User:Asamboi

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    <title>User:Asamboi</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>DreamRimmer moved page [[User:Jpatokal]] to [[User:Asamboi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jpatokal|Jpatokal]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Asamboi|Asamboi]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="45" sha1="s2hfwdvld5yl1mxgy1k467x4jsabh49" xml:space="preserve">[[:wikivoyage:User:Jpatokal|Jani Patokallio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Asamboi</title>
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      <comment>DreamRimmer moved page [[User talk:Jpatokal]] to [[User talk:Asamboi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jpatokal|Jpatokal]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Asamboi|Asamboi]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2589" sha1="3q2majgc90qvzb0adw4ec2o6z8ci0me" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello Jpatokal, and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|Wikiversity]]!''' If you need [[Help:Contents|help]], feel free to visit my talk page, or [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] and [[Wikiversity:Questions|ask questions]]. After you leave a comment on a [[Wikiversity:Talk page|talk page]], remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]]; it helps everyone follow the threads of the discussion. The signature icon [[File:Signature icon.png]] in the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility policy]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] while at Wikiversity.

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You don't need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Ottava Rima|Ottava Rima]] ([[User talk:Ottava Rima|talk]])  04:13, 4 February 2011 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Genes linked to psychopathy</title>
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      <comment>Secondary psychopathy revisions for conciseness</comment>
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      <text bytes="43678" sha1="bb27sqmn3wb5qnex7zt2b1gy0j3a3mg" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who do not develop primary psychopathy are more likely than the general population to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;) if they have certain genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy (Factor 1), such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of sociopathy (Factor 2), providing additional justification for Robert D. Hare's inclusion of both factors in the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised). Therefore, secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy, is also the result of gene-environment interactions.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
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 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
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  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
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  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>bb27sqmn3wb5qnex7zt2b1gy0j3a3mg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719350</id>
      <parentid>2719346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T18:54:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:98B5:F808:4483:53CC</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43834" sha1="775krnczow2q8cpee11hwpzxt147i95" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who do not develop primary psychopathy are more likely than the general population to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;) if they have certain genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy (Factor 1), such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of sociopathy (Factor 2). This provides additional justification—beyond empirical validation within prison populations—for Robert D. Hare's inclusion of both factors together in the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised), which presented a realistic description of a psychopath high in disinhibited traits. Therefore, secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy, is also the result of gene-environment interactions.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>775krnczow2q8cpee11hwpzxt147i95</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719355</id>
      <parentid>2719350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:02:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:98B5:F808:4483:53CC</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43839" sha1="6szb94yp4ezu77sq3bwa97d3050xih5" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who do not develop primary psychopathy are more likely than the general population to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;) if they have certain genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy (Factor 1), such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of sociopathy (Factor 2). This provides additional justification—beyond empirical validation within prison populations—for Robert D. Hare's inclusion of both factors together in the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised), which presented a transformative description of a psychopath high in disinhibited traits. Therefore, secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy, is also the result of gene-environment interactions.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>6szb94yp4ezu77sq3bwa97d3050xih5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719370</id>
      <parentid>2719355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T22:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:3844:9AA9:4C18:5BF5</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Better phrasing</comment>
      <origin>2719370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43849" sha1="rkv1d3rofojdg47kwt20y09tkianoua" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Individuals who do not develop primary psychopathy are more likely than the general population to develop secondary psychopathy (also known as &quot;sociopathy&quot;) if they have certain genetic predispositions. Some genes associated with primary psychopathy (Factor 1), such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of sociopathy (Factor 2). This provides additional justification—in addition to empirical validation within prison sample populations—for Robert D. Hare's inclusion of both factors together in the PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised). Therefore, although sociopathy has a weaker genetic basis than primary psychopathy, it is still influenced by gene-environment interactions and shares some genetic overlap with primary psychopathy.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>rkv1d3rofojdg47kwt20y09tkianoua</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719381</id>
      <parentid>2719370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T23:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:60BF:643E:124:B335</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Simplifed and shortened</comment>
      <origin>2719381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43249" sha1="m54wnp3meh8467hra9b4w1x9ix3a203" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly important regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>m54wnp3meh8467hra9b4w1x9ix3a203</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719383</id>
      <parentid>2719381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T00:07:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:ED9F:A648:453E:A603</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43251" sha1="6j4xkpcus9z56qjj4gubqb5duvz6x5g" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly significant regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also directly increase the risk of secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>6j4xkpcus9z56qjj4gubqb5duvz6x5g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719384</id>
      <parentid>2719383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T00:10:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:F1DC:79DD:C97C:DFC8</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43253" sha1="4ehbu9s4r9w02tl7t1q2g60vzgu5iky" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly significant regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Gene expression also tends to differ in some other genes, for example: RPL10P9, ZNF132, CDH5, OPRD1, and MT-RNR2.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of alleles inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit at least four of the core psychopathy related [[alleles]] located at, at least, three different [[loci]]. This is similar to other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve an interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as social isolation or urban living.

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of developing secondary psychopathy, also known as sociopathy.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>4ehbu9s4r9w02tl7t1q2g60vzgu5iky</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719386</id>
      <parentid>2719384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T01:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:E590:1B77:41F6:6C73</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43256" sha1="92p9p03nylvl05qy7dhgeplg89dwajb" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly significant regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other important risk factors involve alleles of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Psychopathy is a personality construct, but has a polygenic and epigenetic basis.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of [[alleles]] inherited, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit multiple core alleles located at different [[loci]], likely at least four core alleles at a minimum of three different loci. This is similar to many neurodevelopmental spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve a complex interaction between genes and environmental factors. 

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of developing secondary psychopathy, often informally referred to as sociopathy.

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>92p9p03nylvl05qy7dhgeplg89dwajb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719387</id>
      <parentid>2719386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T01:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:E590:1B77:41F6:6C73</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43317" sha1="ho7feemvb6nhmbrgq4umsikxje9vpsm" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly significant regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other important risk factors involve [[alleles]] of genes such as OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Psychopathy is a personality construct used by psychologists to explain and predict behavior, but has a polygenic and epigenetic basis in these alleles.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of inherited alleles, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit multiple core alleles located at different [[loci]], likely at least four core alleles at a minimum of three different loci. This is similar to many other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve a complex interaction between genes and environmental factors. 

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of developing secondary psychopathy (often informally referred to as &quot;sociopathy&quot;).

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>ho7feemvb6nhmbrgq4umsikxje9vpsm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719389</id>
      <parentid>2719387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T02:42:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:25AE:5F54:7C86:D591</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43366" sha1="r5atufydt4zkvk0mjvogrxi6wxvv9be" xml:space="preserve">Six [[genes]] are particularly significant regarding the risk of developing psychopathy: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other important genetic risk factors involve [[alleles]] of OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Psychopathy is principally a personality construct used by psychologists to explain and predict behavior, but may also be described as an epigenetic condition that affects the trajectory of neurodevelopment.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of inherited alleles, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit multiple core alleles located at different [[loci]], likely at least four core alleles at a minimum of three different loci. This is similar to many other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve a complex interaction between genes and environmental factors. 

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of developing secondary psychopathy (often informally referred to as &quot;sociopathy&quot;).

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>r5atufydt4zkvk0mjvogrxi6wxvv9be</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719401</id>
      <parentid>2719389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T06:16:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:6C54:4E00:669:25AE:5F54:7C86:D591</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43382" sha1="43ql04867f4eik1z240mvbpblkdg5fm" xml:space="preserve">Psychopathy has a polygenic basis, with six [[genes]] having particular significance regarding the risk: ANKK1, [[DRD2]], DRD4, [[COMT]], MAOA, and SLC6A4 (particularly the 5-HTTLPR variant). Other important genetic risk factors involve [[alleles]] of OXTR, AVPR1A, CADM2, PRKG1, and NR3C1. Several of these genes, like COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR, and NR3C1, undergo direct epigenetic modification following trauma. Psychopathy is principally a personality construct used by psychologists to explain and predict behavior, but may also be described as an epigenetic condition that affects the trajectory of neurodevelopment.

The expression of psychopathy-related phenotypes depends on the combination of inherited alleles, in addition to environmental factors. Individuals are at an elevated risk of psychopathy if they inherit multiple core alleles located at different [[loci]], likely at least four core alleles at a minimum of three different loci. This is similar to many other spectrum disorders, such as schizotypy, which typically involve a complex interaction between genes and environmental factors. 

Some genes associated with primary psychopathy, such as COMT, MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, and AVPR1A, also increase the risk of developing secondary psychopathy (often informally referred to as &quot;sociopathy&quot;).

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt&quot;&gt;Genes
  linked to psychopathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Loci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANKK1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DRD2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAOA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;COMT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5-HTTLPR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[[Basal endophenotype]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also associated with&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A2 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957T allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;calm&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[Taq1 A1 allele]] &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C allele]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;posttraumatic stress disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;[[957C/C genotype]]&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;impulsive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;schizophrenia&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;antisocial personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;borderline personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;narcissistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;sadistic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;histrionic personality disorder&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;dissocial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen by proxy &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Taq1 A1 allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;957T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;low activity&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;long&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;anxious&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal&quot;&gt;Munchausen syndrome&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

== DRD2 ==
In addition to the DRD2 957C/C genotype, the DRD2 Taq1 B allele and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene have also have been linked to psychopathy.  This suggests that the dissocial and impulsive basal endophenotypes can be subdivided into at least seven subtypes:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
&lt;div align=center&gt;&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none'&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=851 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:638.4pt;border:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:16.0pt'&gt;Impulsive/dissocial
  subtypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=426 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:319.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;DRD4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 rowspan=2 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:14.0pt'&gt;Subtype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;957 [[locus]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:12.0pt'&gt;Taq1
  B locus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;&lt;b&gt;-616 locus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616G allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;1c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-negative&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3a&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;T allele&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal'&gt;3b&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;B1 allele-positive&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;-616C/C genotype&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'&gt;                               3c&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632165]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833581]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087792]
  [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/193/2/121]
  [http://www.genepassport.ru/publications/public/DRD2%20and%20ANKK1%20genotype%20in%20alcohol-dependent.pdf]
  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643564]
  [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00543.x/full]
  [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-6-4.pdf]</text>
      <sha1>43ql04867f4eik1z240mvbpblkdg5fm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Characteristics of research</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719385</id>
      <parentid>2695946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T00:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>49.145.35.57</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>i added new info</comment>
      <origin>2719385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1494" sha1="mxv5a2bqf3wa7nf2lhirf8mj0qgcnwj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mitarbeiterin der EMPA in St-Gallen.jpg|right|220px|Research scientist]]
;Features of [[Research]]
# Empirical - based on observations and [[experimentation]]
# Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.
# Controlled - all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant. 
# Employs [[hypothesis]] - uses hypothesis as a guiding principle to direct the study
# Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation 
# Objective, Unbiased, &amp; Logical - all findings are logically based on empirical.
# Employs quantitative or statistical methods - data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically. what the skibidi is ts..??!?!?

== See Also ==
* [[Thinking Scientifically]]
* [[Writing discipline specific research papers]]
* [[Wikipedia: Research]]
* [[Wikibooks: Research Methods]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |isbn=978-0-201-11519-2 |title=The fifth generation: Artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=Edward A. |last2=McCorduck |first2=Pamela |year=1983 }}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-84628-475-5 |title=An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering |last1=Kendal |first1=Simon |last2=Creen |first2=Malcolm |date=2006-10-04}}
* {{cite book |isbn=0-13-103805-2 |title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach |last1=Russell |first1=Stuart Jonathan |last2=Norvig |first2=Peter |year=1995 }}

[[Category:Research]]</text>
      <sha1>mxv5a2bqf3wa7nf2lhirf8mj0qgcnwj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719388</id>
      <parentid>2719385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T02:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/49.145.35.57|49.145.35.57]] ([[User_talk:49.145.35.57|talk]]) to last version by [[User:112.203.118.249|112.203.118.249]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
      <origin>2695946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1463" sha1="kzi7azmffaeyzc25u94kv9fnr2bg608" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mitarbeiterin der EMPA in St-Gallen.jpg|right|220px|Research scientist]]
;Features of [[Research]]
# Empirical - based on observations and [[experimentation]]
# Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.
# Controlled - all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant. 
# Employs [[hypothesis]] - uses hypothesis as a guiding principle to direct the study
# Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation 
# Objective, Unbiased, &amp; Logical - all findings are logically based on empirical.
# Employs quantitative or statistical methods - data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

== See Also ==
* [[Thinking Scientifically]]
* [[Writing discipline specific research papers]]
* [[Wikipedia: Research]]
* [[Wikibooks: Research Methods]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |isbn=978-0-201-11519-2 |title=The fifth generation: Artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=Edward A. |last2=McCorduck |first2=Pamela |year=1983 }}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-84628-475-5 |title=An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering |last1=Kendal |first1=Simon |last2=Creen |first2=Malcolm |date=2006-10-04}}
* {{cite book |isbn=0-13-103805-2 |title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach |last1=Russell |first1=Stuart Jonathan |last2=Norvig |first2=Peter |year=1995 }}

[[Category:Research]]</text>
      <sha1>kzi7azmffaeyzc25u94kv9fnr2bg608</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>KnitR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719436</id>
      <parentid>2695148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Learning Modules */</comment>
      <origin>2719436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10415" sha1="mwc70tjrb1rkpm5bxu848jhbidozk2t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Screenshot-knitr-RStudio.png|thumb|KnitR used in RStudio]]
[[w:en:knitr|KnitR]] is package for the [[w:RStudio|RStudio]], which allows to produce word processing documents, PDF, presentations,... with real-time embedding of data. E.g. current stock exchange rates can be fetched, analysed within R and, dependent on the analysis' results, may be inserted into the text.  

The package [[Wikipedia:knitr|KnitR]] is often used within [[w:RStudio|RStudio]] as a [[Wikipedia:graphical user interface|graphical user interface]] for calling commands and scripts for the underlying statistic software R (see [[Wikipedia:Knitr]] for details). 

From the command line up to date reports can be generated automatically by processing a R-Markdown document and at processing time the current data sources (e.g. monitoring data) is evaluated in the statistical or numerical analysis.

If learners are able to see the R-Code in the learning document they can perform activities in the software for statistics on their own. Furthermore for [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Publishing|research publications in the Wikiversity]]&lt;ref&gt;WikiJournal of Medicine - An open access journal with no publication costs – About ISSN: 2002-4436 www.WikiJMed.org Frequency: Continuous Since: March 2014 Publisher: Wikimedia Foundation&lt;/ref&gt; readers can 
* [[w:Reproducibility|reproduce]] the results, 
* learn from the methodology, 
* apply the R-code on their own data,
* check if the algorithm are appropriate for experimental design 
[[File:Knitr integration.png|400px|frameless|center]]


== Learning Modules ==
* [[/Workflow/|Understand the basic workflow of KnitR]]
* [[/Installation/|Installation of KnitR]]
* [[/Pitfalls/|Standard Pitfalls and the solutions]]
* [[/Compilation/|Compilation of Output]]
* [[/Octave/|Use Octave in KnitR]]
* [[/Hello World Example/]]
* [[/Sample Data/]]
* [[/mathematical expressions/|Mathematical Expressions in KnitR]]
* [[/Fetching Data from an API/]]
* [[/Use KnitR/]]
* [[/External Code Chunk/]]
* [[/Wikiversity Integration/|Future: KnitR-Integration/-Inteface for Wikiversity or a WikiJournal]]

== Technical Tasks for Learners ==
* '''([[/Installation/]])''' Install [[w:RStudio|RStudio]] and the package [[w:en:KnitR|KnitR]] and create and process your first KnitR-document.
* '''([[/Octave/|Octave in KnitR]])''' Analyse the possibility to integrate the calculations with Octave in a KnitR markdown document.

== Learning Task ==
In the previous section the workflow of a integrated approach of KnitR was elaborated. Due to the fact that this concept is not implemented yet as extension in MediaWiki yet, the workflow cannot performed with code chunk for mathematical calculations in the MediaWiki of Wikiversity directly. But it possible to learn about the workflow in general:
* Install '''R-Studio''' and R on your computer.
* Install the '''KnitR-Package''' in R-Studio.
* Download [[/Sample Data/]] e.g. R Sample Data by Guru99&lt;ref&gt;guru99-edu Github User (2019) R-Programming respository with R sample data in CSV format for learning R - URL: https://github.com/guru99-edu/R-Programming  - retrieved 2024/05/06 &lt;/ref&gt; 
* Learn about '''KnitR with Screencasts''' (Youtube) and perform a basic KnitR tutorial so that you get the first dynamic report.
** '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAaNVlC6FE Video - Learn Knitr in 5min (Youtube)]''' by Ram Narasimhan - retrieved 2016/10/11
** '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNJ3ygl_xa0  Video - Professional Report Writing with Sweave, LaTeX, and R  (Youtube)]''' by Nicolas Yager - retrieved 2016/10/11
** '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2VBzhLVz3o knitr: Automatically embedding R output in documents (Youtube)]''' by Joshua Wiley 2013/10/14
* '''Advanced Learners/Spatial Analysis:''' Apply a scenario in the [[Risk Management]] Module for creating Risk Maps. What are additional requirements for the spatial analysis? 
** learn about the design of [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information Systems]] (GIS) (Classification Resource by  Dave Braunschweig), 
** install [https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html Open Source Quantum GIS]&lt;ref&gt;Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) - Open Source Software Package for Linux, Windows, Mac (2017) - LTR 2.18.11 access 2017/08/14 - https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html &lt;/ref&gt; and explore the [http://docs.qgis.org/2.14/en/docs/training_manual/ QGIS manual] and try to match the [[Geographic information system|general element of GIS]] with features offered in [http://docs.qgis.org/2.14/en/docs/training_manual/ QGIS manual] (Furthermore explore [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=quantum+gis+georeferencing QGIS ScreenCasts on Youtube] according to level of expertise in GIS).  
** extract data from GIS database process spatial data with R-script, 
** integrate generated maps and calculated R results in the KnitR document ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDy0y-H_HRQ&amp;t=1033s Spatial Analysis with R] Youtube published by ''Domino Data Lab'' 2016/02).
* '''(Jupyter)''' Analyse the Open Source framework [http://jupyter.org/ Jupyter] and analyse the difference and similarities between KnitR and Jupyter. When will you use KnitR and when would you use Jupyter.
* Analyse the [[COVID-19]] outbreak and the requirements of dynamic updates in 2020. What are the requirements and constraints to create a dynamic report mechanism based on KnitR and R for the COVID-19 epidemics.
* Explore the concept of [[Scientific Hackathon]] and explain why [[w:en:KnitR|KnitR]] can be used as a development environment for decision support products!
* '''([[/Templates/|KnitR Templates]])''' Create a KnitR template that loads input data from a dataset &lt;code&gt;input.csv&lt;/code&gt; calls a &lt;code&gt;process_data(...)&lt;/code&gt; function and creates an &lt;code&gt;output.csv&lt;/code&gt; for processed data. Include some of source data and aggregated source data in the R-Markdown.

== Some external knitR tutorials ==
* [https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/ Rstudio], an IDE to create knitR documents, containts also simple examples
* [http://kbroman.org/knitr_knutshell/ Karl Broman's minimal tutorial] discusses the very basics of knitR, a very good point to get you started
* [https://yihui.name/knitr/ The knitR homepage] does not only contain the source, but also some links and examples 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovdP3AOE5AE An introductional video] on [[:w:YouTube|YouTube]], which illustrates the generation of a knitR document using RStudio
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAaNVlC6FE A nice short video] to get you started in only five minutes

== Wiki to Markdown Conversion with PanDoc ==
The OpenSource tool [[w:Pandoc|PanDoc]] is called the &quot;swiss army knife&quot; of document conversion. Assume we have a KnitR document of a scientific paper that contains the KnitR code chunks for processing the data, that was analysed.
* converted the Markdown document of the paper  with [https://pandoc.org/try/ PanDoc-Online Converter] in a MediaWiki document.
** Create a sample document with the knitr-package in [[w:RStudio|RStudio]] and save the R-Markdown file with the extension &lt;kbd&gt;Rmd&lt;/kbd&gt; to your harddrive.
** Copy the content of your R-Markdown document to [https://pandoc.org/try/ PanDoc-Online Converter],
** select &lt;kbd&gt;Markdown (pandoc)&lt;/kbd&gt; as input format,
** select &lt;kbd&gt;MediaWiki&lt;/kbd&gt; as output format,
** press Convert-button and analyze the generated MediaWiki syntax of the text.
* The R-Code chunks for the analysis of the data (e.g. loaded from CSV file of spreadsheet document) is converted into a &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-environment. 
* This converted KnitR document is stored together with the scientific papers in the WikiJournal (e.g. [[WikiJournal of Medicine]]). If sampling of data was performed in the same way the application of the KnitR-document with the new data will be performed in the same algorithmic way. This KnitR-approach contributes to a workflow for [[Reproducible Science]].


==See also==
* [[b:R Programming/Publication Quality Ouput|The R Programming wikibook]]
* [[PanDocElectron]] converter for documents
* [[Educational Content Sink]]
* [[w:Reproducibility|Reproducibility]]
* [[Dynamic Document Generation]]
* [https://niebert.github.io/Wiki2Reveal/wtf_wikipedia.html HTML5 Processing of MediaWiki Markdown Acticles] - First milestone - access to MediaWiki source text in a HTML document with Javascript - example shows download of [[Swarm Intelligence|Wikiversity:Swarm Intelligence]] in a textarea of a HTML file.
* [[Scientific Hackathon]]
* [[Open community approach/Open Scientific Paper Development|Open Community Approach]]
* [[Open_source_science|Open Source Science]]
* [[COVID-19/Mathematical Modelling]] - Use case for dynamic reporting during an epidemiological spread.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://yihui.name/knitr/ KnitR Official website]
* [https://github.com/yihui/knitr Repository] on [[Wikipedia:GitHub|GitHub]]
* [https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples/ Example code] on [[Wikipedia:GitHub|GitHub]]
* [https://cran.r-project.org/package=knitr knitr package] on [[R (programming language)#Packages|CRAN]]
* [https://www.r-project.org/ R Statistics] and [[Wikipedia:RStudio|R Studio]] as Graphical User Interface for R.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUAaNVlC6FE Video - Learn Knitr in 5min (Youtube)] by Ram Narasimhan - retrieved 2016/10/11
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNJ3ygl_xa0  Video - Professional Report Writing with Sweave, LaTeX, and R  (Youtube)] by Nicolas Yager - retrieved 2016/10/11
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2VBzhLVz3o knitr: Automatically embedding R output in documents] by Joshua Wiley 2013/10/14
* [[PanDocElectron/How to create a html presentation]]
* [[Wikipedia:Pandoc]] to create MarkDown input for KnitR 
* [http://niebert.github.io/PanDocElectron PanDocElectron Installation Guide] for Linux Windows and Mac (Linux is supported currently with binaries for Ubuntu/Mint/Debian only) 
* [https://pandoc.org/demo Online Demo for Pandoc] for plain text documents to create MarkDown input for KnitR from other formats
* [http://pandoc.org Pandoc Official Website] Support for document converter
* [https://jupyter.org JuPyter] - Similar concepts of KnitR-package in R with python interface.

[[Category:R (programming language)]]
[[Category:Reproducibility]]
[[Category:Document Management]]


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      <text bytes="1692" sha1="mvxfz3ti0f81en97oxkv2ev1g3g339p" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:WikiJournal of Humanities/Editors]]

== Request to add me in your editorial board ==

==Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav==

{{WikiJournal editor application submitted
 | position                =Editorial board
 | name                    =Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav
 | qualifications          =BALL.B. (Hons.), LL.M., PhD (Law)
 | link                    = http://cup.edu.in/rajkumaryadav.php
 | areas_of_expertise      =Criminal Law, Clinical Legal Education and Alternative Dispute Resolution
 | professional_experience =15 Years
 | publishing_experience   =13 Years
 | open_experience         =10 Years
 | policy_confirm          =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Humanities. [[Special:Contributions/14.139.242.13|14.139.242.13]] ([[User talk:14.139.242.13|discuss]]) 12:24, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
}}

:I have signed in and leaving signature again.[[User:Rkyadavdhruv|Rkyadavdhruv]] ([[User talk:Rkyadavdhruv|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rkyadavdhruv|contribs]]) 12:25, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

==Editorial board application of ==

{{WikiJournal editor application submitted
 | position                =Editorial board
 | name                    =
 | qualifications          =
 | link                    =
 | areas_of_expertise      =
 | professional_experience =
 | publishing_experience   =
 | open_experience         =
 | policy_confirm          =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Humanities. [[User:JohnDVandevert|JohnDVandevert]] ([[User talk:JohnDVandevert|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JohnDVandevert|contribs]]) 13:54, 21 June 2025 (UTC)  I confirm?
}}</text>
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    <title>KnitR/Pitfalls</title>
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      <text bytes="2465" sha1="kym05qzrz70ai2yquhbj8fl8yuh56e5" xml:space="preserve">Learning about common pitfalls for advanced users provide insights in the structure of document generation. The provide solutions are templates for generic problem solving in document generation in KnitR. This section is not meant to be a debugging resource. So add KnitR problems with additional comments, so that learners understand more about the basic principles of [[Dynamic Document Generation|dynamic document generation]].

== PDF Output ==
PDF output uses LateX to render the output:
=== Lower Symbol in LaTeX Expression in R-Markdown ===
* '''Date:''' 2019/07/05
* '''Topic:''' Math delimiters and Symbols
==== Document with Bug ====
The mathematical expression with a lower sign  &lt;math&gt; y_{k} &lt; \alpha &lt;/math&gt; causes a problem in the PDF rendering of the following R-markdown source document:

  ---
  title: &quot;Document Test PDF output&quot;
  author: &quot;Bert Niehaus&quot;
  date: &quot;9 7 2019&quot;
  output: pdf_document
  ---
  
  ```{r setup, include=FALSE}
  knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
  ```
  
  The equation $y_{k} &lt; \alpha$  is not rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output

==== Expected output ====
The latex expression should render to:
:: ''The equation &lt;math&gt; y_{k} &lt; \alpha &lt;/math&gt;  is not rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output''

==== Error Message ====
  ! Missing $ inserted.
  &lt;inserted text&gt; 
               $
  l.92 The equation \$ y\_\{k\} \textless{} \alpha

Explanation: the lower symbol is replace by the textless command, which is OK when the less symbol is used in regular text mode. But if the replacement is performed in the math environment in R-Markdown, this replacement causes a problem for document rendering due to fact that the ''textless''-command in LaTeX is meant to used in text mode and not in a math environment.

=== Solution ===
Do not wrap the inline math not with a single Dollar-character replace the  '''math''' environment delimiters with &lt;code&gt; \( math expression \) &lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;markdown&quot;&gt;
 The equation  \( y_{k} &lt; \alpha \)  is norw rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Lesson learnt ===
The general recommendation is to use the Dollar symbol &quot;$&quot; as an inline math delimiter in R-Markdown outside. Use &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; as left inline math delimiter and &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt; as right delimiter. Wrap the mathematical expression with two blanks.

== See also ==
* [[Dynamic Document Generation]]

[[Category:Document Management]]
[[Category:LaTeX]]</text>
      <sha1>kym05qzrz70ai2yquhbj8fl8yuh56e5</sha1>
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      <id>2719417</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-22T10:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2509" sha1="liphhdiclhtov6t9srgrojxyhttervr" xml:space="preserve">Learning about common pitfalls for advanced users provide insights in the structure of document generation. The provide solutions are templates for generic problem solving in document generation in KnitR. This section is not meant to be a debugging resource. So add KnitR problems with additional comments, so that learners understand more about the basic principles of [[Dynamic Document Generation|dynamic document generation]].

== PDF Output ==
PDF output uses LateX to render the output:
=== Lower Symbol in LaTeX Expression in R-Markdown ===
* '''Date:''' 2019/07/05
* '''Topic:''' Math delimiters and Symbols
==== Document with Bug ====
The mathematical expression with a lower sign  &lt;math&gt; y_{k} &lt; \alpha &lt;/math&gt; causes a problem in the PDF rendering of the following R-markdown source document:

  ---
  title: &quot;Document Test PDF output&quot;
  author: &quot;Bert Niehaus&quot;
  date: &quot;9 7 2019&quot;
  output: pdf_document
  ---
  
  ```{r setup, include=FALSE}
  knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
  ```
  
  The equation $y_{k} &lt; \alpha$  is not rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output

==== Expected output ====
The latex expression should render to:
:: ''The equation &lt;math&gt; y_{k} &lt; \alpha &lt;/math&gt;  is not rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output''

==== Error Message ====
  ! Missing $ inserted.
  &lt;inserted text&gt; 
               $
  l.92 The equation \$ y\_\{k\} \textless{} \alpha

Explanation: the lower symbol is replace by the textless command, which is OK when the less symbol is used in regular text mode. But if the replacement is performed in the math environment in R-Markdown, this replacement causes a problem for document rendering due to fact that the ''textless''-command in LaTeX is meant to used in text mode and not in a math environment.

=== Solution ===
Do not wrap the inline math not with a single Dollar-character replace the  '''math''' environment delimiters with &lt;code&gt; \( math expression \) &lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;markdown&quot;&gt;
 The equation  \( y_{k} &lt; \alpha \)  is norw rendered properly in R-Markdown with PDF output
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Lesson learnt ===
The general recommendation is to use the Dollar symbol &quot;$&quot; as an inline math delimiter in R-Markdown outside. Use &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; as left inline math delimiter and &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt; as right delimiter. Wrap the mathematical expression with two blanks.

== See also ==
* [[Dynamic Document Generation]]

[[Category:Document Management]]
[[Category:LaTeX]]

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    <title>Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball</title>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="137541" sha1="hrjvb81sz2z3me8vxgrefuegjb1bg79" xml:space="preserve">=Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897=

==Logistics==
1897 July 2, Friday, one of the major social events of the &quot;season&quot; of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee

The invitations were for 10:30 p.m., but people began to arrive about 10:00, and the Duke of Devonshire came down to greet the Prince and Princess of Wales at 11:00 p.m.

The invitations asked people to dress as monarchs and their courts from the past or as goddesses or figures from antiquity.

Weather: According to the ''Times'', it was 63 degrees at midnight in London, just as the ball was getting underway, with a dew point of 58, which means that it would not have been as oppressive in all those leather, velvet and satin costumes as well as metal armor as it could have been.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Weather, The.&quot; The London ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 10 [of 20], Col. 1A. The ''Times Digital Archive''. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Location: The party was at Devonshire House, in Picadilly, hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Louisa Cavendish]], the Duchess, and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Compton Cavendish]], the 8th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]].

==Who Was There We Might Recognize Now==
The people who attended this party belonged to the most elite circles of society and were in the social networks of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Louise Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. The people in these networks were not the same as the people in, for example, Queen Victoria's networks. The social network of the Prince of Wales did not exclude people who were divorced, involved in extra-marital relationships, or associated with scandal or gossip. It also included Jews, Americans, businessmen and the ''nouveau riche'', and actors and actresses, even if they were not particularly wealthy, so long as they were beautiful, witty and able to keep the prince amused. In their day, they were celebrities, the subjects of newspaper reports and were considered stylish, &quot;fast,&quot; and social leaders. Many of these people would not be familiar now to many of us. The ones that we might find familiar include the following:

* [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] later King Edward VII, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], later Queen Alexandra.
* [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|George of Wales]], Duke of York and Duchess of York, Princess (Victoria Mary) May or [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary of Teck]], later King George V and Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth II's grandparents. (For fans of the tv series ''[[wikipedia:The_Crown_(TV_series)|The Crown]]'', the role of Queen Mary was played by [[wikipedia:Eileen_Atkins|Eileen Atkins]].)
* Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of[[Social Victorians/People/Derby | Derby]], who commissioned the first Stanley Cup and presented it to Canda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-12|title=Stanley Cup|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup&amp;oldid=972518864|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire Stanley family was engaged with hockey when Frederick Arthur Stanley was Governor General of Canada (1888 to 1893).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-27|title=Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby&amp;oldid=975203053|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The horse-racing derbies also are named for the Earls of Derby.
* Lady Frances, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]], called Daisy, the person for whom Henry Dacre's 1892 song &quot;Bicycle Built for Two&quot; was written.&lt;ref&gt;Reid, Carlton. ''Roads Were Not Built for Cars: How Cyclists Were the First to Push for Good Roads and Became the Pioneers of Motoring''. Island Press, 2015: 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Oscar Wilde dedicated ''A Woman of No Importance'' to Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Lady de Grey]].
* [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Winston Churchill]], who was at the ball by virtue of his mother's popularity in these social networks; he was 24 in 1897 and so little known that only the ''Gentlewoman'' reported his attendance.
* A number of [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschilds]] were present: Lady (Emma Louise von Rothschild) and Lord Rothschild (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild), Baron F. de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild (possibly Leopold and Marie Perugia Rothschild), Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, Alfred Rothschild (?), Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea, and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea. Louisa, Lady de Rothschild also attended.
*Prince Charles (or Carl) of Denmark was married to Princess Maud of Wales, the daughter of the Albert Edward, Prince and Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. He became King Haakon VII of Norway, and Princess Maud of Wales became Queen of Norway. The role of the old King Haakon VII in the tv series ''[[wikipedia:Atlantic_Crossing_(TV_series)|Atlantic Crossing]]'' was played by [[wikipedia:Søren_Pilmark|Søren Pilmark]].
*Some people will recognize the name Joe Cresswell, known for being the commanding officer for a destroyer that captured an intact Enigma machine; his father, [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Baker-Cresswell]], was at the ball.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|William St. John Freemantle Brodrick, later Viscount Midleton]], related by marriage to Agatha Whitehead von Trapp,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-18|title=Robert Whitehead|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whitehead&amp;oldid=973672889|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; first wife of Georg von Trapp and thus the mother of the 7 children in the von Trapp singers. (Agatha Whitehead von Trapp died of scarlet fever in 1922, and Georg von Trapp remarried in 1927 Maria August Kutschera, former novice of Nonnberg Abbey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-05|title=Georg von Trapp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Trapp&amp;oldid=976801201|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) Some controversy exists about the accuracy of this genealogy.
* While few of us would recognize the name [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]], we might recognize the bank he founded: Deutsche Bank.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] was a Life Governor of De Beers and friend of Cecil Rhodes.
*[[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Michael Arthur Bass]], 1st Baron Burton of Burton-on-Trent and of Rangemore and Chairman of Bass Brewery, which was founded in 1777 by Michael Arthur Bass's ancestor William Bass. According to the ''Wikipedia'' article on the Bass Brewery, by 1887 Bass was the largest brewery in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-03-19|title=Bass Brewery|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass_Brewery&amp;oldid=1012919731|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Edward Cecil Guinness]], 1st Earl of Iveagh and Chairman of Guiness Brewery, which was founded in 1759 by Edward Guiness's ancestor Arthur Guiness. 

==Workers Associated with the Ball==
A number of people were present not as people invited to the ball but as staff.

The people who were in attendance on the Royals are not technically staff as we would normally think of it, as they were aristocrats or the children of people with titles, perhaps named as attendant or perhaps as a member of the &quot;household.&quot; They were staff at the same time because they were paid employees, although most would not likely accept that description. Not all the Royals at the ball are described in the newspapers as having been accompanied by attendants — the courtiers who usually attended them — but it seems likely that they all would have been. Some of these attendants are described in the newspapers, perhaps those who were invited in their own right.

Some were staff and servants working in Devonshire House or for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at one of his other properties. These people would have helped prepare for the ball, would have served dinner and cleaned up after people, or would have been responsible for the flowers and decorations, like the gardening staff at the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]]'s manorial estate, Chatsworth House, who brought flowers from there for decorations at the ball.

Devonshire staff who are named and likely contributed to the 1897 ball included
* Mr. J. P. Cockerell, agent for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire
* Mr. W. S. Lawrence, house steward for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire
* Mr. Chester, head gardener at Chatsworth House
* Mr. May, gardener for the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire

=== [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|Photographer]] ===
Some people at the ball, like [[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|the photographer Lafayette]] and the people who worked at that firm or the musicians, for example, served as staff of the party itself.

=== Gardeners ===
The gardens at Chatsworth House provided the greens and flowers for the ball. Chatworth House was (and still is) known for its gardens; the conservatory was designed by Joseph Paxton (1803–1865), who constructed several glass houses, including the Great Conservatory (demolished after World War I), which were the basis of his design for the Crystal Palace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-22|title=Joseph Paxton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Paxton&amp;oldid=1181394370|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paxton.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',&lt;blockquote&gt;
Flowers arrived early on the day of the party, and by the afternoon each room was a mass of orchids and exotic plants from Paxton's great conservatory at Chatsworth. The large marble tazza in the hall was filled with water lilies, and there was even a Night Flowering cactus, a tropical plant whose flowers bloom at night and last a few hours before dying by morning. ...

