Silver salver.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell box.
* Captain and Mrs. Greville — Sunshade.
* Mrs. Huhn — German album.
* Mrs. and Miss Falconer — Tennyson (six volumes).
* Lady Wilton and Mr. Prior — Gold and turquoise pen, pencil, &amp;c.
* Miss Meerworth — German book.
* Miss Curzon — Birthday book.
* Messrs. Rothschild — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Herbert Praed — Four gold ornaments.
* Lady Beatrix Taylour — Two volumes poetry.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brown — Book, Keble's poems.
* Mr. Robert Vyner — Topaz hatpins.
* Archdeacon and Mrs. Long — Painting.
* Mr. Wright — Silver and glass bowl.
* Mr. and Mrs. Corbett — Silver mirror.
* Duke of Roxburghe — Fur rug.
* Mrs. Sowler — Satin satchet.
* Colonel and Mrs. Ropner — Two scent bottles in silver case.
* Dr. and Mrs. Jackson — Picture.
* The Misses Warham — Table cover.
* Mrs. Van Raalte — Ornament.
* Lady Magheramorne — Crystal bowl.
* Lord and Lady Chesham — Bookstand.
* Mr. and Mrs. Fitzgerald — China punchbowl.
* Mrs. Meiklejohn — Gold penholder.
* Miss Gibson — Green and silver blotter.
* Lord and Lady O'Brien—Lace fan. [Col. 3c–4a]
* The Misses O'Brien — Lace handkerchief.
* Baron Heyking — Hatpin.
* Mrs. Bone — Silver ornament.
* Miss Dale-Copeland — Book.
* Mr. C. P. Little — Screen.
* Mr. Thomas Egerton — Two silver ornaments.
* Miss Gully — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sim — Gong.
* Sir G. and Lady Murray — Brown Ieather bag.
* Lord Rosebery — Shagreen and silver box.
* Mr. and Miss Brownlow — Round silver mirror.
* Duke and Duchess of Somerset — Embroidered box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Brydon — Gilt candlesticks.
* Sir E. and Lady Carson — Silver mirror.
* Miss Carson — Silver manicure set.
* Mr. Barry — Silver calendar.
* Lady Limerick — Silver and glass box.
* Lady Marjorie Wilson — Grey bag.
* Miss Buddy — Silver thermometer.
* Captain Fortescue — Fan.
* Miss Cockerell — Antique box.
* Sir Andrew and Lady Reid — Silver box.
* Mr. Arthur Portman — Oxidised inkstand.
* Lady Mar and Kellie — Gold box.
* Lord Hyde and Lady E. Villiers — Three turquoise safety pins.
* Miss Freda Villiers — Enamel box.
* Lady Galway and Miss Monckton — Round tortoiseshell box.
* Mr. Reade — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Hopetoun — Diamond kangaroo.
* Captain and Mrs. Greer — Seal.
* Sir John and Lady Milbanke — Photo frame.
* Mrs. Claud Lambton — Tortoiseshell and silver box.
* Mr. and Lady Getrude Langford — Photo frame.
* Sir William and Lady Carrington — Crystal and gold box.
* Mr. Guy Rennie — Gold Penholder (with stones).
* Sir Howard and Lady Vincent — Silver Prayer Book.
* Lady Constance Hatch — Crystal and turquoise penholder.
* Dowager Lady Howe — Silver basket.
* Colonel and Mrs. Crawford — Box.
* Lord Dufferin — Book (18th Century).
* Mr. Olphert — Two silver mice.
* Mr. Stone and Miss Stone — Silver rose bowl.
* Mrs. Dudley Field — Gold scent bottle.
* Lady Naylor-Leyland — Purse.
* Sir James Montgomery — Silver and tortoiseshell mirror.
* Mr. Sampson Walters — Silver frame.
* Lord and Lady Clonbrock — China box.
* Mrs. Arthur Pakenham — Electric lamp.
* Duke and Duchess of Newcastle — Work table.
* Dowager Lady Esher — Fan.
* Lord and Lady Arthur Hill — Case and four scent bottles.
* Major Edward Beaumont — Umbrella.
* Misses Vivian — Enamelled box.
* Hon. Mrs. Oliphant — Paper case and book.
* Mr. Ivor Guest — Seal.
* The Countess of Ravensworth — Diamond hairpin.
* The Hon. T. and Mrs. Dundas — Ornament.
* Mr. and Mrs. John Dunville — Driving whip.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs. Algernon Bourke]] — Box. 
* Mr. and Mrs. Harris — Four volumes of Shakespeare.
* Mr. Harold Brassey — Old silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hohler — Screen.
* Mr. and Mrs. Ord — Silver teapot, cream and sugar basin.
* Lord and Lady Pirbright — Silver cup and saucer.
* Lady Arran and Miss Stopford — Seal.
* Sir R. and Lady B. Pole-Carew — Paper case and blotter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Young — Silver blotter.
* Mrs. Percy Mitford — Silver photo frame.
* Colonel and Mrs. M'Calmont — Lace scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Andrews — Silver paper knife.
* Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith — Two lace handkerchiefs.
* Sir Henry Ewart — Driving whip.
* Mr. and Mrs. T. Brough — Mirror.
* Mr. James Knowles — Jane Austen’s works — 6 volumes.
* Mr. and Mrs. Robinson — Book.
* Sir F. Dixon-Hartland — Silver waist belt.
* Mr. Leonard — Brassey table.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Wrench — Silver jug.
* Major Little — Green leather bag.
* Mr. Thomas Hardy — Book.
* Sir Edward Hamilton — Silver basket.
* Lady Anne Lambton — Fire screen.
* Lord and Lady de Ros — d'Oyleys [sic].
* Lady Lilian Wemyss — Box.
* Miss Cadogan — Silver stamp case.
* Dowager Lady Rosslyn — Shagreen box.
* Lady Annable Milnes — Paper box.
* Sir Donald Wallace — Writing case.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Chaplin — Two books.
* Lady Aberdeen — Tray.
* Lord and Lady Downshire — lnkstand.
* Lord and Lady Boyne — Fan.
* '''H. E. The Portuguese Minister''' — lnkstand. 
* Mrs. Laverton — Two silver photo frames.
* Mr. and Mrs. William West — Gold ring box.
* Mr. Hope Hawkins — Books.
* Hon. and Mrs. Eric North — Box.
* Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Leigh — Screen.
* Sir James and Lady Miller — Silver urn.
* Lord and Lady Ashbourne — Three silver sugar casters.
* Mr. Hugh Owen — Parasol top.
* Colonel and Mrs. Fludyer — Scent bottle.
* Lady Doxford — Two China vases.
* Lady Emma Talbot — Seal.
* Lady Florence Astley — Book.
* Mrs. Charlton Lane — Copper jug.
* Lord and Lad Yarborough — Clock.
* Miss Gurwood —Two China vases.
* Miss Murray — Book.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bampfylde — Gold scent bottles.
* Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis — Mother of pearl box.
* Lord and Lady Alice Stanley — Writing table.
* Lord and Lady Templetown — Two silver candlesticks.
* Lord and Lady Westmoreland — Six tea knives.
* Lord and Lady Robert Cecil — Butter knife.
* Dowager Lady Airlie — Gold tray.
* Dowager Lady Annaly — Address book.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Lambton — Green bag.
* M. and Male. Dominguez — Fur rug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bourchier —Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. Warham — Lace and mother of pearl fan.
* Lord and Lady Penrhyn — Enamel bracelet.
* Captain H. Lambton — Enamel brooch.
* Lady De L'lsle — Card case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dance — Silver calendar.
* Lady B. Herbert — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Henry Fitzgerald — Silver buttons, [sic]
* Lord and Lady Selborne and Lord and Lady Cranborne — Corner cupboard.
* Lord Ingestre — Green jewel case.
* Mr. Vere Chaplin — Blue blotter.
* Captain Markham — Leather bridge box.
* Mr. and Mrs. W. Ridley — Jay feather fan.
* Mr. and Mrs. C. Hunter — Links.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — China box.
* Captain and Mrs. Fowler — Antique fan.
* Dowager Lady Ampthill — Clock.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins ——
* Sir R. and Lady Graham — Silver shoe.
* Major Mackenzie — Whist markers.
* Mr. Mclntyre — Two silver and glass bonbonnieres.
* Miss Russell — White satin cushion.
* Miss Green — White scarf.
* Mr. and Mrs. Vane-Tempest — Bangle.
* Mr. and Lady Isobel Hardy, and Mr. Stanley — Karosse [sic].
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Gerard —Twelve spoons.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Embroidered silk cloth.
* Dr. Maclagan — Silver box.
* Lady Bradford — Four glass vases.
* Mr. Rupert Guinness — Table.
* Lady Ashburton — Book.
* Duchess of Bedford — Frame in case.
* Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot — Two scent bottles.
* Mr. H. Milner — Book.
* Mr. James Gray — Clock.
* Lord Herbert — Tortoiseshell inkstand.
* Mr. Rabone — Table.
* Mrs. Alston — Walking stick.
* Lord and Lady Howe — Silver bowl. [Col. 4c–5a]
* Lady Norreys—Table.
* Lord and Lady Hamilton — Gilt mirror.
* Miss Ord — Two sketches.
* Lord and Lady Gerard — Diamond sword.
* Lady G. Little—Gilt letter-case.
* General and Mrs. Godfrey Clark — Spray with gilt top.
* Mrs. Blizzard — White embroidered cloth.
* Mrs. Craigie — Book.
* Mr. and Lady Victoria Grenfell — Glass and silver tray.
* Mr. and Lady F. Sturt — Two tables.
* Mr. Hope — Tea basket.
* Lady Emma Crichton —Silver pepper pot.
* Major Murrough O'Brien — Silver pen tray.
* General and Mrs. Montgomery — Green blotter and paper case.
* Mr. W. H. Grenfell — Green letter case.
* Mr. F. Curzon — Large green blotter.
* Mr. Venning——
* Mr. and Mrs. Richardson — Coffee cups and saucers and spoons.
* Misses Griffiths — Carved oak tray.
* Lord and ladg North——
* Miss Smith — Silver shoehorn and buttonhook.
* Lord and Lady Derby — Necklace and pearl drop.
* Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes — Turquoise and diamond necklace.
* Lady Isabella Wilson — Silver box.
* Mrs. Corry — Frame.
* Lord and Lady St. Oswald — Two tables.
* Mr. R. Gillart — Mirror.
* Rev. J. G. Nash — Gold pen.
* Mr. A. Strong — Book.
* Lord and Lady Shaftesbury — Enamel card case.
* Colonel Duncombe — Paperknife and bookmarker.
* Lady Sherborne — China box.
* Lord and Lady Wolverton — Ruby and diamond ring.
* Mrs. Hartmann — Tortoiseshell paperknife.
* Viscount and Viscountess Wolseley — Two china elephants.
* Lord and Lady Essex — Fan.
* Mr. McDonnell — Cigarette case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Dawkins — Buttons.
* Miss Reynardson — Writing block.
* Colonel Forster — Umbrella.
* Lord and Lady Dudley — Dessert service.
* Mrs. Cockerell — Fan.
* Mrs. Gramshaw — Cushion.
* Miss Muriel White — Grey bag.
* Mrs. Parker — Carved ivory box.
* Admiral and Mrs. Carpenter — Old silver box.
* Miss Alexander — Silver box.
* Sir Bache and Lady Cunard — Silver vase.
* Lord and Lady Binning — Vitrine.
* Sir M. Fitzgerald — Whip.
* Sir Edgar Vincent — Diamond necklet.
* Colonel Chaudos Pole — Silver sugar sifter.
* Mrs. Murray Guthrie — Crystal penholder.
* Right Hon. Joseph and Mrs. Chamberlain — Silver coffee pot.
* Mrs. Grenfell — Buttons.
* Mrs. Arthur Paget — Jewel box.
* Lady Grosvenor — Silver cigarette box.
* Lord Faversham — Silver basket.
* Earl and Countess Wargrave — Crystal jar.
* Lord and Lady Camden — Vitrine.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wharton — Paper knife.
* Mr. Ker — Two crystal bowls.
* Dr. and Mrs. Hind — Whip.
* Lady Ellesmere — Crystal pen and seal.
* Sir Felix and Lady Semon — Address book.
* Mrs. Arthur Henniker — Books.
* Mr. and Miss Weir — Silver potato bowl.
* Captain and L[a]dy Edith Trotter — Card case.
* Mrs. Chaine — Enamel frame.
* Lady Jane Levett — Six tea kn ves [knives..
* Lady Maud Warrender — Glass jar with gold top.
* Lord Huntingfield — Umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. North — Silver milk jug.
* Dowager Lady Lonsdale — Worcester china jug.
* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Hay — Silver frame.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Bibby — Six buttons.
* Duchess of Westminster — Dreyfous tray.
* Lord and Lady Llangattock — Silver vase.
* Mr. and Mrs. Appleby — Tea set.
* Lord and Lady Gosford — Crystal workcase.
* Lady Alwyne Compton — Antique fan.
* Mrs. Kerr — Card case.
* Sir Francis and Lady Knollys — Life of Napoleon I.
* Mr. and Mrs. R. Spencer — Five vols. Spenser's Poems.
* Mrs. Spence — Stamp box.
* Mr. Borthwick — Enamel vinaigette.
* Mr. Wiener — Tea set.
* Dr. and Mrs. Davies —
* Rev. James Colling — Silver salver.
* Earl and Countess of Eglinton — Two large palm vases.
* Miss Nellie Larnach — Bag.
* Lady Helen Forbes — Book.