On each table [in the supper marquee] were palm fronds after the fashion set by the Savoy Hotel the previous year, and hidden in these fronds and the flower arrangements around the marquee were tiny electric lights which gave a glittering, fairy-like appearance to the room. This was a novelty in 1897, and the Duchess was taking a risk, as in these early days of electricity, hostesses who chose this form of lighting were apt to find their parties plunged into darkness without warning. Fortunately, at this event all was well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:182&quot;&gt;Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|137}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Belfast News-letter'',

&lt;blockquote&gt;The elaborate floral decorations were all carried out under the direction of Mr. Chester, the head gardener of Chatsworth, and the whole of the lovely flowers and palms were sent up from the conservatories and gardens on the estate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9c [of 9]–6, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Describing a later social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, the ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898, about half a year later: &quot;Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place [in Eastbourne], including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke.&quot; ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Serving Staff ===

The staff of Devonshire House was in costume. According to '''''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''''', some of the staff who worked the ball were hired from the &quot;outside,&quot; and some were already staff at Devonshire House:&lt;blockquote&gt;Then there was the mammoth task of organising costumes for the staff, as the Duchess had decided that they should all be in fancy dress. Those hired from outside were to wear Elizabethan and Egyptian costumes from a theatrical outfitter and, for the Devonshire House staff, the men were to be dressed in the blue and buff Devonshire livery of the eighteenth century and the maids in Elizabethan sprigged frocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|137}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;That is, the male staff, &quot;if not wearing the full liveries of the House of Cavendish, were in black knee-breeches with white wigs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.” ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 4b}} The livery of the House of Cavendish for the &quot;late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries&quot; was &quot;beautiful yellow and black uniforms&quot; worn with a tricorn hat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chatsworth.org/news-media/news-blogs-press-releases/from-servants-to-staff-blog-series/from-servants-to-staff-keeping-up-appearances/|title=From Servants to Staff: Keeping Up Appearances|date=2024-01-29|website=www.chatsworth.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-02-07}} https://www.chatsworth.org/news-media/news-blogs-press-releases/from-servants-to-staff-blog-series/from-servants-to-staff-keeping-up-appearances/.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''Brenda'''] (The footmen who worked for the Duke of Devonshire were generally tall, as were at least some of the &quot;female servants employed by the Cavendish family during the early twentieth&quot; century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt;)

Those who served supper did not wear livery: &quot;The waiters moving about among the supper-folk were dressed as our great-grandfathers in the time of Pitt were dressed — the hair bunched in a black bag, black courtiers' coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and buckle shoes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}} (The &quot;time of Pitt&quot; probably refers to William Pitt the Younger, the Tory rival of Whig Charles Fox, a relation of Georgiana Cavendish, 5th Duchess of Devonshire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-31|title=Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire&amp;oldid=1201280995|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire.&lt;/ref&gt;)

Also, the &quot;Masters of Ceremonies in '''Louise''' [sic] Seize military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2c}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}} (Louis XVI reigned 1774–1792, with Marie Antoinette.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-28|title=Louis XVI|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI&amp;oldid=1199967874|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI.&lt;/ref&gt; William Cavendish (1764–1811) was the 5th Duke of Devonshire, and the last Duchess of Devonshire before Louise was Georgiana Cavendish, the 5th Duke's wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-19|title=William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Cavendish,_5th_Duke_of_Devonshire&amp;oldid=1197241932|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_5th_Duke_of_Devonshire.&lt;/ref&gt;)

Lady Violet Greville, who wrote the article on the ball in the ''Graphic'', says, &quot;even the servants, in their own quaint and barbaric Eastern dress, carried out the illusion of antiquity to their knee breeches and white wigs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Greville, Violet, Lady. &quot;Devonshire House Ball.&quot; ''The Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 15, Col. 1b}} (No evidence exists that Lady Greville was present at the ball, although her son and daughter in law were.)

Hired from Outside

Those staff who were dressed &quot;in their own quaint and barbaric Eastern dress&quot; were hired for the occasion. 

The &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession

After people were welcomed by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, &quot;Masters of the Ceremonies in The article in the ''Gentlewoman'' says something very similar, although not identical: the Duchess of Devonshire's &quot;Masters of the Ceremonies were in Louis Seize military uniforms, and they ushered the guests through into the inner rooms, with the exception of the Oriental queens, who, with their suites, assembled in the white and gold saloon, which was brilliantly lit by hundreds of wax candles, as were, indeed, all the rooms.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}}

=== Visual Artists ===

==== Photographers ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Lauder|James Stack Lauder]], known as Lafayette because that was the name of his firm, was invited by the Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire |Devonshire]] to set up a temporary studio in the garden and take portrait photographs of the guests in their costumes at the ball.

While Lafayette is in many ways the most important photographer documenting the costumes for this event because he was present at the ball, with the imprimatur of the Duke of Devonshire, other photographers also took part in documenting this event. We see their work in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]] made of ones taken a week later by Lafayette as well as ones made by other photographers were collected as a hostess gift for the Duchess and given to her in 1899. A copy of this album is in the National Portrait Gallery and has been digitized.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Painters ====
Some of the portraits in the ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album are drawings or paintings rather than photographs:

# William Dodge James as Monsieur d'Artagnan by Le Conteur: [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158631/William-Dodge-James-as-Monsieur-dArtagnan?set=515%3BDevonshire+House+Fancy+Dress+Ball+Album&amp;displayNo=60&amp;wPage=4&amp;search=ap&amp;rNo=267&amp;_gl=1*1xgxhc1*_up*MQ..*_ga*NjIxMDIyMzU3LjE3MjM4MTcwNjM.*_ga_3D53N72CHJ*MTcyMzgxOTU3OS4yLjAuMTcyMzgxOTU3OS4wLjAuMA.. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158631/William-Dodge-James-as-Monsieur-dArtagnan].
# Marie Elizabeth Françoise Hope-Vere (née Guillemin) as Medusa by John Thomson: https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158596/Marie-Elizabeth-Franoise-Hope-Vere-ne-Guillemin-as-Medusa.
# Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe as Philip II of Spain by Frederick Hollyer: https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158568/Robert-Offley-Ashburton-Crewe-Milnes-1st-Marquess-of-Crewe-as-Philip-II-of-Spain.
# Sir Seymour John Fortescue as a Venetian Lawyer, after the picture by Moroni in the National Gallery by Unknown artist: https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158548/Sir-Seymour-John-Fortescue-as-a-Venetian-Lawyer-after-the-picture-by-Moroni-in-the-National-Gallery.
# Helena Violet Alice (née Fraser), Countess of Stradbroke as Delilah by Lafayette: https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158506/Helena-Violet-Alice-ne-Fraser-Countess-of-Stradbroke-as-Delilah.

'''''Clara Rook'''''

With respect to the ball, [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clara Rook]] worked as a fashion illustrator for ''The Queen'', providing line drawings of 31 costumes, the wearers sketched in. The 10 July 1897 issue of the paper printed 29 line drawings with her signature &quot;CRook&quot; as part of the full-page illustration (beginning here: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/137/0039). The 17 July issue has her signature for each of the 2 drawings (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970717/283/0064). Her images are fashion illustrations, showing details of the costumes' design, and not portraits of the people who wore the costumes (like the photographs taken of them by Lafayette or one of the 19 other professional photographers who made portraits of some of the guests in their costumes).

'''''Amelie Küssner'''''

The &quot;fashionable miniaturist&quot; Amelie Küssner painted the Prince of Wales in his costume.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Notes — Mainly Personal.&quot; ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' Monday 27 December 1897: 3 [of 6], Col. 2A. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18971227/006/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''H. A. Stock'''''

According to the ''Western Daily Press'', H. A. Stock, a &quot;much-admired&quot; west-of-England painter, &quot;represented one or two of the personages taking part in the Devonshire House fancy dress ball.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours. West of England Artists.&quot; ''Western Daily Press'' Monday 20 March 1899: 3 [of 8], Col. 8B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18990320/012/0003.&lt;/ref&gt; At the 32nd Exhibition of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours that opened 12 March 1898, Mr. Stocks exhibited a &quot;portrait of a well-known society lady in the costume she wore at the Devonshire House fancy dress ball.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent. By Special Wire.&quot; ''Dundee Advertiser'' 11 March 1898, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sculptors ====
The Marchioness of Granby, who at this time was [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners]], commissioned a bust by George Frampton.&lt;ref&gt;''Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser'' 31 May 1901, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7a. ''British Newspaper Archive''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Musicians ===
At least two ensembles were present and providing music, Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band and, early the next morning, the White Hungarian Band. One was called an orchestra and the other a band: according to the ''Guernsey Star'', &quot;The orchestra was placed in close proximity to the ballroom, and another band played a programme in the garden.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle.&quot; ''The Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2c}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says that the Blue Hungarian Band was near the saloon where the guests at the ball presented themselves to the Royals:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of &quot;God Save the Queen,&quot; and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2a}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Blue Hungarian Band advertised in the ''Morning Post'':

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Lacon and Ollier's Blue Hungarian Band.

Cymbalos, Berkes Geza and Miska.

has arrived in town for the Season. — Engagements for balls, receptions, &amp;c., to be made to 163A, New Bond-street, W.

This band was specially engaged for the Duchess of Devonshire's ball on Friday last.&lt;ref&gt;[Advertisement]. ''Morning Post'' Wednesday 7 July 1897: 6 [of 12], Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/002/0006&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to a letter to the editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' by &quot;One Who Was There,&quot; the White Hungarian Band was present at the very end.&lt;ref&gt;One Who Was There. &quot;Devonshire House: A Retrospect.&quot; Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2c.  ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

Describing something that seems to be quite different, the ''Westminster Gazette'' says, &quot;A mandoline band under the sycamore trees killed time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2a}}

=== Costumiers, Perruquiers, and Jewelers ===
Some of the people who attended the ball wore costumes made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers|costumiers, but many of them used the dressmakers and jewelers]] who already knew them and their bodies. And because private theatricals were so common, they might already have been familiar with costumiers and perruquiers.

General, contextualizing descriptions of the costumes can be found in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#General Discussions of the Costumes|Anthology]].

=== Journalists and Newspaper Men Present ===
Several men who owned newspapers were present at the ball, but it seems very unlikely that they were invited because of their associations with journalism unless they were already part of the social network that the list of people who attended the ball can be seen to represent. Also, of course, given the class of people invited to the ball, they were not reporters but proprietors and editors. Still, their newspapers played a very important role in the reportage on the event, which makes them worth identifying separately:

* [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]], proprietor of the ''Morning Post'', and son and editor Oliver Borthwick
* [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Oppenheim]], one of three proprietors of the ''Daily News'' in July 1897; Oppenheim was apparently the only one of the three present at the ball.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|William Gervase Beckett]], proprietor and editor in chief of the ''Saturday Review''

While Borthwick and Oppenheim represented newspapers that gave a great deal of attention to the ball, their presence at the ball does not suggest their newspapers necessarily took it more seriously. The newspapers that had the biggest articles about the ball the day after are the following. The main article about the ball

* on 10 July 1897 in the ''Gentlewoman'' is 8,489 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Morning Post'' is 7,719 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the ''Daily Telegraph'' is 7,673 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Evening Standard'' is 7,048 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Times'' is 5,675 words.
* on 5 July 1897 in the London Evening Mail is 5,365 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the London ''Daily News'' is 3,676 words.
* on 3 July 1897 in the ''Westminster Gazette'' is 2,959 words.

The articles in the ''Gentlewoman'' and the ''Graphic'' (this last one written by Lady Violet Greville), both 10 July 1897, had a very large number of illustrations, which made them longer than the number of words itself would suggest.

===[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |Anthology of Reports]]===
A collection of excerpts of descriptions from the newspaper and magazine reports, called here an [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology |anthology]], gives a sense of what people read about the event.

Reporting on this event began months before it, as soon I think as rumors that it would take place began to circulate, and continued for many months after; it occasionally shows up in a newspaper report years later.

==People Present==
Most social events of this size that included the Prince and Princess of Wales, especially those hosted by them, were reported in the newspapers with a list of people invited, generally in order by rank. Royals, including royals from countries outside the U.K., were listed first, often as special guests. The ranks of the aristocracy followed, with dukes together, marquises, earls, and so on. Sometimes the toponyms were in alphabetical order; occasionally they were just grouped; I never saw a list that followed the orders of precedence beyond the general groupings by title. If members of a family were present and had a title, they were in the lists by their title with their family members listed with them.

No newspaper printed a complete list of those invited to this ball, probably because the Duchess of Devonshire did not release such a list to the newspapers. This list, then, is the result of trawling through every contemporary account of the ball. It is possible, perhaps, to confirm the presence of some people, because, for example, they appear in the Album of portraits given as a thank-you gift to the Duchess in 1899. The fact that more than one newspaper mentions someone's presence may mean not confirmation but the fact that one or both of these newspaper were reprinting articles originally published somewhere else.

The random quality to the list below, then, arises from the newspapers themselves. Further, the location of the names on the list depends on which newspaper article I was working from at the time. I began with the London ''Morning News'' because of its audience and reputation for gossip and social news for the aristocracy and oligarchy. Almost all other lists of attendees are made up only of what was published in the ''Times'', which is a good list but not the best (because of its repetitions) and nowhere near complete.

Husbands and wives are often not listed together in the newspaper reports on the ball, and sometimes, as with the ''Times'', the same people are listed in several places with different titles and honorifics.

Also influential in developing the list of attendees and identifying some who were mentioned in newspapers but without enough identifying information was the Album, which included the photographs of some of the attendees in their costumes, a copy of which is in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and another in the British Library.

A list of people whom it would seem likely would have been at the ball but are not mentioned in the press are below, in the section [[1897 Fancy Dress Ball#People_Absent|People Absent]].

=== Ways to Understand Who Attended vs Who Would Never Have Been Invited ===
The people who were invited and attended this ball were members of the aristocracy, the oligarchy and the government and some members of their families, but not all members of these groups were part of the social networks that make up the attendance list of the ball.

==== Some Members of the Aristocracy ====

==== Some Members of the Oligarchy ====
A number of untitled or only-recently titled people attended the ball, mostly wealthy plutocrats or oligarchs, or, to use Gladstone's term, the &quot;neo-plutoi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|qtd. in, p. 223}}

==== Some Members of Government ====

==== The Values of These Particular People ====

* Not middle-class notions of respectability

==== The Role of Women in the Social World in Determining Access to the Aristocracy and These Social Networks ====

==== The Costs of Attending this Ball ====

* Costumes
* Resetting jewelry
* Access to people who could produce the costumes, accessories and whatever they did with their hair

===Missing from the List: Indian Dignitaries===
Missing from this list are the dignitaries from India, who were said to have been present. According to the ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' dated 2 July 1897, the day of the party, &quot;The Duchess [of Devonshire] has secured the attendance of many of the Indian Rajahs, who have merely to present themselves in the gorgeous dresses with which they have decorated London drawing-rooms during the past fortnight. ... — London Correspondent.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Devonshire Ball.” ''Dundee Evening Telegraph'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 3 [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000453/18970702/017/0003.&lt;/ref&gt; In a letter to the Editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' on 6 July 1897, &quot;One Who Was There&quot; is lamenting about how, now that the ball was over, people would not see the beautiful costumes again. Unlike most of the people who attended, however, &quot;The Indian princes were happy in their lot — no hired possessions theirs, but treasure trove, and they could play at dressing up whenever they pleased.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;One Who Was There. &quot;Devonshire House: A Retrospect.&quot; Letters to the Editor. ''Pall Mall Gazette'' Tuesday 6 July 1897: 3 [of 12], Col. 2C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970706/009/0003.&lt;/ref&gt; Describing wearing Indian late-19th-century native dress as &quot;play[ing] at dressing up&quot; reveals perhaps that part of the attraction of inviting these people, who were likely in London for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, were their colorful and exotic clothing.

We know that &quot;the Maharajah of Kapurthala&quot; was present (at 195 in the list below) and at Table 10 in the first supper seating.

No other newspapers stories talked about the presence of many Indian Rajahs, but perhaps the reporters didn't see them arrive or depart and didn't know who they were. These dignitaries are likely to have been in London to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee; perhaps their names can be guessed from those named at other events from about this time.

[[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh]] (at 605) was not a dignitary from India: he was living in London at this time.

On [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|6 July 1897, Tuesday]], just 4 days after the fancy-dress ball, the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted a garden party that was attended by a number of people from South Asia, who were named in the ''Morning Post'' article about the garden party. Although Duleep Singh himself is not mentioned, his English wife, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, Countess of Selkirk, was present and mentioned just after this:&lt;blockquote&gt;The company arrived in quick succession from four till nearly seven o'clock by the two side entrances to the grounds, as well as the principal entrance in Piccadilly, and the presence of our Indian and Colonial visitors in their picturesque and varied uniforms testified to the far-reaching popularity of the Duke of Devonshire and the hostess. The Maharajah of Kapurthala, the Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee, the Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh, Thakur Hari Singh, Kumar Dhopal Singh, Rajah Khetri Singh, Rajah Agit Singh, Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura, Bijey Singh, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy, and the Maha Mudalayar of Kandy, besides the officers of the Imperial Service Troops and the Officers of the Native Cavalry Corps were present. Among those who attended were:

Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike, Senathi Rajah, Deir Senathi Rajah ....&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 07 July 1897 Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 6a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970707/069/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;That is, assuming that those who were in London on 6 July 1897 were also likely in London on 2 July, these visitors from South Asia might have attended the fancy-dress ball as well:

* The Maharajah of Kapurthala
* The Thakur Sahib of Gondal and the Maharanee
* The Maharajah Sir Pertab Singh
* Thakur Hari Singh
* Kumar Dhopal Singh
* Rajah Khetri Singh
* Rajah Agit Singh, who visited the Lafayette studios in London on 18 June 1897, so we know he could have been in London between then and the ball. Russell Harris's ''The Lafayette Studio and Princely India'' says, &quot;The ''Illustrated London News'', describing foreign visiting dignitaries to London, said of him: 'He personally administers the State and manages his six properties, one of which, yielding a rental of Rs 150,000, was granted to him by the British Government as a reward for the military services of his ancestors.' The Raja was a good friend and an ardent disciple of Swami Vivekananda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Harris, Russell. ''The Lafayette Studio and Princely India''. Roli Books Pvt, 2001. Qtd in {{Cite web|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/lafayette-studio-and-princely-india-naj172/|title=The Lafayette Studio and Princely India {{!}} Exotic India Art|website=www.exoticindiaart.com|language=en|access-date=2023-07-17}} https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/lafayette-studio-and-princely-india-naj172/.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Raj Kuman Umaid of Shapura
* Bijey Singh
* Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy and Miss and the Messrs. Jejeebhoy
* The Maha Mudalayar of Kandy
* Dona Solomon Dias Bandaranaike and Miss Amy Dias Bandaranaike
* Senathi Rajah
* Deir Senathi Rajah

The list of attendees to this garden party follows the pattern of the typical list for this kind of event that included royals, visiting dignitaries and officials, and aristocracy from other nations. That is, people are listed more or less in rank order and grouped by family, as if the newspaper had received a copy of the invitation list itself. The list of people who attended the fancy-dress ball is not ordered in these ways, as if the newspapers were not given the invitation list. This difference might explain why the ''Morning Post'' knew the names of these dignitaries from South Asia on 7 July but did not on 3 July.

=== Possible Errors ===

*Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, but Hon. Mr. and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke are at 325 and 236, respectively.
*Mr. S. Cavendish (at 656) may be an error; he may be [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. R. Cavendish]], who is already in the list (at 107)
*The National Portrait Gallery letterpress on her portrait says that Lady Helen Stewart is Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] (at 43, right after her mother in this list). Helen Stewart-Murray, daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Duke of Atholl]] (at 657) was probably a misidentification.
*Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 718) and Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]] (at 719) are difficult to identify given the honorifics. Possibly the J. is a typo for T. in the ''Times'' report?
*The [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]] were in a quadrille with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]]: The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Ker]] are at 23, two women. If each woman had one sash, then there were 2 ladies Villiers and 2 ladies Ker. Lady Edith Villiers (at 282) was definitely in the Cosway quadrille; Lady M. Villiers (at 433) is probably Lady Margaret Villiers, so that might be both the Ladies Villiers. (Mr. E. Villiers is at 326.)
* The ''Times'' article&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; lists both Mrs. George Curzon and then later Mr. and Mrs. Curzon; was George there? or was this another couple? Several people are treated this way, mentioned earlier in the ''Times'' article and then apparently showing up later, with fewer honorifics, especially if they are Hon.'s. Also, there may be duplicates because of variant spellings of the names.
* The [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Stanleys]] — the family name of the [[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Earls of Derby]] — were a challenge to untangle, and a few remain unidentified, like E. Stanley (at 248), who is probably not [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Edward Stanley]] (at 188), who was not in the Duchess procession, as E. Stanley was said to be, and who would likely not be called E. Stanley, as Lord Edward was expected to be the next Earl of Derby. Lady W. Stanley (at 474) and Lady J. Stanley (at 250) are also unidentified at this time.