PRESENTS TO THE BRIDEGROOM.

* The bride — Pearl and diamond solitaire stud and gold cigarette case.
* The Earl of Ilchester — Brougham.
* The Marquis of Londonderry — Three guns.
* Viscount Castlereagh — Luncheon case.
* Lady Maria Hood — Chippendale bureau.
* Tenants at Melbury — Dutch marquetrie [sic] bureau.
* Tenants at Dorchester — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants on the Redlynch Estate — Silver bowl and address.
* Tenants at Abbotsbury — Silver basket.
* Servants at Holland House, Melbury, and Abbotsbury — Silver inkstand.
* Stablemen at Melbury — Pair of silver candlesticks.
* Garden employees at Holland House — Silver-mounted blotting book.
* Employees on the Melbury Estate — Silver salver.
* Employees on Redlynch Estate — Four silver salt cellars.
* Tenants at Plaitford, Wilts — Silver box.
* Mr. Maurice Hood — Letter rack.
* Lord Home — Phaeton [Phæton] whip.
* Captain J. Ponsonby — Hippo. hide cane.
* Hon. E. Fitzgerald — lnkstand.
* Lord Villiers — Two silver sweetmeat dishes.
* Commander Hon. G. Digby — Snuff box.
* Mr. and Lady Sybil Smith — Paper knife.
* Mr. Baird — Four antique silver salt cellars.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dawkins — Two newspaper stands.
* Dr. and Mrs. Williamson — Gold pencil case.
* Mr. and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell — Silver box.
* Lord and Lady Digby — Marble and gilt clock.
* Lord Beaucham — Six silver-mounted wine corks.
* Mr. Hope Vere — Four glass decanters.
* Mrs. and Miss Magnac — Revolving book table.
* Lord Elphinstone — Silver lighter.
* Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury — Silver loving bowl.
* Lord and Lady Lansdowne — Two candlesticks.
* Lord Rowton — Large silver bowl.
* Captain and Lady E. Dawson and Mr. and Mrs. Dawson — Two silver salvers.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Sassoon — Silver inkstand.
* Miss Sybil Hood — Case of tea knives.
* Lord Shrewsbury — Luncheon case.
* Miss Roche — Book (Josephine Impl.).
* Mr. Rice — Telegraph book.
* Lady Edith and Lady Mary Dawson — Breakfast service.
* Major Wynne Finch — Dutch silver box.
* Mrs. Charrington — Gold pencil case.
* Sir A. and Lady Edmondstone — Book (Prince Charles Edward).
* Mr. and Mrs. Sackville West — Twelve Crown Derby dessert plates.
* Sir H. and Lady Prinsep — Silver gilt ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Savile — Cigar case.
* Mr. Maurice Glyn — Six tea knives.
* Colonel and Lady E. Digby — Two silver candle sticks.
* Major and Mrs. Clayton — Glass and ormulu jar.
* Lord and Lady Baring — Two glass and silver jugs.
* Miss Maclagan — lnk bottle.
* Hon. A. Meade — Claret jug.
* Mr. Arnold Morley — Barograph.
* Mrs. Hope-Vere—Blotting book and paper rack.
* Lord and Lady Yarborough — Sleeve links.
* Viscount Ridley — Mustard pot and spoon.
* Mr. Gibbs — Waistcoat buttons.
* Hon. Cecil Brownlow — Blotting book.
* Colonel Jervoise — Silver basin. [Col. 5c–6a]
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Wilson — Walnut seat.
* Mr. F. Bevan — Carriage rug.
* Lord Crichton — Tortoiseshell paper knife.
* Mr. Clarence Wilson — Green box.
* Mr. and Mrs. K. Wilson — Book slide.
* Lady Aberdeen — Nest and cups.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Sassoon — Watch in case.
* Hon. Thomas Egerton — Umbrella.
* Mr. Gillett — Cake knife.
* Lady Clanwilliam — Gold pencil.
* Mr. and Mrs. L. de Rothschild — Sleeve links.
* Lord and Lady Breadalbane — Deersfoot matchbox.
* Mrs. Bischoffsheim — Silver box.
* Mr. and Mrs. H. Cook — Two salt cellars and casters.
* Miss Helyar — Gold paper knife.
* Lord and Lady Moreton — Silver bell.
* Mrs. R. Greville — Diamond and ruby pin.
* Captain Markham — Silver cigarette box.
* Mr. Hare — Gold matchbox.
* Major Hon. E. St. Aubyn — Silver-mounted glass jug.
* Mr. R. Dawson — Silver tankard.
* Mr. and Mrs. A. Dawson — Fruit dish and scissors.
* Mrs. Keppel — China candlesticks and inkstand.
* Misses M. and N. Dawson — Card table.
* Mr. Bradley Martin, jun. — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. Roberts — Glass ink bottle.
* Mr. R. Charteris — Automatic stamp box.
* Hon. H. Fraser — Diamond grouse pin.
* Hon. Mrs. Long — Blotting book. 
* Mr. G. Lane Fox — Silver-handled umbrella.
* Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin — Gold cigarette case.
* Mr. W. Burns — Old silver cup.
* Lord Dunglass — Turquoise and diamond pin.
* Mr. and Mrs. F. Egerton — Photo-frame.
* Mr. N. Campbell — Book.
* Lord and Lady Craven — Silver cigarette box.
* Messrs. G. and L. Digby — Glass paper rack.
* Hon. Mrs. Ramsay — Magnifyng glass.
* Captain Heneage — French box.
* Mr. H. Harris — Silver candlesticks.
* Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Leigh — Silver corkscrew.
* Mr. and Mrs. G. Marjoribanks — Champagne jug.
* Hon. E. and Mrs. Stonor — Writing desk.
* Lord Cecil Manners — Ash tray.
* Lord and Lady Dartrey — Small plate chest.
* Colonel V. and Colonel D. Dawson — Coldstream star pin.
* Dowager Lady Ashburton and Miss Baring — Silver salver.
* Mr. and Mrs. Wells — Books (Shakespeare).
* Dowager Lady Tweedmouth — Six silver liqueur glasses.
* Captain and Mrs. Amory — Liquer stand.
* Mrs. F. Wombwell — Four dessert spoons.
* Mr. H. Milner — Walking stick.
* Mrs. Sheridan — Two silver candlesticks.
* Mr. M. Drummond — Six menu holders.
* Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson Clarke — Silver cigarette case.
* Lady Clandeboye — Letter weight.
* Lady Carnarvon — Cigarette case.
* Mr. Levita — Silver box.
* Mrs. Macdonald — Silver cigarette box, diamond and ruby pin.
* Major M‘Adam — Woodoock pin.
* Lord Hamilton of Dalzel — Silver inkstand.
* Rev. R. B. and Mrs. Roe — Two silver menu holders.
* Mr. Maurice Egerton — Tortoiseshell blotting book.
* Mr. C. Grant — Silver cigarette box.
* Captain G. Crichton — Asparagus helper.
* Mr. W. M‘Ewan — Silver salver.
* Mr. Gervase Beckett — Four bottle stands.
* Captain Hon. Guy Baring — Silver inkstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lady Helen Stewart.&quot; ''Londonderry Standard'' 27 January 1902, Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–6b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005986/19020127/161/0008. Print title: ''The Derry Standard'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>/* WikiJournal Preprints/Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="690" sha1="pik30eihaeb5lom2erj9zr6rbifjb8t" xml:space="preserve">== [[WikiJournal Preprints/Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods]] ==

Hi Charles. You are blanking this page, and it is being interpreted as vandalism. Why do you want to blank this page? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:25, 9 June 2025 (UTC)

:The said 'is not of general interest and should not be here'. [[User:Charles Bristone|Charles Bristone]] ([[User talk:Charles Bristone|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Charles Bristone|contribs]]) 09:48, 21 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="470" sha1="poftvs37z2n69ok3bdv7iit41m39yk9" xml:space="preserve">Hi Charles. You are blanking this page, and it is being interpreted as vandalism. Why do you want to blank this page? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:25, 9 June 2025 (UTC)

:The said 'is not of general interest and should not be here'. [[User:Charles Bristone|Charles Bristone]] ([[User talk:Charles Bristone|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Charles Bristone|contribs]]) 09:48, 21 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="5245" sha1="fphhr8afyzbtkitywui20oa6kd5q8vo" xml:space="preserve">== The 'Women in Prison' Genre ==

=== Introduction ===
The ' Women in Prison' film is a type of [[wikipedia:Exploitation_film|exploitation]] film that  features imprisioned women who are subject to sadistic physical and sexual abuse. It is closely linked to the [[wikipedia:Nazi_exploitation|Nazi Exploitation]] film, the [[wikipedia:Sexploitation_film|Sexploitation]] film and the [[wikipedia:Nunsploitation|Nunsploitation]] film

=== History ===
The 'women in prison' film genre has two separate lineages. A western lineage and a Japanese lineage. 

Impact of the women in prison film Genre 

The ' Women in prison' film genre invites the audience to confront its own humanity and morality. We collectively like to think that we are above committing the atrocities of the past &lt;u&gt;(Find a citation for this?).&lt;/u&gt; However if we are getting pleasure, particularly sexual pleasure at seeing women incarcerated, sexually and sadistically abused. How would we the audience react if such abuses had no legal or social consequences as they did in the Nazi concentration camps  and with the forced comfort women by Japan during WW2. 

&lt;u&gt;(Rewrite?)&lt;/u&gt; 

The films themselves could be away of helping the audience heal from the trauma of the past. Israel, which since it's formation as a modern state In 1948  has been home to a significant amount of survivors of Nazi persecutions during the Holocaust (&lt;u&gt;Find a source for this)&lt;/u&gt;. In the 1950s and 1960s Saw the emergence of a popular form of erotic  literature in the country called Stalag fiction  whose plots revolved around female prison guards sexually abusing  male allied prisoners of war.  Itself a gender reversed take on the 'Women in Prison' film genre. 

While the films did not directly deal with the subject of the Holocaust, to avoid creating further legal and political controversy they could be seen as analogous to Jewish experiences during the Holocaust.  

Further reading 

Stalags (Film,2008 , Ari Lobster)     

=== Revisionist 'Women in Prison' films ===
Starting in the 1980s their began to be an emergence of a more feminist women in Prison genre. No longer was the suffering of the prisoner for the purposes of male titillation but as a form of political and social commentary on the treatment of Women.  Or a commentary on prison conditions in general. 

In the forward to her book ,The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood explains that all of the restrictions on women freedoms in the book have happened somewhere around the world in recent history. 

Margaret Atwoods book and the subsequent film and television adaptations shows that within the 'Women in Prison' genre the prison doesn't need to have walls to be a prison. While the Rachel and Leah centres in the film and TV series do have literal walls. The whole of the republic of Gilead is a prison for Women. The different classes of women in Gilead society, denotated by a colour dress code. Handmaid's (Red , with a white bonnet) wives (blue),Martha's (dull green) , Econowives (Striped Red, Green and blue) is similar to a prison uniform. The different classes of women in Gilead society could be seen to be similar to a prison hierarchy or how there are different classes of prisoners in concentration camps and prisons

The film Philomena and the Magdalene laundries was used to highlight the very real and disturbing treatment of unmarried mothers in Irish Mother and Baby homes

=== Influence of the 'Women in Prison' films ===
The lineage of the 'Battle Royale&quot; genre of films can be traced back to the 'women in prison' film genre as these films often feature a sadistic overseer forcing incarcerated, vulnerable people being coerced or forced to participate in a series of life and death games. 

In Battle Royale itself the vulnerability is that the participants are teenagers , forced to compete to survive. Often their experience participating in these games destroys their innocence or makes them hardened to the world around them

In Squid games the vulnerability is that the characters are on debt or poverty and need to participate in the games to pay off debts , often owed to loan sharks or gangsters. Or to alleviate their poverty . Or to pay for nessescities like medical bills. 

In  Alice in Borderland, the vulnerability, is that if the characters do not participate in the challenges . They are killed by an unseen overseer. 

Like the &quot;'Women in Prison' films often films released as part of the Battle Royale genre are massively controversial in themselves.  Battle Royale itself was banned in several countries; 

https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/movies/09ito.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin (get text referencing this)

And TOEI refused to distribute the film in the US for over 10 years over fears of legal action(Expand this)

Manhunt a video game in which bears similarities to both the 'Women in Prison' film and the battle royale genre.  Was also massively controversial , being banned in many countries . With the uncensored version of it's sequel ;Manhunt 2 being banned for distribution or being given heavily restricted classifications in key markets such as Britain and the US.

Some elements of the Women in prison genre has crossed over into news reportage and political protest</text>
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      <text bytes="7565" sha1="t1xo2l8hf7pvu0adydeleduwklru5a8" xml:space="preserve">In his manifesto ''Why I’m Building Open WebUI,'' Timothy J. Baek articulates a vision centered on the local deployment of large language models (LLMs) as a means to foster autonomy, data sovereignty, and resilient communication. He frames Open WebUI not merely as a technical project, but as an infrastructural response to the fragility of centralized systems—enabling individuals and communities to operate independently, collaborate meaningfully, and persist even in conditions of disconnection or systemic failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jryng.com/thoughts/why-open-webui|title=Timothy J. Baek - Why I’m Building Open WebUI: On Autonomy, Diversity, and the Future of Humanity|website=jryng.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Open WebUI community resources ====

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] 

Community-based discussions worth reviewing:

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] post [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/comments/1l9nkvk/im_the_maintainer_and_team_behind_open_webui_ama/ I’m the Maintainer (and Team) behind Open WebUI – AMA 2025 Q2] by [https://www.reddit.com/user/tjrbk/ u/tjrbk] 

==== Open WebUI used broadly ====
Some distinguish Open WebUI from &quot;developer-centric tools,&quot; describing it as part of a class of &quot;community-developed tools&quot; that have &quot;democratized access&quot; to the capabilities of LLMs by lowering &quot;the barrier to entry, enabling individuals without extensive technical expertise to experiment with and benefit from advanced language models.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Analytics with Generative Large-Language Models: A Practical Approach with Ollama and Open-Source LLMs|last=Marcondes|first=Francisco S.|last2=Gala|first2=Adelino|last3=Magalhães|first3=Renata|last4=Perez de Britto|first4=Fernando|last5=Durães|first5=Dalila|last6=Novais|first6=Paulo|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-76631-2|edition=1st ed. 2025|series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science|location=Cham|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Open WebUI was selected by scholars for specific characteristics, from all over the world, including Japan, to provide .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Alier-Formet et al detailed the application of a complex evaluative framework built on Open WebUI's feedback interface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|title=Enhancing Learning Assistant Quality Through Automated Feedback Analysis and Systematic Testing in the LAMB Framework|last=Alier-Forment|first=Marc|last2=Pereira-Valera|first2=Juanan|last3=Casañ-Guerrero|first3=Maria Jose|last4=Garcia-Penalvo|first4=Francisco Jose|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-93566-4|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Brian K.|volume=15807|location=Cham|pages=3–12|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|editor-last2=Borge|editor-first2=Marcela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fatharani and Alsayegh used Open WebUI as a platform to manage interactions with models and local knowledge bases. They reported selecting Open WebUI because it was open source, easy to use, and offered built-in RAG integration. In their paper, they demonstrate a workflow utilizing Open WebUI to reference local knowledge bases that augment  prompts submitted to LLMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fatharani|first=Annisa|last2=Alsayegh|first2=Ali|date=2025-03-01|title=Pharmacogenomics Meets Generative AI: Transforming Clinical Trial Design with Large Language Models|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0976500X251321885|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|language=en|doi=10.1177/0976500X251321885|issn=0976-500X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishihara et. al. used a similar technique to explore the power of local knowledge bases, and to take advantage of the RAG capabilities of Open WebUI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Screenshot_2025-06-16_at_10.45.16_AM.png|600x600px]]
Scholars in different fields have used Open WebUI for their disciplinary purposes:
# Agrawal et al  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Prof. Pallavi|date=2025-04-30|title=Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices|url=https://www.ijraset.com/best-journal/running-llms-locally-on-consumer-devices|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=5433–5441|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2025.69433}}&lt;/ref&gt; explore the feasibility of running large language models (LLMs) on ordinary consumer devices in their paper &quot;Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices.&quot; They chose this topic due to recent advances in model efficiency and optimization techniques—such as quantization and acceleration libraries—that have made it increasingly viable to deploy advanced open-source models on high-end PCs, and smaller ones on mainstream setups. Their study presents a clear workflow: it outlines the necessary hardware and software setup, details optimization methods, and compares local execution to cloud-based alternatives in terms of latency, cost, energy consumption, and privacy—demonstrating that privacy-preserving on-device LLM inference is now a practical reality.
# Othman et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Othman|first=Achraf|last2=Chemnad|first2=Khansa|last3=Tlili|first3=Ahmed|last4=Da|first4=Ting|last5=Wang|first5=Huanhuan|last6=Huang|first6=Ronghuai|date=2024-11-07|title=Comparative analysis of GPT-4, Gemini, and Ernie as gloss sign language translators in special education|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|journal=Discover Global Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|issn=2731-9687}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Scholars using OpenWebUI for LLM Evaluation and Auditing 