===List of People Who Attended===
In no particular order, just as their names were found in the newspapers. The only real rational order would be in order of precedence and then alphabetical among those who 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales | Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], train borne by
##[[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Hon. Louvima Knollys|Hon. Louvima Knollys]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Prince George of Wales, Duke of York]], at this point heir to the throne. He and the Duchess of York were attended by
## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547)
## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152)
# [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary, Duchess of York]], who was Mary of Teck, in attendance on Alexandra. She and George, Duke of York were attended by
## Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp | Mary Lygon]] (at 547)
## Sir Charles[[Social Victorians/People/Cust | Cust]] (at 152)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (son of &quot;Affie,&quot; [[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]])
# Prince[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]]
# Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]]
# The[[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia | Grand Duke Michael of Russia]]
# Princess Louise, Duchess of[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Connaught and Strathearn]] (Princess Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes of Prussia) (Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught is at 369)
# Princess[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein | Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]] (her parents, Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein are at 6 and 7)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck | Francis, Duke of Teck]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Alexander of Teck]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Francis of Teck]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duke of Fife]] (the Duchess of Fife is at 177)
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura Williamina Seymour of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen |Countess Helena Gleichen]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish | Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
#[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish | Spencer Cavendish]], Duke of Devonshire
# [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch |Duke of Buccleuch]], ([[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|the Duchess of Bucchleuch]] is at 24)
#[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu | William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Manchester]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Manchester is at 175)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duchess of Roxburghe]] (the Duke of Roxburghe, her son, is at 48)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (the Duke of Buccleuch is at 20)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott | Katharine Scott]]
# Lady[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott | Constance Scott]]
# Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duke of Somerset]] (Susan St. Maur, Duchess of Somerset at 209)
# William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duke of Portland]] (Duchess of Portland at 29; Mildred Grenfell at 30)
# Winifred Anna Dallas-Yorke Cavendish-Bentinck, the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland |Duchess of Portland]] (the Duke of Portland  at 27)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell | Mildred Grenfell]]
# Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Countess of Dudley]] (William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Alva |Duke of Alva]]— probably Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart y Palafox, [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|16th Duke of Alba]] (possibly his son, Lord Alva, is at 405)
# Millicent Fanny St. Clair-Erskine Leveson-Gower, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland |Duchess of Sutherland]] (the Duke of Sutherland is at 623)
# Katherine Cavendish Grosvenor, the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duchess of Westminster]] (the Duke is at 173)
# Katherine Frances Lambton Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds |Duchess of Leeds]] (the duke is at 455)
# Constance Villiers Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |Countess of Derby]] (Frederick, Earl of Derby is at 210)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |Daisy (Mary Theresa) Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of [[Social Victorians/People/Pless | Pless]] (Prince Henry of Pless is at 40)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Hon. George Keppel]] (Alice Keppel is at 231)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Prince Henry of Pless]] (&quot;Daisy&quot; Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West | Cornwallis-West]], Princess Henry of Pless, is at 38)
# Evelyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Alington |Lady Alington]] (Humphrey Sturt is at 120)
# Theresa Chetwynd-Talbot Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry |Marchioness of Londonderry]] (the Marquess of Londonderry is at 511)
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
# Lady Beatrix [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne | Petty-FitzMaurice]], daughter of the [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquess and Marchioness of Lansdowne]], in attendance on the Marchioness of Londonderry (at 42)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Lady Beatrice Butler]] (Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]], is at 372; Constance Butler is at 373)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (daughter of James Hamilton, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Duke of Abercorn]])
#[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling |Miss Stirling]] (possibly Evelyn Mary Caroline Lilah Stirling)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marchioness of Zetland]] (The Marquis of Zetland is at 59; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe |Duke of Roxburghe]] (The Duchess of Roxburghe, his mother, is at 22)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Winchester |Marquis of Winchester]]
# Maud Hamilton Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice is at 43)
# Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne |Marquis of Lansdowne]]
# Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Countess of Warwick]] (the Earl of Warwick is at 525)
# Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Countess of Yarborough]] (the Earl is at 61)
# Beatrix Jane Craven,[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Countess Cadogan]] (Earl Cadogan is at 176)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lady Emily Lurgan]] (Lord Lurgan is at 165)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Lady Sophie Scott]] (Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., is at 99)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie | Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (the Countess of Mar and Kellie is at 160)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland |Marquis of Zetland]] (The Marchioness of Zetland is at 48; son, Earl of Ronaldshay, is at 529)
# William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Earl Beauchamp]] (Lady Mary Lygon, his sister, is at 547)
# Charles Anderson-Pelham, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough |Earl of Yarborough]] (The Countess of Yarborough is at 54)
# Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Earl Harewood]] (Lady Harewood is at 524)
# William Humble Ward, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Earl of Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271)
# George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Earl Essex]] (the Adele Grant Cappell, Countess of Essex is at 194)
# Edward [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers | Villiers]], 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Earl Clarendon]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Count Franz Deym]] (Countess Deym is at 67)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym |Countess Isabel Deym]] (Count Deym is at 66)
# Francis Egerton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Earl of Ellesmere]] (his daughter Lady Mabel Egerton is at 544)
# Lord Carington: Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington |Earl Carrington]]
# William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Earl of Selborne]] (Beatrix Palmer, Lady Selborne is at 557)
# Edward Montagu, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich |Earl of Sandwich]]
# Henry William Edmund Petty-FitzMaurice,[[Social Victorians/People/Kerry | Earl Kerry]]
# Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart,[[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Viscount Castlereagh]]
# Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |1st Viscount Peel]]
# Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscountess Raincliffe]] (Lady Mildred [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough | Denison]] is at 283)
# William, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Viscount Raincliffe]]
# Oliver Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lord Ampthill]] (Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420; Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] is at 418)
# Giles Fox-Strangways,[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Lord Stavordale]] (Muriel Fox-Strangways is at 403)
# Frederick Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton |Lord Wolverton]] (Edith, Lady Wolverton is at 130)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Lord Rodney]] (Lady Rodney is at 472)
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor |R. Grosvenor]]: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]]
# Seymour Henry Bathurst,[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst | 7th Earl Bathurst]]
# Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood | Hood]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 46; Lord Ronald Hamilton is at 105)
# Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |Lady Tweedmouth]] (Edward Marjoribanks, Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] is at 49)
# Arthur Balfour, [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour |the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]] (Miss Balfour is at 486)
# Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (Lady Glenesk is at 88; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82)
# Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]], Lady Glenesk (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Oliver Borthwick is at 89; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82)
# Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick | Borthwick]] (Baron Glenesk is at 87; Lady Glenesk is at 88; Seymour Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst |7th Earl Bathurst]], is at 82)
# Minnie (Mary)[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (Arthur Paget is at 91)
# Colonel Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family | Paget]] (Minnie Paget is at 90)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds | Fanny Ronalds]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain |Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]] (Mrs. Mary Chamberlain is at 491; Miss Chamberlain is at 492)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (Sir William Harcourt is at 128; Lewis Harcourt is at 664)
# Mr. F. B. [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay |(Francis Bingham) Mildmay]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson |Captain Gordon Wilson]] (Lady Sarah Wilson is at 392)
# Sir John[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye | Lister Kaye, Bart.]] (Lady Maria Lister Kaye is at 499)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Colonel William Chaine]] (Maria Chaine is at 490)
# Sir Samuel [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Scott]], Bart. (Lady Sophie Scott, his wife, is at 57)
# Mr. Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Loder | Loder]], M.P.
# Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Shrewsbury]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lady Edward Cecil]] (Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lord R. Cecil is at 126; Lady R. Cecil is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell |Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell)
# Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell: [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Schomberg McDonnell]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn |Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (possibly Ronald James Hamilton, nephew of the 1st Duke of Abercorn) (Lady Alexandra Hamilton is at 45; Lord Frederick Hamilton is at 83)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis |Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]]
# Mr. R. (possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lord Richard) Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Mr. Nicolas Gourko]]
# Edward Marjoribanks, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth | Tweedmouth]], as the Earl of Leicester (Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; son Dudley Marjoribanks is at 319; his cousin, Duke of Roxburghe is at 49)
# Cyril Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lord Battersea]] (Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea, is at 328)
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Charles Hartopp]] (Millicent, Lady Hartopp is at 488)
# Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lady Rothschild]] (Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, Lord Rothschild is at 216)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck is 263)
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace | Donald Mackenzie Wallace]]
# Mr. Montague [[Social Victorians/People/Guest | Guest]] (Ivor Guest, at 295; Frederick Guest, at 345)
# Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (Lady Meysey Thompson is at 391)
# Walter Hume [[Social Victorians/People/Long | Long]], the Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P. (Lady Doreen Long is at 484)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Arthur Wilson]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Edith Wilbraham]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom, is at 125; Alice Bootle-Wilbraham, Countess Lathom, is at 213)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt, M.P.]] (Lady Alington is at 41)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (Lady E. Cavendish is at 164; Mr. R Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James of Hereford]] (his niece, Miss James, is at 396)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Lord Edmund Talbot]]
# Mr. C. Wyndham, M.P.: Colonel Sir Charles [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham | Wyndham Murray]]
# Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Earl of Lathom]] (The Countess of Lathom is at 213; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Lord Robert Cecil]] (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord E. Cecil is at 411; Lady Robert Cecil [Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil] is at 450; Gwendolen Cecil is at 404).
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall | Charles Hall]], Q.C, M.P.
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |William Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Lewis Harcourt is at 669)
# Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere |Lord Burghclere]] (Lady Burghclere is at 437)
# Edith Glyn, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton | Wolverton]] (Lord Wolverton is at 79)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Princess Louise]] Marchioness of Lorne (the Marquis of Lorne is at 620; Elspeth Campbell is at 621)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill |Lady Randolph Churchill]] (her son Winston Churchill, is at 179; Jack Churchill is at 223)
# Alphonse [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Chodron de Courcel]] (Madame de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498)
# Ernest Louis, the [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Grand Duke of Hesse]] (Princess Victoria, the Grand Duchess of Hesse, is at 138).
# M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral | de Soveral]]
# Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon |Countess de Grey]] (Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey is at 656)
## Ethiopian or Nubian attendant
# [[Social Victorians/People/Georges de Staal | Georges de Staal]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Alice | Princess Victoria]], the Grand Duchess of Hesse (the Grand Duke of Hesse is at 134).
# Archibald Primrose, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery |Earl of Rosebery]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Lady Gosford]] (the Earl of Gosford is at 143)
# John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham |Earl of  Durham]]
# Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Duke of Marlborough]] (Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough is at 174)
# Archibald Acheson, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Earl of Gosford]] (Lady Gosford is at 140)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Prince Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Charles of Denmark is at 159). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by
## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651)
## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654)
# John Spencer, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Earl Spencer]] (Charlotte, Countess Spencer is at 192)
# Beatrix Herbert, the [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Countess of Pembroke]] (the Earl of Pembroke is at 181; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648)
# Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury |Lord Halsbury]] (Lady Halsbury is at 515)
# Ana, Countess de [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa Valencia]] (the Count is at 183)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Prince Adolphus of Teck]]
# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle |Duchess of Newcastle]] (the Duke of Newcastle is at 564)
# Mrs. White: [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White |Daisy (Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherford) White]] (Henry White is at 310)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cust |Sir Charles Cust]] , who accompanied the Duke and Duchess of York with Lady Mary Lygon
# William Court [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully Selby]] (Mrs. Gully is at 441; Miss Gully at 442)
# [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Clara Stone Hay]] (John Milton Hay is at 187; Miss Helen Hay at 508)
# Alice Anne Graham-Montgomery Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville Edgerton, [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos |Duchess of Buckingham]] (Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton is at 591; Lady Gore-Langton is at 592)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (her husband Lord Edward George Villiers Stanley is at 188)
# Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, the [[Social Victorians/People/Chesterfield |Earl of Chesterfield]]
# Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark | Charles of Denmark]] (Princess Maud of Wales) (Prince Charles of Denmark is at 144). The Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark were attended by
## Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]] (at 536)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (at 651)
## Major-General [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Arthur Ellis]] (at 654)
# Lady Violet (Susan Violet) Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie |Countess of Mar and Kellie]] (the Earl of Mar and Kellie is at 58)
# Lord Charles Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester | Charles William Augustus Montagu]]
# Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscountess Chelsea]]
# Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan |Viscount Chelsea]]
# Lady E., probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Lady Evelyn, Cavendish]] (the Hon. Victor Cavendish is at 121; Mr. R. Cavendish is at 107; Lady Edward Cavendish is at 393; Lady Moyra Cavendish is at 366)
# Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan |Lurgan]] (Lady Lurgan is at 56)
# Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton |Duchess of Hamilton]]
# Lord Kenyon, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon | Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon]].
# Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]] (Viscount Curzon is at 197)
# Robert Crewe-Milnes, [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes |Earl of Crewe]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duke of Montrose]] (the Duchess of Montrose is at 186)
# Viscount Garnet [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley | Wolseley]] (Lady Wolseley is at 541; Miss Wolseley is at 542)
# Lord Falmouth: Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth |7th Viscount Falmouth]] (Lady Falmouth is at 471)
# Hugh Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster |Duke of Westminster]] (the Duchess of Westminster is at 34)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill |Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Marlborough]] (The Duke of Marlborough is at 142)
# Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (William, Duke of Manchester is at 21)
# Earl [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan | Cadogan]] (Countess Cadogan is at 55)
# Princess Royal, Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife |Duchess of Fife]] (the Duke of Fife is at 15)
# M. de [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa | Souza Correa]] (João Arthur Souza Corrêa)
#Winston [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Churchill]] (his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]], is at 132; his brother, Jack Churchill, is at 223)
# Albert, [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff |Count Mensdorff]]
# Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |14th Earl of Pembroke]] (the Countess of Pembroke is at 145; Lady Beatrix Herbert is at 648)
# Madame [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse Chodron de Courcel is at 133; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498)
# Count [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia | Casa de Valencia]] (the Countess is at 148)
# Countess Torby: Sophia Nicholaievna, [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia |Countess Torbi or Torby]]
# Lord Ribblesdale: Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (Lady Ribblesdale is at 206)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose |Duchess of Montrose]] (the Duke of Montrose is at 170)
# [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |John Milton Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; Helen Hay at 508)
# Lord Edward George Villiers [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]] (Lady A. Stanley [Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley] is at 157)
# Lord Montagu: William Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton |1st Baron Rowton]]
#Lady H. Lennox: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Richmond and Gordon|Amelia Gordon-Lennox]]
# Countess Clary: Thérèse, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Countess Clary-Aldringen]] (Count Siegfried Clary is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394)
# Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer |Countess Spencer]] (John, Earl Spencer is at 145)
# Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (William Beresford is at 581)
# Adele Grant Cappell, [[Social Victorians/People/Essex |Countess Essex]] (George Capell, Earl of Essex is at 64)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Kapurthala|Maharajah of Kapurthala]]
#Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (Lord Cranborne is at 610)
#Richard George Penn, [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |Viscount Curzon]] (Georgiana, Viscountess Curzon is at 168; Countess Howe is at 489)
#Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley |Lady Dudley]] (Rachel, Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; the Hon. Gerald Ward is at 271)
#Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] is at 606)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |Ettie (Mrs. W. H.) Grenfell]] (Mr. W. H. Grenfell is at 222; Miss Mildred Grenfell is at 30)
#Hugo Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lord Elcho]] (Mary Charteris, Lady Elcho is at 224)
#Louise ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon |Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (Mr. Arthur Sassoon is at 553), with nephews as attendants:
##Evelyn [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 669)
##Anthony [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|de Rothschild]] (at 670)
# Henry, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Earl of Suffolk]] (Lady Suffolk is at 538)
# Lady Hastings: [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings |Elizabeth Evelyn Harbord Astley]] (Lord Hastings is at 425)
# Count Clary, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen |Siegfried Graf von Clary und Aldringen]] (Countess Thérèse Clary is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Count Charles Kinsky]] is at 575; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394)
# Lady Ribblesdale: [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Charlotte, Baroness Ribblesdale]] (Lord Ribblesdale is at 185)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey |Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey]]
# Lowry Egerton Cole, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|4th Earl of Enniskillen]] (Charlotte, Countess of Enniskillen is at 597; Lady Florence Cole is at 239)
# Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset |Duchess of Somerset]] (Algernon St. Maur, Duke of Somerset is at 27)
# Frederick Arthur Stanley, [[Social Victorians/People/Derby |16th Earl of Derby]] (Constance, Countess of Derby is at 36)
# Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |Countess of Lonsdale]] (Hugh Cecil Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale is at 225)
# Mr. Goschen: [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|George Joachim Goschen]] (Mrs. Lucy Goschen is at 423; Miss Goschen is at 424)
# Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom |Countess of Lathom]] (Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, Earl Lathom is at 125; Lady Edith Wilbraham is at 119)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Hon. Reginald Lister]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Helen Venetia Duncombe Vincent]] (Sir Edgar Vincent is at 226)
# Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Emma, Lady Rothschild and Nathan Mayer, Lord Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]], as a Swiss Burgher (Emma Louise von Rothschild, Lady Rothschild is at 112)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith |Margot Asquith]] (Herbert Henry Asquith is at 381)
# Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Oliphant|Laurence Oliphant]]
# Sybil Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |Countess of Westmorland]] (Anthony Mildmay Fane, Earl of Westmorland is at 257)
# Lady Cynthia [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Graham of Netherby]] (Sir Richard Graham is at 464)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham |Mr. George Wyndham]]
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell |William Henry Grenfell]] (Ethel Grenfell is at 200; Miss  Mildred Grenfell is at 30)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jack Churchill]] (his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, is at 132; his brother, Winston Churchill, is at 179)
#Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]] (Hugo Charteris, Lord Elcho is at 201)
# Hugh Cecil Lowther, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther |5th Earl of Lonsdale]] (Grace, Countess of Lonsdale is at 211)
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham |Edgar Vincent]] (Lady Helen Vincent is at 215)
#Miss West: Shelagh [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West |(Constance Edwina) Cornwallis-West]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Mary Goelet]], Miss Ogden Göelet (Mr. Ogden Göelet is at 502; Mrs. May Göelet is at 503)
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|C. Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Duke of Westminster]])
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]] (Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Mrs. Isabel Oppenheim is at 408)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel |Alice Keppel]] (George Keppel is at 39).
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]]
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |Algernon Bourke]] (Guendoline Bourke is at 236)
#Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke |A. (Guendoline) Bourke]] (Algernon Bourke is at 235)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Gerald Paget Paget]]: likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget (Mrs. Arthur Paget is at 90; Arthur Paget is at 91)
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford |Violet de Trafford]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cole |Lady Florence Cole]] (Lowry, Earl of Inneskillen is at 208; Charlotte, Countess Inneskillen is at 597)
#Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Julia Peel Maguire]] (Mr. Rochfort Maguire is at 241)
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Rochfort Maguire]]
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson | Muriel Wilson]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Helena Violet Alice Fraser]] (&quot;Miss Keith Fraser&quot;) (Captain Keith Fraser is at 244)
#Captain Fraser: [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser |Keith Alexander Fraser]] (Helena Violet Alice Fraser is at 243)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere |Marie Hope-Vere]]
#Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke | Lady Colebrooke]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still --&gt;Mrs. Leo was in the Duchess procession.
#&lt;!-- [Unidentified still] --&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#E. Stanley|E. Stanley]]
#Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |George Frederick Stanley]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Derby#Hon. J. Stanley|J. Stanley]]
#Hon. F. C. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Ferdinand Charles Stanley]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]]
#Lady A. Acheson: Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson]]
#Lord Acheson: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford |Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard |Mary Milner Gerard]]
#Anthony Mildmay Julian Fane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland |13th Earl of Westmorland]] (Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland is at 219)
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot |Talbot]]
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|de Brienen]] (Baron Brienen is at 465; Baroness Brienen is at 466)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |Leonie Leslie]] (Col. John Leslie is at 261)
# Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie |John Leslie]] (Leonie Leslie is at 260)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Henry Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck is at 543)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Olivia Cavendish Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck (is at 543)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland | Cavendish Bentinck]] (Mr. Cavendish Bentinck is at 112)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]]
# Mr. A. M. Biddulph, possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph |Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]]
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]], probably John Gaspard le Marchant Romilly, [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|3rd Baron Romilly]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Hon. Gerald Ward]] (the Countess of Dudley is at 31; William, Earl of Dudley is at 63; Georgina Lady Dudley is at 198)
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell |Cecil Campbell]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |James Stewart Forbes]] (Lady Angela Forbes is at 37)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]]
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Shipley Cardross]] (Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Rosalie Cardross]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 276; the Hon. Muriel Erskine is at 278)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton |Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]]
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan |Muriel Erskine]] (Lord Shipley Cardross is at 275; Lady Rosalie Cardross is at 276)
# Mr. Elliot: the Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry Elliot]] (Lady Minto is at 544)
# M. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell | Boulatzell]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |Margaret Spicer]] (Captain John Spicer is at 410)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |Edith Villiers]] (Lady May Julia Child-Villiers is at 372; Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lord Hyde is at 294)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough |Mildred Denison]] (Grace, Viscountess Raincliffe is at 75; William, Viscount Raincliffe is at 76)
# Lady  [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|St. Oswald]] (Lord St. Oswald is at 641)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes |Blanche Forbes]] (Mr. James Stewart Forbes is at 273; Lady Angela Forbes is at 37)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber, Charles Shuldham Schreiber]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Higgins]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Mary Von André]] (Herr Adolf Von André is at 386)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie | Walter Murray Guthrie]] (Olive Guthrie is at 291)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie |Olive Guthrie]] (Walter Murray Guthrie is at 290)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Eleanor Louise Montagu]] (escorted by Lord Stavordale, at 78)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Miss Enid Wilson]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers |George Herbert Hyde Villiers]], Lord Hyde (Earl Clarendon is at 65; Lady Edith Villiers is at 282)
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Ivor  Guest]] (Montague Guest, at 115; Frederick Guest, at 345)
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue |Seymour Fortescue]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Sidney Greville]]
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Greville |Margaret (Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (where was Ronald Greville?)
# &lt;!-- Still unidentified. --&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Hon. Mrs. Greville]] (probably not 298?)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]]
# The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon: [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |the Hon. Mary Curzon]] (The Hon. George Curzon is at 495)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Hon. George Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|1st Viscount Peel]] is at 74)
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris |Evan Charteris]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady Lettice Grosvenor|Lettice Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]])
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]]
# Possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Hon. Francis Cecil Brownlow]], the Hon. Cecil Brownlow
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Marion Leigh]] (Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570; Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; John Blundell Leigh is at 602)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond |Katherine Mary Drummond]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White | Henry White]] (Mrs. Daisy White is at 151)
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still --&gt;Mr. Norton (MornPost Fancy 1897-07-03) or Mr. Morton (Times 1897-07-03) was dressed as Guyman di Silva in the 17th-century procession.
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Ernest William Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483; Mabel Beckett is at 359; Mr. Rupert Beckett is at 481; Muriel Beckett is at 482)
# Mr. H. [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender | Warrender]]: probably Hugh Valdave Warrender (Captain Warrender, probably George John Scott Warrender, is at 519)
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune |Francis Jeune]] attended with (Lady Susan Jeune is at 550; Miss Madeline Stanley is at 551)
# Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess of Powis]]
# George [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] 
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur (Mary Venetia) James]] (Mr. Arthur James is at 480)
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth |D. Marjoribanks]] (Fanny Lady Tweedmouth is at 85; Baron Tweedmouth is at 109; Henry Duke of Roxburghe is at 49; two &quot;brother officers&quot; are at 637 and 638)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Ephrussi]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Holden |Henry Holden]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Mr. E. Villiers|E. Villiers]]
# Arthur, [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]]
# Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea and Constance de Rothschild Flower, Lady Battersea|Lady Battersea]] (Cyril Flower, Lord Battersea is at 110)
# Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey |Lady de Ramsey]]
# Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild|Ferdinand de Rothschild]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Hon. S. (George William Spencer) Lyttelton]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox |Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox is at 623)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lady Harriet Burton]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Lord Michael Burton]]
# Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh |Lady Garvagh]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh |Rose Leigh]] (John Blundell Leigh is at 602; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson |Zoë Farquharson]] (Alexander Farquharson is at 458)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Naylor]]
# The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Sackville West]]
# Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]]
# Lord Annaly: Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Baron Annaly]]
# John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl |Marquess of Tullibardine]]
# Lord George [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl | Stewart-Murray]]
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest |Frederick Edward Guest]]
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|the Hon. W. Lambton]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Frank Dugdale]] (Lady Eva Dugdale is at 409)
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Clive Wilson]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Morley |Arnold Morley]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy |Francis Gathorne-Hardy]]
# Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscount Helmsley]]
# Muriel Duncombe Owen, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley |Viscountess Helmsley]]
# Evelyn McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (Mr. Wentworth Beaumont is at 468)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Earl of Ava]]: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
# &lt;!-- [Still unidentified?] --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]]
# Mrs. G. Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Mabel Beckett]] (Mr. Gervase Beckett is at 483)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga |Emilia Yznaga]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik |Count Hadik]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |Hilda Brodrick]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] is at 368)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Jack Graham Menzies]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/William James |Evelyn Elizabeth Forbes James]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|C. (Caroline) FitzMaurice]] (Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice is at 626)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Moyra Cavendish]] (Mr. R. Cavendish: Richard Frederick Cavendish is at 107)
# James Somerville, 2nd Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney | Athlumney]]
# Mr. Brodrick: [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton |St. John Brodrick]] (Lady H. Brodrick is at 362)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught | Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught]] (Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught is at 9)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]]
# Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel |Henriette de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle de Courcel is at 498)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|May Julia Child-Villiers]]
# Elizabeth Grosvenor Butler, the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; Constance Butler is at 374)
# Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde | Butler]] (Beatrice Butler is at 45; the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde |Marchioness of Ormonde]] is at 373)
# Mabel, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Francis, Baron Ashburton is at 376)
# Francis, Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton | Ashburton]] (Mabel, Lady Ashburton is at 375)
# Lady Archibald [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll | Campbell]]
# Mrs. Susannah Wilson [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson | Graham Menzies]] (Jack Graham Menzies is at 363)
# Mr. Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407; Eric Chaplin is at 616)
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Horace Farquhar]], Bart. (Lady Emilie Farquhar is at 639)
# The Right Hon. H. H. (Herbert Henry) [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith | Asquith]] (Margot Asquith is at 217)
# Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lord Iveagh]] (Adelaide Guiness, Lady Iveagh is at 440)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe#Lady Margaret Innes-Ker and Lady Victoria Innes-Kerr|Victoria Innes-Ker]] (the Duchess of Roxburghe is at 21)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit |Alfred Beit]]
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]]
# Herr [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre |Adolf Von André]] (Mrs. Mary Von André is at 289)
# Pierre Louis Leopold d'Hautpoul, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquis d'Hautpoul]]
# Julia Caroline Stonor d'Hautpoul, the [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Marquise d'Hautpoul]]
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor |Harry Julian Stonor]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still --&gt;Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Adair]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson |Ethel Meysey Thompson]] (Sir Henry Meysey-Thompson is at 116)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson | Sarah Wilson]] (Captain Gordon Wilson is at 96)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Edward Cavendish]]
# Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky |Josephine Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; Count Charles Kinsky is at 575)
# Mary ([[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson |Mrs. Arthur) Wilson]]
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James | James]] (Lord James of Hereford is at 122)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Henry Maurice William Oppenheim]] (Mrs. Oppenheim is at 408; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230)
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (Lord Suffield is at 535; Lady Suffield is at 536)
# Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (the Marquis of Tweeddale is at 400), accompanied by two sons dressed as pages:
## Lord William George Montagu Hay
## Lord Arthur Vincent Hay
# William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale |Marquis of Tweeddale]] (The Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 399)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (Sir Henry Ewart is at 430)
# Lady Hilda FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton |Baroness Southampton]] (Baron Southampton is at 569)
# Lady Muriel [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester | Fox Strangways]] (Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale is at 78)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gwendolen Cecil]]
# Lord Alva: [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó]] (Carlos Duke Alba is at 32)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]]
# Miss Chaplin, probably Hon. Edith Helen [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Eric Chaplin is at 616)
#Mrs. Openheim: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Isabella Oppenheim]] (Mr. Henry Oppenheim is at 397; Miss Rosalina Oppenheim is at 230)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick |Eva Dugdale]] (Mr. Frank Dugdale is at 348)
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer |John Spicer]] (Lady Margaret Spicer is at 281)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Edward Cecil]] (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury | Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (Lady Edward Cecil is at 102; Lord R. Cecil is at 126).
#Mr. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Charles Henry Wilson]]
#Mrs. C. Wilson: [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Florence Wilson]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving | Henry Irving]]
# Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine |Charles Edward Swaine]]
# Lord Rosslyn: James, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Earl of Rosslyn]]
# Lady Rosslyn: Violet, [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Countess of Rosslyn]]
# Miss Constance [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill | Russell]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77; Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill is at 419; Emily, Lady Ampthill is at 420)
# Margaret Russell, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77)
# Emily, [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill |Lady Ampthill]] (Lord Ampthill is at 77)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Anstruther|Anstruther]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Mrs. Goschen]]: Lucy Goschen (G. J. Goschen is at 212\)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Goschen|Miss Goschen]] (G. J. Goschen is at 212)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hastings | Hastings]]: George Manners Astley, 20th Baron Hastings (Lady Hastings is at 204)
# Florence Chetwynd, [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd |Marchioness of Hastings]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd|Miss Chetwynd]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Henri Louis Bischoffsheim]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim |Clarissa Bischoffsheim]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster |Henry Ewart]] (Lady Evelyn Ewart is at at 401)
# Lord Jersey: Victor Child-Villiers, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Earl of Jersey]]
# Lady Jersey: Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey | Countess of Jersey]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey |Margaret Villiers]]
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Alwyne Frederick Compton]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton |Mary Compton]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Frere|Bartle Frere]]
# Winifred Gardner, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere | Burghclere]] (Lord Burghclere is at 129)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Mrs. Louisa Hamar Bass]] (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334; Lord Michael Burton is at 335; Nellie Baillie is at 667)
# Adelaide Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh |Lady Iveagh]] (Edward Cecil Guiness, Lord Iveagh is at 382)
# Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby |Selby Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153)
# Elizabeth Kate Shelley [[Social Victorians/People/Gully Selby | Gully]] (William Court Gully is at 153)
# Lord Feversham: William Ernest Duncombe, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Earl of Feversham]]
# Lady Feversham: Mabel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham | Countess Feversham]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Tedeschi|Tadeschi]]
# James McGarel-Hogg, [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lord Magheramorne]] (Lady Magheramorne is at 355)
# Lord Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Henry John Brinsley Manners]]
# Lady Granby: [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners |Violet Manners]]
# Sir Allen [[Social Victorians/People/Young|Young]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |R. Cecil]]: Eleanor Lambton [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury |Gascoyne-Cecil]] (Lord Robert Cecil is at 126)
#General Reginald Talbot: General Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Chetwynd-Talbot]] (Mrs. Talbot, Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot is at 485)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Neumann |Ludwig Neumann]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Mr. Alfred Duncombe]] (Lady Florence Duncombe is at 456)
# George Godolphin Osborne, 10th [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds | Duke of Leeds]] (the duchess is at 35)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe |Lady Florence Duncombe]] (Alfred Duncombe is at 454)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Owen Williams]]: Mrs. Nina Williams
# Mr. Alexander [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson | Farquharson]] (Zoë Farquharson is at 338)
# Lord Dalkeith: John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Earl of Dalkeith]]
# Lady Dalkeith: Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith | Countess of Dalkeith]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Euston|Earl of Euston]]: Henry James FitzRoy
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel |Ernest Joseph Cassel]]
# Lady Cromer: [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]]
# Sir R. Graham: [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham#Lady Cynthia Graham and Sir Richard Graham|Sir Richard Graham]] (Lady Cynthia Graham is at 220)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baron Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Brienen|Baroness Brienen]] (Miss Brienen is at 259)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Lady Esther Gore Smith]]
# Mr. Beaumont: [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Wentworth Canning Blackett Beaumont]] (Lady Aline Beaumont is at 356)
# &lt;!-- Identification uncertain. --&gt;Lady M. Greville: possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Lady Mary Grenville]]
# &lt;!-- Identification uncertain. --&gt;Mr. Greville: possibly Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos#Mr. and Lady M. Grenville|Luis Grenville]]
# Lady Falmouth: Kathleen Douglas-Pennant Boscawen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth | Viscountess Falmouth]] (Viscount Falmouth is at 172)
# Lady Rodney: [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney |Corisande Rodney]] (Lord Rodney is at 80)
# Lord W. Stanley: Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Frederick William Stanley]]
# &lt;!-- [Unidentified still] --&gt;Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lady W. Stanley|W. Stanley]]
# Mr. C. Sykes: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Sykes|Christopher Sykes]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|M. Hicks-Beach]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hicks-Beach|Lucy Hicks-Beach]]
# Lord  Leconfield: Henry Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|2nd Baron Leconfield]]
# Lady  Leconfield: Lady Constance Wyndham, [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Lord and Lady Leconfield|Lady Leconfield]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck |Arthur James]] (Mrs. [Mary Venetia] Arthur James is at 318)
# Mr. R. Beckett: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Rupert Beckett]]
# Muriel Beckett: Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |R. Beckett]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe |Gervase Beckett]] (Mabel [Mrs. G.] Beckett is at 359)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Long |Doreen Long]] (Walter Hume Long is at 117)
#Mrs. Talbot: [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]] (General Reginald Talbot is at 451)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour | Balfour]] (Arthur Balfour is at 86)
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still --&gt;Mr. Lu Rack [named in the ''Times'', spelling confirmed]
# Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp |Lady Hartopp]] (Sir Charles Hartopp is at 111)
# Lady Howe: Isabella,[[Social Victorians/People/Howe | Countess Howe]]) (Viscount Curzon is at 197)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine |Maria Chaine]] (William Chaine is at 97)
# Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93; Miss Chamberlain is at 492)
# Miss Beatrice (?) [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain | Chamberlain]] (Joseph Chamberlain is at 93)
# Mr. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Charles Robert Spencer]])
# Mrs. R. Spencer ([[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Margaret Baring Spencer]])
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon |George Curzon]] (The Hon. Mrs. George Curzon is at 301)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Farrer Herschell]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell |Agnes Herschell]]
# Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel | de Courcel]] (Alphonse de Courcel is at 133; Marie-Elisabeth de Courcel is at 182; Mademoiselle Henriette de Courcel is at 371)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye |Natica (Maria) Lister Kaye]] (Sir John Lister Kaye is at 97)
# Lord Milton: Viscount [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Billy Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]]
# Lady Milton: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam |Maud Wentworth-Fitzwilliam]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |Ogden Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet |May Göelet]] (Mary Goelet, Miss Ogden Göelet is at 228)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]]
# Mrs. Hartman: possibly Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Eliza Hartmann]]
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Lewis Flower]]
#Major Drummond: [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]]
# Miss Hay: [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay |Helen Hay]] (Clara Stone Hay is at 154; John Milton Hay is at 187)
# Hon. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]])
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Baron of Ebury]])
# The Marquis of Londonderry: Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry | Marquis of Londonderry]] (the Marchioness of Londonderry is at 42)
# Henry Strutt, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Baron Belper]]
# Margaret, [[Social Victorians/People/Belper | Lady Belper]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Belper |Hon. Miss Strutt]], probably Norah Strutt (Margaret, Lady Belper is at 560)
# Wilhelmina Giffard, Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury | Halsbury]] (Lord Halsbury is at 147)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]]: Georgina Cavendish Coke
# Lord Carnarvon: George Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|5th Earl of Carnarvon]]
# Lady Carnarvon: Almina, [[Social Victorians/People/Carnarvon|Countess Carnarvon]]
# Captain Warrender: [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |George John Scott Warrender]] (Lady Maud Warrender is at 520)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender |Maud Warrender]] (Captain George Warrender is at 519)
# Major [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Vesey Dawson]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Arthur Walsh]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]]
# Lady Harewood: Florence Lascelles, [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood |Lady Harewood]] (the Earl of Harewood is at 62)
# Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick | Earl of Warwick]] (Daisy, Countess of Warwick is at 53)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch#Lord George Scott|George Scott]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Leopold Rothschild]] (Marie Perugia [Mrs. Leopold] Rothschild is at 528)
# Mrs. L. ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Leopold de Rothschild and Marie Perugia Rothschild|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (sons Evelyn Achille de Rothschild, at 669, and Anthony Gustav de Rothschild, at 670)
# Lawrence John Lumley Dundas, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland | Earl of Ronaldshay]]
#Mr. Brassey, [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Lady Violet Brassey]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Duberly|Grey Duberly]]
# (Mr. R.) [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon | Reuben David Sassoon]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon |Miss Sassoon]]
# Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lord Suffield]]
# Cecilia, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Lady Suffield]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family |Miss Peel]] (Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel is at 74; other family members are on the same page)
# Lady Suffolk: Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (Henry, Earl of Suffolk is at 203)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Phipps|Hon. Harriet Phipps]]
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Earl of Scarbrough]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Louisa Wolseley]] (Viscount Garnet Wolseley is at 171; Miss Frances Wolseley is at 542)
# Miss Wolseley: [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley |Frances Wolseley]] (Viscount Wolseley is at 171; Lady Louisa Wolseley is at 541)
# Lady Ottoline [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck is at 262; Lady Olivia Cavendish Bentinck is at 263)
# Lady Minto: Mary Caroline Grey Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto | Countess Minto]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Crawford and Balcarres|Lord Balcarres]]: David Alexander Edward Lindsay, Lord Balcarres
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp |Mary Lygon]] (with Charles Cust, at 152, attended the Duke and Duchess of York)
# Mr. B. Bathurst: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst#Mr. B. Bathurst|Benjamin Bathurst]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |William Portal]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal |Florence Portal]]
# Lady Susan Mary Elizabeth ([[Social Victorians/People/Stanley | Stanley]]) [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune | Jeune]] (Sir Francis Jeune is at 315)
# Miss Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (accompanying Sir Francis Jeune, at 314, and Lady Jeune, at 550)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon | Arthur Sassoon]] (Louise [Mrs. Arthur] Sassoon is at 202)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere |Mabel Egerton]] (with her father, the Earl of Ellesmere, at 68)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Sir W. Hart Dyke]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]]
# Beatrix Palmer, [[Social Victorians/People/Selborne |Lady Selborne]] (the Earl of Selborne is at 70)
#Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh |Victor Duleep Singh]]
#Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry | Countess of Coventry]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Anne Coventry]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry |Dorothy Coventry]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Hughes-Onslow|Somerset Hughes-Onslow]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur|Sir George Arthur]]
# Henry Pelham-Clinton,[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle | Duke of Newcastle]] (the Duchess is at 150)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still --&gt;Mrs. Hay, attending with the [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. and Mrs. Claude Hay|Hon. Claude Hay]]
#Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |Xavier Baudon de Mony]]
#Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony |de Courcel Baudon de Mony]]
# Charles FitzRoy, [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton | Baron Southampton]] (Hilda FitzRoy, Lady Southampton is at 402)
# Captain Gerard [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308)
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Lilian Maud Spencer-Churchill]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough |Norah Beatrice Henriette Spencer-Churchill]]
# François, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marquis de Jancourt]]
# Victoria Lina, [[Social Victorians/People/De Jancourt|Marchioness de Jancourt]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky | Count Charles Kinsky]] ([[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Siegfried Clary]] is at 205; [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Countess Thérèse Clary]] is at 191; [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Countess Josephine Kinsky]] is at 394)
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip Green]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Camden#Captain and Mrs. Philip Green|Philip (Mabel) Green]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Montagliari|Marquis Paulac Montagliari]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Alfred Lyttelton]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton |Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]]
# Lord William [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Beresford]] (Lily, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] is at 193)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Basil Blackwood]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Hall Walker]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker |Sophie Walker]]
# Lord Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |George Charles Bingham]]
# Lady Bingham: [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan |Violet Bingham]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mr. Almeric FitzRoy]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar#Mr. and Mrs. Almeric FitzRoy|Mrs. Almeric (Katherine) FitzRoy]]
#Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury |Talbot]] (many Talbots attended; these are Chetwynd-Talbots)
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury | Talbot]] (attending with Colonel Talbot)
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton | Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (Anne, Duchess of Buckingham is at 155)
# Lady Gore-Langton: Lady Caroline Jemima Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos | Gore-Langton]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois |Ralph Blois]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lord Hillingdon]]: Charles Henry Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon of Hillingdon
# [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Lady Hillingdon]]: Lady Louisa Isabella Lascelles Mills, Baroness Hillingdon
# Miss Mills: the [[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]]
# Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Countess of Enniskillen]] (Lowry, Earl of Enniskillen is at 208; Lady Florence Cole is at 239)
# Sir M. FitzGerald: Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Maurice FitzGerald]]
# Lady FitzGerald: [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald |Amelia, Lady FitzGerald]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Watson|Meyer Watson]] (identification highly uncertain)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]]: Albertha Spencer-Churchill
# John Blundell [[Social Victorians/People/Leigh | Leigh]] (Lady Rose Leigh is at 337; Mrs. Marion Leigh is at 308; Captain Gerard Leigh is at 570)
# Hon. Mr. Reginald Baliol [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]]
# Hon. Mrs. Eleanor [[Social Victorians/People/Brett | Brett]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family |Alfred Rothschild]]
#Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Countess of Dunraven]] (Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] is at 198)
# Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Earl of Kintore]] (Sydney, Countess Kintore is at 607; Lady Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer is at 677)
# Sydney, [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore | Countess Kintore]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Salmon|Mr. Arthur Salmon]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lord Cranborne]]: James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] (Lady Cranborne is at 196)
# &lt;!-- Identification uncertain. --&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]]
# Mr. H. Milner: [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]]
# Mr. Eric [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin | Chaplin]] (Henry Chaplin is at 379; Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin is at 407)
#Captain G. Milner: Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]]
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]])
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Duke of Westminster]])
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bagot|Lord William Bagot]]
# John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise | Marquis of Lorne]], as a Tudor (Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, is at 130)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll |Elspeth Campbell]]
# Lord Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox | Gordon Lennox]] (Lady Blanche Gordon Lennox is at 333)
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland | Duke of Sutherland]] (the Duchess of Sutherland is at 32)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Colonel Alan Gardner]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere#Mr. and Mrs. Alan Gardner|Mrs. Alan Gardner]]: Mrs. Nora Gardner
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne#Edmond and Lady Caroline Fitzmaurice|Edmond FitzMaurice]] (Lady C. FitzMaurice is at 364)
# &lt;!-- Still unidentified. --&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Cecil Lambton]]
# Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale | Hay]] (William Hay, Marquis of Tweeddale is at 399; Candida Hay, Marchioness of Tweeddale is at 398)
# Miss Tufnell: Gian, [[Social Victorians/People/Mount Stephen|Lady Mount Stephen]]
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano | de Alcalo Galiano]]
# Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano |Consuelo de Alcalo Galiano]]
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce | Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Mr. F. Murrieta: possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]]
# The Hon. Mrs. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Edith Isabella Georgina [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]]
#The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam: Hon. Reginald [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam | Wentworth Fitzwilliam]]
# Lady Florence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]]
# Lord Terence [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood | Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar |Emilie Farquhar]] (Sir Horace Farquhar, Bart., is at 380)
# Geraldine ([[Social Victorians/People/Magniac |Sybil Aimée Geraldine) Magniac]]
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald | St. Oswald]] (Lady St. Oswald is at 284)
# The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald |Maud Julia Winn]] (with Lord and Lady St. Oswald, her mother, at 284)
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester | Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley |Isobel Constance Mary Stanley]]
# Lord Crichton: Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Viscount Crichton]]
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke |Beatrix Herbert]] (Beatrix Countess Pembroke is at 146; Sidney Herbert, Earl Pembroke is at 181)
# Lt.-Col. John Dunville [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]]
# Mrs. Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville | Dunville]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Knollys#Miss Knollys|Miss Charlotte Knollys]] (attending Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark, at 159 and 144)
# Mrs. Claud Cole-Hamilton: Lucy [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton |Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]]
# Claud George [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton | Cole-Hamilton]]
#General Ellis: Gen. Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|Arthur Edward Augustus Ellis]], in attendance on Prince Charles of Denmark (at 143)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Miss Alexandra Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]]
# Frederick Oliver Robinson,  [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon#Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey|Earl de Grey]] (Gwladys Robinson, Countess de Grey is at 136)
# James Albert Edward Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Anne Lambton]]
#Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hedworth Lambton]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven |Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]]
# Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Nellie Bass Baillie]], Hon. Mrs. Baillie (Lady Harriet Burton is at 334)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (or Miss Jane Thornville)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt |Lewis Harcourt]] (Lady Elizabeth Harcourt is at 94; Sir William Harcourt is at 128)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]]
# Mrs. Sneyd: [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Evelyn and Anthony de Rothschild|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (Marie de Rothschild, his mother, at 527)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell |Stephen Frederick Wombwell]]
# The Hon. Mrs. Gwendoline [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther | Lowther]]
# Col. [[Social Victorians/People/Dawson |Douglas Dawson]]
# Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Louisa, Lady de Rothschild|Lady de Rothschild]]
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]]
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim |Alexander McDonnell]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore |Hilda Madeleine Keith-Falconer]] (Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore is at 607)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]]
# Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]]
# Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys | Lady Norreys]]
# Major John Seymour [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family | Wynne-Finch]]
# Marie (Agnes Blanche Marie) [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin | Hay-Drummond]]
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton |Edward Walter Hamilton]]
# Daisy (Marguerite Hyde) [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk |Leiter]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lukach |Joseph Harry Lukach]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/William James | William Dodge James]] (Evelyn Forbes James is at 364)
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]]
# &lt;!-- 688 Still unidentified.  --&gt;Mrs. Habington (mentioned as part of Queen Elizabeth's court by the ''Gentlewoman''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 3c}} There is no doubt about the spelling in the ''Gentlewoman'' article.)
# &lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|P. A. Longhurst]]
#&lt;!-- Unidentified still. --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]]
#Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]], M.P.
#Mr. E. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|Crawley]]
#Mr. W. R. Chaine: Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine#Mr. W. R. Chaine|William Robert Chaine]]
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]]
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|William Erskine]]
#&lt;!-- Highly uncertain ID --&gt;Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]]
#&lt;!-- Still unidentified. --&gt;Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]]
#&lt;!-- Still unidentified. --&gt;Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|J. Blackwood]]
#&lt;!-- Still unidentified. --&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish |Mr. S.  Cavendish]], possibly Mr. R. Cavendish (at 107)
#&lt;!-- 719 --&gt;A &quot;brother officer&quot; of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49).
#&lt;!-- 720 --&gt;A second &quot;brother officer&quot; of the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] in the Royal Horse Guards (see Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth, at 85; the Duke of Roxburghe is at 49).
#&lt;!-- unidentified still? --&gt;Mr. Bourke (the Hon. A. Bourke is at 235)
#&lt;!-- Unidentified still? --&gt;Mrs. Bourke (the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke is at 236)
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon. Cyril Ward|Hon. Cyril Ward]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]]

===Attendants of the People Who Were Present===
Newspapers listed in the descriptions of the people at the ball and their costumes some people who were clearly there as attendants, who were not there in their own right, as people the Duchess would have invited:
# &quot;Black attendants&quot; followed the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession, preceding the Italian procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
# There were unnamed Imperial Trumpeters in the Court in the Empress Catherine II of Russia procession. They had to really be able to play the trumpet so perhaps were hired musicians?
# Heralds led the Queen Elizabeth Procession, but they are not named, so they were probably not invited guests but servants or attendants of some kind?
# According to the Leamington ''Spa Courier'', the Countess of Warwick's &quot;four pages shared in the compliments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Town Talk and Street Echoes.” ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18970710/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Guernsey ''Star'', Lady Warwick &quot;was accompanied by four boys dressed in white satin, with three-cornered hats to match.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle.&quot; The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The Marchioness of Tweeddale also had two pages: &quot;The Marchioness of Tweeddale was Joséphine, wife of Napoleon, in white satin, wrought with gold and a deep rose-coloured train, trimmed with ermine, and borne by two pages in mauve velvet, embroidered with gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
# Princess Henry of Pless had black and white pages: &quot;As the Queen of Sheba, Princess Henry of Pless was attended by five black pages and five white, in gorgeous dresses, who carried her train.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
# Gwladys Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Countess de Grey]] — Ethiopian or Nubian attendant.
In the large list of people who were present for the ball, above, attendants are listed with the people for whom they worked; typically royals had attendants with them.

====Attendants of Color====
Clearly, some of these attendants were black people (especially at 1 and 6). The vocabulary the newspapers used ranged from &quot;Black&quot; to &quot;Negro&quot; to the actual n-word (for American Minnie Paget?). The Aberdeen ''Journal'' of 4 August 1897 ran a story, &quot;Black Boys for London Ladies,&quot; that refers to the black attendants at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball:

:Titian’s pictures (says London correspondent) have made us familiar with black boys forming part of the train of certain great ladies. The Prince of Wales brought a Nubian boy home, and for a time he was in the Marlborough House and Sandringham households. The Duchess of Marlborough is very often accompanied by a black boy in Oriental scarlet and gold, who seems '''but live''' to obey her grace’s behests; for his dark, piercing eyes follow her every movement, giving him a weird look, which is increased by the curious incision in his cheeks. At the Devonshire House fancy ball the glory of the great Oriental procession was much increased by the Nubian boys, who carried palm-leaves over some of the queenly heads.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Black Boys for London Ladies.&quot; ''Aberdeen Journal'' Wednesday 4 August 1897: 6 [of 8], Col. 5C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000032/18970804/130/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;
We need to know more about these children.

==People Absent==
The ''London Daily News'' and the ''Times'' reported as attending Lady Hindlip, who was not able to attend, according to the ''Morning Post'', suggesting that they may have gotten a list of people attending from something other than onsite reportage, perhaps from someone describing the costumes that had been made.

Of the people who were not present but seem missing because their immediate family, for example, was present, some are women, the wives of the people named. So perhaps they did not court newspaper attention? Of the men who might have been there, logically, perhaps they did not dress in costume and thus did not receive mention? (We know some men attended the ball and were not in fancy dress.)
# Samuel Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lord Hindlip]] and Georgina Allsopp, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Lady Hindlip]] were not present because Lord Hindlip was ill and died less than two weeks later.
# Colonel Brabazon &quot;unavoidably prevented&quot; from attending.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Queen's Sympathy.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Monday 05 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 5B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970705/070/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Mrs. Hwfa Williams was reported in the Morning Post not to have attended because she was in mourning.&lt;ref&gt;“Arrangements for This Day.” ''Morning Post'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970702/038/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Owen's and Hwfa Williams' sister Edith Peers-Williams had died. Although General or Mr. Owen Williams is not listed as having attended, his wife Mrs. Nina Williams (at 457) was said to have been present, but really it seems most likely that none of them attended.
# Fanny Ronalds was there, but Arthur Sullivan's name is not listed; was he there but not in an interesting costume? Or not present?
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]] was there (at 238, above), but her husband? or son?, Sir Humphrey Francis de Trafford, 3rd Baronet, is not listed.
# Mrs. Henry White isn't listed as present, but Mr. Henry White is at 310, and Margaret &quot;Daisy&quot; Stuyvesant Rutherford White is now at 151. I believe she was present because both Whites were photographed in costume and that photograph is in the album at the NPG.
# Even though Henry Maurice William Oppenheim and his daughter, Rosalinda Oppenheim were present, Mrs. Isabel Georgina Oppenheim (who does not appear to have been Rosalinda's mother) is not listed anywhere as being present.
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House. Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|F. Murrieta]] (at 708) was present according to ''The Gentlewoman'', but who was he? Her husband, José Murrieta y del Campo Downey, 1st Marques de Santurce, is not listed as having been present although he was still alive. Possibly the F. is a mistake on the part of The Gentlewoman, and it was Don José who was there?
# Baron [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|William Cansfield Gerard]], Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Gerard]]'s husband: she was present (at 256) and represented in the album, but he's not mentioned. Was he there?
# The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), was present, but her husband, whose brother was Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale and who would be later in his own right, was not?
# Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329) was present, but William Fellowes, Baron de Ramsey was not?
# Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336) attended the ball. Where was Charles Canning, Lord Garvagh? Did he just not get mentioned?
# Nellie, Countess of Kilmorey (at 207) attended the ball, but Francis Needham, Earl of Kilmorey did not?
# Prince Leopold's wife, Helena, Duchess of Albany wasn't there?
# Princess Beatrice didn't go?
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lilias Bathurst]] is not listed has having attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, although her husband [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl of Bathurst]], her parents [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Algernon Borthwick, Lord Glenesk]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]] and her brother [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Oliver Borthwick]] were there. A child was not born to her in 1897 as far as I can tell, although we may not be able to know about a miscarriage. Perhaps she was present and not reported on.
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Louise Loder]] is not listed among the attendees at the ball; was she there and just not reported on? No child was born that year, but she was bearing children during this time. Gerald Loder is at 100.
#Was [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lady Mary Bertie Talbot]] at the ball? She is not mentioned. She isn't likely to be Mrs. Talbot because her father was an Earl? She would have been Lady Talbot?
#Was [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|James Charles Hope-Vere]] present at the ball and just not mentioned? Marie Hope-Vere was not mentioned in the press, so without the Album of portraits of people in their costumes in the National Portrait Gallery, we might not know about her.
#Did [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Ned (Edward Arthur) Colebrooke]] attend the ball? Alexandra Paget Colebrooke (at 246) did.
#Was [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Countess Arthur de Heeren]] at the ball and not reported on?
#Mrs. Margaret Greville (298) was there; was Ronald Greville but not mentioned in reports?
#The wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|M. Ephrussi]], whichever one attended, is not mentioned as having been present; perhaps she was there but not recognized or described?
#&quot;The little daughter of Sir Francis and Lady Knollys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} attended, as did her aunt, Hon. Charlotte Knollys, but were her parents not there? Francis Knollys was the Prince of Wales's private secretary at this point, as well as holding a number of other courtier positions in the Household at the same time.
#Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marquis of San Vito]] (at 691) was present; was his wife?
#If the Lord Churchill (at 610) is [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill]], did his wife Lady Augusta Spencer-Churchill also attend?
#Neither the [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Earl of Leicester]] nor [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscount Coke]] are listed as having attended the ball, but did they?
#[[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] was present at the ball; where was Ralph de Tunstall Sneyd?
#[[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Mary Graham Murray]] was present at the ball: where was Andrew Graham Murray?
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] was at the ball; was Eugénie Sellers, whom he married less than 6 months later?
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]]'s sister, Mettie Lady Rossmore, is not listed as having attended the ball; where was she?
#Was Juliette Gordon Low, wife of Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Low]], present and just not mentioned?
#Was Maria del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos Duke of Alba]], present but not mentioned?
#[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring#Edith, Countess Cromer|Edith, Countess of Cromer]] (at 462) attended, but Evelyn, Earl of Cromer is not listed. He seems likely to have attended if she did?
#Isabella, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Countess Howe]] (at 489) was present, but Richard, Earl Howe is not mentioned in any reports. Was he there?
#Charles, [[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Earl Carington]] was present, but his wife Cecilia, Countess Carington is not mentioned in any reports. Was she there?
#If [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham#Mr. George Wyndham|Mr. George Wyndham]] (at 221) is the Right Hon. George Wyndham, who married Sibell Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|Lumley]] Grosvenor, then was she at the ball? Her nephew Alfred Lumley, [[Social Victorians/People/Scarbrough|10th Earl Scarbrough]] attended.
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546) was at the ball, so where was Agnes Poynter? She attended other social events at this level with him.
#Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] was present at the ball, but Montagu Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lord Norreys]] was not?
#If [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon#Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] was at the ball, was his wife, Kate (Catherine Ezekiel) Sassoon?
#Gilbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Earl of Minto]] was still alive; was he at the ball?
#Anne Antrobus Elliot, wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#The Right Hon. Henry George Elliot|Henry George Elliot]] (at 279), was still alive at this time; did she attend the ball?
#George, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry|Earl of Coventry]] was still alive at this point, and his wife and two daughters attended the ball. Where was he?
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Seymour Fortescue]]'s wife Emily Ormsby-Gore Fortescue is not mentioned. Was she at the ball?
#Was Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Ethel Sydney Keith-Falconer]] at the ball? Her parents and younger sister were, assuming the Album's information is correct.
#Neither [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Rose, Lady Norreys]] (at 680) nor Montagu, Lord Norreys was mentioned in any press reports, but her portrait was in the commemorative album of portraits. Was he present and just not mentioned?