# Annonymous authors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://openwebui.com/assets/files/whitepaper.pdf|title=Designing an open-source LLM interface and social platforms for collectively driven LLM evaluation and auditing (White paper).|last=OpenWeb UI|first=Team|date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; utilized OpenWebUI as the primary interface for conducting real-world, community-driven evaluation of large language models. By deploying OpenWebUI locally, they enabled users to interact with various LLMs in a unified environment, collect authentic usage data, and facilitate head-to-head model comparisons. The platform’s features—such as data export, multi-model support, and collaborative tools—allowed the researchers to crowdsource feedback, curate interaction logs, and involve diverse user groups in both quantitative and qualitative model assessment. This approach empowered inclusive, transparent, and iterative LLM evaluation, moving beyond traditional benchmarks to reflect real user needs and preferences. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peer-Reviewed_and_Scholarly_Articles_on_OpenWebUI.pdf|title=Conversation with Perplexity AI about scholarly articles using OpenWebUI|last=Lolona Haro|first=Noa|date=June 17, 2025|website=perplexity.ai}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Reference Headline</comment>
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      <text bytes="7583" sha1="a9qk3vr2qjnh6gj15u9pn9thsl9uhou" xml:space="preserve">In his manifesto ''Why I’m Building Open WebUI,'' Timothy J. Baek articulates a vision centered on the local deployment of large language models (LLMs) as a means to foster autonomy, data sovereignty, and resilient communication. He frames Open WebUI not merely as a technical project, but as an infrastructural response to the fragility of centralized systems—enabling individuals and communities to operate independently, collaborate meaningfully, and persist even in conditions of disconnection or systemic failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jryng.com/thoughts/why-open-webui|title=Timothy J. Baek - Why I’m Building Open WebUI: On Autonomy, Diversity, and the Future of Humanity|website=jryng.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Open WebUI community resources ====

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] 

Community-based discussions worth reviewing:

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] post [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/comments/1l9nkvk/im_the_maintainer_and_team_behind_open_webui_ama/ I’m the Maintainer (and Team) behind Open WebUI – AMA 2025 Q2] by [https://www.reddit.com/user/tjrbk/ u/tjrbk] 

==== Open WebUI used broadly ====
Some distinguish Open WebUI from &quot;developer-centric tools,&quot; describing it as part of a class of &quot;community-developed tools&quot; that have &quot;democratized access&quot; to the capabilities of LLMs by lowering &quot;the barrier to entry, enabling individuals without extensive technical expertise to experiment with and benefit from advanced language models.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Analytics with Generative Large-Language Models: A Practical Approach with Ollama and Open-Source LLMs|last=Marcondes|first=Francisco S.|last2=Gala|first2=Adelino|last3=Magalhães|first3=Renata|last4=Perez de Britto|first4=Fernando|last5=Durães|first5=Dalila|last6=Novais|first6=Paulo|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-76631-2|edition=1st ed. 2025|series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science|location=Cham|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Open WebUI was selected by scholars for specific characteristics, from all over the world, including Japan, to provide .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Alier-Formet et al detailed the application of a complex evaluative framework built on Open WebUI's feedback interface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|title=Enhancing Learning Assistant Quality Through Automated Feedback Analysis and Systematic Testing in the LAMB Framework|last=Alier-Forment|first=Marc|last2=Pereira-Valera|first2=Juanan|last3=Casañ-Guerrero|first3=Maria Jose|last4=Garcia-Penalvo|first4=Francisco Jose|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-93566-4|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Brian K.|volume=15807|location=Cham|pages=3–12|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|editor-last2=Borge|editor-first2=Marcela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fatharani and Alsayegh used Open WebUI as a platform to manage interactions with models and local knowledge bases. They reported selecting Open WebUI because it was open source, easy to use, and offered built-in RAG integration. In their paper, they demonstrate a workflow utilizing Open WebUI to reference local knowledge bases that augment  prompts submitted to LLMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fatharani|first=Annisa|last2=Alsayegh|first2=Ali|date=2025-03-01|title=Pharmacogenomics Meets Generative AI: Transforming Clinical Trial Design with Large Language Models|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0976500X251321885|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|language=en|doi=10.1177/0976500X251321885|issn=0976-500X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishihara et. al. used a similar technique to explore the power of local knowledge bases, and to take advantage of the RAG capabilities of Open WebUI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Screenshot_2025-06-16_at_10.45.16_AM.png|600x600px]]
Scholars in different fields have used Open WebUI for their disciplinary purposes:
# Agrawal et al  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Prof. Pallavi|date=2025-04-30|title=Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices|url=https://www.ijraset.com/best-journal/running-llms-locally-on-consumer-devices|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=5433–5441|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2025.69433}}&lt;/ref&gt; explore the feasibility of running large language models (LLMs) on ordinary consumer devices in their paper &quot;Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices.&quot; They chose this topic due to recent advances in model efficiency and optimization techniques—such as quantization and acceleration libraries—that have made it increasingly viable to deploy advanced open-source models on high-end PCs, and smaller ones on mainstream setups. Their study presents a clear workflow: it outlines the necessary hardware and software setup, details optimization methods, and compares local execution to cloud-based alternatives in terms of latency, cost, energy consumption, and privacy—demonstrating that privacy-preserving on-device LLM inference is now a practical reality.
# Othman et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Othman|first=Achraf|last2=Chemnad|first2=Khansa|last3=Tlili|first3=Ahmed|last4=Da|first4=Ting|last5=Wang|first5=Huanhuan|last6=Huang|first6=Ronghuai|date=2024-11-07|title=Comparative analysis of GPT-4, Gemini, and Ernie as gloss sign language translators in special education|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|journal=Discover Global Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|issn=2731-9687}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Scholars using OpenWebUI for LLM Evaluation and Auditing 

# Annonymous authors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://openwebui.com/assets/files/whitepaper.pdf|title=Designing an open-source LLM interface and social platforms for collectively driven LLM evaluation and auditing (White paper).|last=OpenWeb UI|first=Team|date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; utilized OpenWebUI as the primary interface for conducting real-world, community-driven evaluation of large language models. By deploying OpenWebUI locally, they enabled users to interact with various LLMs in a unified environment, collect authentic usage data, and facilitate head-to-head model comparisons. The platform’s features—such as data export, multi-model support, and collaborative tools—allowed the researchers to crowdsource feedback, curate interaction logs, and involve diverse user groups in both quantitative and qualitative model assessment. This approach empowered inclusive, transparent, and iterative LLM evaluation, moving beyond traditional benchmarks to reflect real user needs and preferences. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peer-Reviewed_and_Scholarly_Articles_on_OpenWebUI.pdf|title=Conversation with Perplexity AI about scholarly articles using OpenWebUI|last=Lolona Haro|first=Noa|date=June 17, 2025|website=perplexity.ai}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>a9qk3vr2qjnh6gj15u9pn9thsl9uhou</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719281</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>testing zotero link</comment>
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      <text bytes="7992" sha1="df9ny0r9okj0606yv3xc62yvctkn5y3" xml:space="preserve">In his manifesto ''Why I’m Building Open WebUI,'' Timothy J. Baek articulates a vision centered on the local deployment of large language models (LLMs) as a means to foster autonomy, data sovereignty, and resilient communication. He frames Open WebUI not merely as a technical project, but as an infrastructural response to the fragility of centralized systems—enabling individuals and communities to operate independently, collaborate meaningfully, and persist even in conditions of disconnection or systemic failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jryng.com/thoughts/why-open-webui|title=Timothy J. Baek - Why I’m Building Open WebUI: On Autonomy, Diversity, and the Future of Humanity|website=jryng.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Open WebUI community resources ====

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] 

Community-based discussions worth reviewing:

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] post [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/comments/1l9nkvk/im_the_maintainer_and_team_behind_open_webui_ama/ I’m the Maintainer (and Team) behind Open WebUI – AMA 2025 Q2] by [https://www.reddit.com/user/tjrbk/ u/tjrbk] 

==== Open WebUI used broadly ====
Some distinguish Open WebUI from &quot;developer-centric tools,&quot; describing it as part of a class of &quot;community-developed tools&quot; that have &quot;democratized access&quot; to the capabilities of LLMs by lowering &quot;the barrier to entry, enabling individuals without extensive technical expertise to experiment with and benefit from advanced language models.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Analytics with Generative Large-Language Models: A Practical Approach with Ollama and Open-Source LLMs|last=Marcondes|first=Francisco S.|last2=Gala|first2=Adelino|last3=Magalhães|first3=Renata|last4=Perez de Britto|first4=Fernando|last5=Durães|first5=Dalila|last6=Novais|first6=Paulo|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-76631-2|edition=1st ed. 2025|series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science|location=Cham|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Open WebUI was selected by scholars for specific characteristics, from all over the world, including Japan, to provide .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Alier-Formet et al detailed the application of a complex evaluative framework built on Open WebUI's feedback interface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|title=Enhancing Learning Assistant Quality Through Automated Feedback Analysis and Systematic Testing in the LAMB Framework|last=Alier-Forment|first=Marc|last2=Pereira-Valera|first2=Juanan|last3=Casañ-Guerrero|first3=Maria Jose|last4=Garcia-Penalvo|first4=Francisco Jose|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-93566-4|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Brian K.|volume=15807|location=Cham|pages=3–12|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|editor-last2=Borge|editor-first2=Marcela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fatharani and Alsayegh used Open WebUI as a platform to manage interactions with models and local knowledge bases. They reported selecting Open WebUI because it was open source, easy to use, and offered built-in RAG integration. In their paper, they demonstrate a workflow utilizing Open WebUI to reference local knowledge bases that augment  prompts submitted to LLMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fatharani|first=Annisa|last2=Alsayegh|first2=Ali|date=2025-03-01|title=Pharmacogenomics Meets Generative AI: Transforming Clinical Trial Design with Large Language Models|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0976500X251321885|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|language=en|doi=10.1177/0976500X251321885|issn=0976-500X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishihara et. al. used a similar technique to explore the power of local knowledge bases, and to take advantage of the RAG capabilities of Open WebUI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Screenshot_2025-06-16_at_10.45.16_AM.png|600x600px]]
Scholars in different fields have used Open WebUI for their disciplinary purposes:
# Agrawal et al  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Prof. Pallavi|date=2025-04-30|title=Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices|url=https://www.ijraset.com/best-journal/running-llms-locally-on-consumer-devices|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=5433–5441|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2025.69433}}&lt;/ref&gt; explore the feasibility of running large language models (LLMs) on ordinary consumer devices in their paper &quot;Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices.&quot; They chose this topic due to recent advances in model efficiency and optimization techniques—such as quantization and acceleration libraries—that have made it increasingly viable to deploy advanced open-source models on high-end PCs, and smaller ones on mainstream setups. Their study presents a clear workflow: it outlines the necessary hardware and software setup, details optimization methods, and compares local execution to cloud-based alternatives in terms of latency, cost, energy consumption, and privacy—demonstrating that privacy-preserving on-device LLM inference is now a practical reality.
# Othman et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Othman|first=Achraf|last2=Chemnad|first2=Khansa|last3=Tlili|first3=Ahmed|last4=Da|first4=Ting|last5=Wang|first5=Huanhuan|last6=Huang|first6=Ronghuai|date=2024-11-07|title=Comparative analysis of GPT-4, Gemini, and Ernie as gloss sign language translators in special education|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|journal=Discover Global Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|issn=2731-9687}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Scholars using OpenWebUI for LLM Evaluation and Auditing 

# Annonymous authors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://openwebui.com/assets/files/whitepaper.pdf|title=Designing an open-source LLM interface and social platforms for collectively driven LLM evaluation and auditing (White paper).|last=OpenWeb UI|first=Team|date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; utilized OpenWebUI as the primary interface for conducting real-world, community-driven evaluation of large language models. By deploying OpenWebUI locally, they enabled users to interact with various LLMs in a unified environment, collect authentic usage data, and facilitate head-to-head model comparisons. The platform’s features—such as data export, multi-model support, and collaborative tools—allowed the researchers to crowdsource feedback, curate interaction logs, and involve diverse user groups in both quantitative and qualitative model assessment. This approach empowered inclusive, transparent, and iterative LLM evaluation, moving beyond traditional benchmarks to reflect real user needs and preferences. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peer-Reviewed_and_Scholarly_Articles_on_OpenWebUI.pdf|title=Conversation with Perplexity AI about scholarly articles using OpenWebUI|last=Lolona Haro|first=Noa|date=June 17, 2025|website=perplexity.ai}}&lt;/ref&gt;
test zotero (ignore)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=H.|last2=Jonsson|first2=B. H.|last3=Lindskog|first3=S.|date=1976-02-01|title=The catalytic mechanism of human carbonic anhydrase C: inhibition of CO2 hydration and ester hydrolysis by HCO-3|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2502|journal=FEBS letters|volume=62|issue=1|pages=16–20|doi=10.1016/0014-5793(76)80006-3|issn=0014-5793|pmid=2502}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>df9ny0r9okj0606yv3xc62yvctkn5y3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719285</id>
      <parentid>2719281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T23:55:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7582" sha1="fs6svrw30fx9k8xqphpcmm9tfnajadq" xml:space="preserve">In his manifesto ''Why I’m Building Open WebUI,'' Timothy J. Baek articulates a vision centered on the local deployment of large language models (LLMs) as a means to foster autonomy, data sovereignty, and resilient communication. He frames Open WebUI not merely as a technical project, but as an infrastructural response to the fragility of centralized systems—enabling individuals and communities to operate independently, collaborate meaningfully, and persist even in conditions of disconnection or systemic failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jryng.com/thoughts/why-open-webui|title=Timothy J. Baek - Why I’m Building Open WebUI: On Autonomy, Diversity, and the Future of Humanity|website=jryng.com|access-date=2025-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Open WebUI community resources ====

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] 

Community-based discussions worth reviewing:

* Subreddit [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/ r/OpenWebUI] post [https://www.reddit.com/r/OpenWebUI/comments/1l9nkvk/im_the_maintainer_and_team_behind_open_webui_ama/ I’m the Maintainer (and Team) behind Open WebUI – AMA 2025 Q2] by [https://www.reddit.com/user/tjrbk/ u/tjrbk] 

==== Open WebUI used broadly ====
Some distinguish Open WebUI from &quot;developer-centric tools,&quot; describing it as part of a class of &quot;community-developed tools&quot; that have &quot;democratized access&quot; to the capabilities of LLMs by lowering &quot;the barrier to entry, enabling individuals without extensive technical expertise to experiment with and benefit from advanced language models.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Analytics with Generative Large-Language Models: A Practical Approach with Ollama and Open-Source LLMs|last=Marcondes|first=Francisco S.|last2=Gala|first2=Adelino|last3=Magalhães|first3=Renata|last4=Perez de Britto|first4=Fernando|last5=Durães|first5=Dalila|last6=Novais|first6=Paulo|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-76631-2|edition=1st ed. 2025|series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science|location=Cham|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Open WebUI was selected by scholars for specific characteristics, from all over the world, including Japan, to provide .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Alier-Formet et al detailed the application of a complex evaluative framework built on Open WebUI's feedback interface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|title=Enhancing Learning Assistant Quality Through Automated Feedback Analysis and Systematic Testing in the LAMB Framework|last=Alier-Forment|first=Marc|last2=Pereira-Valera|first2=Juanan|last3=Casañ-Guerrero|first3=Maria Jose|last4=Garcia-Penalvo|first4=Francisco Jose|date=2025|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-93566-4|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Brian K.|volume=15807|location=Cham|pages=3–12|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-93567-1_1|editor-last2=Borge|editor-first2=Marcela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fatharani and Alsayegh used Open WebUI as a platform to manage interactions with models and local knowledge bases. They reported selecting Open WebUI because it was open source, easy to use, and offered built-in RAG integration. In their paper, they demonstrate a workflow utilizing Open WebUI to reference local knowledge bases that augment  prompts submitted to LLMs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fatharani|first=Annisa|last2=Alsayegh|first2=Ali|date=2025-03-01|title=Pharmacogenomics Meets Generative AI: Transforming Clinical Trial Design with Large Language Models|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0976500X251321885|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics|language=en|doi=10.1177/0976500X251321885|issn=0976-500X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishihara et. al. used a similar technique to explore the power of local knowledge bases, and to take advantage of the RAG capabilities of Open WebUI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishihara|first=Shigekazu|last2=Ishihara|first2=Taku|last3=Ishihara|first3=Keiko|date=2024|title=Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion|url=https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-964867-21-2/article/978-1-964867-21-2_0|doi=10.54941/ahfe1005135}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Screenshot_2025-06-16_at_10.45.16_AM.png|600x600px]]
Scholars in different fields have used Open WebUI for their disciplinary purposes:
# Agrawal et al  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Prof. Pallavi|date=2025-04-30|title=Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices|url=https://www.ijraset.com/best-journal/running-llms-locally-on-consumer-devices|journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=5433–5441|doi=10.22214/ijraset.2025.69433}}&lt;/ref&gt; explore the feasibility of running large language models (LLMs) on ordinary consumer devices in their paper &quot;Running LLMs Locally on Consumer Devices.&quot; They chose this topic due to recent advances in model efficiency and optimization techniques—such as quantization and acceleration libraries—that have made it increasingly viable to deploy advanced open-source models on high-end PCs, and smaller ones on mainstream setups. Their study presents a clear workflow: it outlines the necessary hardware and software setup, details optimization methods, and compares local execution to cloud-based alternatives in terms of latency, cost, energy consumption, and privacy—demonstrating that privacy-preserving on-device LLM inference is now a practical reality.
# Othman et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Othman|first=Achraf|last2=Chemnad|first2=Khansa|last3=Tlili|first3=Ahmed|last4=Da|first4=Ting|last5=Wang|first5=Huanhuan|last6=Huang|first6=Ronghuai|date=2024-11-07|title=Comparative analysis of GPT-4, Gemini, and Ernie as gloss sign language translators in special education|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|journal=Discover Global Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.1007/s44282-024-00113-0|issn=2731-9687}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Scholars using OpenWebUI for LLM Evaluation and Auditing 

# Annonymous authors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://openwebui.com/assets/files/whitepaper.pdf|title=Designing an open-source LLM interface and social platforms for collectively driven LLM evaluation and auditing (White paper).|last=OpenWeb UI|first=Team|date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; utilized OpenWebUI as the primary interface for conducting real-world, community-driven evaluation of large language models. By deploying OpenWebUI locally, they enabled users to interact with various LLMs in a unified environment, collect authentic usage data, and facilitate head-to-head model comparisons. The platform’s features—such as data export, multi-model support, and collaborative tools—allowed the researchers to crowdsource feedback, curate interaction logs, and involve diverse user groups in both quantitative and qualitative model assessment. This approach empowered inclusive, transparent, and iterative LLM evaluation, moving beyond traditional benchmarks to reflect real user needs and preferences. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peer-Reviewed_and_Scholarly_Articles_on_OpenWebUI.pdf|title=Conversation with Perplexity AI about scholarly articles using OpenWebUI|last=Lolona Haro|first=Noa|date=June 17, 2025|website=perplexity.ai}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2645" sha1="91d9vwc8xxh1bfnh3z1tfdcwbpaauoq" xml:space="preserve">AIXworkbench: June Working Group

[[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/|List of Participants]]

On Wednesdays in June (2025), the initial version of the AIXworkbench will be developed by an informal group of friends and partners, meeting in-person and virtually

The group will get together to share experiences working out installation and set-up challenges, determining parameters, imagining use cases, and developing documentation

Wednesdays In June

June 4, June 11, June 18, June 25

10:00-11:30 EDT / 1400-1530 GMT

In-person: Hilltop A252 Utica NY USA

Zoom: email for link

Working group participants include friends and partners of the AIX

Participants in the working group include faculty, students and staff from SUNY Polytechnic Institute and AIX partners from universities in Ghana and Liberia and organizations in the United States.