== Notes and Questions ==

# According to the ''Western Gazette'', three men dressed as Lorenzaccio, whom Sarah Bernhardt was performing at the Adelphi, appeared at the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings &amp; Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels.&quot; ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7C}}
# Possibly another group of young women similarly dressed occurs here: &quot;three young girls were noticeable as Reynolds's &quot;Three Ladies Waldegrave&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes.&quot; ''Leister Chronicle'' 10 July 1897: 11 [of 12], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|11, 4a}} The 1780–81 Joshua Reynolds' ''The Ladies Walgrave'' shows 3 young women, probably in &quot;Oriental cream satin,&quot; but no &quot;coloured silk sashes&quot; are apparent: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladies_Waldegrave#/media/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_The_Ladies_Waldegrave_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg. Cosway is not Reynolds, so unless one of the reports made a mistake, so these are not [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers daughters]] or the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Innes-Ker daughters]].
#Who was &quot;Madame Rose&quot; in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury'' story&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;For Wives and Daughters.&quot; ''Northampton Mercury'' Friday 25 June 1897: 8 [of 10], Col. 3b. ''British Newspaper Archive''  http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000317/18970625/078/0008.&lt;/ref&gt; on the ball? A [[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] was present at the ball as one of the yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession, but she was a businesswoman and he must have been an oligarch or patrician. Madame Rose wrote a fashion column called &quot;For Wives and Daughters&quot; that was published in regional newspapers like the ''Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of Kent Mail, Hands and County Advertiser''; ''Northampton Mercury''; the ''Burnley Gazette''; and so on, as well as the story on the ball in the 25 June 1897 ''Northampton Mercury''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; (1893–1897). In 1905, the column is called &quot;Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters,&quot; in similar papers as well as the ''Tottenham and Edmonton Herald''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Home and Fashion. A Letter for Mothers and Daughters.&quot; Tottenham and Edmonton Weekly ''Herald'' 07 June 1905 Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 6–7b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001716/19050607/031/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; A Madame Rose also advertised in the newspapers. For example, &quot;Madame Rose, Court Dressmaker &amp; Ladies' Taylor. Personally Superintends all orders and guarantees perfection in fit and elegance. Speciality in Evening Gowns. Mme. Rose, 30, Shaftesbury Avenue, Piccadilly, one door from Trocadore Restaurant, and 56, two doors from Wardocr-street [sic?]. Tel. 7341 Gerrard.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Madame Rose.&quot; ''The Referee'' 23 October 1904 Sunday: 10 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002310/19041023/094/0010.&lt;/ref&gt;
#The report from the ''Western Gazette'' says some women were dressed as abbesses&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;; who were they?
#The ''Westminster Gazette'' says that &quot;There were two or three Napoleons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 1}}
#Several women came dressed as Princess Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters: [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche (Algernon) Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333); [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420); [[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67); [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Clara Hay]] (at 153).
#The Yeomen in the Queen Elizabeth procession are mostly not notable at this point in their lives though they were present at this event: Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Hon. D. (Dudley) Marjoribanks]], [[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]], Mr. Rose. According to the ''Gentlewoman'' Mr. E. Villiers, Mr. Harold Brassey were heralds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 3c}}
#The &quot;eight officers of the Imperial Guard attending Catherine of Russia&quot; were the following: &quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lord Raincliffe]], [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Lord Romilly]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|H. T. Barclay]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|J. Forbes]], Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Charles Henry Wellesley Wilson|C. H. Wellesley Wilson]], Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon. Gerald Ernest Francis Ward|Gerald Ward]], the Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|36, Col. 3b}}
#According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8, Col. 1b}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{rp|40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were &quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney]], [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6A–6, Col. 1B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 7a}} George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. R. Grosvenor|Hon. Robert Victor Grosvenor, 3rd Baron Ebury]] was 29; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25.

==References==
{{reflist}}
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    <title>Social Victorians/People/Bourke</title>
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      <text bytes="154468" sha1="41gnddggy25jukoo2qlo56y4ihs1vdu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ['''National Portrait Gallery?''']
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.


Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberrlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice as and from Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''',  Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;'''Guendoline''' Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="29235" sha1="jlh0hwunf2ea3blzxhfa0g9t6zzqpfb" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
[[File:Alice Keppel.jpg|thumb|alt=Painted portrait of the upper third of a woman wearing a white formal dress and large jewels|Alice Keppel, 1890s]]

Alice Keppel is shown (right) at about 30 years old. She died (at nearly 80) of cirrhosis of the liver.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; George Keppel was the 3rd son of the Earl of Albemarle. Alice and George Keppel are the great grandparents of Queen Camilla, who was less than a year old when they died. Alice Keppel was one of two last mistresses of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s, for many an improvement over [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was not discreet and who had enemies. Agnes Keyser seems to have begun a relationship with the Prince of Wales about the same time Alice Keppel did — around 1898. (Keyser was not a socialite, and Lamont-Brown says she mothered him in a way he had craved his entire life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2011. [Preview on Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;)

Famous for her tact, discretion and social skills, Alice Keppel and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] were friends, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed, the only mistress granted this access.

In his account of the &quot;Social and Diplomatic Life&quot; of Edward VII, Gordon Brook-Shepherd describes ways George and Alice Keppel's lives changed after the Prince of Wales's accession to the throne:&lt;blockquote&gt;For Mrs Keppel, in particular, the accession brought greater problems as well as greater privileges. It was one thing to have an Heir-Apparent for a lover but something quite different when that lover became the ruler of the British Empire. To begin with, even to move in the appropriate style at the King's side cost a great deal more money, / and money was something that neither Edward VII nor the Hon. George Keppel had to spare. Indeed, in an attempt to put extra cash into the Keppel family coffers after Alice had become the mistress of a king, her husband was obliged to go &quot;into trade.&quot; Sir Thomas Lipton, the grocer millionaire and yachting friend of King Edward's, found a job for him in his &quot;Buyers' Association&quot; at No. 70–74 Wigmore Street. This, to judge from the firm's stationery on which George Keppel once wrote a business letter to [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], sold everything direct to the customer, from groceries, bedding and tobacco, to cartridges and coal. It also advertised &quot;Motor Cars Bought, Sold or Exchanged,&quot; and it was about this that Keppel, prompted by his Alice, wrote to the Portuguese Minister:

:&quot;Dear Soveral, My wife tells me you contemplate buying a small motor car for use in London. May we offer our services in the matter ...? [sic]

For an earl's son to be a salesman in Edwardian England was bad enough. For the salesman to be the husband of the King's official mistress was an added humiliation. Though George Keppel seems to have taken the whole situation philosophically, there were many in society who condemned him for being so much the ''mari complaisant''. As one distinguished survivor from that Edwardian age, who shall be anonymous, commented: &quot;Had Keppel been put up for membership at some London clubs, the black balls would have come rolling out like caviare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. ''Uncle of Europe: The Social and Diplomatic Life of Edward VII''. London: Collins, 1975. Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/page/62/mode/2up?q=soveral https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138–139}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;While her reputation was one of discretion, she was widely known to be the King's mistress and &quot;when it came to visits to the homes of the great and good with the king,&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;she was always to be found standing or sitting near her lover in the official photographs for the picture papers of the day. And her &quot;pushy presence&quot;, some were to say, was such a constant irritation to Queen Alexandra that it drove her to eschew her husband's company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Lamont-Brown,&lt;blockquote&gt;Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher (1852–1930), royal archivist and intimate of every prime minister from Rosebery to Baldwin, ... believed that she deliberately lied in Society about certain royal happenings to enhance her own reputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 10 March 1932, Thursday, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary about a lunch with Alice Keppel:&lt;blockquote&gt;I had lunched with Raymond [Mortimer, critic] to meet Mrs Keppel; a swarthy thick set raddled direct — &quot;My dear&quot;, she calls one — old grasper: whose fists had been in the moneybags these 50 years: And she has a flat in the Ritz; old furniture; &amp;c. I like her on the surface of the old courtezan: who has lost all bloom; &amp; acquired a kind of cordiality, humour, directness instead. No sensibilities as far as I could see; no snobberies, immense superficial knowledge, &amp; going to Berlin to hear Hitler speak. Shabby under dress: magnificent furs, great pearls: a Rolls Royce waiting. [sic editorial interpolation]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Freddie Keppel's Friends ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah (Spencer-Churchill) Wilson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Freddie Keppel's Sexual Partners Outside Her Marriage ===
* Ernest Beckett, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Baron Grimthorpe]]
* Humphrey Sturt, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Baron Alington]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]

== Organizations ==

* The inner circle of the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales and King Edward VII]] of England after his accession
** [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales and Queen Alexandra]]
** [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]]
** Alice Keppel
*&quot;Committee of Seven&quot;
*#Alice Keppel (&quot;gradually became chief of the 'Committee of Seven'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;)
*#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luìs, Marquis de Soveral]]
*#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]]
*#Sir William Esher&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*#Admiral Lord Fisher
*#Lord Hardinge
*#Sir Francis Knollys

== Timeline ==
'''1891 June 1''', Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Edmonstone]] and George Keppel married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alice Frederica Edmonstone.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1723.htm#i17228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', George and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]].

'''1893 December 12, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel took part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#12 December 1893, Tuesday|tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar in Hull]]. They were in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party.

'''1894 July 19, Thursday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel were guests at the ball following a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#19 July 1894, Thursday|dinner hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for the Prince and Princess of Wales]] and their family.

'''1895 February 1, Friday''', the Hon. George Keppel and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré at Warwick castle]].

'''1896 April 27, Monday''', Alice Keppel gave a box to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#27 April 1896, Monday|Lady Angela St Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes for their wedding]].

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the last official event of the Diamond Jubilee. They were two of perhaps 5,000 or 6,000 people present.

'''1897 July 2''', Alice and George Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Freddie Keppel's brother and sister-in-law, [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir Archibald and Lady Edmonstone]], also attended.

'''1897 July 6, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|garden party at Devonshire House]]. No one from Victoria's or the Prince of Wales's family was present, although a number of dignitaries from around the empire were.

'''1897 July 31, Saturday''', Alice and George Keppel may have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#31 July 1897, Saturday|wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler]] and the reception afterwards, although their names are not listed. The ''Morning Post'' does list a gift from the Keppels' — &quot;white enamel and turquoise sleeve links.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; The the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] did not attend or send a gift.

'''1897 November 20, Saturday or so''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#20 November 1897, Saturday|house parties for Derby horseraces run at Epsom Downs]]. The ''Derby Mercury'' cites the ''Daily Mail'': unlike 10 years ago, &quot;now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity.&quot; The Keppels were guests at the Miller Mundy house party at Shipley Hall: &quot;At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel, Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races.&quot; ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Alice Keppel became the mistress of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The article on her in ''Wikipedia''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=Alice Keppel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Keppel&amp;oldid=962041251|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Keppel.&lt;/ref&gt; says they met in 1898, but they both were present at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897, so she likely was presented if not introduced to him; on the other hand, more than 700 people were there.

'''1899 January 25, Wednesday''', the Hon. George Keppel, at least, and perhaps Freddie, was present at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#25 January 1899, Wednesday|Holderness Hunt Ball]].

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', George and Alice Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', George and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]]. Their daughter Violet was train-bearer.

'''1899 September 4, Monday,''' the Hon. George and Mrs. George Keppel were at [[Social Victorians/People/Holden#1899 September 4, Monday|the house party of Mr. E. W. Meckett, M.P., at Kirkstall Grange]] that week, held as part of the Doncaster races.

'''1900 July 27, Friday''', Alice Keppel (at least) was present at a [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#1900 July 27, Friday|dinner party for Albert Edward, Princes of Wales hosted by the Arthur Wilsons]]. George Keppel's name is not listed.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
Freddie Keppel — the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] dressed as Madame de Polignac. The Hon. George Keppel attended, dressed as King Solomon. Neither appears to have been in the first supper seating, suggesting that her prominence was yet to come. Also, they did not use any of the most notable costumiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Alias|Mr. Alias]]) or couturiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]]) who sometimes provided the press with information about or perhaps viewings of the costumes.[[File:Duchess of Polignac by E.Vigee-Lebrun (1787, Atheneum).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the upper half of a woman wearing a white dress with a black lacy shawl and a large straw hat over hair that is loose and lightly powdered|''Duchess of Polignac'' by Vigee-Le Brun, 1787]]
=== The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel ===
The newspapers commented on the Keppels' costumes, but no portrait of either for this ball survives.

The portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac (right), painted by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1787, shows the duchess at about 30 years old, about what Alice Keppel was at the time of the ball. Vigée Le Brun painted several portraits of Gabrielle around this time, and in them all, Gabrielle appears informally dressed, without jewelry, so the portraits seem more intimate than official. Gabrielle's dress in this portrait is not the original for Keppel's dress — its style is transitional between the stiff fabrics and panniers of the formal court (and the past) and the post-revolutionary empire waists, columnar shape and lightweight fabrics. [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Ardern Holt]]'s description of Keppel's dress for ''The Queen'' (below) bears no relation to what we can see in Le Brun's portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac.

==== Newspaper Reports of Her Costume ====
Alice Keppel walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|Louis XV procession]] led by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was dressed as Marie Antoinette.
*She was &quot;very beautiful,&quot; and, &quot;as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched out over dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1a}}
*She was dressed as Madame de Polignac in the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Mrs. George Keppel, as Madame de Polignac, wore a dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3c}}
*&quot;Among these [in the Countess of Warwick's Marie Antoinette quadrille] the Honourable Mrs. George Keppell looked very beautiful.... Mrs. George Keppell, as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver, and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}}
*Ardern Holt's writing for ''The Queen'' is typically more trustworthy on fashion and garment construction than other, more traditional news outlets: &quot;''Madame de Polignac'' appeared at the Devonshire House ball in the Louis XV. quadrille, represented by the Hon. Mrs George Keppel, in an old dress of the period, a rose and silver brocade handed down from that century. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|pouf paniers]] [sic] were lined with pale green soft satin, and faced back with wide bands of silver embroidery. The hooped petticoat was of cloth of silver worked in tinsel threads of all shades, forming a design of roses in true lovers' knots extending from the waist to the hem; at the foot it was garlanded with pink pompon [sic] roses, interlaced through the stripes of embroidery, and below this was a quaint pleating of silver lace. The low bodice was finished off with a transparent lace collar sewn with silver. The hair was powdered and dressed very high, with soft curls falling on the neck, surmounted by a pink and green ostrich feather and a small garland of roses. She wore long lace mittens.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Arden. “Fancy Dress.” ''The Queen'' 31 July 1897, Saturday: 43 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/280/0043.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Madame de Polignac ====
Madame de Polignac was Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron (1749–1793), known as Gabrielle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-01|title=Yolande de Polastron|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a confidante and favorite of Marie Antoinette beginning in 1775, though Gabrielle was unpopular and the queen's affections were variable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; One of Madame de Polignac's closest friends was Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. Gabrielle died of cancer in Switzerland, shortly after Marie Antoinette's execution in Paris, having fled France after the storming of the Bastille.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[[File:King Solomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a seated, bearded man holding a scepter and looking off to our left|Simeon Solomon's ''King Solomon'', c. 1874]]
=== The Hon. George Keppel ===
George Keppel (who is early in the list '''of the people attending the ball''' for the London ''Morning Post''), walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] as King Solomon in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Daisy, Princess of Pless]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5b}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; and was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

No photograph of Keppel in his costume from this ball exists. The c. 1874 portrait of King Solomon (right), by Simeon Solomon, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., which received it as a gift in 1995 from William B. O'Neal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Solomon, Simeon (1874?)), King Solomon.&quot; Art Object Page 76152. National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.76152.html#provenance (retrieved 2024-11-27).&lt;/ref&gt; O'Neal may have bought it from the Durlacher Brothers,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; an art gallery founded in London in 1843 by Henry Durlacher and his brother George. After Henry Durlacher's death his sons opened a New York branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-13|title=Lewis Durlacher|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher.&lt;/ref&gt; Where George Keppel might have seen this painting — if he ever did — is not clear, because it is not clear how long the Durlacher Brothers owned it or when they exhibited it. In spite of how it looks, this is the entire painting.

Of the many depictions of King Solomon, Simeon Solomon's painting might have been familiar to Keppel or his costumier, and it shows the king wearing a crown, robe and light-colored tunic, like Keppel. 

According to the newspaper reports Keppel was dressed as
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe, lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2a}}
*(King Solomon), tunic of white silk, embroidered in gold, with an elaborate border on the bottom of jewels and turquoise; turquoise silk robe lined with white; jewelled headdress.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

==== King Solomon ====
Stories about King Solomon appear in Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Baháʼí traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-04|title=Solomon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon.&lt;/ref&gt; The Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon with gifts and tested his wisdom, perhaps the characteristic most associated with him. The [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] does not have an article about King Solomon, although he figures in other, historical articles, like the one on Israel.

== The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré ==
[[File:Alice - Kostümfest.jpg|thumb|alt=Old black-and-white photograph showing a woman dressed in a long gown with a lot of ruffles|Alice Keppel, 1895?]]
The Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended the Countess and Earl of Warwick's [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|February 1895 bal poudré at Warwick Castle]].

Even though no portrait of Alice in her costume from the 1897 Duchess of Devonshire ball exists, a photograph of her in what may be her costume for at the Warwick ball does. This photograph (right), which has no provenance information, is a low-resolution digital image of a positive rather than a negative, which explains its poor quality. (The Lafayette Negative Archive [http://lafayette.org.uk/&lt;nowiki&gt;] and the Bassano Studio Portrait Collection [&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/bassano-studio-portrait-collection&lt;nowiki&gt;] do not include any portraits of the Keppels.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;

According to the ''Leamington Spa Courier'', Alice Keppel was dressed as a &quot;Lady, time Louis XVI.&quot; at the Warwick ball and wearing a&lt;blockquote&gt;Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, 4c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;The description from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' does not match the dress in this photograph in a number of particulars, at least as well as it is possible to analyze the image. The dress in the photograph is not a dress from the 18th century, and it does not appear to have &quot;[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|full paniers]],&quot; although it may have the late 19th-century version of panniers — a bustle. The neckline, however, makes it look like a costume intended to look like an 18th century dress. The sleeves also have &quot;long ruffles&quot; of lace and, because of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]], also seem 18th century. Keppel's gloves cover her arm up above the elbow, an oddity that seems to clash with the long ruffles on the sleeves, which would normally emphasize the flesh.

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: British
=== Residences ===
*1 February 1895: 2, Wilton Crescent, London&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, Col. 4c)
*30 Portman Square&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Family ==

* William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle (15 April 1832 – 28 August 1894)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16514.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16514 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sophia Mary MacNab (5 July 1832 – 5 April 1917)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sophia Mary MacNab.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16517.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16517 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

# Lt.-Col. Arnold Allen Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1 June 1858 – 12 April 1942)
# Gertrude Mary Keppel (9 November 1859 – 7 April 1860)
# Lady Theodora Keppel (11 January 1862 – 30 October 1945)
# '''Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel''' (7 April 1863 – 26 April 1944)
# Lady Hilda Mary Keppel (29 August 1864 – 7 October 1955)
# '''Lt.-Col. Hon. George Keppel''' (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)
# Lady Leopoldina Olivia Keppel (14 November 1866 – 9 August 1948)
# Lady Susan Mary Keppel (5 May 1868 – 26 June 1953)
# Lady Mary Stuart Keppel (15 May 1869 – 21 September 1906)
# Lady Florence Cecilia Keppel (24 February 1871 – 30 June 1963)


*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel (29 April 1868 – 11 September 1947)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*George Keppel (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-14|title=George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)&amp;oldid=967698366|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Violet Trefusis (6 June 1894 – 1 March 1970 [Wikipedia says 1972])
#Sonia Cubitt (24 May 1900 – 16 August 1986)

== Also Known As ==
Freddie Keppel
*Family name: his, Keppel; hers, Edmunstone
*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel
*Alice Keppel: [https://viaf.org/viaf/62357923/ VIAF: 62357923]
The Honourable George Keppel

Sir Derek Keppel

== Notes and Questions ==
# David Cannadine says of courtiers with aristocratic connections and long careers, &quot;Sir Derek Keppel, brother of the eighth Earl of Albermarle, served every sovereign from Queen Victoria to King George VI.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|245}}
# The Hon. George Keppel is #39 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — Freddie — is #231.
# Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ.
# When were the Keppels presented to the Queen?
# George Keppel was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="149007" sha1="gyn3akc8m6fc535s0ybo0rb8kfl9nal" xml:space="preserve">=The Processions and Quadrilles=
After they arrived and had been greeted by the 20-year old [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William, Duke of Manchester]] (grandson of [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]]) at the bottom of the famous Devonshire House stairs and the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at the top, the Royals led the processions into &quot;the White and Gold Saloon,&quot; where a dais had been set up for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c?}} 

Once the Royals were on the dais, the processions began, perhaps followed by or perhaps including the quadrilles. The ''Gentlewoman'' emphasized the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, which was the first to be presented (the newspapers used the word ''Oriental'' to refer to what we would now think of as the Middle East and northern Africa as well as what we would now call ''Asian''): &lt;blockquote&gt;First came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs. Among the most magnificent of the Oriental personages was Princess Henry Pless, who, as the Queen of Sheba, was gorgeous to behold. Her dress was of purple and gold-shot gauze, bodice and skirt embroidered nearly to the knees, the train being one mass of jewels encrusted in gold. An Assyrian headdress, with clusters of diamonds over each ear, jewelled feathers, and chains of diamonds and turquoises, which were attached to armlets from shoulder to wrist, completed a costume of dazzling splendour. The other Queen of Sheba, who was Lady Cynthia Graham, was charmingly attired in white and silver and rose red. There were also two Cleopatras — Lady de Grey was one mass of beautiful embroideries, and Mrs. Arthur Paget looked her character to the life, and her jewels were quite the most magnificent in the room. Mr. Gerald Paget walked beside her, attired very effectively as Mark Antony. Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then came the processions of the various Courts, who afterwards formed into separate quadrilles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print pp. 48–58.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The reports in the ''Times'' and the ''Gentlewoman'' agree that first the processions were presented to the Prince and Princess of Wales, and then the quadrilles were danced in front of the royals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a}} Dancing quadrilles was a custom at other fancy-dress balls or costume parties as well. (One type of quadrille is the American square dance.) Not everyone was part of a procession, but the quadrilles, some of which had been rehearsed at least to some degree, seem usually to have been smaller groups of people.

== The Courts ==
The processions were made up of the members of the &quot;Courts&quot; of the various monarchs, particularly queens, as well as other groups not led by the 4 queens identified by the ''Times''. The first procession was the &quot;Oriental&quot; one, which included [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]] as Zenobia, the Queens of Sheba and the Cleopatras. This procession was followed by the goddesses and gods.

Contrasting this ball with the fancy-dress ball hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales at Marlborough House on 22 July 1874, the ''Times'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as Princes and courtiers. The Royal party itself fell in very readily with this idea, and attended in historical and mostly Royal costumes of the 16th century. There were four Courts strictly so-called, besides two groups which were separately arranged, but which are only to be called Courts by an extension of the term. The four were the Elizabethan Court, headed by Lady Tweedmouth as Queen Elizabeth with Sir Francis Jeune as Lord Chief Justice, Lord Arran a Cardinal, and [Col. 1a / Col. 1b] Lord Rowton as Archibishop Farrer; the Louis XV. and XVI. Court, with Lady Curzon as Queen Marie Leczinska and Lady Warwick as Marie Antoinette; the Court of Maria Theresa with Lady Londonderry as the Empress, Lord Lansdowne as Prince Kaunitz, and Lady Lansdowne as Lady Keith; and the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, its Imperial centre being Lady Raincliffe. Of equal importance with these Courts were the group of Orientals and the Italian procession, the chief members of the former being the hostess herself, the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Lady de Grey as Lysistrate, and Lady Cynthia Graham as the Queen of Sheba; while the latter, which covered not only the great period of Italian art but the 17th century as well, was made illustrious both by the beauty of the dresses and by the great distinction of many of those who wore them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Referencing the article on the ball in the ''Times'', both the ''Westminster Gazette'' and the London Evening ''Mail'' say, &lt;blockquote&gt;THE VARIOUS &quot;COURTS.&quot;

It is twenty-three years (the ''Times'' continues) since a ball of similar design and magnificence was given. We are referring to the famous ball at Marlborough House on July 22, 1874. In one respect there was a considerable difference, for, whereas the Prince of Wales's ball had a number of distinct quadrilles — a Venetian quadrille, a Vandyck quadrille, and a pack-of-cards quadrille — the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as princes and courtiers. ...

The dancing was of the most desultory description. In the quadrilles people did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. In the procession everyone saluted the Princess of Wales in appropriate style. The Orientals spread out their hands in the impressive Oriental manner; the gods struck the ground with their sticks, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2–3}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1a–b}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;A report in ''Truth'' emphasizes the queens among the costumed guests. Framed as a letter to &quot;Amy&quot; and referring obliquely to the extensive newspaper coverage of the ball, the report begins,&lt;blockquote&gt;DEAREST AMY, — The historic and fancy ball at Devonshire House outshone, as the moon the stars, every other social event of the week. I must try to describe some of the dresses for you, and am sending a sheaf of newspapers from which you will gather some idea of the splendour of the occasion. In tissue of silver and cloth of gold, and richly jewelled from head to foot, stood the stately Zenobia, Duchess of Devonshire, at the head of her marble stairway, to receive her guests of all the ages: queens who had stepped out of history to grace the scene, queens from the idyllic stories of the long ago, queens from ancient Persia and Abyssinia, and queens from Fairyland. Was not Titania there herself, with glittering wings and lily-wand? And the beautiful fair-haired queen, before whom all bent and performed obeisance as she passed, fair Marguerite de Valois, in gleaming snowy satin and high lace collar, with silver-lined train of cloth of gold, was she not our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Princess of Wales was &quot;our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts.&quot; Titania &quot;with glittering wings and lily-wand&quot; may have been one of three women:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Jack and Susanna Wilson Graham Menzies|Susannah Wilson Graham Menzies]], whose costume included &quot;an immense spray of white lilies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7b}} as a kind of very large wand or staff; her costume does not, however, seem to have wings.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Murray#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Mary Graham Murray]]: neither wings nor wand is mentioned in the scant coverage in the press of her costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
# [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano#Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano|Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano]], whose portrait is in the album, although no newspaper descriptions of her costume exist at this time. What Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano is wearing on her shoulders could be interpreted as glittering wings, perhaps, but no wand or lilies are present in the portrait, and because her photographer was Bassano, other poses or images of her in costume do not seem to exist at this time. 
The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles and processions in the introduction of its story on the ball:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most sumptuous epochs of the most sumptuous Courts were represented, and that with a dazzling completeness which made the times live again all their glitter of precious stuffs, of gold brocades, and imposing arrays of jewels beyond price. There was a noble diversity, yet a satisfying consistency, for the main theory was to reproduce the Courts of princes famous for their love of sumptuary display, and notably the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as perhaps the richest in brave apparel, with the contemporaneous outlook of the French and Spanish Courts of the same era, and these afforded every opportunity for gorgeous display. It might be said that as a panorama of historical costume on these lines no such opportunity has ever occurred of seeing and realising the glories of dress, and the consistent reproduction of historical personages in all their traditional bravery to the fullest advantage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings &amp; Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels.&quot; ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== How the Courts Were Organized ===
The suggestion that some of the women form courts, which may have come from the Duchess of Devonshire herself,&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Verity. ''Dressing Up: A History of Fancy Dress in Britain''. Reaktion, 2022: 62.&lt;/ref&gt; caused the ball to be visually organized in a way that it would not have been otherwise, because so many of the costumes were from the same time periods. Dressing as a queen was not only not unusual, but, at the many fancy-dress balls and Gothic revival tournaments, “One of the most common costumes for a lady of the Victorian period was … that of a Queen.”&lt;ref&gt;Thrush, Nanette. &quot;Clio's Dressmakers: Women and the Uses of Historical Costume.&quot; In Meaghan Clarke, ed. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020: 258-277.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|270}} There were actual royals present — the Prince of Wales and his family as well as expatriate royals living in London and dignitaries from the Empire. Put on the dais and the object of formal presentations by the processions and quadrilles, [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#The Royals On the Dias|the actual royals]] mostly did not assert their royalty fictionally. The highest fictional rank among the royals was Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who was dressed as Marguerite de Valois.

The total number of women dressed as queens is large but, according to the ''Times'', only 4 defined the courts, &quot;strictly so-called.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}} The first 4 — Marie Thérèse of Austria, Catherine II of Russia, Marie Antoinette and Queen Elizabeth — were the most important and organized in the ball, and their &quot;courts&quot; accounted for many of the other guests who attended.

Of the 700 or so people who attended the ball, 134–137 are accounted for by the first 4 queens and 263–267 by all the various kinds of courts, processions and quadrilles. (The numbers of people in the various courts are not perfectly stable: not all the newspapers that treat the courts agree on who was in them; these numbers are based on the typeset visualizations in the ''Morning Post''.)

Just because of chance and the individual choice of whom to personate, many of the others at the ball who came as individuals or part of much smaller groups and who were not in processions would have contributed to the number of people dressed in that time period and looking as if they could have been part of the courts. A large number of individuals, including almost all the royals ('''check Princess Louise, Faust costume, opera?'''), were also in Elizabethan dress. The ''Western Gazette'' says that &quot;the French and Spanish Courts [were] of the same era.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}} These additional costumes from the time periods of the major courts probably made the ball look more coherent, although one newspaper account describes the effect of random and unrelated people seen side by side in conversation ('''find this'''). Also, individuals dressed as ancestors represent belonging to a kinship group rather than a social network of friends.

Nearly fifty women came as historical, Biblical, and occasionally fictional queens, empresses and other regents. They were

# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire]], dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra and functioning as an individual, maybe but not probably part of the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of England and leading 40 people
# Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]], dressed as Marie Thérèse of Austria, Queen and Holy Roman Empress and leading a procession of between 34 and 37 people
# Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia and leading the Russia procession of 31 people plus trumpeters and &quot;Black Attendants&quot;
# [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and leading 29 Louis XV and XVI royals and courtiers, not counting pages
# [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], dressed as Marguerite de Valois and with a court of 7 or 8 people, all family members, plus 2 attendants
# [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Violet, Countess of Mar and Kellie]], dressed as Beatrice and leading the Venetians procession of 47 people
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon, not exactly a queen but in this list because she led the 7-person procession of goddesses from mythology
# [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]], dressed as Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England and leading 12 people in the courts of Charles I and Charles II
# Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]], dressed as Queen Guinevere and leading 21 people in the Knights of the Table of King Arthur procession
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande Evelyn Vere, Lady Rodney]], dressed as Queen Guinevere, was not listed as being in the procession; she attended with her husband, who was dressed as King Arthur.
#Daisy Cornwallis-West, [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Lady Cynthia Graham
#[[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless
#Katherine Osborne, [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley
#Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Dowager Countess of Dudley]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Katherine, Duchess of Leeds
# [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Lady Minnie Paget]], dressed as Cleopatra in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession; attended with her husband and her brother-in-law, who was dressed as Marc Anthony
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gwladys Robinson|Gwladys Robinson]], Marchioness of Ripon (when Countess de Grey), dressed as Cleopatra
#[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, Duchess of Newcastle]], dressed as Princess Dashkova
# [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]], dressed as Princess Sophia Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, mother of George I
# Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]], dressed as Princess of Navarre
# [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, Marquisa de Santurce]], dressed as the Infanta of Spain
# [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse née Kinsky, Countess Clary-Aldringen]], dressed as the Queen of Naples, Napoleon's sister
# [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], née Countess Josephine Kinsky, dressed as Princess Pauline Borghese, Napoleon's sister
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady Fitzgerald]], dressed as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]], dressed as Marie Stuart, Mary Queen of Scots
# [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Mary, Countess of Minto]], dressed as '''Princess Andrillon'''
# [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], dressed as Queen Vashti
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Candida Louise, Marchioness of Tweeddale]], dressed as Empress Josephine
# Aileen, Countess of Meath, dressed as Queen Hortense
# [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Alice, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos]], dressed as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Alice, Countess of Lathom]], dressed as Catherine of Aragon
# [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Leonie Blanche Jerome, Lady Leslie]], dressed as Brunhild
# Helena, Countess of Stradbroke, dressed as Delilah
# Ethel, Lady Knaresborough, dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill]], dressed as Empress Theodora, wife of Justinian
# [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Adela, Countess of Essex]], dressed as Berenice, Queen of Palestine
# Hon. Julia Beatrice Maguire, dressed as Dido, Queen of Carthage
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarisse Bischoffsheim]], dressed as Anne of Austria, queen with Louis XIII of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet, Lady de Trafford]], dressed as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent, Lady Cradock-Hartopp]], dressed as the Empress Josephine
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Susan Margaret, Duchess of Somerset]], dressed as Jane, Queen of England, wife to King Henry VIII and mother of King Edward VI
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily Theresa, Lady Ampthill]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Blanche, Lady Gordon-Lennox]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]], dressed as Queen Esther
# Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano, dressed as the Queen of the Fairies
# Susannah Graham Menzies, dressed as Titania, Queen of the Fairies

Some women came as goddesses:

# [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Marie, Baroness de Courcel]], dressed as Night
# Florence, Lady Terence Blackwood, dressed as Flora Goddess of Flowers
# Probably (Sybil Aimée) Geraldine Webber (née Magniac), dressed as Dawn
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]], dressed as Euterpe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]], dressed as Egeria
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Augusta Beatrice (née Montagu), Countess of Gosford]], dressed as Minerva (period of Louis XV)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Sybil Mary (née St Clair-Erskine), Countess of Westmorland]], dressed as Hebe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Emmeline Laura (née Milner), Lady Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Marie Elizabeth Françoise Hope-Vere]] (née Guillemin), dressed as Medusa
# [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Adela (née Kindersley), Lady Herschell]], dressed as Night
# Dorothy Blanche ('Doreen', née Boyle), Viscountess Long, dressed as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Edith Amelia (née Ward), Lady Wolverton]], dressed as Britannia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Lady Alice Stanley]], dressed as Diana

Men also came as kings and emperors:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton, Duke of Devonshire]], dressed as the Emperor Charles V 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|N. Boulatzell]], dressed as Prince of Mingrelia 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Frederic Glyn, 4th Baron Wolverton]], dressed as King Richard Coeur de Lion
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh]], dressed as Akbar
# [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Castlereagh|Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry]] when Viscount Castlereagh as the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, dressed as 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|George Rodney, 7th Baron Rodney]], dressed as King Arthur of the Round Table
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]], dressed as the Emperor Yuan of China
# [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]], dressed as a Persian Prince
# [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]], dressed as Philip II of Spain
# Sir Ralph Barrett Macnaghten, 9th Bt., dressed as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Charles de Rothschild]], dressed as King Henry III
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck]], dressed as the King of Poland
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Sir Charles Edward Cradock-Hartopp, 5th Bt.]], dressed as Napoleon I
The courts or groupings are subnetworks within the network at this ball: there are other women dressed as goddesses, for example, than the ones included in the procession, suggesting that the ones who organized into groups did it based on relationships with each other than with a preference for a particular time or person.