June 4 Agenda
Intros of participants (10 minutes)
Overview of OpenWebUI (15 minutes)
Discussion of &quot;Working Group&quot; (15)
Discord[2] &amp; Zotero[3] resources (10)
Digital Brain Base demo, Follow Steps 1-5 (30)
Working Group: Desired Outcomes

There are 6 desired outcomes from the Summer 2025 project

Weekly sync online development sessions: Host a 90-minute live-streamed &amp; recorded weekly dev and support session from AIX Studio, 10:00am (EDT) 2pm (GMT) for all participants, June 4 - June 25, 2025
Functioning versions of OpenWebUI: At the end of the 4 weeks, participants in the workshop should have a functioning version of OpenWebUI, with access (device specifications permitting) to local and API-based models.
Personal AIXworkbench installer: Develop and release AIXworkbench installer intended to serve a single user on a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform.
Team AIXworkbench Installation Scripts: Develop and release installation scripts of AIXworkbench intended to serve a team of 2-25 users via a web app logged into a single device, consisting of OpenWebUI engine, modifications, customizations, and defaults. To be available cross-platform.
Establish and maintain project repository: Establish, encourage and maintain a culture and practice of documentation of code and user experiences.
Demo of AIXworkbench: Late-July demo of AIXworkbench, including Aug 1 SURP demo.
For More Information

Email Professor Steve Schneider, SUNY Poly (steve@sunypoly.edu)

Join the Discord Group: https://discord.gg/pxjheq4JaH

&quot;Open WebUI&quot;.

&quot;Join the AIX Poly Discord Server!&quot;. Discord. Retrieved 2025-06-16.

&quot;Zotero | Groups &gt; aix-workbench&quot;. www.zotero.org. Retrieved 2025-06-16.</text>
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      <text bytes="621" sha1="mxsehe83pdau0rxk5dynirv5pej0axo" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents. 

Below is a video link to showing how to do it:

{{#ev:youtube|hRyLD4nQMB8}}


== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
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      <text bytes="622" sha1="faa6sattwh1s765s84mq0e9wknmwro4" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents. 

Below is a video link to showing how to do it:

{{#ev:youtube|hRyLD4nQMB8}}


== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="624" sha1="nudm1qgu7wocl55rogbqa9dvrvc86nu" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents. 

Below is a video link to showing how to do it:

&lt;youtube&gt;hRyLD4nQMB8&lt;/youtube&gt;


== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>nudm1qgu7wocl55rogbqa9dvrvc86nu</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="543" sha1="jnbgrk3wrkzkzrvmz9y9lj8lhpbr414" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents. 

== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>jnbgrk3wrkzkzrvmz9y9lj8lhpbr414</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How to make a participant page */</comment>
      <origin>2719238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="632" sha1="azctebe6ezr9l35mley8zehufm99tzx" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents.

This is a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] that walks you through it.

== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>azctebe6ezr9l35mley8zehufm99tzx</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How to make a participant page */</comment>
      <origin>2719239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="675" sha1="nolcf8x1qsj3hs910ale0tdq8msa6fs" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents.

This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] provides a step-by-step walkthrough for creating a template on Wikiversity

== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>nolcf8x1qsj3hs910ale0tdq8msa6fs</sha1>
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      <text bytes="807" sha1="qj9157mogas8wdpvkv3rt1rfi3yucad" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents.
This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] provides a step-by-step walkthrough for creating a template on Wikiversity

This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] provides a step-by-step walkthrough for creating a template on Wikiversity

== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>qj9157mogas8wdpvkv3rt1rfi3yucad</sha1>
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      <text bytes="674" sha1="scntaewexdz4axf8valhwhxkvezp4br" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents.
This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] provides a step-by-step walkthrough for creating a template on Wikiversity

== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
      <sha1>scntaewexdz4axf8valhwhxkvezp4br</sha1>
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      <text bytes="677" sha1="r3sc4mo63b469mgcsrdvfv28mqt2zbe" xml:space="preserve">=== How to make a participant page ===

# go to the [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants/Template|Template]] page, click edit, select all, copy.
# create a new page with your name in the URL box, hit return, create the page, and paste the contents from the template page. Save the page, and then re-edit it to update the contents.


This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRyLD4nQMB8 video] provides a step-by-step walkthrough for creating a template on Wikiversity


== Participants ==
{{Special:PrefixIndex/AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/Participants}}Add your page as a sub-page with your case study, following the template.</text>
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  <page>
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      <text bytes="5772" sha1="fcenc3652409exkulc24ngir52zv4x6" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' =

== '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' ==

This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1.

The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized.

Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Talk page]]''' of this project or by email to: [mailto:aitheorymapping@gmail.com aitheroymapping@gmail.com]
If the email link does not work, simply copy and paste this address into your email service: aitheorymapping@gmail.com

All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project.

== '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' ==

Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons:

=== '''A. Geometric Theories''' ===

These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry.

* '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)'''  
Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy.

* '''Metric Theories of Gravity'''  
Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory).

=== '''B. Force-Based Theories''' ===

These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism.

* '''Newtonian Gravity'''  
Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared.

* '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)'''  
Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton.

=== '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' ===

These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon.

* '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity'''  
Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies.

* '''Entropic Gravity'''  
Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy.

=== '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' ===

These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction.

* '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation'''  
Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together.

* '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''  
Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth.

=== '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' ===

Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter.

* '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)'''  
Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations.

* '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)'''  
Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields.

== '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories'''
! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges
|-
| General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required
|-
| Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales
|-
| MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form
|-
| Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support
|-
| Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization
|-
| CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base
|}

== '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' ==

Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance.

For each theory, we will present:
* A brief summary of assumptions
* Predictions that can be tested
* Alignment or conflict with observational data
* Unique contributions or explanatory gaps

The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness.

== '''2.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5772" sha1="42jrd4u47itzv7q1pa355ejqcu1aemf" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' =

== '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' ==

This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1.

The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized.

Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Talk page]]''' of this project or by email to: [mailto:aitheroymapping@gmail.com aitheroymapping@gmail.com]
If the email link does not work, simply copy and paste this address into your email service: aitheorymapping@gmail.com

All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project.

== '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' ==

Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons:

=== '''A. Geometric Theories''' ===

These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry.

* '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)'''  
Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy.

* '''Metric Theories of Gravity'''  
Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory).

=== '''B. Force-Based Theories''' ===

These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism.

* '''Newtonian Gravity'''  
Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared.

* '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)'''  
Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton.

=== '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' ===

These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon.

* '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity'''  
Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies.

* '''Entropic Gravity'''  
Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy.

=== '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' ===

These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction.

* '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation'''  
Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together.

* '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''  
Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth.

=== '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' ===

Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter.

* '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)'''  
Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations.

* '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)'''  
Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields.

== '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories'''
! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges
|-
| General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required
|-
| Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales
|-
| MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form
|-
| Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support
|-
| Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization
|-
| CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base
|}

== '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' ==

Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance.

For each theory, we will present:
* A brief summary of assumptions
* Predictions that can be tested
* Alignment or conflict with observational data
* Unique contributions or explanatory gaps

The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness.

== '''2.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]</text>
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        <id>2998353</id>
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      <text bytes="5868" sha1="6pjy3cqi7x73qtnd0laypz29o35qt1i" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' =

== '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' ==

This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1.

The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized.

Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Talk page]]''' of this project or by email to: [mailto:aitheroymapping@gmail.com aitheroymapping@gmail.com] ''Tip: Right-click the email address and choose &quot;Open link in new tab&quot; to stay on this page.''

If the email link does not work, simply copy and paste this address into your email service: aitheorymapping@gmail.com

All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project.

== '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' ==

Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons:

=== '''A. Geometric Theories''' ===

These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry.

* '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)'''  
Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy.

* '''Metric Theories of Gravity'''  
Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory).

=== '''B. Force-Based Theories''' ===

These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism.

* '''Newtonian Gravity'''  
Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared.

* '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)'''  
Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton.

=== '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' ===

These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon.

* '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity'''  
Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies.

* '''Entropic Gravity'''  
Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy.

=== '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' ===

These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction.

* '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation'''  
Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together.

* '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''  
Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth.

=== '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' ===

Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter.

* '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)'''  
Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations.

* '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)'''  
Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields.

== '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories'''
! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges
|-
| General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required
|-
| Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales
|-
| MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form
|-
| Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support
|-
| Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization
|-
| CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base
|}

== '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' ==

Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance.

For each theory, we will present:
* A brief summary of assumptions
* Predictions that can be tested
* Alignment or conflict with observational data
* Unique contributions or explanatory gaps

The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness.

== '''2.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]</text>
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      <id>2719307</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
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      <text bytes="5874" sha1="2a9av7miv63yaos2zgznhnoubdkzsrk" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping''' =

== '''2.1 Purpose of Chapter 2''' ==

This chapter identifies and categorizes major gravitational theories, both mainstream and alternative, that aim to explain the phenomenon of attraction between masses. These theories are not ranked or dismissed, but presented as part of a broader comparative map. Each will be assessed using the evaluation criteria from Chapter 1.

The goal is not to prove or disprove any single theory, but to understand how they differ in assumptions, predictions, and scope — and whether aspects of different theories might complement each other when properly synthesized.

Researchers or readers are invited to propose additional gravitational theories not yet included in this overview. These may be submitted directly on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Talk page]]''' of this project or by email to: [mailto:aitheroymapping@gmail.com aitheroymapping@gmail.com] ''Tip: Right-click the email address and choose &quot;Open link in new tab&quot; to stay on this page.''