At this ball, women were “arbiters” of cultural, social and political power. Even though both the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the ball, it was and has since always been called her ball. As social organizers, they were the gatekeepers to the aristocracy, granting some admittance and denying others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; As accomplished beauties and leaders of fashion, they were cultural arbiters.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, Meaghan. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Costumed as queens, they presented themselves as “makers of history.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Felber, Lynette, ed. ''Clio's Daughters: British Women Making History, 1790-1899''. Associated University Presses, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Their portraits taken in costume, which can be found in the National Portrait Gallery today, were a performance of wealth and privilege, and, with the identities personated, power.

=== The Courts in Performance ===
We know almost nothing about how these processions or quadrilles were formed, except that the Duchess of Devonshire may have been encouraged these women to form courts: 

# Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thérèse of Austria
# Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]] as Elizabeth, Queen of England

We know that the groups doing quadrilles would have been expected to have rehearsed, and we know that the Elizabethan procession, at least, did do so at a dinner party the night before the ball. 
== The Quadrilles ==

&quot;[T]he quadrilles took place&quot; after or as part of the procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4C}} A quadrille is a choreographed &quot;square&quot; dance. (The very specific kind of dance called a square dance in the U.S. is a quadrille, but not all quadrilles are American square dances.) Typically, quadrilles were made up of four couples. Apparently fancy-dress balls often included quadrilles, especially those with costumes of the past and ''bals poudres'' (typically balls with 18th-century costumes and powdered hair). The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles under &quot;The Dancing&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dancing was of the most desultory description. There was the Royal quadrille and there were the quadrilles danced by the Venetians, and the Russian quadrille. In the quadrilles the dancers did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. If all did not fall in with the spirit of their times it was excusable, as there were no rehearsals. Not until the chaperons and those who merely went to see had left or gone down to supper was there space for ordinary dancing, and even then so few of the dresses were fitted for the waltz and the gardens were so temptingly cool with all their coloured lights that the latter attracted the majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This article suggests that there was a &quot;Royal quadrille,&quot; suggesting that the Royals danced at some point as a group, and that the people did not rehearse their quadrilles.

== The Royals On the Dias ==
The Royals who were on the dais were likely the  immediate family of the Prince of Wales, including his siblings and children as well as the Princess of Wales, but a number of people who were — or had been — royals in other countries were also present at the ball.

=== The Prince and Princess of Wales's Children and Their Families ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier of Malta in the court of Queen Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] as Margaret of Valois
*Prince George of Wales, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#George, Duke of York|Duke of York]] as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland and thus in Elizabethan dress
*Mary of Teck, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#Mary, Duchess of York|Duchess of York]] as a lady in attendance on Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales)
*Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales)
*Alexander Duff, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duke of Fife]] as a courtier of late Elizabethan Period, the time of Henri II
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Maud of Wales, Princess Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Princess of Wales as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]]

=== The Prince of Wales's Siblings and Their Families ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Helena, or Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as Sophia Charlotte, daughter of the Electress Sophia of Hanover and sister of George I
*[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as the Earl of Lincoln in the time of Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], daughter of Helena and Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, as a lady or princess of the Elizabethan Court
*[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]], Marchioness of Lorne as a character from the opera ''Faust'' or the Tudor period
*John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Marquis of Lorne]] as a Tudor
*[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] as an Elizabethan military commander
*[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]] as Ann of Austria
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], nephew of the Prince of Wales and son of Alfred of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Romanova, as Duke Robert of Normandy, A.D. 1060
Many of these costumes are from the Elizabethan period, but the royals wearing them would not have been in the Elizabethan procession or quadrille. One newspaper report noticed this as well.

=== Other Royals Possibly on the Dais ===
These people were closely related but not of Victoria's immediate family and thus perhaps not eligible for the same obeisances? So perhaps they were not on the dais. Also, they are not listed as having marched in a procession or danced in a quadrille.

* [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis, Duke of Teck]]  as Capitaine Garde du Roi, 1660
* Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]] as Princess Sophia, Electress of Luneburg and Hanover
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Alexander of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a blue coat, Queen Anne's period
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a red coat, Queen Anne's period
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Adolphus of Teck]]
==Processions==
Speaking of the processions before the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] the ''Morning Post'' describes the scene:&lt;blockquote&gt;One after the other they entered by one door, advanced up the middle of the ball room, made obeisance, and left by another door. Those who did not belong to any particular group lined the room and crowded the doorways. After this the quadrilles took place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 4C}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Graphic'' published an illustration by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich showing a member of one of the processions bowing before the Prince and Princess of Wales, who is inclining her head in return. The guest has two train-bearers who look like children, which if this illustration is true to life means that the woman bowing is probably  

(&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Costume Ball, The: The Procession of Guests Bowing to the Royal Group in the White and Gold Saloon. Drawn by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich.&quot; The Graphic 10 July 1897: 17–18 [of 34]. [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017].)

It seems that the processions came in to the White and Gold Saloon and then formed in front of the Royals to do their quadrilles, so any group might be called a procession or a quadrille, depending on what exactly they did. According to the ''Morning Post'', which in this list apparently mixes up &quot;courts&quot; and processions, &quot;The following processions were formed shortly after the assembling of the guests, and passed through the ball-room&quot;:
# &quot;Oriental&quot; (their word for it, and repeated twice more later in the list)
# Goddesses and gods
#Duchess
# Venetians
# Austrian
# Russian, led by the &quot;Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard&quot;
# Louis XVI
# Elizabethan

The ''Morning Post'' story highlighted the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, which was the first procession to dance before the Prince and Princess of Wales. The story in the ''Gentlewoman'' also emphasizes this procession by listing it first and describing it in detail. Also, the ''Morning Post'' article attempted to illustrate how people were arranged in the processions by the way their names were typeset. The ''Times'' listed people in the various processions and courts, but did not attempt a typeset visualization the way the ''Morning Post'' did.

=== &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession ===
What the newspapers called the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession was &quot;the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites,&quot; who were permitted to assemble in a different place than everybody else before leading the rest of the processions and quadrilles.&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 2c}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} 

One newspaper, the ''Times'', says that [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire]] took part in the &quot;Oriental&quot; group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt; 

First [to present themselves to the Royals] came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

This sentence from the ''Daily Telegraph'' occurs at the end of the description of the Duchess of Devonshire's costume, suggesting but not saying that the &quot;Oriental&quot; queens got this special treatment because she was one of them:&lt;blockquote&gt;Masters of the Ceremonies in Louis Seize military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms, only the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites, assembling in the white and gold saloon, with its fine pictures in the panels, and brilliantly-lighted by hundreds of wax candles in crystal chandeliers, as were all the rooms.&lt;ref&gt;“Historic Ball at Devonshire House. Brilliant Scene.” The ''Daily Telegraph'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 9 [of 14], Col. 6a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18970703/094/0009.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|9, Col. 6a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The people in the &quot;Oriental Procession&quot; assembled in the white-and-gold saloon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} The presentations to the Royals took place in the saloon or ballroom, which was &quot;particularly magnificent, being a splendid harmony of white and gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} Besides having the white-and-gold saloon in which to assemble, the queens and suites of the &quot;Oriental Procession&quot; lined the &quot;centre of the saloon&quot; for the procession of the Prince and Princess of Wales to their place on the dais. According to the ''Gentlewoman'',
&lt;blockquote&gt;About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of &quot;God Save the Queen,&quot; and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Other than the account in the ''Gentlewoman'', most newspapers that mention it say the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession was led by Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Daisy Cornwallis-West, Princess of Pless]], as Queens of Sheba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5b}} In these reports, Lady Cynthia Graham's name is listed first in spite of the Princess of Pless's higher rank. ''Truth'' says that 3 women came dressed as Queen of Sheba but names only Lady Cynthia Graham and Daisy Cornwallis-West, the same 2 named by the ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'': &quot;There were three Queens of Sheba, and Paris himself could scarcely have decided to which the apple of beauty should have been awarded.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 1b}} 

==== The Attendants for the Queens of the &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession ====
Some of the Duchess of Devonshire's attendants and hired staff for the ball were people of color, probably boys and men. Some of the people in attendance on some of the queens at the ball were people of color, again probably boys and men. While not all of these queens were in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, several were.

[[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Attendants of Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess of Pless had attendants in her suite]], some of whom were probably hired as well as her sister and brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her &quot;Ethiopian attendant,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} and [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], who was ashamed of his blackface and costume and is not mentioned in any newspaper report.

Both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' list the Hon. George Keppel in the suite of men, with the other men at his level, but the ''Gentlewoman'' says that at least 2 of the men — Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson — were attendants on him, suggesting that he might not have been an attendant but at the same level as Lady Cynthia and the Princess of Pless.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; (34, Col. 3a; print p. 50)

==== The Structure of the Procession ====
In the visualization in the ''Morning Post'', Lady Cynthia's name is first, followed by the Princess of Pless, at the same level. Then the suites of ladies and gentlemen follow, indented to show they accompanied either the Princess of Pless or, perhaps, both Queens of Sheba. 

The ''Morning Post'' illustrated the procession like this:
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], as the Queen of Sheba
# Daisy (Mary Theresa) [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Cornwallis-West]], [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], as the Queen of Sheba
# The Suite of Ladies following Daisy, Princess of Pless (or perhaps both the two Queens of Sheba)
## Miss West: Miss Cornwallis West, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her &quot;Ethiopian attendant&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}}
## Miss Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet|Goelet]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Lady C. Grosvenor]]
## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]]
# The Suite of Men following Daisy, Princess of Pless (less likely both the two Queens of Sheba)
## The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]], as King Solomon, in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and Princess Henry of Pless)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}
## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur Portman]]
##[[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]]
## The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Algernon Bourke|Hon. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Algernon Bourke
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], not mentioned in any newspaper report and by his own account in the court of his sister, Daisy, Princess of Pless.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]], as a Greek Slave
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Guendoline Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Guendoline Bourke, as Salambo
# Minnie Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Mrs. Arthur Paget]], as Cleopatra
# Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Paget Paget]], likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget, as Marc Antony
#Lady Randolph Churchill, according to the London Evening ''Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}, as Empress Theodora of Byzantium
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]]
#Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Lady Colebrooke]]
# Two women walking together for some reason
## Hon. Mrs. Julia [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Peel Maguire]] (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions)
## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Muriel Wilson]], as Queen Vashti
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Helena Violet Alice Fraser (Miss Keith Fraser)|Miss Keith Fraser]]
# Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Hope-Vere]], as Medusa

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
   Lady Cynthia Graham .................. Queen of Sheba.
   Princess Pless ....................... Queen of Sheba.
           Miss West .................. )
           Miss Goelet ................ )
           Lady C. Grosvenor .......... ) Suite of Ladies.
           Miss Oppenheim ............. )
           The Hon. G. Keppel ......... )
           Wilfred Wilson  ............ )
           Arthur Portman ............. ) Suite of Men.
           Gordon Wood ................ )
           The Hon. A. Bourke ......... )
   Lady Alicia Duncombe ................  Greek Slave.
   Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke .................. Salambo.
   Mrs. Arthur Paget .................... Cleopatra.
   Gerald Paget Paget ................... Marc Antony.
   Lady De Trafford
   Hon. Mrs. Maguire ................   )
   Miss Muriel Wilson ................  )
   Miss Keith Fraser
   Lady Elcho
   Mrs. Hope-Vere
The ''Times'' article lists the members of this procession in paragraph form, but they are the same people in the same order in the list:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Cynthia Graham, Queen of Sheba; Princess Pless, Queen of Sheba; Miss West, Miss Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenorm, Miss Oppenheim, suite of ladies; Hon. G. Keppel, Wilfred Wilson, Arthur Postman, Gordon Wood, Hon. A Bourke, suite of men; Lady Alicia Dduncombe, Greek slave; Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, Salambo; Mrs. Arthur Paget, Cleopatra; Gerald Paget Paget, Marc Antony; Lady Randolph Churchill, Lade de Trafford, Lady Colebrooke, Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Miss Muriel Wilson, Miss Keith Fraser, Lady Elcho, Mrs. Hope-Vere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; (12, Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Goddesses===
The women who walked in the procession of goddesses included these women listed in the ''Morning Post'' list:
*[[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]] (at 256), as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon
*Sybil Vane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Countess of Westmorland]] (at 219), as Hebe
*[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lady Emily Lurgan]] (at 56), a Fury
*[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Lady Sophie Scott]] (at 57), a Fury
*[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Mrs. Talbot]] (probably not the wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Edmund Talbot]], as two other Mrs. Talbots were there, both wives of higher ranking men)
*Miss de Brienen (at 259)
*[[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Mrs. Leonie Leslie]] (at 260) went as Brunhilde in the Goddesses procession
The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}

Others dressed as goddesses   — likely dressed as individuals and not part of an organized group — include the following:
*Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Lady Glenesk]] (at 88) as Egeria (although Algernon Borthwick, Baron Glenesk did walk in the Elizabethan procession)
*Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] (at 92), as Euterpe, Goddess of Music
*[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Archibald Campbell]] (at 377), as Artemis, goddess of the chase
*Mrs. Susannah [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson Graham Menzies]] (at 378), as Titania.
*Lady A. Stanley: Lady Alice Maud Olivia [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) as Diana.

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5B}}:
 Goddesses were:
            Lady Gerard.
            Lady Westmorland.
            Lady Lurgan.
            Lady S. [Sophie?] Scott.
            Mrs. Talbot.
            Miss de Brienen.
            Mrs. Leslie.

===The Duchesses Procession===
The members of this procession included the following:
# Katherine Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]] (at 35), as the fictional Persian character Lalla Rookh. While the ''Morning Post'' says she walked in the Duchesses Procession, she might have walked in the &quot;Oriental&quot; one instead.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Lady Dudley]]: Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley (at 198)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Gwladys, Countess de Grey]] (at 136), possibly as Cleopatra (according to the ''Carlisle Patriot'', she headed the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, but the ''Morning Post'' visualization puts her with the Duchesses)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball: Unparalleled Splendour.&quot; ''Carlisle Patriot'' Friday 9 July 1897: 7 [of 8], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000365/18970709/084/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
#[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] (at 132), as Empress Theodora of Byzantium
# Mrs. Maguire (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Adele Grant Capell|Adele Grant Capell, Countess Essex]] (at 194)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Margot Asquith]] (at 217), as a snake charmer
# Mrs. Leo (at 246)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Acheson, Lady Gosford]] (at 140), as a lady in Charles V.'s Court(?)
# Edith Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baroness Wolverton]] (at 130), as Britannia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) (but she seems more likely to have walked in the Goddess procession)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]] (at 252), as Apollo
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady A. Acheson]] — Lady Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson — (at 254), in Hunting Costume, period of Louis XV
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lord Acheson]], Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson (at 255), as Mignon Henri III. or Raoul di Nangis
# Lady J. Stanley (at 250)
# W. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Hon. Frederick William Stanley]] (at 473), in hunting dress (period of Louis XVI) or as Chasseur à Louis XV

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this, suggesting that everybody except Lady de Grey and Lady Wolverton was walking or perhaps dancing side by side in pairs.
               Duchess of Leeds.                 Lady Dudley.
                                  Lady de Grey.
               Lady Randolph Churchill.          Lady Colebrooke.
               Mrs. Maguire.                     Lady Essex.
               Mrs. Asquith.                     Mrs. Leo.
               Lady Gosford.                     E. Stanley.
                                 Lady Wolverton.
               Lady A. Stanley.                  L. Brassey.
               Lady A. Acheson.                  Lord Acheson.
               Lady J. Stanley.                  W. Stanley.

===Italian Procession===
The Venetians Procession is variously called the Venetian or 17th-century or Italian Procession or Quadrille in the newspapers. This group is also made up of subgroups: the Italian Procession, the Venetians and the 17th Century, each smaller procession with its own leader.

The ''Westminster Gazette'' says, &quot;The Venetian group might indeed have been called a 'dream of fair women,' as it numbered more decidedly beautiful women than any other at the ball.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}}

The ''Gentlewoman'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Venetian Court was most picturesque, led by the Duchess of Portland, who looked magnificent in white brocade embroidered with silver, a diamond crown, and ropes of diamonds and pearl, round her neck. One of the most noticeable ladies of her Court was Lady Mar and Kellie, in white and green and silver, embroidered with gold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Truth'' says something quite similar:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Venetian group was highly picturesque. Lord Lathom was Doge, and among the ladies and gentlemen of Venice were the Duchess of Portland, Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady Alington, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, and Lord and Lady St. Oswald.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|41, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

These are the names in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' story.

==== Italian Procession ====

# The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Countess Mar and Kellie]] (at 160), as Beatrice
# Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon|Baron Kenyon]] (at 167) as Guido Cavalcanti
# Mabel Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Lady St. Oswald]] (at 284), as Duchessa di Caluria in the Italian procession or a Venetian lady of the 14th century
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|George Wyndham]] (at 221), as Signor di Samare
# [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Miss Blanche Forbes]] (at 285), as Donna Lucrezia Arcella
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber]] (at 286), as Duca d'Iripolda
# [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mrs. Higgins]] (at 287), as Donna Valeria Bodessa
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|William Henry Grenfell]] (at 222), as Signor di Argentina or as [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Mercutio]]
# Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Von André]] (at 289), as Desdemona
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Murray Guthrie]] (at 290), as Otello
# [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Montagu]] (at 292), as Laura and escorted by Giles Fox-Strangways
# Giles Fox-Strangways (at 78), [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lord Stavordale]], as Petrarch
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Enid Wilson|Enid Wilson]] (at 293), as Giulietta
# Lord Hyde: George Herbert Hyde [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers]] (at 294), as Romeo

==== Venetians ====

# The [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Earl of Lathom]] (at 125), as Il Doge, Giovannino de Medici
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Cardinale Giovanni Bembo
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Caterina Cornaro (Regina di Cipri)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. Ivor Guest]] (at 295), as Marco (Re di Cipri)
# Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscountess Chelsea]] (at 162), Venditrice di Fiori, a Veronese lady
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]] (at 300), as Buffone
#[[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Hon. Seymour Fortescue]] (at 296), as Avocato
#[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick#Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville|Hon. S. Greville]] (at 297), as Cipriano
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|Hon. Mrs. George (Mary) Curzon]] (at 301), as Marchesa Malaspina
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family#Hon. George Peel|Hon. George Peel]] (at 302), as Luigi Giorgi
# Ettie (Mrs. W.) [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Grenfell]] (at 200), as Contessa Maria Cicogna or Maria de Medici
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Hon. Evan Charteris]] (at 303), as Cavaliere Vittorio
# [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Lady Lettice Grosvenor]] (at 304), as Bianca Capelli
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]] (at 305), as Marino Grimani
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish Bentinck]] (at 264), as Grandezza degli Antenati
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan#Hon. Cecil Brownlow|Hon. Cecil Brownlow]] (at 305), as Nicolo Danabi
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Olive Guthrie]] (at 291), as Marguerita Grimani
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]] (at 307), as Antonio Priali (misspelled as Briali)

==== 17th-Century Procession ====

# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202), as La Dogaressa, led the 17th-century procession, with two nephews as attendants:
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (at 669), as a page to the Doge's Wife
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (at 670), as a page to the Doge's Wife
# Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Viscount Peel]] (at 74), as Il Doge
# Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] (at 29), as Duchessa di Savoia
# William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as Duca Filiberto di Savoia (or possibly the Duke of Buckingham)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Helen Vincent]] (at 215), as Contessa Valentina Gateago
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Sir Edgar Vincent]] (at 226), as II Conte Oravio or Orayio
# Mrs. Gerard Leigh (at 308), as Lucrezia de Rossi
# [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mr. Higgins]] (at 288), as Sanchio di Sedilla
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Katherine Mary Drummond]] (at 309), as Donna Caranado
# [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Mr. Henry White]] (at 310), as Giovanni Felici (or possibly Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell|Mildred Grenfell]] (at 30), as Bianca di Piacoma, accompanying Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]]
# Mr. Norton (at ), as Guyman di Silva (the ''Times'' and hence the Evening ''Mail'' says Morton)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Captain Hugh Fraser|Captain Fraser]] (at 244), as Duca di Tarsis
Visitors to the Court of Savoia
# Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazzarin
# Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (at 175), as Anne d'Autriche [this isn't right: she's in the Russian Procession with the Duke of Marlborough, as the French Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II and his wife.]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]] (at 312), as Cinq Mars

==== Not Listed in the ''Morning Post'' story, But Still ====
... said somewhere to have been in the Italian Procession or might logically have processed with them.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Edward Cecil]], probably Violet Georgina Maxse Gascoyne-Cecil (at 102)

==== The Morning Post Visualization ====
In the ''Morning Post'' visualization of the procession, Beatrice, the Countess of Mar and Kellie led the procession. The typeset visualization looks, more or less, like this:
                                  ITALIAN PROCESSION
                  ''Beatrice'',                            ''Guido Cavalcanti'',
     The Countess of Mar and Kellie.                      Lord Kenyon.
             ''Duchessa di Caluria'',                      ''Signor di Samare'',
               Lady St. Oswald.                       Mr. George Wyndham.
           ''Donna Lucrezia Arcella'',                      ''Duca d'Iripolda'',
            Miss Blanche Forbes.                         Mr. Schreiber.
           ''Donna Valeria'' ''Bodessa'',                     ''Signor di Argentina'',
               Mrs. Higgins.                            Mr. W. Grenfell.
                 ''Desdemona'',                                 ''Otello'',
              Mrs. Von André.                         Mr. Murray Guthrie.
                  ''Laura'',                                  ''Petrarch'',
           Lady Alice Montagu.                         Lord Stavordale.
                ''Giulietta'',                                 ''Romeo'',
            Miss Enid Wilson.                             Lord Hyde.
 
                                     Venetians
        ''Il Doge (Giovannino de Medici)'',                ''Marco (Redi Cipri)'',
             The Earl of Lathom.                        Hon. Ivor Guest.
         Avocato,                Venditrice di Fiori,             Cipriano,
  Hon. Seymour Fortescue         Viscountess Chelsea.        Hon. S. Greville.
                                     Buffone,
                               Mr. Clarence Wilson.
             ''Marchesa Malaspina'',                         ''Luigi Giorgi'',
          Hon. Mrs. George Curzon.                     Hon. George Peel.
            ''Contessa Maria Cicogna'',                        ''Cavaliere Vittorio'',
              Mrs. W. Grenfell.                           Hon. Evan Charteris.
               ''Bianca Capelli'',                              ''Marino Grimani'',
          Lady Lettice Grosvenor.                       Lord Alexander Thynne. 
         ''Grandezza degli Autenati'',                          ''Nicolo Danabi'',
          Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck.                       Hon. Cecil Brownlow.
            ''Marguerita Grimani''.                             ''Antonio Priali'',
               Mrs. Guthrie.                              Mr. Herbert Wilson.
 
                                   17th CENTURY
               ''La Dogaressa'',                                  ''Il Doge'',
            Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.                           Viscount Peel.
             ''Duchessa di Savoia'',                      ''Duca Filiberto di Savoia'',
          The Duchess of Partland.                       The Duke of Portland.
         ''Contessa Valentina Gateago'',                        ''II Conte Oravio'',
             Lady Helen Vincent.                           Sir Edgar Vincent.
              ''Lucrezia de Rossi'',                          ''Sanchio di Sedilla'',
              Mrs. Gerard Leigh.                              Mr. Higgins.
                ''Donna Caranado'',                             ''Giovanni Felici'',
                Mrs. Drummond.                                Mr. H. White.
              ''Bianci di Piacoma'',                            ''Guyman di Silva'',
            Miss Mildred Grenfell.                             Mr. Norton.
                                   ''Duca di Tarsis'',
                                   Captain Fraser.
                           Visitors to the Court of Savoia.
       ''Cardinal Mazzarin'',         ''Anne d'Autriche'',                ''Cinq Mars'',
     The Earl of Dunraven.    The Duchess of Manchester.       Mr. Jean Bérand.

===Austrian===
The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;The Austrian Court was a wonderful procession, headed by the Marchioness of Londonderry as the Empress Marie Thérèse. She wore the famous Londonderry diamonds, which included a diamond crown copied exactly from one worn by the Empress Marie Thérèse on her powdered hair. She was followed by four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}} 

The Austrian procession and quadrille were headed up by Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thèrése of Austria. Most accounts say it had 4 archduchesses in attendance, even though the Guernsey ''Star'' reported 5 and the ''Belfast News-Letter'' adds [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]] (at 406): 

* &quot;four beautiful young Archduchesses in white and silver with pale blue ribbons, and wearing white plumes in their powdered hair&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7A}}
*&quot;four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons. These ladies were impersonated by Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, and Lady Alexandra Hamilton.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}}
* &quot;five Archduchesses and five Archdukes. The former, all attired exactly alike in white and silver brocade, were Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, and Miss Stirling.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle.&quot; The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;

Possibly this quite-large group had subsections: the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' mention for example &quot;the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Section 1
## Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] (at 42), as Marie Thérèse of Austria
## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 52), as Prince Kaunitz
## Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (at 51), as Lady Keith, wife of the British Ambassador at the Court of Marie Thérèse
##[[Social Victorians/People/Winchester|Augustus, Marquis of Winchester]], as a Coldstream Guard at Vienna
# Section 2: Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille
## Archduchesses
###[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Beatrice Butler]] (at 45), Archduchess Marie-Karoline
###[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (at 46), Archduchess Marie-Josepha
###[[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice]] (at 44), as Archduchess Marie Anna
### Lady Helen Stewart ([[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]) (at 43), as the Archduchess Marie Christine of Austria
## Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Viscount Castlereagh]] (at 73), attended as Maria Thérèse's son Emperor Joseph II (Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, was the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]]'s son.)
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as Archduke Leopold
## Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscount Helmsley]] (at 353), as Archduke Charles
##[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lord William Lurgan]] (at 165), as Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen or Sachsentexhen
# Small Group of 4
## [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]] (at 355), as Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine
## Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (at 356), as as Marie Josephe of Austria or Queen of Sardinia
## Lord Ava: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood#Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Ava|Earl of Ava]] (at 357), as Archduke Maximilian
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]] (at 358), as Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany
# Small Group of 4
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. Gervase BeckettMr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett|Mabel (G. Gervase) Beckett]] (at 359), as Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein
## Siegfried, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Clary]] (at 205), as General Count Nadasdy
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. R. Beckett|Muriel Beckett]] [sic Mrs. R. Beckeet] (at 482), as Princess Isabella of Parma
## [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]] (at 361), as Field-Marshal Hadik
# Small Group of 4
## Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (at 196), as Princess Josepha of Bavaria
## Schomberg McDonnell, [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell]] (at 104), as Duke Ferdinand of Modena
## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|Lady Hilda Charteris Brodrick]] (at 362, Lady H. Brodrick), as Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony
## Mr. Jack [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Graham Menzies]] (at 362), as Freiherr von Bartenstein
# Small Group of 4
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] (at 364), as Archduchess Elizabeth
## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady C. FitzMaurice]] (at 365), as Secretary to Kaunitz, personated as listed above by Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 558)
## Muriel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscountess Helmsley]] (at 354), as Princess Charlotte of Lorraine
## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Kerry|Earl of Kerry]] (at 72), as Count Mercy d'Argentau
# Small Group of 4
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady E. Cavendish]] (probably Lady Evelyn Cavendish, at 164), as Countess Trautmannsdorf
##[[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|Mr. F. B. Mildmay]] (at 95), as &quot;Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany&quot;
## (Lady M.) [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Moyra Cavendish]] (at 366)
## James Somerville, [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney|Lord Athlumney]] (at 367), as Prince Metternich
# Small Group of 2? (or they belong above, her with the Archduchesses?)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling|Miss Stirling]] (at 47), as Countess Kinskey in the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille
## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton#St. John Broderick|Mr. St. John Brodrick]] (at 368), as Count Kinskey
# People not in the ''Morning Post'' visualization but elsewhere said to have been in this procession:
## Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marquess of Londonderry]] (at 511), in the procession according to the ''Morning Post'' story
## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Edmond Fitzmaurice]] (at 627), a Courtier of the Empress Marie Thérèse
##Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]] (at 655), in a Thérèse costume

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}}:
 Lady Londonderry . . . . . Empress Maria Theresa.
 Lord Lansdowne . . . . . . Prince Kaunitz.
 Lady Lansdowne . . . . . . Lady Keith.
 Lord Winchester  . . . . . A Coldstream Guard at Vienna.
 
 Lady B. Butler . . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Karoline.
 Lord Castlereagh . . . . . Emperor Joseph II.
 Lady A. Hamilton . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Josepha.
 Mr. Gathorne-Hardy . . . . Archduke Leopold.
 Lady B. FitzMaurice  . . . Archduchess Marie Anna.
 Lord Helmsley  . . . . . . Archduke Charles.
 Lady Helen Stewart . . . . Archduchess Marie Christine. 
 Lord Lurgan  . . . . . . . Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen. 
 
 Lady Magheramorne . . . . . Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine. 
 Lady Aline Beaumont . . . . Queen of Sardinia. 
 Lord Ava  . . . . . . . . . Archduke Maximilian. 
 Mr. C. Willoughby . . . . . Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany. 
 
 Mrs. G. Beckett . . . . . . Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein. 
 Count Clary . . . . . . . . General Count Nadasdy. 
 Mrs. R. Beckeet [sic] . . . Princess Isabella of Parma. 
 Count Hadik . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Hadik. 
 
 Lady Cranborne  . . . . . . Princess Josepha of Bavaria. 
 Mr. M'Donnel  . . . . . . . Duke Ferdinand of Modena. 
 Lady H. Brodrick  . . . . . Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony. 
 Mr. Menzies . . . . . . . . Freiherr von Bartenstein.
 
 Mrs. James  . . . . . . . . Archduchess Elizabeth. 
 Lady C. FitzMaurice . . . . Secretary to Kaunitz. 
 Lady Helmsley . . . . . . . Princess Charlotte of Lorraine. 
 Lord Kerry  . . . . . . . . Count Mercy d'Argentau. 
 
 Lady E. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Trautmannsdorf. 
 Mr. Mildmay . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany. 
 Lady M. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Lützau (A Lady-in-Waiting to Maria Theresa). 
 Lord Athlumney  . . . . . . Prince Metternich. 
 
 Miss Stirling . . . . . . . Countess Kinskey. 
 Mr. Brodrick  . . . . . . . Count Philip Kinsky.

===Russian===
According to the ''Gentlewoman'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The Russian Court formed a dazzling procession, headed by Lady Raincliffe, as the Empress Catherine; her gown of white satin was studded with rubies, emeralds, and turquoises, and across her bodice she wore a blue ribbon with the Orders of the Star and Eagle, and upon her head a Russian crown of diamonds. Beside her was Prince Orloff, represented by Prince Henry Pless, in a costume of red cloth with heavy gold embroideries; he also wore the Order of St. Catherine. There were eight officers of the Imperial Court accompanying the Empress, whilst Lady Henry Bentinck and Lady Yarborough impersonated ladies of her suite, amongst which one of the most striking figures was Mr. Cresswell, as her Chamberlain, in a costume of cerise velvet, covered with the double-headed eagle of Russia in gold, which embroidery was repeated on his pink satin vest, his white satin breeches, and his silk stockings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, 3b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Truth'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Raincliffe as Catherine of Russia was a marvel of millinery in yellow / and gold, ermine and rubies. Her lords and ladies emulated her splendour, and among the most successful were the Duchesses of Marlborough and Newcastle, Lady Yarborough, Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord Raincliffe, and Mr. Cresswall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41, Col 2c – 42, Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
# The &quot;Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard&quot; led the procession
# The first group, if they did break into subgroups
## Lord Henry Bentinck (probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 262), as Count Poneatowski (afterwards King of Poland)
## Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]] (at 75), as Catherine II of Russia (after the picture by Lambi)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]] (at 265), as Duc de Ligne
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell) (at 103), as Count Lausköi, Chamberlain of the Empress Catherine II of Russia
# The second group
## [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Prince Henry of Pless]] (at 40), as Count Orloff
## Mrs. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 266), Princess Shakofsky
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff
# The third group, with the 8 &quot;Imperial Guard&quot; walking along the outside (or at least typeset that way) of the &quot;Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court&quot;
## Imperial Guards: left side
### William Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscount Raincliffe]] (at 76)
### Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]] (at 269)
### Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon.%20Gerald%20Ernest%20Francis%20Ward|Gerald Ward]] (at  271)
###[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|James Stewart Forbes]] (at 273)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}}
## Imperial Guards: right side
### Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]] (at 269)
### Mr. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 267)
### The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]] (at 272)
### Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|C. Wellesley Wilson]] (at 274)
## Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court
###[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (at 174)
### Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] (at 142), one of the Gentlemen of the Court of Catherine II of Russia
### Kathleen Florence May Candy Pelham-Clinton, [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] (at 150)
### Charles Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Earl of Yarborough]] (at 61), with Lady Yarborough, was among Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court
### Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Countess of Yarborough]] (at 54)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lord Shipley Cardross]] (at 275)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lady Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton|Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]] (at 277)
### the [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Hon. M. (Muriel) Erskine]] (at 278), as La Marquise de Vintimille du Luc
### Mr. Elliot: [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry George Elliot]] (at 279)
### Lady Henry Bentinck ([[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lady Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 263)
### N. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]] (at 280), as Prince of Mingrelia, one of the Gentlemen of the Court in the procession of the Empress Catherine II of Russia
### [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Lady Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), as Countess Soltykoff
### M. [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Nicholas Gourko]] (at 108)
###[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lady Mildred Denison]] (at 283)
### Charles Henry John Chetwynd-Talbot, 20th [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]] (at 101), as a member of the Court of Catherine II of Russia
### &quot;Black Attendants&quot;
The ''Guernsey Star'' suggests that the Hon. Mrs. Erskine's daughter was in this procession, but the ''Morning Post'' does not list her.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Hon. Cecil Lambton|Hon. Cecil Lambton]] (at 628) was also there, apparently, and sold his costume to theatre director Arthur Collins, who directed ''The White Heather''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Morning’s News.&quot; London ''Daily News'' 18 September 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970918/027/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''Morning Post''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s visualization of the procession looks more or less like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}:
                              Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard.
 ''Count Poneatowski''            ''Empress Catherine II. of Russia''           ''Duc de Ligne,''
 ''(afterwards King'' ''of Poland),''  ''(after the picture by Lambi)'',            Count Heeren.           
 Lord Henry Bentinck.                 Lady Raincliffe.                  ''Count Lausköi'',
                                                                        Mr. Cresswell.
 ''Count Orloff'',                     ''Princess Shakofsky'',                ''Count Soltykoff'',
 Prince Henry of Pless.            Mrs. H. T. Barclay.                   Mr. Biddulph.
[&quot;Imperial Guard.&quot; — typeset vertically up the left and down the right side of the column, with 2 vertical rules separating the two columns of names.]
                  Lord Raincliffe.   |           |   Lord Romilly.
                     Captain Cook.   |           |   Mr. H. T. Barclay.
                 Hon. Gerald Ward.   |           |   Hon. Cecil Campbell.
                    Mr. J. Forbes.   |           |   Mr. T. W. Wilson.
                             Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court.
                  Duchess of Marlborough.      Duke of Marlborough.
                  Duchess of Newcastle.        Earl of Yarborough.
                  Countess of Yarborough.      Lord Cardross.
                  Lady Cardross.               Mr. Stourton.
                  Hon. M. Erskine.             Mr. Elliot.
                  Lady Henry Bentinck.         M. Botalzell.
                  Lady Margaret Spicer.        M. Gourko.
                  Lady Mildred Denison.        Earl of Shrewsbury.
                                    Black Attendants.

===Louis XV and XVI Period===
Louis XV was King of France 1715–1774, although his reign began when he reached maturity in 1724. Louis XVI reigned 1774–1792.

[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], as Marie Antoinette, led this group rather than any of the Louis.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}} The Duchess of Devonshire may have asked her to do so, and this &quot;court&quot; may represent some part of the Countess of Warwick's social network.

Sounding as if the writer has confused Marie Antoinette with Queen Elizabeth I of the UK, ''Truth'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, in white and blue, with golden fleur-de-lys upon her velvet train, was the centre of a picturesque group, among whom was the Earl of Essex, dressed as his ancestor of that period, and the Earl of Mar and Kellie as Sir Walter Raleigh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42, Col 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Morning Post'' calls this one a ''quadrille'' rather than a ''procession'', the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6B}} but the distinction is probably not important. Generally, the courts processed in and then danced a quadrille before the Royals.
# Headed by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]] (at 53) as Marie Antoinette&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;, as La Reine Marie Antoinette&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
## Plus 4 boys dressed as pages&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” ''Chelmsford Chronicle''9 July 1897, Friday: 2 of 8. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18970709/008/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]], as La Reine Marie Leszuiska in the quadrille of the period of Louis XV and XVI
# Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess Kilmorey]], as Madame du Barry
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], as Princesse de Lamballe
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lady Burton|Harriet Burton]], as Madame de Tençin
# Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]], as Comtesse d'Artois
# The Hon. Mrs. Greville, as Madame Elizabeth de France
#[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Alice (the Hon. Mrs. George) Keppel]], as Madame de Polignac
# Lady Rose Leigh, as Duchesse de Villars
# [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson|Mrs. Farquharson]], as L'Archiduchesse Louise
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]], as Comtesse de Charny
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Hon. Mrs. Sackville West]], as Duchess of Dorset
# Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscount Chelsea]], as Le Roi Louis XV in the quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period
# Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]], as Duc de Richelieu
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt]], M.P., as an Abbé de l'Epoque
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lord Burton|Michael Burton]], as Cardinal Dubois
# Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque
## Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Lord Annaly]]
## Lord Tullibardine: John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]]
## Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|George Stewart-Murray]]
## Frederick Edward Guest, the [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. F. Guest]], as one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI.
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Sir Samuel Scott]], Bart., one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Captain Gordon Wilson]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
## [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain the Hon. W. Lambton|Captain the Hon. W. Lambton]], likely [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Sir William Lambton]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI.
## [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Mr. Frank Dugdale]]
##Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marchese di San Vito]], as one of the Mousquetaires
# [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Mr. Clive Wilson]], as Le Comte de Ferson in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]], as Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI
# [[Social Victorians/People/Morley|Rt. Hon. Arnold Morley]], was dressed as a Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. or Duc de Choiseul.
Not listed in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' and probably not a member of the quadrille but mentioned elsewhere as having been dressed in a costume of this period:
# Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Duchess of Sutherland]], &quot;belonged to the Louis Seize group of the Countess of Warwick&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
# The R[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|ight Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]], as a gentleman of the Louis XVI period
#[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah Wilson]], as Madame de Pompadour
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Gerald Loder]], M.P., as a Gentleman of the Court of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Sir George Frederick Stanley]], as Maro (period of Louis XVI)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Isobel Stanley]], in hunting costume, period of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, Lord Alva]], as as a courtier of Louis XV
#[[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Charles Carington, the Earl Carington]], as Louis Seize
#Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]], either a Gentleman of the Court of Lois XV. or a Gentleman of the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
 Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period. 
 Lady Warwick . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Antoinette. 
 Lady Curzon  . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Leszuiska. 
 Lady Kilmorey  . . . . . . . . . Madame du Barry. 
 Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox  . . Princesse de Lamballe. 
 Lady Burton  . . . . . . . . . . Madame de Tençin. 
 Lady Garvagh . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse d'Artois. 
 The Hon. Mrs. Greville . . . . . Madame Elizabeth de France. 
 The Hon. Mrs. George Keppell . . Madame de Polignac. 
 Lady Rose Leigh  . . . . . . . . Duchesse de Villars. 
 Mrs. Farquharson . . . . . . . . L'Archiduchesse Louise. 
 Miss Naylor  . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse de Charny. 
 The Hon. Mrs. Sackville West . . Duchess of Dorset. 
 Lord Chelsea . . . . . . . . . . Le Roi Louis XV. 
 Lord Camden  . . . . . . . . . . Duc de Richelieu. 
 The Hon. Humphrey Sturt  . . . . Abbé de l'Epoque. 
 Lord Burton  . . . . . . . . . . Cardinal Dubois. 
 Lord Annaly  . . . . . . . . . . )
 Lord Tullibardine  . . . . . . . )
 Lord George Murray . . . . . . . )
 The Hon. F. Guest  . . . . . . . )
 Sir Samel Scott  . . . . . . . . ) Mousquetaires et Mili- 
 Captain Gordon Wilson  . . . . . ) taires de l'Epoque. 
 Captain the Hon. W. Lambton  . . )
 Captain Gilbert Elliot . . . . . )
 Mr. Dugdale  . . . . . . . . . . )
 Mr. Clive Wilson . . . . . . . . Le Comte de Ferson. 
 Mr. W. M. Lowe . . . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI. 
 Mr. Arnold Morley  . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6B}}

===Elizabethan===
Elizabethan costumes seem to have been very popular, even outside the Elizabethan procession, in part because the Royals were costumed in Renaissance styles as well. In this description the ''Gentlewoman'' includes Anne of Austria and the Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, not to mention Napoleon, who would not have been in Elizabeth's court. They could conceivably have walked in the Elizabeth procession, although Anne of Austria, while Renaissance, might have walked with the French procession if it included Louis XIII. The Duchess of Connaught and the Duchess of Teck were very closely related to Queen Victoria's immediate family and thus might be grouped here because many of the Royals wore Elizabethan dress.

&lt;blockquote&gt;A Court, the details of which were perfectly carried out, was that of Elizabeth of England. Lady Tweedmouth took the part of Her Majesty, and her costume was an exact reproduction of Queen Elizabeth's portrait in the National Portrait Gallery. Her skirt of rich old white and gold brocade was held in place by the old-fashioned hoops, the bodice and front of gold tissue embroidered in old jewels were finished by stiffened cuffs and large wired collar of old lace wrought with gold. Four yeomen held a canopy over Her Majesty's head. Their uniforms were exactly copied from the picture of the Field of the Cloth of Gold at Hampton Court. These were the Duke of Roxburghe, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, Captain Maunde Thompson, and Mr. Rose attired in scarlet and black. The two heralds who preceded the Queen were Mr. Harold Brassey and Mr. E. Villiers, while Lord Rothschild, in a splendid costume of the time, walked between them.

Among her Majesty's Court were Sir Walter Raleigh (Mr. Ernest Beckett), Sir Philip Sidney (Mr. H. Warrender), Sir Francis Drake (Sir Charles Hall), the Lord Chief Justice (Sir Francis Jeune), the Lord of Burleigh (the Earl of Sandwich), while Lord Lonsdale, who carried a hooded falcon on his wrist, represented Sir Richard Lowther. The Duchess of Roxburghe, and the Countess of Powis, as the Countess of Shrewsbury and Lady Herbert of Cherbury, looked very effective. Countess Spencer, Mrs. Habington, Lady de Ramsay, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, represented by Lord Rowton, made up the Court. Then followed Mary Queen of Scots, in the person of Lady Edmonstone, wonderfully attired in turquoise-blue velvet with pearls and white satin; Mary Hamilton, in white satin and gold, and Mary Seaton, in white, followed in her wake as did the Countess of Lonsdale (Lady Hunsdon), Lord Glenesk, and many others.

H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught, as Anne of Austria, and H.R.H. the Duchess of Teck, as Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, looked their characters very well, and a very effective trio was formed by the Countess Clary d'Aldringen, Countess Isabel Deym, and Countess Kinsky, as the three sisters of Napoleon. The Duchess of Somerset as Lady Jane Seymour, after a picture by Holbein, was dressed in gold brocade with a wonderful headdress; superbly jewelled, white gloves and Holbein ornaments embroidered on her gown. Margaret of Orleans, impersonated by the Duchess of Manchester, in white satin and silver, was a great success. Josephine, the wife of Napoleon, copied from the picture of her coronation, was impersonated by the Marchioness of Tweeddale, who wore white satin wrought with gold, and a train of geranium-red velvet, trimmed with ermine. Lady Lathom as Catherine of Arragon was splendidly dressed in bronze-green velvet worked in gold designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3c – 34, Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Truth'' describes the procession like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Tweedmouth was gorgeously arrayed as Queen Elizabeth, and was surrounded by a numerous Court, including Lord Tweedmouth, Lord Battersea, the Earl of Sandwich, and Lord Frederick Hamilton, to say nothing of six stalwart halberdiers, one of whom was the Duke of Roxburghe, whose Duchess was also bravely attired as an Elizabethan lady of high degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41, Col 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Elizabethan procession was &quot;led&quot; by Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85) as Queen Elizabeth, but she did not come first in the procession.

# Heralds
# Row of 3 men
#* Mr. E. ([[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Ernest) Beckett]] (at 313), as Sir Walter Raleigh
#* Mr. H. (Hugh) Warrender (at 314), as Sir Philip Sydney
#* [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall|Sir Charles Hall]], Q.C., M.P. (at 127), as Sir Francis Drake at the head of the Queen Elizabeth procession
# Row of 3 men
#* Sir F. ([[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Francis) Jeune]] (at 315), as Lord Chief Justice
#* Edward Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich|8th Earl of Sandwich]] (at 71), as Lord Burleigh
#* [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Earl of Lonsdale]], Sir Richard Lowther (at 225), as Lord High Falconer
# Row of 3 women
#* Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess Powis]] (at 316), as Lady Herbert of Cherbury in the Queen Elizabeth procession
#*Anne [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duchess of Roxburghe]] (at 22), as Countess of Shrewsbury or Bess of Hardwicke
#*Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Countess Spencer]] (at 192), as the Countess of Lennox
# Row of 2 women
#* Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess Lonsdale]] (at 211), as the Countess of Essex
#*Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck#Mrs. and Mr. Arthur James|Mary (Arthur) James]] (at 318), as Elisabeth Cavendish
# [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Colonel John Leslie]] (at 261) was dressed as &quot;Lord Darnley (carrying Sword of State)&quot; in the Queen Elizabeth procession&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leslie as Earl Darnley.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158503/Sir-John-Leslie-2nd-Bt-as-Earl-Darnley.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Row of 2 men
#* Edward Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord Tweedmouth]] (at 109) as the Earl of Leicester
#* George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Earl Essex]] (at 64), as his ancestor, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
* Yeomen
** The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] (at 49), a halberdier attending on Queen Elizabeth
** Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319), son of [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord and Lady Tweedmouth]], as a Yeoman bearing the canopy, possibly, with the Duke of Roxburghe and two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot;
* Row before the queen, with canopy
** [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Mr. Ephrussi]] (at 320), as the Spanish Envoy
** Canopy
** H. E. M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Alphonse Chodron de Courcel]] (at 133), as the French Ambassador
* Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85), as Queen Elizabeth
*More Yeomen (possibly the two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot; of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319)
**[[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]] (at 321), as a Yeoman
**[[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] (at 322), as a Yeoman
*Row behind the queen
**[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]] (at 323), as Duc d'Alencon
**[[Social Victorians/People/Holden|Henry Holden]] (at 325), as Will Somers (Court Jester)
**John Spencer, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Earl Spencer]] (at 145), as Sir A. Brown, First Viscount Montagu (None of the sources agree on who he personated; this is the ''Morning Post'')
*More Yeomen (possibly the two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot; of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers Schott|Mr. E. Villiers]] (at 326), as a Yeoman
**[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]] (at 253), as a Yeoman
* Row behind the yeomen
** Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] (at 327), as Cardinal Loraine
** Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lord Rothschild]] (at 216), as Swiss Burgher
** Montagu Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton|1st Baron Rowton]] (at 189), as Archbishop Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury
*Row of 3 women
**Margaret (the [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Hon. Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (at 298), as Mary Seaton
**[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]] (at 324), as Mary Queen of Scots
**Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]] (at 166), as Mary of Hamilton

*Row of 2 women
**Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Battersea]] (at 328), as Lady Hunsdon
**Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), as Lady Burleigh
*Row of 3 men
**[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]] (at 330), as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria, an Austrian noble of the 16th century
**George, [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] (at 317), as Lord Herbert of Cherbury
**Cyril Flower, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Battersea]] (at 110) as Lord Hunsdon
*Row of 3 men
**Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]] (at 331), as Martin Frobisher
**Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (at 87) as Lord James Murray
**The Hon. S. (George William [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Spencer) Lyttelton]] (at 332), as Sir Thomas Gresham
*[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Rochfort Maguire]] (at 241) was C. Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh
The royals were mostly dressed in Elizabethan dress but are properly considered their own group. Besides them, these people were in Elizabethan dress at the ball but not listed as being in the Elizabeth procession or quadrille:
*[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (at 84), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (at 105), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
* Walter, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (at 58), as an Elizabethan or perhaps as Sir Walter Scott
* Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood|Earl Harewood]] (at 62), as Philip II of Spain
*[[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes]] (at 169), also as Philip II of Spain
* [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis|Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]] (at 106), as Sir Francis Walsingham
* Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Rothschild]] (at 112), as Anne of Cleves
* Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Countess of Lathom]] (at 213), as Catharine of Aragon
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanied the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth
*Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duchess of Somerset]] (at 209), as Jane Seymour

*[[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 25), as Mary Queen of Scots; perhaps she walked in this procession.
* Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] (at 27), as Somerset the Protector, older brother of Jane Seymour. (The ''Gentlewoman'' lists the Duchess of Somerset as a member of the Queen Elizabeth procession, but the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' do not '''double check this'''.)
Georgiana, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baroness Hindlip]] was supposed to be part of the Elizabethan procession, but she and Samuel, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baron Hindlip]] did not attend, as he was quite ill and in fact died less than two weeks later.

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
                                QUEEN ELIZABETH PROCESSION.
                                       ''Heralds''. 
 ''Sir Walter Raleigh'',                 ''Sir P. Sydney'',                ''Sir F. Drake'',
 Mr. E. Beckett.                    Mr. H. Warrender.               Sir C. Hall.
 ''Lord Chief Justice'',                 ''Lord Burleigh'',           ''Sir Richard Lowther''
 Sir F. Jeune.                     Earl of Sandwich.         ''(Lord High Falconer)'',
                                                                 Earl of Lonsdale.
                                                          
 ''Lady Herbert of Cherbury,       Countess of Shrewsbury,       Countess of Lennox,''
 Countess of Powis.               Duchess of Roxburghe.          Countess Spencer.
      ''Countess of Essex,                                      Elisabeth Cavendish.''
     Countess of Lonsdale.                                       Mrs. A. James. [p. 7, Col. 5–6]
 
                                 ''Lord Darnley''
                           ''(carrying Sword of State),''
                                 Colonel Leslie.
 
 ''Lord Leicester,                                                    Earl of Essex,''
 Lord Tweedmouth.                                                   Earl of Essex.
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
        Duke of Roxburghe.                        Hon. D. Marjoribanks.
 
       ''Spanish Envoy,''               &lt;u&gt;| CANOPY. |&lt;/u&gt;                  ''French Ambassador,''
       Mr. Ephrussi.                                           H. E. M. de Courcel.
                                  ''Queen Elizabeth,''
                                  Lady Tweedmouth.
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
        Captain Mann Thomson.                            Mr. Rose.
 ''Duc d'Alençon,                     Will Somers                 Sir A. Brown, First''
 Sir A. Edmonstone.                ''(Court Jester).                 Viscount Montagu.''
                                    Mr. Holden.                      Earl Spencer.
 
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
          Mr. E. Villiers.                          Mr. Harold Brassey.
 ''Cardinal Loraine,                 Swiss Burgher,          Archbishop of Canterbury.''
   Earl of Arran.                 Lord Rothschild.                      Lord Rowton.
 
  ''Mary Seaton,                   Mary Queen of Scots,                  Mary Hamilton'',
 Hon. Mrs. Greville.                 Lady Edmonstone.            Duchess of Hamilton.
           ''Lady Hunsdon,                                 Lady Burleigh,''
          Lady Battersea.                               Lady de Ramsey.
 ''Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria  Lord Herbert of Cherbury,            Lord Hunsdon,''
 Baron F. de Rothschild.                Earl of Powis.                 Lord Battersea.
 ''Martin Frobisher,               Lord James Murray,                Sir Thomas Gresham,''
 Mr. Godfrey Webb.                   Lord Glenesk.                  Hon. S. Lyttelton.
                              ''C. Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh),''
                                    Mr. R. Maguire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5C–6B}}

==Other Groups==
Other processions or quadrilles existed, not captured fully by the ''Morning Post'' but mentioned in, for example, the London ''Daily News'' story about the ball.The ''Morning Post'' is not complete in other ways as well, judging by other newspaper accounts or even descriptions from later in the big ''Morning Post'' story. Both the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession and the Cosway Quadrille are examples of processions or quadrilles not detailed in the ''Morning Post''.

=== The Court of Marguerite de Valois ===
Theoretically, the court of Marguerite de Valois could have been included among the Elizabeth procession, but some of the people in this court, which was led by the Alexandra, Princess of Wales, might have been on the dais with her, so perhaps it could be imagined as a court but not a procession.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], as Marguerite Valois
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Evelyn, Lady Alington]] (at 41), as Duchesse de Nevers
* Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud of Wales)
* Prince Charles of Denmark was in this court? He was photographed with Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria of Wales; this photograph is in the Album.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary Teck, Duchess of York]], attended by
** [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lady Mary Lygon]] (at 547), as Marie de Lorraine, a lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
** Sir Charles Cust (at 152)
* Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] (at 177)
* [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] (at 370)
* Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (at 10)

===Queen Guinevere and the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession===
A procession represented King Arthur's Round Table. This court is mentioned in the story in the ''Times'' as well as the Evening ''Mail'', which seems to have reprinted the story from the ''Times''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 9, Col. 1c}} The ladies included Lady Ormonde, Lady Constance Butler, Lady Ashburton and Miss Chaplin. 

According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1b}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were &quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], Lord Rodney, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Oliver Russell, Lord Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]]&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} the newspaper accounts disagree on Lord Beauchamp in particular. George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25. We can see what they wore because some of them had their portraits taken in their costume.
# Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]] (at 373), was dressed as Guinevere
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (at 618), as Sir Launcelot  (listed in the ''Times'' and the Evening ''Mail'', not in the ''Morning Post'')
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (at 619), Arthur Hugh Grosvenor, as King Arthur (listed in the ''Times'', not in the ''Morning Post'')
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande, Baroness Rodney]] (at 472) was also dressed as Queen Guinevere, according to her portrait in the Album in the National Portrait Gallery,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Corisande Evelyn Vere.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158471/Corisande-Evelyn-Vere-ne-Guest-Lady-Rodney-as-Queen-Guinevere.&lt;/ref&gt; but she may not have been in this procession, although George, Baron Rodney was, as a Knight of the Round Table.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Constance Butler]] (Elizabeth Butler's daughter, at 374) was Lynette or Elaine
# Mabel, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lady Ashburton]] (at 375), as Enid
# [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Miss Chaplin]] (probably Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin, at 407), as Elaine
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Eric Chaplin]] (at 616), as Sir Gareth
# John [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lister Kaye]] (at 97), as Sir Kay
#[[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]] (at 615), as Sir Galahad
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]] (at 614), as Sir Bedivere
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill]] (at 419), as a Lady in Waiting at the Court of King Arthur
#Mr. J. B. ([[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|John Blundell) Leigh]] (at 602), as Sir Tristram
#Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]] (at 617), as Sir Percevale [sic]
# Knights of the Round Table (first four, ''Morning Post''; first two plus last three are London ''Daily News'')
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney: George, Baron Rodney]] (at 80)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Earl Bathurst]] (at 82)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]] (at 81)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hon. G. Hood]] (at 83). The printing on the portrait that was in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire says, &quot;The Hon. Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158513/Grosvenor-Arthur-Alexander-Hood-5th-Viscount-Hood-as-Sir-Galahad.&lt;/ref&gt;
## Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]] (at 376)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Oliver Russell, Baron Ampthill]] (at 77)
## William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Earl Beauchamp]] (at 60)

===The Cosway Quadrille===
The &quot;Cosway quadrille,&quot; with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Innes-Ker]] and the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]], is not mentioned in the ''Morning Post'' article. This description from the London ''Daily News'' suggests that there were two Ladies Ker and two Ladies Villiers: &quot;Very artistic was the &quot;Cosway&quot; quadrille, in which the Ladies Ker and the Ladies Villiers took part. The long clinging gowns of Oriental cream satin were veiled in pink muslin, and had very short waists and coloured silk sashes — two of blue and two of pink.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6, Col. 1a}} These costumes seem to have been based on portraits by Richard rather than Maria Cosway. The Ladies Innes-Ker had the blue and the Ladies Villiers had the pink sashes.

[[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23) and [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383) are in the album given to the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire by some of the people attending the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282) was dressed after Cosway and may have been in the Quadrille. The other Lady Villiers is not likely to be [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), called Lady M. Villiers. We know Lady Margaret Villiers was already at the ball: her portrait as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans is in the Album. She is not part of the same family Lady Edith came from, which was that of the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Earl of Clarendon]]; Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers is part of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Earl of Jersey]]. Another young woman from that family was [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]], who may in fact be the second of the Ladies Villiers in the Quadrille.

Since a quadrille is usually a dance for four couples, this list would make up the Cosway quadrille if indeed four women took part:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Childs-Villiers]] (at 372)
Two other women were dressed after Cosway, neither from any of the Villiers families. Both Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline%20Stanley|Madeline Stanley]] (at 552) and [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448) were in the Album. Miss Stanley was dressed as Lady Eliza Hopeton, &quot;after a miniature by Cosway,&quot; and Lady Violet was dressed &quot;after Cosway&quot; as well.

==== People Whose Costumes Were &quot;After Cosway&quot; ====

* 2 Ladies Ker (if the London Daily News article is right)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383)
* 2 Ladies Villiers (if the London ''Daily News'' article is right)
** L[[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|ady Edith Villiers]] (at 282)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]] (at 372)?
** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans
* [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448)
* Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552)

=== Courts of Charles I (and Henrietta Maria, Queen) and Charles II ===
A number of people were identified as being a member of the courts of Charles I or Charles II, even though no such group is directly discussed in the major stories. This is Charles II of England; the Duke of Devonshire was dressed as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of Germany, so this was not a group forming around him. Relevant people would be Cromwell, the Roundheads, and so on.

#[[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]] (at 48), Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, after Van Dyck
#[[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Lord Charles Montagu]] (at 161), as Charles I, after Van Dyck
#[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Elizabeth Harcourt|Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (at 94), as a Lady of the Court of Henrietta Maria
# Lord Edward Cecil (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (at 411), as a courtier of Charles I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Colonel William Chaine]] (at 98), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 113), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace|Donald Mackenzie Wallace]] (at 114), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (at 116), in the Costume of a gentleman of the period of Charles II
# Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere|Lord Burghclere]] (at 129) as a Puritan
# William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as &quot;Steenie&quot; Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, according to the London ''Daily News''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and the ''Pall Mall Gazette''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;; the ''Morning Post''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the ''Times''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; say he went as Duca Filiberto di Savoia in the 17th-century section of the Venetians procession, where he is listed as well.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 666), as William, Baron Bentinck, A.D. 1643
# [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lawrence Dundas, Marquis of Zetland]] (at 59), as the Duke of Buckingham (probably at the time of Charles I or II)

== People Not Listed as Part of a Procession or Quadrille ==

=== Subnetworks ===
'''Probably more than half''' the people who came in costume were not part of an organized procession or quadrille. Made up largely of courts of monarchs, and particularly women who were monarchs or leaders, the processions have a kind of internal coherence as people attending this ball were able to find people from those courts whom they were willing and able appear as. Because it would have taken communication and negotiation for people to determine and claim their place in the courts, the processions and quadrilles suggest that they make up subnetworks of people within the larger network of those who attended. The quadrilles would have been expected to rehearse, and we know that at least the Queen Elizabeth court met the night before the ball for dinner.

Newspaper articles about the ball, the people who attended, and the costumes they wore reveal how this social world was dominated and organized by women's identities and practices. Most obviously, the party is called the Duchess of Devonshire's ball by everyone, then and now. The highest-status women present were queens or princesses in history, biblical stories, and legends, from Louisa, the Duchess of Devonshire's Zenobia to Queen Elizabeth, Empress Marie-Thérèse, and Catherine II of Russia. The courts were organized around these women. Leonore Davidoff discusses some of the implications of women's roles as gatekeepers in this social world at this time in her ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. The ''Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig ed. 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;

The fact that the courts were led by women is made clear in the newspaper reportage, sometimes in spite of overt language to the contrary. For example, what the newspapers call the courts of '''Louis XIV???''' are in fact the court of Marie Antoinette, led by Daisy, Countess of Warwick.

Outside of this kind of organized coherence, of whatever degree, small groups of people decided to dress to reflect relationships, most often husbands and wives.

Inevitably, working independently from each other, more than one person went to the ball dressed as the same person from history or even the same character from a novel, opera, or play. A few were men, but most were women, or at least most of those reported were women. There were multiple

* Cleopatras
** [[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless]] (at 38), or as the Queen of Sheba
** [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family#Minnie Paget|Minnie Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (at 90)
* Princesses de Lamballe
** Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Deym#Countess Isabel Deym|Isabel Deym]] (at 67)
** [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay#Mr. John and Mrs. Clara Hay|Mrs. Clara Hay]] (at 153)
** Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox|Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420)
* Queens of Sheba
* Elizabeth, Queens of Bohemia
** [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]] (at 55), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, after a painting by Honthorst
** Lady Ethel [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey Thompson]] (at 391), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
** [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Katherine Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster]] (at 34), as Queen Elizabeth of Bavaria (who might not be Elizabethan, but [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]], as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria was in the Elizabethan procession)
* Anne of Austria, Queen of France
** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]])
** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]])

*Titania, Queen of the Fairies
**Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano
**Susannah Graham Menzies
*Night
**Agnes, Lady Herschell
**Marie, Baroness de Courcel
*Napoleons

Men are not absent from the reportage, of course, and sometimes, as with the Prince of Wales or men mentioned as part of a couple or when their wives were not. Certainly with the Prince of Wales, a principle other than gender is at work: he is the monarch of this social world of women, in some ways the way his mother was monarch of the political world of men.

=== Individuals and Their Costumes ===
The Royals, obviously, would not have been part of any procession or quadrille because they were on the dais instead. Others, whose costumes are described in enough detail for us to know how they were dressed are listed here.
# Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick]] (at 89), dressed as Marshal Turenne (reign of Louis XIV) or an officer d'Infanterie
#[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Colonel Arthur Paget]] (at 91), dressed as Edward the Black Prince
# Arthur Balfour (at 86), the [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]], in a Dutch costume of 1660
# [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Sir William Harcourt|Sir William Harcourt]] (at 128) as Sir Simon Harcourt, the first Lord Harcourt, in 1712, as Lord Chamberlain
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Gwendolen Cecil]] (at 404), as Portia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Edward Cavendish]] (at 393), as Madame de Maintenon
# Alfred [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] (at 605), as a French noble of the 16th century
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Charles Hartopp]] (at 111), as Napoleon I
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent Hartopp]] (at 488), as the Empress Josephine
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Montague Guest]] (at 115), as Montague Bertie, second Earl of Lindsey
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Wilson]] (at 118), in a costume from a portrait by Velasquez
# Mary (Mrs. Arthur) [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson]] (at 395) wore a dress in the Georgian period
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Lady Edith Wilbraham]] (at 119), as Peg Woffington
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James of Hereford]] (at 122), as Sir Thomas More
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James]] (at 396), as Eugénie Hortense de Beauharnais, Louis Bonaparte's wife
# [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lord Edmund Talbot]] (at 123), as a Gentleman of the Spanish Court of the early 17th Century
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Colonel Sir Charles Wyndham Murray]], &quot;Mr. C. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Wyndham]], M.P.,&quot; (at 124), as the Emperor John Polaeologus II on his State visit to Venice in 1438.
# Lilian Maud [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 571), as a Watteau shepherdess
# Norah Beatrice Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 572), also as a Watteau shepherdess
# John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham|Earl of Durham]] (at 141), as the Duc de Nemours, period Henri III
#[[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Isabella, Countess Howe]] (at 489), as Lady Howe of 1758
#Richard George Penn Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscount Curzon]] (at 197), as Admiral Lord Howe, husband of the 1758 Lady Howe, accompanied his mother
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]] (at 385), as Philip IV of Spain
# Francis [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as in either the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille or as a gentleman of the Court of Louis XV
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Grand Duke Michael of Russia]] (at 8), as Henri IV of Navarre and France, first married to Marguerite de Valois but father to the children of Gabrielle d'Estrées, personated by [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Sophia, Countess de Torby]] (at 184), his morganatic wife.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (at 24), as Elizabeth, Duchess of Buccleuch, after a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|William, Duke of Buccleuch]] (at 20), as either William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle or Charles I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Constance Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 26), as a Watteau shepherdess
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|William, Earl of Dudley]] (at 63), as Prince Rupert, so he could have been in the Charles I or Charles II procession but is not listed in any of the newspaper reports as being in a procession or quadrille; his wife, Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Countess of Dudley]] (at 31) is not the Lady Dudley in the Duchesses procession; that's probably his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina, Dowager Countess Dudley]].
#[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos, 16th Duke of Alba]] (at 32), as his ancestor at the Court of Philip II of Spain
#[[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Constance Stanley, Countess of Derby]] (at 36), as Duchess of Orleans. (Members of her family, the Stanleys, are in the Duchesses and the Louis XV and Louis XVI court processions.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (at 37), as Queen of Naples
# Lawrence Dundas, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Ronaldshay]] (at 529), as Sir Peter Teazle
#[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Lady Eva Greville Dugdale]] (at 409), as great-aunt Lady Anne Bingham
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere|Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere]] (at 68), as James I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Count Franz Deym]] (at 66), as General Wallenstein
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67), as the Princesse de Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters
#[[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse, Countess Clary and Aldringen]] (at 191), as one of Napoleon's sisters
#[[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Josephine, Countess Kinsky]] (at 394), as one of Napoleon's sisters, though other Princesses de Lamballe, [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333) appeared in the Louis XV and XVI procession and [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also another Princess de Lamballe
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also as the Princess de Lamballe
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Constance Russell]] (at 418), as a flower seller or bouquetière, period Louis XV
#[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|Beatrix Palmer, Countess Selborne]] (at 557), as Lady Percy, after a picture by Vandyk
#[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne]] (at 70), as an officer of the Duke of Marlborough's Army
#[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|John Seymour Wynne-Finch]] (at 680), as Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lady Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), as one of Queen Charlotte's bridesmaids
#Frederick, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baron Wolverton]] (at 79), as King Richard, Coeur de Lion
#[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Lewis Harcourt|Lewis Harcourt]] (at 669), as 1st Viscount Nuneham, c. 1750
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lady Natica Lister-Kaye]] (at 499), as Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henri III
#[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Maria Chaine]] (at 490) as Madame Sans Gêne, from Victorien Sardou and Émile Moreau's 1893 play ''Madame Sans Gêne''
#[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]], Lady Talbot (at 485), as a Valkyrie
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Robert Cecil]] — Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil — (at 450), as Valentina Visconti (XV Century)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (at 121), as a Tudor or an Elizabethan ambassador, from a Holbein in the National Gallery
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. S. Cavendish]] (at 700), as Count Chotak
#Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady de Rothschild]] (at 674), as Lady Vaux, after a picture by Holbein
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Leopold de Rothschild]] (at 527), as Duc de Sully
#Mrs. Leopold ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (at 528), as Zobeida
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Rothschild]] (at 605), as King Henry III
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Long|Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P.]], (at 117), as a cavalier from the time of Charles II, after a picture by Sir Peter Lely.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Long|Mrs. Doreen Long]] (at 484) as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy or an astronomer
#[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Elspeth Angela Campbell]] (at 621), in white with gold wings
#Madame Marie-Elisabeth [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 182), as Night
#Mademoiselle Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 371), as a Valkyrie
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 498), as a Valkyrie
#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. Luis de Soveral]] (at 135), as Count d'Almada, A.D. 1640
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey]] (at 656), as Admiral Coligny
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Archibald, Earl of Rosebery]] (at 139), as Horace Walpole
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford]] (at 143), as Robert de la Marck (the rest of his family was in the Duchesses procession)
#Beatrix Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Countess Pembroke]] (at 146), as Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, after the picture by Marcus Gheeraedts
#Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Earl Pembroke]] (at 181), as William, 1st Earl of Pembroke after Holbein
#[[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Lady Beatrix Frances Gertrude Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough
#Ana, Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia|Casa de Valencia]] (at 148), as Nuit d'Espagne
#[[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Daisy (Mrs. Henry) White]] (at 151), as Morosina Morosini Dogaressa of Venice
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Anne (Alice Anne), Duchess of Buckingham]] (at 155), as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
#[[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton|Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591), as the Doge Morosini
#Rt. Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton|Sir Edward Walter Hamilton]] (at 683), as John of Gaunt
#Kathleen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth|Viscountess Falmouth]] (at 471), as Madame Recamier
#Albert Count von [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff|Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein]] (at 180), as Henri III, King of France
#Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (at 185), as Lord Ribblesdale, after the Lawrence picture of his grandfather
#Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]] (at 206), as Duchess of Parma
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]] (at 31), as Queen Esther
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Lady Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]] (at 661), as Queen Hortense
#[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Arthur Sassoon]] (at 553), as Chief of the Janissaries
#Mr. R. Sassoon, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] (at 533), as a Persian Prince
#Miss Sassoon, probably Mozelle or Louise Judith [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Sassoon]] (at 534), as a &quot;Japanese Lady&quot;
#Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (at 538), as a Countess of Suffolk in 1766
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Miss Daisy Leiter]] (at 684), in what looks to be an 18th-century dress and headdress
#[[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|H. H. Asquith]] (at 381), as a roundhead
#Lord St. Oswald, Rowland Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|2nd Baron St. Oswald]], (at 641) was dressed as an officer of the Regiment de Pondichery, 1772
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Hon. Maud Winn]] (at 642), as Madame La Motte
#[[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Herr Von André]] (at 386), as Benvenuto Cellini
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender|Ethel Maud Warrender]] (at 520) as &quot;Duchesse de Lauzun, La Grande Mademoiselle&quot;
#Clara ([[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Mrs. John) Hay]] (at 153), as one of the Princesses de Lamballe
#Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (at 399), as Josephine, wife of Napoleon, with her sons Lord Arthur Vincent Hay and Lord William George Montagu Hay bearing her train (also at 399)
#William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marquis of Tweeddale]] (at 400), as Saint Bris from ''Les Huguenots''
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Clementine Hay]] (at 629), as Valentina from ''Les Huguenots''
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Reginald Balioll Brett]] (at 603), as a gentleman of France
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Eleanor Frances Brett]] (at 604), as Manon Lescaut
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]] (at 556), as an Elizabethan lady
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|Violet Dunville]] (at 650), as Edith Plantagenet
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]] (at 649), as the Emperor Yuan of China
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Lucy Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]] (at 652), as Amy Robsart
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Claud George Cole-Hamilton]] (at 653), as Edmund Tressilian
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]] (at 668), in Elizabethan costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Belper|Henry, Lord Belper]] (at 512), as Gentleman at Arms, time of Charles II
#[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]] (at 678), as Marlborough
#[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Mr. R. (Charles Robert) Spencer]] (at 493), in Elizabethan dress
#[[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Hon. Alexander McDonnell]] (at 676), as Mercutio
#[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]] (at 692), as a Courtier, time of Henry VIII
#[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]] (at 611), as Columbus
#[[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|Captain Gerard Leigh]] (at 570), as a member of the Life Guard, time of Charles II
#James Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]] (at 657), in the period of Charles II
#Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]] (at 601), as a 16th-century Abbess
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Lyttelton]] (at 580), as a parson's daughter, after a picture by Romney
#Georgina Cavendish Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]] (at 516), as a Venetian lady
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]] (at 523) wore an Empire costume
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Violet Brassey]] (at 531), as Juliet
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Leonard Brassey]] (at 530), as Apollo
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Alwyne Frederick Compton]] (at 434), as Sir William Compton, time of Charles I
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Mary Compton]] (at 435), as Mme. de Chevreuse, time of Louis XIII
#The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), as Madame de Tallion (Incroyable)
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|J. E. Baillie]] (at 666), in a military costume of the early part of the 19th century
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie#The Hon. William Erskine|William Erskine]] (at 696), as an Incroyable
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|William Wyndham Portal]] (at 549) in Court dress, period Marie Thérèse, or Comte de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV''
#Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|Lady Portal]] (at 550), as Comtesse de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV''
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]] (at 462), as Velasquez
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] (at 384), as Frederick of Nassau, period 1630
#[[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell|Stephen Frederick Wombwell]] (at 671), as George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]] (at 695), as Charles Edward, the Pretender
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|W. R. Chaine]] (at 694), as a gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|R. Cavendish]], probably Rt. Hon. Lord Richard Cavendish, (at 107), in a costume of the period of Marie Thérèse
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]] (at 679), in a 15th-century Venetian costume
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]] (at 644), as a woodland nymph
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (at 398), as the Bride of Abydos
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Florence Blackwood]] (at 637), as Flora, Goddess of Flowers
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Terence Blackwood]] (at 638), as Captain Blackwood, Royal Navy
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]] (at 675), as Henry IV
#Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain Hedworth Lambton|Hedworth Lambton]] (at 660), as a Roman
#Major [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]] (at 507), as a soldier
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|George Curzon]] (at 495), as a Spanish Admiral
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cust|Charles Cust]] (at 152), in a soldier's uniform
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Douglas Dawson]] (at 673), as Raoul de Nangis, Les Huguenots
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Major Vesey Dawson]] (at 521), as a soldier
#Pierre, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Pierre, Marquis d'Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 387), in a Vandyck dress
#Julia Caroline Stonor, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 388), as Elsa, in ''Lohengrin''
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Julian Stonor|Harry Julian Stonor]] (at 389), as Lohengrin
#[[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Mrs. Adair]] (at 390), as Egyptian Queen Nitocris
#Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Lord Iveagh]] (at 382), as a Cavalier, Louis XIII. period
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 480), as an English gentleman of the fifteenth century
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Louis Flower]] (at 506), as a French Commissary General, First Empire
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|William Dodge James]] (at 686), as d'Artagnan
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] (at 639), as Duchess de Mailly, Lady in Waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Horace Brand Farquhar]] (at 380), as Count Egmont or a Dutch burgher after Rembrandt
#Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine|Charles Edward Swaine]] (at 415), as an officer, 11th Dragoons, 1742
#The Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Henry Chaplin]], M.P. (at 379), as General Lefevre, First Empire
#Jesusa Murrieta, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] (at 633), as the Infanta of Spain
#Mr. F. de Murrieta, possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]] (at 634), as Philip I. of Spain
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Magniac|Geraldine Magniac]] (at 640), as Dawn or the Sun
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Mrs. Florence and Mr. Charles Henry Wilson|Charles (Florence) Wilson]] (at 413), as Guinevere
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Jane Thornewill]] (at 712), in a costume of the Georgian era
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]] (at 504), in an Elizabethan costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]] (at 596), in the period of Charles II
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Hartmann]] (at 505), as Madame Sans-Gêne
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]] (at 658), as a soldier
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]] (at 647), as Charles I
#Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]] (at 687), as Titania
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]] (at 612), as a Chasseur of the Louis XV period
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] (at 613), as Voltaire at the age of 25
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|A. P. Longhurst]] (at 689), as an Egyptian runner
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Laura, [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Princess Victor of Hohenlohe Langenburg]] (at 16), in a Louis Quinze costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Countess Helena Gleichen]] (at 17), as Joan of Arc
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton|Hilda Southampton]] (at 402), as Beatrice
#[[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]] (at 414), as Cardinal Wolsey
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarissa Bischoffsheim]] (at 429), as Anne of Austria
#Violet Manners, [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448), as Isabella Marchioness of Granby
#[[Social Victorians/People/Neumann|Ludwig Neumann]] (at 452), as Le Duc de Joyeuse
#Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith|Countess of Dalkeith]] (at 460), as Helen, Countess of Dalkeith
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Farrer Herschell]] (at 496), as Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Herschell]] (at 497), as Night
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Mrs. Edith Fitzwilliam|Hon. Edith Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] (at 635), in a costume based on a painting by Romney
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam|Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam]] (at 636), as Nelson
#Maud Fitzwilliam, [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Lord and Lady Milton|Viscountess Milton]] (at 501), as Madame Le Brun
#Catherine (the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Hon. Mrs. Algernon) Grosvenor]] (at 510), as Marie Louise
#Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury|Lord Halsbury]] (at 147), as George III
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546), as Titian
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. Marie Hay|Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney, A.D. 1775
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Sophie Walker]] (at 584), as Vivien
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Hall Walker]] (at 583), as Merlin
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois|Ralph Blois]] (at 593), as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia
#[[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady FitzGerald]] (at 599), as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737
#Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Victor Duleep Singh]] (at 558), as Akbar
#[[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Sydney, Countess Kintore]] (at 608), as Jane, Duchess of Gordon
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Hilda Keith-Falconer]] (at 677), as Lady Susan Gordon
#Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 568), as Princess of Navarre
#Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 567), as a Louis-XIII Musketeer
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|de Alealo Galiano]] (at 631), as the Queen of the Fairies
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|Consuelo de Alealo Galiano]] (at 632), as Veure de Pierrot
#Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Blanche, Countess of Coventry|Countess of Coventry]] (at 559), as an earlier Countess of Coventry
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Anne Coventry|Anne Coventry]] (at 560, as Serena
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Dorothy Coventry|Dorothy Coventry]] (at 561), also as Serena
#Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] (at 680), as a Paysanne Galante from the time of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lukach|Joseph Harry Lukach]] (at 685), as Henri de Rohan
#Alice Emily White Coke, Viscountess Coke (at 643), in 18th-century dress
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|F. C. (Ferdinand Charles) Stanley]] (at 251), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Edward Stanley]] (at 187), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660
#[[Social Victorians/People/Jeune#Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552), accompanying [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Sir Francis Jeune]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Lady Jeune]], as Lady Hopeton, after a miniature by Cosway
#Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton#Lord Crichton|Viscount Crichton]] (at 646), in a costume of the Empire period
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|General Ellis]] (at 654), as an Elizabethan noble
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Lady Anne Lambton|Anne Lambton]] (at 659), as Mme. de Longueville, Louis XIII period
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Nellie Lisa Baillie and Colonel James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour|Nellie Lisa Baillie]] (at 667), from the family group by Gainsborough
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass|Hamar (Louisa) Bass]] (at 439), from picture at Chesterfield House
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (at 664), in a costume of the Georgian era
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] (at 667), as a Venetian
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]] (at 690), as a Hussar of the Napoleonic era
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|E. Crawley]] (at 692), as a gentleman of the period of Charles I
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]] (at 697), as a Courtier of Elizabeth
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley|Louisa Wolseley]] (at 541), in an 18th-century dress (?)
#Edward Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Edward Villiers, 5th Earl Clarendon|5th Earl Clarendon]] (at 65), as Villiers, Viscount Grandison, after portrait by Vandyke
#[[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|M. de Souza Correa]] (at 178), as a Knight Templar, XIV Century
#Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey#Lord and Lady Jersey|Countess of Jersey]] (at 432), as Anne of Austria
#Mary, Countess Minto (at 544) was Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Andrillon]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Beatrix Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain#Mrs. Mary Chamberlain|Mary Chamberlain]] (at 491), as Madame d'Epinay
#Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven#Earl and Countess Dunraven|4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazarin
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (at 401), as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan#Lord and Lady Cardross|Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276), as La Duchesse de Lavis
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Florence Duncombe]] (at 456), as a Lady of the Court of Marie Stuart
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Algernon Gordon Lennox]] (at 623), as a Grenadier Guard officer
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Florence Cole]] (at 239), as Hortense Beauharnais
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff or Saltykov