If the email link does not work, simply copy and paste this address into your email service: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''

All submitted theories will be reviewed and added to the chapter, provided they are presented in a clear and structured form. Each theory will be examined using the same criteria and method applied throughout the project.

== '''2.2 Categories of Gravitational Theories''' ==

Gravitational theories can be grouped into several broad conceptual families. The following classification will guide our comparisons:

=== '''A. Geometric Theories''' ===

These models explain gravity as a result of curved spacetime geometry.

* '''General Relativity (Einstein, 1915)'''  
Gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime caused by mass-energy.

* '''Metric Theories of Gravity'''  
Variants that maintain a geometric framework but adjust the equations (e.g., Brans-Dicke theory).

=== '''B. Force-Based Theories''' ===

These models treat gravity as a force acting across space, similar to electromagnetism.

* '''Newtonian Gravity'''  
Gravity is a force proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance squared.

* '''Graviton-Based Quantum Gravity (Theoretical)'''  
Gravity mediated by a hypothetical particle called the graviton.

=== '''C. Emergent and Thermodynamic Models''' ===

These theories propose that gravity is not a fundamental force, but an emergent phenomenon.

* '''Verlinde’s Emergent Gravity'''  
Gravity arises from changes in information associated with the positions of material bodies.

* '''Entropic Gravity'''  
Gravity as a statistical tendency toward increasing entropy.

=== '''D. Flux or Influx-Based Theories''' ===

These models posit a directional push or inflow of energy or particles causing apparent attraction.

* '''Le Sage’s Theory of Gravitation'''  
Gravity results from a flux of ultra-tiny particles pushing masses together.

* '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''  
Proposes a directional influx of energy responsible for gravity and mass-energy growth.

=== '''E. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Relativistic Extensions''' ===

Attempts to explain galactic rotation curves without dark matter.

* '''MOND (Milgrom, 1983)'''  
Modifies Newton’s laws at low accelerations.

* '''TeVeS (Bekenstein)'''  
Relativistic version of MOND incorporating tensor-vector-scalar fields.

== '''2.3 Theory Summary Table (Conceptual Preview)''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Comparison of Selected Gravitational Theories'''
! Theory !! Type !! Explains Gravity As !! Predictive Scope !! Known Strengths !! Known Challenges
|-
| General Relativity || Geometric || Spacetime curvature || Strong fields, large scales || Precise predictions (e.g., GPS, lensing) || Dark matter/energy required
|-
| Newtonian Gravity || Force-based || Force acting at a distance || Weak fields, local systems || Simple, intuitive || Fails at relativistic scales
|-
| MOND || Modified dynamics || Modified acceleration law || Galaxy-scale rotation || No dark matter needed || Lacks unifying relativistic form
|-
| Emergent Gravity || Thermodynamic || Result of entropy/information changes || Conceptual unification || Philosophically rich || Lacks full experimental support
|-
| Le Sage || Influx-based || Push by particle flux || Mechanically intuitive || Historical influence || Drag problem, lacks quantization
|-
| CIT || Influx-based || Directional influx of energy || Gravity, mass growth, cosmic structure || Links expansion with gravity || Requires deeper empirical base
|}

== '''2.4 Evaluation of Theories Using Project Criteria''' ==

Each of the above theories will be evaluated using the criteria introduced in Chapter 1. These include empirical adequacy, consistency, predictive power, falsifiability, and cross-disciplinary relevance.

For each theory, we will present:
* A brief summary of assumptions
* Predictions that can be tested
* Alignment or conflict with observational data
* Unique contributions or explanatory gaps

The evaluations will be AI-assisted (via ChatGPT) and reviewed by contributors for accuracy and fairness.

== '''2.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This comparative map will help guide the synthesis efforts in later chapters. It is expected that no single theory will satisfy all criteria. However, the identification of '''complementary strengths''' may allow elements from different models to converge toward a more coherent understanding of gravity within a wider cosmological framework.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]</text>
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|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250620 - 20250619)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-06-20
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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      <text bytes="281" sha1="8isgmyko6s0fetcwiwbzhaz47e1wptk" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=VLSI.Arith: Carry Lookahead Adders 1A (20250620 - 20250619)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2025-06-20
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
}}
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot; === Who we are === Sentence describing the institition.  === Objectives for Open WebUI === Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI.  === Hardware === RAM:  CPU:  Storage:  === Installation === Sentence describing the installation process.  === Models Installed === Sentence describing the institition.  === Tools === Sentence describing any customizations  ==== Workspaces ====  ==== Notes ====  ==== Knowledge Bases ====  ==== Functions ====  ==== Pipelines ====&quot;</comment>
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=== Who we are ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI.

=== Hardware ===
RAM:

CPU:

Storage:

=== Installation ===
Sentence describing the installation process.

=== Models Installed ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Tools ===
Sentence describing any customizations

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====</text>
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        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo all revisions. Resource is empty, but not [[Wikiversity:Deletions|deleted]].</comment>
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=== Who we are ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI.

=== Hardware ===
RAM:

CPU:

Storage:

=== Installation ===
Sentence describing the installation process.

=== Models Installed ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Tools ===
Sentence describing any customizations

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====</text>
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        <id>3003186</id>
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=== Who am I ===
Current SGU President and a SURP Student for the AIX Workbench this summer. 

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
- Explore the use of Open Web UI to identify opportunities in the daily workflows of AI stakeholders.

=== Hardware ===
RAM: 8GB

CPU: M1

Storage: 256 Gb

=== Installation ===
Went pretty smooth... No particular issue. The video I linked below was very useful and got me installed in less than 30mins.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6Su3Nmv7-8&amp;list=PL_rTgQnnMXsXAsEiid-tWhaj03SsP4U5Z&amp;index=2

=== Models Installed ===
The models I have installed: ''gemma:2b'' and ''deepseek-r1:1.5b''
The API I use: Anthropic/claude-3-opus, Anthropic/claude-3-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.5-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.7-sonnet
=== Tools ===
Right now, I'm working on a tool that allows me to access my notion database through an API, I want it to automatically sync with notion. The main purpose of this tool is for me to use my notion database as my knowledge base for Open WebUI.

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====</text>
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        <id>294667</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added category [[Category:June 2025 AIX Workbench Participants]]</comment>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:June 2025 AIX Workbench Participants]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=== Who am I ===
Current SGU President and a SURP Student for the AIX Workbench this summer. 

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
- Explore the use of Open Web UI to identify opportunities in the daily workflows of AI stakeholders.

=== Hardware ===
RAM: 8GB

CPU: M1

Storage: 256 Gb

=== Installation ===
Went pretty smooth... No particular issue. The video I linked below was very useful and got me installed in less than 30mins.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6Su3Nmv7-8&amp;list=PL_rTgQnnMXsXAsEiid-tWhaj03SsP4U5Z&amp;index=2

=== Models Installed ===
The models I have installed: ''gemma:2b'' and ''deepseek-r1:1.5b''
The API I use: Anthropic/claude-3-opus, Anthropic/claude-3-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.5-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.7-sonnet
=== Tools ===
Right now, I'm working on a tool that allows me to access my notion database through an API, I want it to automatically sync with notion. The main purpose of this tool is for me to use my notion database as my knowledge base for Open WebUI.

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====</text>
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=== Who am I ===
Current SGU President and a SURP Student for the AIX Workbench this summer. 

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
- Explore the use of Open Web UI to identify opportunities in the daily workflows of AI stakeholders.

=== Hardware ===
RAM: 8GB

CPU: M1

Storage: 256 Gb

=== Installation ===
Went pretty smooth... No particular issue. The video I linked below was very useful and got me installed in less than 30mins.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6Su3Nmv7-8&amp;list=PL_rTgQnnMXsXAsEiid-tWhaj03SsP4U5Z&amp;index=2

=== Models Installed ===
The models I have installed: ''gemma:2b'' and ''deepseek-r1:1.5b''
The API I use: Anthropic/claude-3-opus, Anthropic/claude-3-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.5-haiku, Anthropic/claude-3.5-sonnet, Anthropic/claude-3.7-sonnet
=== Tools ===
Right now, I'm working on a tool that allows me to access my notion database through an API, I want it to automatically sync with notion. The main purpose of this tool is for me to use my notion database as my knowledge base for Open WebUI.

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====

[[Category:June 2025 AIX Workbench Participants]]</text>
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        <username>Noalolonaharo</username>
        <id>3003186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot; === Who we are === Sentence describing the institition.  === Objectives for Open WebUI === Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI.  === Hardware === RAM:  CPU:  Storage:  === Installation === Sentence describing the installation process.  === Models Installed === Sentence describing the institition.  === Tools === Sentence describing any customizations  ==== Workspaces ====  ==== Notes ====  ==== Knowledge Bases ====  ==== Functions ====  ==== Pipelines ====&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="470" sha1="hhagdxfq26hr2z6lbhbqd8ws1jsuhx3" xml:space="preserve">
=== Who we are ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Objectives for Open WebUI ===
Sentence describing objectives for Open WebUI.

=== Hardware ===
RAM:

CPU:

Storage:

=== Installation ===
Sentence describing the installation process.

=== Models Installed ===
Sentence describing the institition.