== Notes and Questions ==

# Work this info in:

&lt;blockquote&gt;There is intense excitement (says a lady correspondent) about the Duchess of Devonshire's historical and fancy dress ball to take place to-night. One of the prettiest of Princesses, daughter of a lovely Irish mother, goes as Queen of Sheba, her sister representing an Ethiopian attendant. An illustrious personage is to head the list of old-world knights, and a beautiful Marchioness is to represent Guinevere, her fair young daughter going as Elaine. A most lovely lady is to personate Queen Marie Thérèse, surrounded by her Court. There is to be a procession of young girls dressed after Cosway's miniatures, and an Elizabethan quadrille is to be danced, in which the Virgin Queen herself is to appear, as well as Essex, Raleigh, Shakespeare, and other well-known characters. Another quadrille will be made up of ladies and gentlemen costumed after the style of Catherine II.'s Russian Court, but none will be more pictorially effective than that in which Catherine de Medici will appear, some of the gentlemen representing Henri II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henri III., Gaspard de Collini, Comte de la Marck, and the Duc de Guise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;This Morning's News.&quot; ''London Daily News'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970702/026/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bibliography for Courts ==
* Drew-Smythe David. &quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball, 1897.&quot; [&quot;principal names in the courts&quot;] http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/home/rah/dodbcourts.htm (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''.
* Ross, Sarah. &quot;The Devonshire House Ball (1897): A Guest-list of Society.&quot; ''Pax Victoriana: The Age of Victoria: The Long 19th Century in Literature and Everyday Life'' http://paxvictoriana.tumblr.com/post/101421946818/the-devonshire-house-ball-1897-a-guest-list-of (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="149138" sha1="3ddbzxet57kp3mpjm7ryuiopor6y4v6" xml:space="preserve">=The Processions and Quadrilles=
After they arrived and had been greeted by the 20-year old [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William, Duke of Manchester]] (grandson of [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]]) at the bottom of the famous Devonshire House stairs and the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire at the top, the Royals led the processions into &quot;the White and Gold Saloon,&quot; where a dais had been set up for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4A–8 Col. 2B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c?}} 

Once the Royals were on the dais, the processions began, perhaps followed by or perhaps including the quadrilles. The ''Gentlewoman'' emphasized the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, which was the first to be presented (the newspapers used the word ''Oriental'' to refer to what we would now think of as the Middle East and northern Africa as well as what we would now call ''Asian''): &lt;blockquote&gt;First came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs. Among the most magnificent of the Oriental personages was Princess Henry Pless, who, as the Queen of Sheba, was gorgeous to behold. Her dress was of purple and gold-shot gauze, bodice and skirt embroidered nearly to the knees, the train being one mass of jewels encrusted in gold. An Assyrian headdress, with clusters of diamonds over each ear, jewelled feathers, and chains of diamonds and turquoises, which were attached to armlets from shoulder to wrist, completed a costume of dazzling splendour. The other Queen of Sheba, who was Lady Cynthia Graham, was charmingly attired in white and silver and rose red. There were also two Cleopatras — Lady de Grey was one mass of beautiful embroideries, and Mrs. Arthur Paget looked her character to the life, and her jewels were quite the most magnificent in the room. Mr. Gerald Paget walked beside her, attired very effectively as Mark Antony. Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then came the processions of the various Courts, who afterwards formed into separate quadrilles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print pp. 48–58.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The reports in the ''Times'' and the ''Gentlewoman'' agree that first the processions were presented to the Prince and Princess of Wales, and then the quadrilles were danced in front of the royals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a}} Dancing quadrilles was a custom at other fancy-dress balls or costume parties as well. (One type of quadrille is the American square dance.) Not everyone was part of a procession, but the quadrilles, some of which had been rehearsed at least to some degree, seem usually to have been smaller groups of people.

== The Courts ==
The processions were made up of the members of the &quot;Courts&quot; of the various monarchs, particularly queens, as well as other groups not led by the 4 queens identified by the ''Times''. The first procession was the &quot;Oriental&quot; one, which included [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire]] as Zenobia, the Queens of Sheba and the Cleopatras. This procession was followed by the goddesses and gods.

Contrasting this ball with the fancy-dress ball hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales at Marlborough House on 22 July 1874, the ''Times'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as Princes and courtiers. The Royal party itself fell in very readily with this idea, and attended in historical and mostly Royal costumes of the 16th century. There were four Courts strictly so-called, besides two groups which were separately arranged, but which are only to be called Courts by an extension of the term. The four were the Elizabethan Court, headed by Lady Tweedmouth as Queen Elizabeth with Sir Francis Jeune as Lord Chief Justice, Lord Arran a Cardinal, and [Col. 1a / Col. 1b] Lord Rowton as Archibishop Farrer; the Louis XV. and XVI. Court, with Lady Curzon as Queen Marie Leczinska and Lady Warwick as Marie Antoinette; the Court of Maria Theresa with Lady Londonderry as the Empress, Lord Lansdowne as Prince Kaunitz, and Lady Lansdowne as Lady Keith; and the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, its Imperial centre being Lady Raincliffe. Of equal importance with these Courts were the group of Orientals and the Italian procession, the chief members of the former being the hostess herself, the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Lady de Grey as Lysistrate, and Lady Cynthia Graham as the Queen of Sheba; while the latter, which covered not only the great period of Italian art but the 17th century as well, was made illustrious both by the beauty of the dresses and by the great distinction of many of those who wore them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Referencing the article on the ball in the ''Times'', both the ''Westminster Gazette'' and the London Evening ''Mail'' say, &lt;blockquote&gt;THE VARIOUS &quot;COURTS.&quot;

It is twenty-three years (the ''Times'' continues) since a ball of similar design and magnificence was given. We are referring to the famous ball at Marlborough House on July 22, 1874. In one respect there was a considerable difference, for, whereas the Prince of Wales's ball had a number of distinct quadrilles — a Venetian quadrille, a Vandyck quadrille, and a pack-of-cards quadrille — the innovation of yesterday was the idea of different Courts headed by various well-known ladies and attended by their friends as princes and courtiers. ...

The dancing was of the most desultory description. In the quadrilles people did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. In the procession everyone saluted the Princess of Wales in appropriate style. The Orientals spread out their hands in the impressive Oriental manner; the gods struck the ground with their sticks, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 2–3}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1a–b}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;A report in ''Truth'' emphasizes the queens among the costumed guests. Framed as a letter to &quot;Amy&quot; and referring obliquely to the extensive newspaper coverage of the ball, the report begins,&lt;blockquote&gt;DEAREST AMY, — The historic and fancy ball at Devonshire House outshone, as the moon the stars, every other social event of the week. I must try to describe some of the dresses for you, and am sending a sheaf of newspapers from which you will gather some idea of the splendour of the occasion. In tissue of silver and cloth of gold, and richly jewelled from head to foot, stood the stately Zenobia, Duchess of Devonshire, at the head of her marble stairway, to receive her guests of all the ages: queens who had stepped out of history to grace the scene, queens from the idyllic stories of the long ago, queens from ancient Persia and Abyssinia, and queens from Fairyland. Was not Titania there herself, with glittering wings and lily-wand? And the beautiful fair-haired queen, before whom all bent and performed obeisance as she passed, fair Marguerite de Valois, in gleaming snowy satin and high lace collar, with silver-lined train of cloth of gold, was she not our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Princess of Wales was &quot;our own Princess, the Queen of Hearts.&quot; Titania &quot;with glittering wings and lily-wand&quot; may have been one of three women:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Jack and Susanna Wilson Graham Menzies|Susannah Wilson Graham Menzies]], whose costume included &quot;an immense spray of white lilies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7b}} as a kind of very large wand or staff; her costume does not, however, seem to have wings.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Murray#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Mary Graham Murray]]: neither wings nor wand is mentioned in the scant coverage in the press of her costume.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
# [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano#Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano|Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano]], whose portrait is in the album, although no newspaper descriptions of her costume exist at this time. What Mademoiselle de Alcalo Galiano is wearing on her shoulders could be interpreted as glittering wings, perhaps, but no wand or lilies are present in the portrait, and because her photographer was Bassano, other poses or images of her in costume do not seem to exist at this time. 
The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles and processions in the introduction of its story on the ball:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most sumptuous epochs of the most sumptuous Courts were represented, and that with a dazzling completeness which made the times live again all their glitter of precious stuffs, of gold brocades, and imposing arrays of jewels beyond price. There was a noble diversity, yet a satisfying consistency, for the main theory was to reproduce the Courts of princes famous for their love of sumptuary display, and notably the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as perhaps the richest in brave apparel, with the contemporaneous outlook of the French and Spanish Courts of the same era, and these afforded every opportunity for gorgeous display. It might be said that as a panorama of historical costume on these lines no such opportunity has ever occurred of seeing and realising the glories of dress, and the consistent reproduction of historical personages in all their traditional bravery to the fullest advantage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Great Ball. Remarkable Social Function. Crowds of Mimic Kings &amp; Queens. Panorama of Historical Costume. An Array of Priceless Jewels.&quot; ''Western Gazette'' 9 July 1897: 2 [of 8], Col. 7A–C. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/18970709/009/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== How the Courts Were Organized ===
The suggestion that some of the women form courts, which may have come from the Duchess of Devonshire herself,&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Verity. ''Dressing Up: A History of Fancy Dress in Britain''. Reaktion, 2022: 62.&lt;/ref&gt; caused the ball to be visually organized in a way that it would not have been otherwise, because so many of the costumes were from the same time periods. Dressing as a queen was not only not unusual, but, at the many fancy-dress balls and Gothic revival tournaments, “One of the most common costumes for a lady of the Victorian period was … that of a Queen.”&lt;ref&gt;Thrush, Nanette. &quot;Clio's Dressmakers: Women and the Uses of Historical Costume.&quot; In Meaghan Clarke, ed. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020: 258-277.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|270}} There were actual royals present — the Prince of Wales and his family as well as expatriate royals living in London and dignitaries from the Empire. Put on the dais and the object of formal presentations by the processions and quadrilles, [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#The Royals On the Dias|the actual royals]] mostly did not assert their royalty fictionally. The highest fictional rank among the royals was Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who was dressed as Marguerite de Valois.

The total number of women dressed as queens is large but, according to the ''Times'', only 4 defined the courts, &quot;strictly so-called.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 12, Col. 1a–2b}} The first 4 — Marie Thérèse of Austria, Catherine II of Russia, Marie Antoinette and Queen Elizabeth — were the most important and organized in the ball, and their &quot;courts&quot; accounted for many of the other guests who attended.

Of the 700 or so people who attended the ball, 134–137 are accounted for by the first 4 queens and 263–267 by all the various kinds of courts, processions and quadrilles. (The numbers of people in the various courts are not perfectly stable: not all the newspapers that treat the courts agree on who was in them; these numbers are based on the typeset visualizations in the ''Morning Post''.)

Just because of chance and the individual choice of whom to personate, many of the others at the ball who came as individuals or part of much smaller groups and who were not in processions would have contributed to the number of people dressed in that time period and looking as if they could have been part of the courts. A large number of individuals, including almost all the royals ('''check Princess Louise, Faust costume, opera?'''), were also in Elizabethan dress. The ''Western Gazette'' says that &quot;the French and Spanish Courts [were] of the same era.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7a}} These additional costumes from the time periods of the major courts probably made the ball look more coherent, although one newspaper account describes the effect of random and unrelated people seen side by side in conversation ('''find this'''). Also, individuals dressed as ancestors represent belonging to a kinship group rather than a social network of friends.

Nearly fifty women came as historical, Biblical, and occasionally fictional queens, empresses and other regents. They were

# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire]], dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra and functioning as an individual, maybe but not probably part of the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of England and leading 40 people
# Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]], dressed as Marie Thérèse of Austria, Queen and Holy Roman Empress and leading a procession of between 34 and 37 people
# Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia and leading the Russia procession of 31 people plus trumpeters and &quot;Black Attendants&quot;
# [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and leading 29 Louis XV and XVI royals and courtiers, not counting pages
# [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], dressed as Marguerite de Valois and with a court of 7 or 8 people, all family members, plus 2 attendants
# [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Violet, Countess of Mar and Kellie]], dressed as Beatrice and leading the Venetians procession of 47 people
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon, not exactly a queen but in this list because she led the 7-person procession of goddesses from mythology
# [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]], dressed as Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England and leading 12 people in the courts of Charles I and Charles II
# Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]], dressed as Queen Guinevere and leading 21 people in the Knights of the Table of King Arthur procession
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande Evelyn Vere, Lady Rodney]], dressed as Queen Guinevere, was not listed as being in the procession; she attended with her husband, who was dressed as King Arthur.
#Daisy Cornwallis-West, [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Lady Cynthia Graham
#[[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], dressed as Queen of Sheba and leading a procession of “Oriental” queens (23 people) with Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless
#Katherine Osborne, [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley
#Georgina, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Dowager Countess of Dudley]], not a queen but in this list because she led the 17-person procession of Duchesses with Katherine, Duchess of Leeds
# [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Lady Minnie Paget]], dressed as Cleopatra in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession; attended with her husband and her brother-in-law, who was dressed as Marc Anthony
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gwladys Robinson|Gwladys Robinson]], Marchioness of Ripon (when Countess de Grey), dressed as Cleopatra
#[[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, Duchess of Newcastle]], dressed as Princess Dashkova
# [[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]], dressed as Princess Sophia Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, mother of George I
# Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]], dressed as Princess of Navarre
# [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, Marquisa de Santurce]], dressed as the Infanta of Spain
# [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse née Kinsky, Countess Clary-Aldringen]], dressed as the Queen of Naples, Napoleon's sister
# [[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg]], née Countess Josephine Kinsky, dressed as Princess Pauline Borghese, Napoleon's sister
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady Fitzgerald]], dressed as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]], dressed as Anne of Austria, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]], dressed as Marie Stuart, Mary Queen of Scots
# [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Mary, Countess of Minto]], dressed as '''Princess Andrillon'''
# [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]], dressed as Queen Vashti
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Candida Louise, Marchioness of Tweeddale]], dressed as Empress Josephine
# Aileen, Countess of Meath, dressed as Queen Hortense
# [[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Alice, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos]], dressed as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Alice, Countess of Lathom]], dressed as Catherine of Aragon
# [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Leonie Blanche Jerome, Lady Leslie]], dressed as Brunhild
# Helena, Countess of Stradbroke, dressed as Delilah
# Ethel, Lady Knaresborough, dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill]], dressed as Empress Theodora, wife of Justinian
# [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Adela, Countess of Essex]], dressed as Berenice, Queen of Palestine
# Hon. Julia Beatrice Maguire, dressed as Dido, Queen of Carthage
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarisse Bischoffsheim]], dressed as Anne of Austria, queen with Louis XIII of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet, Lady de Trafford]], dressed as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent, Lady Cradock-Hartopp]], dressed as the Empress Josephine
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]], dressed as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Susan Margaret, Duchess of Somerset]], dressed as Jane, Queen of England, wife to King Henry VIII and mother of King Edward VI
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Emily Theresa, Lady Ampthill]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Blanche, Lady Gordon-Lennox]], dressed as the Princess de Lamballe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]], dressed as Queen Esther
# Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano, dressed as the Queen of the Fairies
# Susannah Graham Menzies, dressed as Titania, Queen of the Fairies

Some women came as goddesses:

# [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Marie, Baroness de Courcel]], dressed as Night
# Florence, Lady Terence Blackwood, dressed as Flora Goddess of Flowers
# Probably (Sybil Aimée) Geraldine Webber (née Magniac), dressed as Dawn
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]], dressed as Euterpe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Alice, Lady Glenesk]], dressed as Egeria
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Augusta Beatrice (née Montagu), Countess of Gosford]], dressed as Minerva (period of Louis XV)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Sybil Mary (née St Clair-Erskine), Countess of Westmorland]], dressed as Hebe
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Mary Emmeline Laura (née Milner), Lady Gerard]], dressed as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Marie Elizabeth Françoise Hope-Vere]] (née Guillemin), dressed as Medusa
# [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Adela (née Kindersley), Lady Herschell]], dressed as Night
# Dorothy Blanche ('Doreen', née Boyle), Viscountess Long, dressed as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Edith Amelia (née Ward), Lady Wolverton]], dressed as Britannia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Lady Alice Stanley]], dressed as Diana

Men also came as kings and emperors:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton, Duke of Devonshire]], dressed as the Emperor Charles V 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|N. Boulatzell]], dressed as Prince of Mingrelia 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Frederic Glyn, 4th Baron Wolverton]], dressed as King Richard Coeur de Lion
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh]], dressed as Akbar
# [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Castlereagh|Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry]] when Viscount Castlereagh as the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, dressed as 
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|George Rodney, 7th Baron Rodney]], dressed as King Arthur of the Round Table
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]], dressed as the Emperor Yuan of China
# [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]], dressed as a Persian Prince
# [[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]], dressed as Philip II of Spain
# Sir Ralph Barrett Macnaghten, 9th Bt., dressed as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Charles de Rothschild]], dressed as King Henry III
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck]], dressed as the King of Poland
# [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Sir Charles Edward Cradock-Hartopp, 5th Bt.]], dressed as Napoleon I
The courts or groupings are subnetworks within the network at this ball: there are other women dressed as goddesses, for example, than the ones included in the procession, suggesting that the ones who organized into groups did it based on relationships with each other than with a preference for a particular time or person.

At this ball, women were “arbiters” of cultural, social and political power. Even though both the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the ball, it was and has since always been called her ball. As social organizers, they were the gatekeepers to the aristocracy, granting some admittance and denying others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; As accomplished beauties and leaders of fashion, they were cultural arbiters.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, Meaghan. ''Fashionability, Exhibition Culture and Gender Politics: Fair Women''. Routledge, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Costumed as queens, they presented themselves as “makers of history.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Felber, Lynette, ed. ''Clio's Daughters: British Women Making History, 1790-1899''. Associated University Presses, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Their portraits taken in costume, which can be found in the National Portrait Gallery today, were a performance of wealth and privilege, and, with the identities personated, power.

=== The Courts in Performance ===
We know almost nothing about how these processions or quadrilles were formed, except that the Duchess of Devonshire may have been encouraged these women to form courts: 

# Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thérèse of Austria
# Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]], dressed as Catherine II, Queen of Russia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], dressed as Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
# [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Fanny Marjoribanks, Lady Tweedmouth]] as Elizabeth, Queen of England

We know that the groups doing quadrilles would have been expected to have rehearsed, and we know that the Elizabethan procession, at least, did do so at a dinner party the night before the ball. 
== The Quadrilles ==

&quot;[T]he quadrilles took place&quot; after or as part of the procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4C}} A quadrille is a choreographed &quot;square&quot; dance. (The very specific kind of dance called a square dance in the U.S. is a quadrille, but not all quadrilles are American square dances.) Typically, quadrilles were made up of four couples. Apparently fancy-dress balls often included quadrilles, especially those with costumes of the past and ''bals poudres'' (typically balls with 18th-century costumes and powdered hair). The ''Western Gazette'' describes the quadrilles under &quot;The Dancing&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dancing was of the most desultory description. There was the Royal quadrille and there were the quadrilles danced by the Venetians, and the Russian quadrille. In the quadrilles the dancers did their best to vie with the old-fashioned courtliness and grace. Some of their courtesies were quite beautifully done. If all did not fall in with the spirit of their times it was excusable, as there were no rehearsals. Not until the chaperons and those who merely went to see had left or gone down to supper was there space for ordinary dancing, and even then so few of the dresses were fitted for the waltz and the gardens were so temptingly cool with all their coloured lights that the latter attracted the majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 2, Col. 7c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This article suggests that there was a &quot;Royal quadrille,&quot; suggesting that the Royals danced at some point as a group, and that the people did not rehearse their quadrilles.

== The Royals On the Dias ==
The Royals who were on the dais were likely the  immediate family of the Prince of Wales, including his siblings and children as well as the Princess of Wales, but a number of people who were — or had been — royals in other countries were also present at the ball.

=== The Prince and Princess of Wales's Children and Their Families ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitalier of Malta in the court of Queen Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] as Margaret of Valois
*Prince George of Wales, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#George, Duke of York|Duke of York]] as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland and thus in Elizabethan dress
*Mary of Teck, [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary#Mary, Duchess of York|Duchess of York]] as a lady in attendance on Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales)
*Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois (Alexandra, Princess of Wales)
*Alexander Duff, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duke of Fife]] as a courtier of late Elizabethan Period, the time of Henri II
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Maud of Wales, Princess Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Princess of Wales as one of the ladies of the court of Margaret of Valois
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanying the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]]

=== The Prince of Wales's Siblings and Their Families ===
*[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Helena, or Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as Sophia Charlotte, daughter of the Electress Sophia of Hanover and sister of George I
*[[Social Victorians/People/Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein]] as the Earl of Lincoln in the time of Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein]], daughter of Helena and Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, as a lady or princess of the Elizabethan Court
*[[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]], Marchioness of Lorne as a character from the opera ''Faust'' or the Tudor period
*John Campbell, [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Marquis of Lorne]] as a Tudor
*[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] as an Elizabethan military commander
*[[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]] as Ann of Austria
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], nephew of the Prince of Wales and son of Alfred of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Romanova, as Duke Robert of Normandy, A.D. 1060
Many of these costumes are from the Elizabethan period, but the royals wearing them would not have been in the Elizabethan procession or quadrille. One newspaper report noticed this as well.

=== Other Royals Possibly on the Dais ===
These people were closely related but not of Victoria's immediate family and thus perhaps not eligible for the same obeisances? So perhaps they were not on the dais. Also, they are not listed as having marched in a procession or danced in a quadrille.

* [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis, Duke of Teck]]  as Capitaine Garde du Roi, 1660
* Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck]] as Princess Sophia, Electress of Luneburg and Hanover
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Alexander of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a blue coat, Queen Anne's period
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Francis of Teck]] as a Dragoon Guard with a red coat, Queen Anne's period
* Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Francis Duke of Teck|Adolphus of Teck]]
==Processions==
Speaking of the processions before the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] the ''Morning Post'' describes the scene:&lt;blockquote&gt;One after the other they entered by one door, advanced up the middle of the ball room, made obeisance, and left by another door. Those who did not belong to any particular group lined the room and crowded the doorways. After this the quadrilles took place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 4C}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Graphic'' published an illustration by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich showing a member of one of the processions bowing before the Prince and Princess of Wales, who is inclining her head in return. The guest has two train-bearers who look like children, which if this illustration is true to life means that the woman bowing is probably  

(&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Costume Ball, The: The Procession of Guests Bowing to the Royal Group in the White and Gold Saloon. Drawn by W. Hatherell and J. Gulich.&quot; The Graphic 10 July 1897: 17–18 [of 34]. [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017?browse=true https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000057/18970710/021/0017].)

It seems that the processions came in to the White and Gold Saloon and then formed in front of the Royals to do their quadrilles, so any group might be called a procession or a quadrille, depending on what exactly they did. According to the ''Morning Post'', which in this list apparently mixes up &quot;courts&quot; and processions, &quot;The following processions were formed shortly after the assembling of the guests, and passed through the ball-room&quot;:
# &quot;Oriental&quot; (their word for it, and repeated twice more later in the list)
# Goddesses and gods
#Duchess
# Venetians
# Austrian
# Russian, led by the &quot;Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard&quot;
# Louis XVI
# Elizabethan

The ''Morning Post'' story highlighted the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, which was the first procession to dance before the Prince and Princess of Wales. The story in the ''Gentlewoman'' also emphasizes this procession by listing it first and describing it in detail. Also, the ''Morning Post'' article attempted to illustrate how people were arranged in the processions by the way their names were typeset. The ''Times'' listed people in the various processions and courts, but did not attempt a typeset visualization the way the ''Morning Post'' did.

=== &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession ===
What the newspapers called the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession was &quot;the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites,&quot; who were permitted to assemble in a different place than everybody else before leading the rest of the processions and quadrilles.&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 2c}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} 

One newspaper, the ''Times'', says that [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louisa, Duchess]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire]] took part in the &quot;Oriental&quot; group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 1b}} The ''Gentlewoman'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt; 

First [to present themselves to the Royals] came the Oriental queens, headed by the Duchess of Devonshire herself, who was accompanied by the Duke, as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet and furs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

This sentence from the ''Daily Telegraph'' occurs at the end of the description of the Duchess of Devonshire's costume, suggesting but not saying that the &quot;Oriental&quot; queens got this special treatment because she was one of them:&lt;blockquote&gt;Masters of the Ceremonies in Louis Seize military uniforms passed the guests through into inner rooms, only the Oriental Queens of an era previous to Christianity, with their suites, assembling in the white and gold saloon, with its fine pictures in the panels, and brilliantly-lighted by hundreds of wax candles in crystal chandeliers, as were all the rooms.&lt;ref&gt;“Historic Ball at Devonshire House. Brilliant Scene.” The ''Daily Telegraph'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 9 [of 14], Col. 6a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18970703/094/0009.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|9, Col. 6a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The people in the &quot;Oriental Procession&quot; assembled in the white-and-gold saloon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} The presentations to the Royals took place in the saloon or ballroom, which was &quot;particularly magnificent, being a splendid harmony of white and gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}} Besides having the white-and-gold saloon in which to assemble, the queens and suites of the &quot;Oriental Procession&quot; lined the &quot;centre of the saloon&quot; for the procession of the Prince and Princess of Wales to their place on the dais. According to the ''Gentlewoman'',
&lt;blockquote&gt;About half-past eleven the Blue Hungarian Band, which was stationed in a small ante-room, announced the Prince of Wales' arrival with the stirring strains of &quot;God Save the Queen,&quot; and His Royal Highness led the Princess up the centre of the saloon, which was lined by ladies dressed as Oriental queens and their suites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|32, Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Other than the account in the ''Gentlewoman'', most newspapers that mention it say the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession was led by Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Daisy Cornwallis-West, Princess of Pless]], as Queens of Sheba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5b}} In these reports, Lady Cynthia Graham's name is listed first in spite of the Princess of Pless's higher rank. ''Truth'' says that 3 women came dressed as Queen of Sheba but names only Lady Cynthia Graham and Daisy Cornwallis-West, the same 2 named by the ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'': &quot;There were three Queens of Sheba, and Paris himself could scarcely have decided to which the apple of beauty should have been awarded.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 1b}} 

==== The Attendants for the Queens of the &quot;Oriental&quot; Procession ====
Some of the Duchess of Devonshire's attendants and hired staff for the ball were people of color, probably boys and men. Some of the people in attendance on some of the queens at the ball were people of color, again probably boys and men. While not all of these queens were in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, several were.

[[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Attendants of Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess of Pless had attendants in her suite]], some of whom were probably hired as well as her sister and brother, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her &quot;Ethiopian attendant,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} and [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], who was ashamed of his blackface and costume and is not mentioned in any newspaper report.

Both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' list the Hon. George Keppel in the suite of men, with the other men at his level, but the ''Gentlewoman'' says that at least 2 of the men — Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson — were attendants on him, suggesting that he might not have been an attendant but at the same level as Lady Cynthia and the Princess of Pless.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; (34, Col. 3a; print p. 50)

==== The Structure of the Procession ====
In the visualization in the ''Morning Post'', Lady Cynthia's name is first, followed by the Princess of Pless, at the same level. Then the suites of ladies and gentlemen follow, indented to show they accompanied either the Princess of Pless or, perhaps, both Queens of Sheba. 

The ''Morning Post'' illustrated the procession like this:
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Cynthia Graham]], as the Queen of Sheba
# Daisy (Mary Theresa) [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Cornwallis-West]], [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Princess Henry of Pless]], as the Queen of Sheba
# The Suite of Ladies following Daisy, Princess of Pless (or perhaps both the two Queens of Sheba)
## Miss West: Miss Cornwallis West, [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West|Shelagh Cornwallis-West]], as her &quot;Ethiopian attendant&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}}
## Miss Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Goelet|Goelet]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lady C. Grosvenor|Lady C. Grosvenor]]
## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Oppenheim|Rosalinda Oppenheim]]
# The Suite of Men following Daisy, Princess of Pless (less likely both the two Queens of Sheba)
## The [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]], as King Solomon, in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and Princess Henry of Pless)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}
## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur Portman]]
##[[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]]
## The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Algernon Bourke|Hon. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Algernon Bourke (listed as being in this procession, but dressed as Isaac Walton, probably not; Gwendolen Bourke, however, as Salambo, likely was)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cornwallis-West#George Cornwallis-West|George Cornwallis-West]], not mentioned in any newspaper report and by his own account in the court of his sister, Daisy, Princess of Pless.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Lady Alicia Duncombe]], as a Greek Slave
# [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Hon. Guendoline Bourke|Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke]]: Hon. Guendoline Bourke, as Salambo
# Minnie Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Mrs. Arthur Paget]], as Cleopatra
# Gerald [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Paget Paget]], likely Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget, as Marc Antony
#Lady Randolph Churchill, according to the London Evening ''Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}, as Empress Theodora of Byzantium
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/de Trafford|Violet de Trafford]]
#Alexandra Harriet Paget, [[Social Victorians/People/Colebrooke|Lady Colebrooke]]
# Two women walking together for some reason
## Hon. Mrs. Julia [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Peel Maguire]] (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions)
## Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Muriel Wilson]], as Queen Vashti
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Helena Violet Alice Fraser (Miss Keith Fraser)|Miss Keith Fraser]]
# Mary Charteris, [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Lady Elcho]]
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hope-Vere|Hope-Vere]], as Medusa

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
   Lady Cynthia Graham .................. Queen of Sheba.
   Princess Pless ....................... Queen of Sheba.
           Miss West .................. )
           Miss Goelet ................ )
           Lady C. Grosvenor .......... ) Suite of Ladies.
           Miss Oppenheim ............. )
           The Hon. G. Keppel ......... )
           Wilfred Wilson  ............ )
           Arthur Portman ............. ) Suite of Men.
           Gordon Wood ................ )
           The Hon. A. Bourke ......... )
   Lady Alicia Duncombe ................  Greek Slave.
   Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke .................. Salambo.
   Mrs. Arthur Paget .................... Cleopatra.
   Gerald Paget Paget ................... Marc Antony.
   Lady De Trafford
   Hon. Mrs. Maguire ................   )
   Miss Muriel Wilson ................  )
   Miss Keith Fraser
   Lady Elcho
   Mrs. Hope-Vere
The ''Times'' article lists the members of this procession in paragraph form, but they are the same people in the same order in the list:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Cynthia Graham, Queen of Sheba; Princess Pless, Queen of Sheba; Miss West, Miss Goelet, Lady C. Grosvenorm, Miss Oppenheim, suite of ladies; Hon. G. Keppel, Wilfred Wilson, Arthur Postman, Gordon Wood, Hon. A Bourke, suite of men; Lady Alicia Dduncombe, Greek slave; Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, Salambo; Mrs. Arthur Paget, Cleopatra; Gerald Paget Paget, Marc Antony; Lady Randolph Churchill, Lade de Trafford, Lady Colebrooke, Hon. Mrs. Maguire, Miss Muriel Wilson, Miss Keith Fraser, Lady Elcho, Mrs. Hope-Vere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; (12, Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Goddesses===
The women who walked in the procession of goddesses included these women listed in the ''Morning Post'' list:
*[[Social Victorians/People/Gerard|Lady Mary Gerard]] (at 256), as Astarte, Goddess of the Moon
*Sybil Vane, [[Social Victorians/People/Westmorland|Countess of Westmorland]] (at 219), as Hebe
*[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lady Emily Lurgan]] (at 56), a Fury
*[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Lady Sophie Scott]] (at 57), a Fury
*[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Mrs. Talbot]] (probably not the wife of [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Edmund Talbot]], as two other Mrs. Talbots were there, both wives of higher ranking men)
*Miss de Brienen (at 259)
*[[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Mrs. Leonie Leslie]] (at 260) went as Brunhilde in the Goddesses procession
The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Among the gods and goddesses was Titania, the Queen of the Fairies; Lady Westmorland who made the prettiest Hebe; the Furies, Lady Lurgan and Lady Sophie Scott; and Lady Archibald Campbell, who elected to appear as Diana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c}}

Others dressed as goddesses   — likely dressed as individuals and not part of an organized group — include the following:
*Alice [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Lady Glenesk]] (at 88) as Egeria (although Algernon Borthwick, Baron Glenesk did walk in the Elizabethan procession)
*Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Fanny Ronalds]] (at 92), as Euterpe, Goddess of Music
*[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Archibald Campbell]] (at 377), as Artemis, goddess of the chase
*Mrs. Susannah [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson Graham Menzies]] (at 378), as Titania.
*Lady A. Stanley: Lady Alice Maud Olivia [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) as Diana.