=== Tools ===
Sentence describing any customizations

==== Workspaces ====

==== Notes ====

==== Knowledge Bases ====

==== Functions ====

==== Pipelines ====</text>
      <sha1>hhagdxfq26hr2z6lbhbqd8ws1jsuhx3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322127</id>
    <redirect title="AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/" />
    <revision>
      <id>2719248</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T16:17:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevesuny</username>
        <id>294667</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Stevesuny moved page [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group]] to [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>2719248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="66" sha1="8799b6lpqxqgb8unegcckffm33aljbp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[AIXworkbench/Working-Groups/June-2025-Working-Group/]]</text>
      <sha1>8799b6lpqxqgb8unegcckffm33aljbp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Stevesuny/sandbox/youtube</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>322128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719249</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T16:38:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevesuny</username>
        <id>294667</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAORm-8b1Eg |alignment=right }}   &lt;iframe width=&quot;935&quot; height=&quot;526&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/hRyLD4nQMB8&quot; title=&quot;make a participant page&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share&quot; referrerpolicy=&quot;strict-origin-when-cross-origin&quot; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719249</origin>
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      <text bytes="384" sha1="fmubpyof9vuue8jzssrm0bq4p3cpou9" xml:space="preserve">{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAORm-8b1Eg
|alignment=right
}}


&lt;iframe width=&quot;935&quot; height=&quot;526&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/hRyLD4nQMB8&quot; title=&quot;make a participant page&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share&quot; referrerpolicy=&quot;strict-origin-when-cross-origin&quot; allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fmubpyof9vuue8jzssrm0bq4p3cpou9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric CMB Stabilized Timestamps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719252</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T17:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>154.27.190.174</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;[[file:galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|right|thumb|260x260px|A map of galaxy voids]]&lt;!-- distance: r=15500km/s; diameter=3100km/s; --&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719252</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="oru8uin1ip4srajwqgr3iy4cmlckx8r" xml:space="preserve">[[file:galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|right|thumb|260x260px|A map of galaxy voids]]&lt;!-- distance: r=15500km/s; diameter=3100km/s; --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oru8uin1ip4srajwqgr3iy4cmlckx8r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719253</id>
      <parentid>2719252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T17:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141" sha1="mgx90pex3j9u5tkcs0w5nk4osjhdwwn" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]] 
&lt;!-- distance: r=15500km/s; diameter=3100km/s; --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mgx90pex3j9u5tkcs0w5nk4osjhdwwn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719254</id>
      <parentid>2719253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T17:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="3o5s7nc9gmz3huwr8hctp142miyyyno" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]</text>
      <sha1>3o5s7nc9gmz3huwr8hctp142miyyyno</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719255</id>
      <parentid>2719254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T17:54:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="286" sha1="7bzynmdu6yehkq1pfa1r0nnn8lbcdp0" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
his is a list of voids in astronomy. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.</text>
      <sha1>7bzynmdu6yehkq1pfa1r0nnn8lbcdp0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719256</id>
      <parentid>2719255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="mjz3og4fm4hjo2zdyfa01baguvg5w5u" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and Superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.

In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of the spacecraft until they were at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.</text>
      <sha1>mjz3og4fm4hjo2zdyfa01baguvg5w5u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719257</id>
      <parentid>2719256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="888" sha1="rbzeg2qq8q13ozpx9w960flqysxmlqv" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and Superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft until it was at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''Time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed [[Time in physics|time]] as measured by two [[clock]]s, either because of a relative [[velocity]] between them ([[special relativity]]), or a difference in [[gravitational potential]] between their locations ([[general relativity]]).</text>
      <sha1>rbzeg2qq8q13ozpx9w960flqysxmlqv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719258</id>
      <parentid>2719257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="888" sha1="mf2mjmhqa2huqgtxv4krl6qh72917z7" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and Superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft until it was at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed [[Time in physics|time]] as measured by two [[clock]]s, either because of a relative [[velocity]] between them ([[special relativity]]), or a difference in [[gravitational potential]] between their locations ([[general relativity]]).</text>
      <sha1>mf2mjmhqa2huqgtxv4krl6qh72917z7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719259</id>
      <parentid>2719258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="852" sha1="8et2t7242f6h7ku5bn4tyu9qrgv5vsk" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and Superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft until it was at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in [[gravitational potential]] between their locations (general relativity).</text>
      <sha1>8et2t7242f6h7ku5bn4tyu9qrgv5vsk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719260</id>
      <parentid>2719259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="848" sha1="5twenjbiwjuh2fr6exki5v2ljur21xv" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and Superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft until it was at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity).</text>
      <sha1>5twenjbiwjuh2fr6exki5v2ljur21xv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719261</id>
      <parentid>2719260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="848" sha1="la3dwqoqol8j6tr8ruvumhgry6vj5ee" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft until it was at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity).</text>
      <sha1>la3dwqoqol8j6tr8ruvumhgry6vj5ee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719262</id>
      <parentid>2719261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T18:33:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1135" sha1="lmleg1ojyjl0lznyqg9eo1dky1aw4bj" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters in the neighborhood of the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft within a void until the spacecraft is at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock inside of a supervoid, and at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting objects inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>lmleg1ojyjl0lznyqg9eo1dky1aw4bj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719286</id>
      <parentid>2719262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T00:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1162" sha1="emyprhcielomhrjnmzhwgr4onmu5jmn" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates the voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft within a void until the spacecraft is at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock inside of a supervoid, and at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting objects inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>emyprhcielomhrjnmzhwgr4onmu5jmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plato's Dialogues/Euthyphro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719274</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-20T19:45:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JoanSevier</username>
        <id>2995500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;== The Situation == Outside of the courthouse of Athens, a man named Euthyphro happens upon his friend, Socrates. It is not the place either of them would want to be, so of course they discuss their reasons for being there. Socrates is being charged with ''impiety'', for rejecting the worship of the gods of Athens and creating new ones. Euthyphro, on the other hand, is prosecuting his own father for murder.  Both men are therefore running afoul of Athenian religion and c...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1575" sha1="9y4ir7mj1eankn59zwxiz2934jgykdy" xml:space="preserve">== The Situation ==
Outside of the courthouse of Athens, a man named Euthyphro happens upon his friend, Socrates. It is not the place either of them would want to be, so of course they discuss their reasons for being there. Socrates is being charged with ''impiety'', for rejecting the worship of the gods of Athens and creating new ones. Euthyphro, on the other hand, is prosecuting his own father for murder.

Both men are therefore running afoul of Athenian religion and culture in their own ways. Worshiping the gods of Athens was not only an issue of personal religious belief, as it often is in today's secular cultures. Abandoning the worship of the gods was a kind of treason. Accusing Socrates of impiety is therefore very serious. On the other hand, Athenians expected children to obey their parents even in extreme situations. Euthyphro, therefore, might be seen as impious for prosecuting his father even if his father was guilty. Socrates thinks he is obeying the gods and pursuing the truth wherever it leads him, and Euthyphro thinks he is being pious in applying the laws of right and wrong to all people impartially. While both of the are trying to pursue what is pious, they are both accused of impiety

Euthyphro, however, is a prophet. Socrates therefore reasons that, if a prophet is doing something in the name of piety, that he must have a good reason to do so rooted in a knowledge of what piety is. So Socrates begins to ask him how to know piety so that Socrates, too, may go into his trial with confidence.

==The Conversation==

== The Takeaway ==</text>
      <sha1>9y4ir7mj1eankn59zwxiz2934jgykdy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Collection:The Programmer God</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>322131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719287</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T02:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platos Cave (physics)</username>
        <id>2562653</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{saved_book}}  == The Programmer God == === is our universe a computer simulation === :[[Electron (mathematical)]] :[[Physical constant (anomaly)]] :[[Planck units (geometrical)]] :[[Quantum gravity (Planck)]] :[[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]] :[[Black-hole (Planck)]] :[[Relativity (Planck)]]  [[Category:Books|The Programmer God]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="337" sha1="9qpit17isdmu47vbrk2w6ym75vhcbcy" xml:space="preserve">{{saved_book}}

== The Programmer God ==
=== is our universe a computer simulation ===
:[[Electron (mathematical)]]
:[[Physical constant (anomaly)]]
:[[Planck units (geometrical)]]
:[[Quantum gravity (Planck)]]
:[[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]]
:[[Black-hole (Planck)]]
:[[Relativity (Planck)]]

[[Category:Books|The Programmer God]]</text>
      <sha1>9qpit17isdmu47vbrk2w6ym75vhcbcy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Platos Cave (physics)/Books/The Programmer God</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>322132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719288</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T02:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platos Cave (physics)</username>
        <id>2562653</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{saved_book}}  == The Programmer God == === is our universe a computer simulation === :[[Electron (mathematical)]] :[[Physical constant (anomaly)]] :[[Planck units (geometrical)]] :[[Quantum gravity (Planck)]] :[[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]] :[[Black-hole (Planck)]] :[[Relativity (Planck)]]  [[Category:Books|The Programmer God]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="337" sha1="9qpit17isdmu47vbrk2w6ym75vhcbcy" xml:space="preserve">{{saved_book}}

== The Programmer God ==
=== is our universe a computer simulation ===
:[[Electron (mathematical)]]
:[[Physical constant (anomaly)]]
:[[Planck units (geometrical)]]
:[[Quantum gravity (Planck)]]
:[[Fine-structure constant (spiral)]]
:[[Black-hole (Planck)]]
:[[Relativity (Planck)]]

[[Category:Books|The Programmer God]]</text>
      <sha1>9qpit17isdmu47vbrk2w6ym75vhcbcy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Draft:Iranian democracy movements</title>
    <ns>118</ns>
    <id>322133</id>
    <redirect title="Iranian democracy movements" />
    <revision>
      <id>2719298</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T03:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jaredscribe moved page [[Draft:Iranian democracy movements]] to [[Iranian democracy movements]]</comment>
      <origin>2719298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="37y9h6ln8fhr9w9lubih6myctmudvqv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Iranian democracy movements]]</text>
      <sha1>37y9h6ln8fhr9w9lubih6myctmudvqv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Draft talk:Iranian democracy movements</title>
    <ns>119</ns>
    <id>322134</id>
    <redirect title="Talk:Iranian democracy movements" />
    <revision>
      <id>2719300</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T03:32:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jaredscribe moved page [[Draft talk:Iranian democracy movements]] to [[Talk:Iranian democracy movements]]</comment>
      <origin>2719300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="h8xqtsjsrhmd9koxwnfl41a7qenqepc" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Iranian democracy movements]]</text>
      <sha1>h8xqtsjsrhmd9koxwnfl41a7qenqepc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Anxiety</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>322135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719312</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T09:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nico jonas</username>
        <id>3003848</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anxiety and Depression */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="278" sha1="3ef6r7ffwtt37cys6rts04ex69qs66v" xml:space="preserve">== Anxiety and Depression ==

what causes depression and is it most likely to go away after some time , or is it something you die with? [[User:Nico jonas|Nico jonas]] ([[User talk:Nico jonas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nico jonas|contribs]]) 09:28, 21 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
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