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5B}}:
 Goddesses were:
            Lady Gerard.
            Lady Westmorland.
            Lady Lurgan.
            Lady S. [Sophie?] Scott.
            Mrs. Talbot.
            Miss de Brienen.
            Mrs. Leslie.

===The Duchesses Procession===
The members of this procession included the following:
# Katherine Osborne, the [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Duchess of Leeds]] (at 35), as the fictional Persian character Lalla Rookh. While the ''Morning Post'' says she walked in the Duchesses Procession, she might have walked in the &quot;Oriental&quot; one instead.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Lady Dudley]]: Georgina, Dowager Countess of Dudley (at 198)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Gwladys, Countess de Grey]] (at 136), possibly as Cleopatra (according to the ''Carlisle Patriot'', she headed the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, but the ''Morning Post'' visualization puts her with the Duchesses)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball: Unparalleled Splendour.&quot; ''Carlisle Patriot'' Friday 9 July 1897: 7 [of 8], Col. 4a–b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000365/18970709/084/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
#[[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lady Randolph Churchill]] (at 132), as Empress Theodora of Byzantium
# Mrs. Maguire (the ''Morning Post'' has her both in the Oriental and the Duchesses processions)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Adele Grant Capell|Adele Grant Capell, Countess Essex]] (at 194)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Margot Asquith]] (at 217), as a snake charmer
# Mrs. Leo (at 246)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Louisa Acheson, Lady Gosford]] (at 140), as a lady in Charles V.'s Court(?)
# Edith Glyn, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baroness Wolverton]] (at 130), as Britannia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley]] (at 157) (but she seems more likely to have walked in the Goddess procession)
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|L. Brassey]] (at 252), as Apollo
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady A. Acheson]] — Lady Alexandra Louise Elizabeth Acheson — (at 254), in Hunting Costume, period of Louis XV
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lord Acheson]], Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson (at 255), as Mignon Henri III. or Raoul di Nangis
# Lady J. Stanley (at 250)
# W. Stanley: [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord William Stanley and Lady Alexandra Stanley|Hon. Frederick William Stanley]] (at 473), in hunting dress (period of Louis XVI) or as Chasseur à Louis XV

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this, suggesting that everybody except Lady de Grey and Lady Wolverton was walking or perhaps dancing side by side in pairs.
               Duchess of Leeds.                 Lady Dudley.
                                  Lady de Grey.
               Lady Randolph Churchill.          Lady Colebrooke.
               Mrs. Maguire.                     Lady Essex.
               Mrs. Asquith.                     Mrs. Leo.
               Lady Gosford.                     E. Stanley.
                                 Lady Wolverton.
               Lady A. Stanley.                  L. Brassey.
               Lady A. Acheson.                  Lord Acheson.
               Lady J. Stanley.                  W. Stanley.

===Italian Procession===
The Venetians Procession is variously called the Venetian or 17th-century or Italian Procession or Quadrille in the newspapers. This group is also made up of subgroups: the Italian Procession, the Venetians and the 17th Century, each smaller procession with its own leader.

The ''Westminster Gazette'' says, &quot;The Venetian group might indeed have been called a 'dream of fair women,' as it numbered more decidedly beautiful women than any other at the ball.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 1}}

The ''Gentlewoman'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Venetian Court was most picturesque, led by the Duchess of Portland, who looked magnificent in white brocade embroidered with silver, a diamond crown, and ropes of diamonds and pearl, round her neck. One of the most noticeable ladies of her Court was Lady Mar and Kellie, in white and green and silver, embroidered with gold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Truth'' says something quite similar:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Venetian group was highly picturesque. Lord Lathom was Doge, and among the ladies and gentlemen of Venice were the Duchess of Portland, Countess of Mar and Kellie, Lady Alington, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Grenfell, and Lord and Lady St. Oswald.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|41, Col. 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

These are the names in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' story.

==== Italian Procession ====

# The [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Countess Mar and Kellie]] (at 160), as Beatrice
# Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 4th [[Social Victorians/People/Lloyd Kenyon|Baron Kenyon]] (at 167) as Guido Cavalcanti
# Mabel Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Lady St. Oswald]] (at 284), as Duchessa di Caluria in the Italian procession or a Venetian lady of the 14th century
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|George Wyndham]] (at 221), as Signor di Samare
# [[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Miss Blanche Forbes]] (at 285), as Donna Lucrezia Arcella
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Schreiber|Schreiber]] (at 286), as Duca d'Iripolda
# [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mrs. Higgins]] (at 287), as Donna Valeria Bodessa
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|William Henry Grenfell]] (at 222), as Signor di Argentina or as [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Mercutio]]
# Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Von André]] (at 289), as Desdemona
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Murray Guthrie]] (at 290), as Otello
# [[Social Victorians/People/Montagu|Lady Alice Montagu]] (at 292), as Laura and escorted by Giles Fox-Strangways
# Giles Fox-Strangways (at 78), [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lord Stavordale]], as Petrarch
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Enid Wilson|Enid Wilson]] (at 293), as Giulietta
# Lord Hyde: George Herbert Hyde [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Villiers]] (at 294), as Romeo

==== Venetians ====

# The [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Earl of Lathom]] (at 125), as Il Doge, Giovannino de Medici
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Cardinale Giovanni Bembo
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Hwfa Williams]] (was unable to attend), as Caterina Cornaro (Regina di Cipri)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. Ivor Guest]] (at 295), as Marco (Re di Cipri)
# Mildred Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscountess Chelsea]] (at 162), Venditrice di Fiori, a Veronese lady
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Clarence Wilson]] (at 300), as Buffone
#[[Social Victorians/People/Fortescue|Hon. Seymour Fortescue]] (at 296), as Avocato
#[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick#Hon. Sir Sidney Robert Greville|Hon. S. Greville]] (at 297), as Cipriano
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|Hon. Mrs. George (Mary) Curzon]] (at 301), as Marchesa Malaspina
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family#Hon. George Peel|Hon. George Peel]] (at 302), as Luigi Giorgi
# Ettie (Mrs. W.) [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Grenfell]] (at 200), as Contessa Maria Cicogna or Maria de Medici
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Charteris|Hon. Evan Charteris]] (at 303), as Cavaliere Vittorio
# [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Lady Lettice Grosvenor]] (at 304), as Bianca Capelli
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Thynne|Alexander Thynne]] (at 305), as Marino Grimani
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish Bentinck]] (at 264), as Grandezza degli Antenati
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan#Hon. Cecil Brownlow|Hon. Cecil Brownlow]] (at 305), as Nicolo Danabi
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walter Murray Guthrie|Olive Guthrie]] (at 291), as Marguerita Grimani
# [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Mr. Herbert Wilson]] (at 307), as Antonio Priali (misspelled as Briali)

==== 17th-Century Procession ====

# [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Louise (Mrs. Arthur) Sassoon]] (at 202), as La Dogaressa, led the 17th-century procession, with two nephews as attendants:
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Evelyn Achille de Rothschild]] (at 669), as a page to the Doge's Wife
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Anthony Gustav de Rothschild]] (at 670), as a page to the Doge's Wife
# Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Viscount Peel]] (at 74), as Il Doge
# Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]] (at 29), as Duchessa di Savoia
# William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as Duca Filiberto di Savoia (or possibly the Duke of Buckingham)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Lady Helen Vincent]] (at 215), as Contessa Valentina Gateago
# [[Social Victorians/People/Feversham|Sir Edgar Vincent]] (at 226), as II Conte Oravio or Orayio
# Mrs. Gerard Leigh (at 308), as Lucrezia de Rossi
# [[Social Victorians/People/Higgins|Mr. Higgins]] (at 288), as Sanchio di Sedilla
# Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Katherine Mary Drummond]] (at 309), as Donna Caranado
# [[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Mr. Henry White]] (at 310), as Giovanni Felici (or possibly Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise)
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Mildred Grenfell|Mildred Grenfell]] (at 30), as Bianca di Piacoma, accompanying Winifred, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]]
# Mr. Norton (at ), as Guyman di Silva (the ''Times'' and hence the Evening ''Mail'' says Morton)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Fraser#Captain Hugh Fraser|Captain Fraser]] (at 244), as Duca di Tarsis
Visitors to the Court of Savoia
# Windham, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Earl of Dunraven]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazzarin
# Consuelo, [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Duchess of Manchester]] (at 175), as Anne d'Autriche [this isn't right: she's in the Russian Procession with the Duke of Marlborough, as the French Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II and his wife.]
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beraud|Jean Béraud]] (at 312), as Cinq Mars

==== Not Listed in the ''Morning Post'' story, But Still ====
... said somewhere to have been in the Italian Procession or might logically have processed with them.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Edward Cecil]], probably Violet Georgina Maxse Gascoyne-Cecil (at 102)

==== The Morning Post Visualization ====
In the ''Morning Post'' visualization of the procession, Beatrice, the Countess of Mar and Kellie led the procession. The typeset visualization looks, more or less, like this:
                                  ITALIAN PROCESSION
                  ''Beatrice'',                            ''Guido Cavalcanti'',
     The Countess of Mar and Kellie.                      Lord Kenyon.
             ''Duchessa di Caluria'',                      ''Signor di Samare'',
               Lady St. Oswald.                       Mr. George Wyndham.
           ''Donna Lucrezia Arcella'',                      ''Duca d'Iripolda'',
            Miss Blanche Forbes.                         Mr. Schreiber.
           ''Donna Valeria'' ''Bodessa'',                     ''Signor di Argentina'',
               Mrs. Higgins.                            Mr. W. Grenfell.
                 ''Desdemona'',                                 ''Otello'',
              Mrs. Von André.                         Mr. Murray Guthrie.
                  ''Laura'',                                  ''Petrarch'',
           Lady Alice Montagu.                         Lord Stavordale.
                ''Giulietta'',                                 ''Romeo'',
            Miss Enid Wilson.                             Lord Hyde.
 
                                     Venetians
        ''Il Doge (Giovannino de Medici)'',                ''Marco (Redi Cipri)'',
             The Earl of Lathom.                        Hon. Ivor Guest.
         Avocato,                Venditrice di Fiori,             Cipriano,
  Hon. Seymour Fortescue         Viscountess Chelsea.        Hon. S. Greville.
                                     Buffone,
                               Mr. Clarence Wilson.
             ''Marchesa Malaspina'',                         ''Luigi Giorgi'',
          Hon. Mrs. George Curzon.                     Hon. George Peel.
            ''Contessa Maria Cicogna'',                        ''Cavaliere Vittorio'',
              Mrs. W. Grenfell.                           Hon. Evan Charteris.
               ''Bianca Capelli'',                              ''Marino Grimani'',
          Lady Lettice Grosvenor.                       Lord Alexander Thynne. 
         ''Grandezza degli Autenati'',                          ''Nicolo Danabi'',
          Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck.                       Hon. Cecil Brownlow.
            ''Marguerita Grimani''.                             ''Antonio Priali'',
               Mrs. Guthrie.                              Mr. Herbert Wilson.
 
                                   17th CENTURY
               ''La Dogaressa'',                                  ''Il Doge'',
            Mrs. Arthur Sassoon.                           Viscount Peel.
             ''Duchessa di Savoia'',                      ''Duca Filiberto di Savoia'',
          The Duchess of Partland.                       The Duke of Portland.
         ''Contessa Valentina Gateago'',                        ''II Conte Oravio'',
             Lady Helen Vincent.                           Sir Edgar Vincent.
              ''Lucrezia de Rossi'',                          ''Sanchio di Sedilla'',
              Mrs. Gerard Leigh.                              Mr. Higgins.
                ''Donna Caranado'',                             ''Giovanni Felici'',
                Mrs. Drummond.                                Mr. H. White.
              ''Bianci di Piacoma'',                            ''Guyman di Silva'',
            Miss Mildred Grenfell.                             Mr. Norton.
                                   ''Duca di Tarsis'',
                                   Captain Fraser.
                           Visitors to the Court of Savoia.
       ''Cardinal Mazzarin'',         ''Anne d'Autriche'',                ''Cinq Mars'',
     The Earl of Dunraven.    The Duchess of Manchester.       Mr. Jean Bérand.

===Austrian===
The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;The Austrian Court was a wonderful procession, headed by the Marchioness of Londonderry as the Empress Marie Thérèse. She wore the famous Londonderry diamonds, which included a diamond crown copied exactly from one worn by the Empress Marie Thérèse on her powdered hair. She was followed by four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}} 

The Austrian procession and quadrille were headed up by Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] as Marie Thèrése of Austria. Most accounts say it had 4 archduchesses in attendance, even though the Guernsey ''Star'' reported 5 and the ''Belfast News-Letter'' adds [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Miss Seymour]] (at 406): 

* &quot;four beautiful young Archduchesses in white and silver with pale blue ribbons, and wearing white plumes in their powdered hair&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7A}}
*&quot;four young Archduchesses, in white and silver and pale blue ribbons. These ladies were impersonated by Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, and Lady Alexandra Hamilton.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 2c–3a}}
* &quot;five Archduchesses and five Archdukes. The former, all attired exactly alike in white and silver brocade, were Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Beatrix FitzMaurice, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, and Miss Stirling.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle.&quot; The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1–2. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;

Possibly this quite-large group had subsections: the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' mention for example &quot;the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Section 1
## Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]] (at 42), as Marie Thérèse of Austria
## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 52), as Prince Kaunitz
## Maud Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (at 51), as Lady Keith, wife of the British Ambassador at the Court of Marie Thérèse
##[[Social Victorians/People/Winchester|Augustus, Marquis of Winchester]], as a Coldstream Guard at Vienna
# Section 2: Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille
## Archduchesses
###[[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Beatrice Butler]] (at 45), Archduchess Marie-Karoline
###[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alexandra Hamilton]] (at 46), Archduchess Marie-Josepha
###[[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady Beatrix Petty-FitzMaurice]] (at 44), as Archduchess Marie Anna
### Lady Helen Stewart ([[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]) (at 43), as the Archduchess Marie Christine of Austria
## Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Viscount Castlereagh]] (at 73), attended as Maria Thérèse's son Emperor Joseph II (Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, was the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marchioness of Londonderry]]'s son.)
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as Archduke Leopold
## Charles William Reginald Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscount Helmsley]] (at 353), as Archduke Charles
##[[Social Victorians/People/Lurgan|Lord William Lurgan]] (at 165), as Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen or Sachsentexhen
# Small Group of 4
## [[Social Victorians/People/Magheramorne|Lady Magheramorne]] (at 355), as Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine
## Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Beaumont|Aline Beaumont]] (at 356), as as Marie Josephe of Austria or Queen of Sardinia
## Lord Ava: Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood#Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Ava|Earl of Ava]] (at 357), as Archduke Maximilian
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|C. Willoughby]] (at 358), as Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany
# Small Group of 4
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. Gervase BeckettMr. and Mrs. Gervase Beckett|Mabel (G. Gervase) Beckett]] (at 359), as Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein
## Siegfried, [[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Count Clary]] (at 205), as General Count Nadasdy
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe#Mr. and Mrs. R. Beckett|Muriel Beckett]] [sic Mrs. R. Beckeet] (at 482), as Princess Isabella of Parma
## [[Social Victorians/People/Hadik|Count Hadik]] (at 361), as Field-Marshal Hadik
# Small Group of 4
## Cicely Gascoyne-Cecil, [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Viscountess Cranborne]] (at 196), as Princess Josepha of Bavaria
## Schomberg McDonnell, [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Mr. Schomberg M'Donnell]] (at 104), as Duke Ferdinand of Modena
## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|Lady Hilda Charteris Brodrick]] (at 362, Lady H. Brodrick), as Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony
## Mr. Jack [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Graham Menzies]] (at 362), as Freiherr von Bartenstein
# Small Group of 4
## Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] (at 364), as Archduchess Elizabeth
## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lady C. FitzMaurice]] (at 365), as Secretary to Kaunitz, personated as listed above by Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquis of Lansdowne]] (at 558)
## Muriel Duncombe, [[Social Victorians/People/Helmsley|Viscountess Helmsley]] (at 354), as Princess Charlotte of Lorraine
## Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, [[Social Victorians/People/Kerry|Earl of Kerry]] (at 72), as Count Mercy d'Argentau
# Small Group of 4
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady E. Cavendish]] (probably Lady Evelyn Cavendish, at 164), as Countess Trautmannsdorf
##[[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|Mr. F. B. Mildmay]] (at 95), as &quot;Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany&quot;
## (Lady M.) [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Moyra Cavendish]] (at 366)
## James Somerville, [[Social Victorians/People/Athlumney|Lord Athlumney]] (at 367), as Prince Metternich
# Small Group of 2? (or they belong above, her with the Archduchesses?)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Stirling|Miss Stirling]] (at 47), as Countess Kinskey in the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille
## [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton#St. John Broderick|Mr. St. John Brodrick]] (at 368), as Count Kinskey
# People not in the ''Morning Post'' visualization but elsewhere said to have been in this procession:
## Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, the [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marquess of Londonderry]] (at 511), in the procession according to the ''Morning Post'' story
## [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Edmond Fitzmaurice]] (at 627), a Courtier of the Empress Marie Thérèse
##Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ellis|Alexandra Ellis]] (at 655), in a Thérèse costume

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}}:
 Lady Londonderry . . . . . Empress Maria Theresa.
 Lord Lansdowne . . . . . . Prince Kaunitz.
 Lady Lansdowne . . . . . . Lady Keith.
 Lord Winchester  . . . . . A Coldstream Guard at Vienna.
 
 Lady B. Butler . . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Karoline.
 Lord Castlereagh . . . . . Emperor Joseph II.
 Lady A. Hamilton . . . . . Archduchess Marie-Josepha.
 Mr. Gathorne-Hardy . . . . Archduke Leopold.
 Lady B. FitzMaurice  . . . Archduchess Marie Anna.
 Lord Helmsley  . . . . . . Archduke Charles.
 Lady Helen Stewart . . . . Archduchess Marie Christine. 
 Lord Lurgan  . . . . . . . Duke Albert von Sachsen-Texhen. 
 
 Lady Magheramorne . . . . . Maria-Amelia, Princess of Lorraine. 
 Lady Aline Beaumont . . . . Queen of Sardinia. 
 Lord Ava  . . . . . . . . . Archduke Maximilian. 
 Mr. C. Willoughby . . . . . Grand Duke Charles of Tuscany. 
 
 Mrs. G. Beckett . . . . . . Princess Elenora of Lichtenstein. 
 Count Clary . . . . . . . . General Count Nadasdy. 
 Mrs. R. Beckeet [sic] . . . Princess Isabella of Parma. 
 Count Hadik . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Hadik. 
 
 Lady Cranborne  . . . . . . Princess Josepha of Bavaria. 
 Mr. M'Donnel  . . . . . . . Duke Ferdinand of Modena. 
 Lady H. Brodrick  . . . . . Princess Marie Künigunde of Saxony. 
 Mr. Menzies . . . . . . . . Freiherr von Bartenstein.
 
 Mrs. James  . . . . . . . . Archduchess Elizabeth. 
 Lady C. FitzMaurice . . . . Secretary to Kaunitz. 
 Lady Helmsley . . . . . . . Princess Charlotte of Lorraine. 
 Lord Kerry  . . . . . . . . Count Mercy d'Argentau. 
 
 Lady E. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Trautmannsdorf. 
 Mr. Mildmay . . . . . . . . Field-Marshal Count Charles of Batthyany. 
 Lady M. Cavendish . . . . . Countess Lützau (A Lady-in-Waiting to Maria Theresa). 
 Lord Athlumney  . . . . . . Prince Metternich. 
 
 Miss Stirling . . . . . . . Countess Kinskey. 
 Mr. Brodrick  . . . . . . . Count Philip Kinsky.

===Russian===
According to the ''Gentlewoman'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The Russian Court formed a dazzling procession, headed by Lady Raincliffe, as the Empress Catherine; her gown of white satin was studded with rubies, emeralds, and turquoises, and across her bodice she wore a blue ribbon with the Orders of the Star and Eagle, and upon her head a Russian crown of diamonds. Beside her was Prince Orloff, represented by Prince Henry Pless, in a costume of red cloth with heavy gold embroideries; he also wore the Order of St. Catherine. There were eight officers of the Imperial Court accompanying the Empress, whilst Lady Henry Bentinck and Lady Yarborough impersonated ladies of her suite, amongst which one of the most striking figures was Mr. Cresswell, as her Chamberlain, in a costume of cerise velvet, covered with the double-headed eagle of Russia in gold, which embroidery was repeated on his pink satin vest, his white satin breeches, and his silk stockings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, 3b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Truth'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Raincliffe as Catherine of Russia was a marvel of millinery in yellow / and gold, ermine and rubies. Her lords and ladies emulated her splendour, and among the most successful were the Duchesses of Marlborough and Newcastle, Lady Yarborough, Lady Henry Bentinck, Lord Raincliffe, and Mr. Cresswall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41, Col 2c – 42, Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
# The &quot;Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard&quot; led the procession
# The first group, if they did break into subgroups
## Lord Henry Bentinck (probably [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 262), as Count Poneatowski (afterwards King of Poland)
## Grace Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscountess Raincliffe]] (at 75), as Catherine II of Russia (after the picture by Lambi)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Heeren|Count Heeren]] (at 265), as Duc de Ligne
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cresswell|Addison Francis Baker-Cresswell]] (Mr. A. F. B. Cresswell) (at 103), as Count Lausköi, Chamberlain of the Empress Catherine II of Russia
# The second group
## [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Prince Henry of Pless]] (at 40), as Count Orloff
## Mrs. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 266), Princess Shakofsky
## Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff
# The third group, with the 8 &quot;Imperial Guard&quot; walking along the outside (or at least typeset that way) of the &quot;Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court&quot;
## Imperial Guards: left side
### William Denison, [[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Viscount Raincliffe]] (at 76)
### Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Cook|E. B. Cook]] (at 269)
### Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley#Hon.%20Gerald%20Ernest%20Francis%20Ward|Gerald Ward]] (at  271)
###[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|James Stewart Forbes]] (at 273)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}}
## Imperial Guards: right side
### Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Romilly|Romilly]] (at 269)
### Mr. H. T. [[Social Victorians/People/Barclay|Barclay]] (at 267)
### The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Cecil Campbell]] (at 272)
### Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|C. Wellesley Wilson]] (at 274)
## Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court
###[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duchess of Marlborough]] (at 174)
### Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, the [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] (at 142), one of the Gentlemen of the Court of Catherine II of Russia
### Kathleen Florence May Candy Pelham-Clinton, [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]] (at 150)
### Charles Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Earl of Yarborough]] (at 61), with Lady Yarborough, was among Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court
### Marcia Anderson-Pelham, [[Social Victorians/People/Yarborough|Countess of Yarborough]] (at 54)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lord Shipley Cardross]] (at 275)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Lady Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276)
### [[Social Victorians/People/Stourton|Herbert Marmaduke Joseph Stourton]] (at 277)
### the [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan|Hon. M. (Muriel) Erskine]] (at 278), as La Marquise de Vintimille du Luc
### Mr. Elliot: [[Social Victorians/People/Minto|Sir Henry George Elliot]] (at 279)
### Lady Henry Bentinck ([[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Lady Henry Cavendish Bentinck]]) (at 263)
### N. [[Social Victorians/People/Boulatzell|Boulatzell]] (at 280), as Prince of Mingrelia, one of the Gentlemen of the Court in the procession of the Empress Catherine II of Russia
### [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Lady Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), as Countess Soltykoff
### M. [[Social Victorians/People/Gourko|Nicholas Gourko]] (at 108)
###[[Social Victorians/People/Londesborough|Lady Mildred Denison]] (at 283)
### Charles Henry John Chetwynd-Talbot, 20th [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]] (at 101), as a member of the Court of Catherine II of Russia
### &quot;Black Attendants&quot;
The ''Guernsey Star'' suggests that the Hon. Mrs. Erskine's daughter was in this procession, but the ''Morning Post'' does not list her.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Hon. Cecil Lambton|Hon. Cecil Lambton]] (at 628) was also there, apparently, and sold his costume to theatre director Arthur Collins, who directed ''The White Heather''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Morning’s News.&quot; London ''Daily News'' 18 September 1897, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970918/027/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''Morning Post''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s visualization of the procession looks more or less like this&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 5b}}:
                              Trumpeters of the Imperial Guard.
 ''Count Poneatowski''            ''Empress Catherine II. of Russia''           ''Duc de Ligne,''
 ''(afterwards King'' ''of Poland),''  ''(after the picture by Lambi)'',            Count Heeren.           
 Lord Henry Bentinck.                 Lady Raincliffe.                  ''Count Lausköi'',
                                                                        Mr. Cresswell.
 ''Count Orloff'',                     ''Princess Shakofsky'',                ''Count Soltykoff'',
 Prince Henry of Pless.            Mrs. H. T. Barclay.                   Mr. Biddulph.
[&quot;Imperial Guard.&quot; — typeset vertically up the left and down the right side of the column, with 2 vertical rules separating the two columns of names.]
                  Lord Raincliffe.   |           |   Lord Romilly.
                     Captain Cook.   |           |   Mr. H. T. Barclay.
                 Hon. Gerald Ward.   |           |   Hon. Cecil Campbell.
                    Mr. J. Forbes.   |           |   Mr. T. W. Wilson.
                             Ladies and Gentlemen of the Court.
                  Duchess of Marlborough.      Duke of Marlborough.
                  Duchess of Newcastle.        Earl of Yarborough.
                  Countess of Yarborough.      Lord Cardross.
                  Lady Cardross.               Mr. Stourton.
                  Hon. M. Erskine.             Mr. Elliot.
                  Lady Henry Bentinck.         M. Botalzell.
                  Lady Margaret Spicer.        M. Gourko.
                  Lady Mildred Denison.        Earl of Shrewsbury.
                                    Black Attendants.

===Louis XV and XVI Period===
Louis XV was King of France 1715–1774, although his reign began when he reached maturity in 1724. Louis XVI reigned 1774–1792.

[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]], as Marie Antoinette, led this group rather than any of the Louis.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; ''London Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}} The Duchess of Devonshire may have asked her to do so, and this &quot;court&quot; may represent some part of the Countess of Warwick's social network.

Sounding as if the writer has confused Marie Antoinette with Queen Elizabeth I of the UK, ''Truth'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Warwick, as Marie Antoinette, in white and blue, with golden fleur-de-lys upon her velvet train, was the centre of a picturesque group, among whom was the Earl of Essex, dressed as his ancestor of that period, and the Earl of Mar and Kellie as Sir Walter Raleigh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|42, Col 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Morning Post'' calls this one a ''quadrille'' rather than a ''procession'', the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6B}} but the distinction is probably not important. Generally, the courts processed in and then danced a quadrille before the Royals.
# Headed by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess Warwick]] (at 53) as Marie Antoinette&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;, as La Reine Marie Antoinette&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
## Plus 4 boys dressed as pages&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” ''Chelmsford Chronicle''9 July 1897, Friday: 2 of 8. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000322/18970709/008/0002.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscountess Curzon]], as La Reine Marie Leszuiska in the quadrille of the period of Louis XV and XVI
# Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess Kilmorey]], as Madame du Barry
# [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], as Princesse de Lamballe
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lady Burton|Harriet Burton]], as Madame de Tençin
# Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]], as Comtesse d'Artois
# The Hon. Mrs. Greville, as Madame Elizabeth de France
#[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Alice (the Hon. Mrs. George) Keppel]], as Madame de Polignac
# Lady Rose Leigh, as Duchesse de Villars
# [[Social Victorians/People/Farquharson|Mrs. Farquharson]], as L'Archiduchesse Louise
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Naylor|Mary Naylor]], as Comtesse de Charny
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Sackville West|Hon. Mrs. Sackville West]], as Duchess of Dorset
# Henry Arthur Cadogan, [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Viscount Chelsea]], as Le Roi Louis XV in the quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period
# Lord Camden: John Pratt, [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|4th Marquess Camden]], as Duc de Richelieu
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Hon. Humphrey Sturt]], M.P., as an Abbé de l'Epoque
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Lord Burton|Michael Burton]], as Cardinal Dubois
# Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque
## Luke White, [[Social Victorians/People/Annaly|Lord Annaly]]
## Lord Tullibardine: John George Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]]
## Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|George Stewart-Murray]]
## Frederick Edward Guest, the [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Hon. F. Guest]], as one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI.
## [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Sir Samuel Scott]], Bart., one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
## [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Captain Gordon Wilson]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
## [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain the Hon. W. Lambton|Captain the Hon. W. Lambton]], likely [[Social Victorians/People/Durham|Hon. Sir William Lambton]], one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI.
## [[Social Victorians/People/Elliot|Captain Gilbert Elliot]]
## [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Mr. Frank Dugdale]]
##Carlo Ermes Visconti, [[Social Victorians/People/San Vito|Marchese di San Vito]], as one of the Mousquetaires
# [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Mr. Clive Wilson]], as Le Comte de Ferson in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowe|W. M. Lowe]], as Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI
# [[Social Victorians/People/Morley|Rt. Hon. Arnold Morley]], was dressed as a Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV in the Quadrille of the Louis XV. and Louis XVI. or Duc de Choiseul.
Not listed in the visualization in the ''Morning Post'' and probably not a member of the quadrille but mentioned elsewhere as having been dressed in a costume of this period:
# Millicent, [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Duchess of Sutherland]], &quot;belonged to the Louis Seize group of the Countess of Warwick&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
# The R[[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|ight Hon. Joseph Chamberlain]], as a gentleman of the Louis XVI period
#[[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah Wilson]], as Madame de Pompadour
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Loder|Gerald Loder]], M.P., as a Gentleman of the Court of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Sir George Frederick Stanley]], as Maro (period of Louis XVI)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Stanley|Lady Isobel Stanley]], in hunting costume, period of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, Lord Alva]], as as a courtier of Louis XV
#[[Social Victorians/People/Carrington|Charles Carington, the Earl Carington]], as Louis Seize
#Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, [[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Earl of Shrewsbury]], either a Gentleman of the Court of Lois XV. or a Gentleman of the Court of the Empress Catherine II of Russia

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
 Louis XV. and Louis XVI. Period. 
 Lady Warwick . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Antoinette. 
 Lady Curzon  . . . . . . . . . . La Reine Marie Leszuiska. 
 Lady Kilmorey  . . . . . . . . . Madame du Barry. 
 Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox  . . Princesse de Lamballe. 
 Lady Burton  . . . . . . . . . . Madame de Tençin. 
 Lady Garvagh . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse d'Artois. 
 The Hon. Mrs. Greville . . . . . Madame Elizabeth de France. 
 The Hon. Mrs. George Keppell . . Madame de Polignac. 
 Lady Rose Leigh  . . . . . . . . Duchesse de Villars. 
 Mrs. Farquharson . . . . . . . . L'Archiduchesse Louise. 
 Miss Naylor  . . . . . . . . . . Comtesse de Charny. 
 The Hon. Mrs. Sackville West . . Duchess of Dorset. 
 Lord Chelsea . . . . . . . . . . Le Roi Louis XV. 
 Lord Camden  . . . . . . . . . . Duc de Richelieu. 
 The Hon. Humphrey Sturt  . . . . Abbé de l'Epoque. 
 Lord Burton  . . . . . . . . . . Cardinal Dubois. 
 Lord Annaly  . . . . . . . . . . )
 Lord Tullibardine  . . . . . . . )
 Lord George Murray . . . . . . . )
 The Hon. F. Guest  . . . . . . . )
 Sir Samel Scott  . . . . . . . . ) Mousquetaires et Mili- 
 Captain Gordon Wilson  . . . . . ) taires de l'Epoque. 
 Captain the Hon. W. Lambton  . . )
 Captain Gilbert Elliot . . . . . )
 Mr. Dugdale  . . . . . . . . . . )
 Mr. Clive Wilson . . . . . . . . Le Comte de Ferson. 
 Mr. W. M. Lowe . . . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XVI. 
 Mr. Arnold Morley  . . . . . . . Gentilhomme de la Cour Louis XV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6B}}

===Elizabethan===
Elizabethan costumes seem to have been very popular, even outside the Elizabethan procession, in part because the Royals were costumed in Renaissance styles as well. In this description the ''Gentlewoman'' includes Anne of Austria and the Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, not to mention Napoleon, who would not have been in Elizabeth's court. They could conceivably have walked in the Elizabeth procession, although Anne of Austria, while Renaissance, might have walked with the French procession if it included Louis XIII. The Duchess of Connaught and the Duchess of Teck were very closely related to Queen Victoria's immediate family and thus might be grouped here because many of the Royals wore Elizabethan dress.

&lt;blockquote&gt;A Court, the details of which were perfectly carried out, was that of Elizabeth of England. Lady Tweedmouth took the part of Her Majesty, and her costume was an exact reproduction of Queen Elizabeth's portrait in the National Portrait Gallery. Her skirt of rich old white and gold brocade was held in place by the old-fashioned hoops, the bodice and front of gold tissue embroidered in old jewels were finished by stiffened cuffs and large wired collar of old lace wrought with gold. Four yeomen held a canopy over Her Majesty's head. Their uniforms were exactly copied from the picture of the Field of the Cloth of Gold at Hampton Court. These were the Duke of Roxburghe, the Hon. Dudley Marjoribanks, Captain Maunde Thompson, and Mr. Rose attired in scarlet and black. The two heralds who preceded the Queen were Mr. Harold Brassey and Mr. E. Villiers, while Lord Rothschild, in a splendid costume of the time, walked between them.

Among her Majesty's Court were Sir Walter Raleigh (Mr. Ernest Beckett), Sir Philip Sidney (Mr. H. Warrender), Sir Francis Drake (Sir Charles Hall), the Lord Chief Justice (Sir Francis Jeune), the Lord of Burleigh (the Earl of Sandwich), while Lord Lonsdale, who carried a hooded falcon on his wrist, represented Sir Richard Lowther. The Duchess of Roxburghe, and the Countess of Powis, as the Countess of Shrewsbury and Lady Herbert of Cherbury, looked very effective. Countess Spencer, Mrs. Habington, Lady de Ramsay, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, represented by Lord Rowton, made up the Court. Then followed Mary Queen of Scots, in the person of Lady Edmonstone, wonderfully attired in turquoise-blue velvet with pearls and white satin; Mary Hamilton, in white satin and gold, and Mary Seaton, in white, followed in her wake as did the Countess of Lonsdale (Lady Hunsdon), Lord Glenesk, and many others.

H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught, as Anne of Austria, and H.R.H. the Duchess of Teck, as Electress of Luneberg and Hanover, looked their characters very well, and a very effective trio was formed by the Countess Clary d'Aldringen, Countess Isabel Deym, and Countess Kinsky, as the three sisters of Napoleon. The Duchess of Somerset as Lady Jane Seymour, after a picture by Holbein, was dressed in gold brocade with a wonderful headdress; superbly jewelled, white gloves and Holbein ornaments embroidered on her gown. Margaret of Orleans, impersonated by the Duchess of Manchester, in white satin and silver, was a great success. Josephine, the wife of Napoleon, copied from the picture of her coronation, was impersonated by the Marchioness of Tweeddale, who wore white satin wrought with gold, and a train of geranium-red velvet, trimmed with ermine. Lady Lathom as Catherine of Arragon was splendidly dressed in bronze-green velvet worked in gold designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 32, Col. 3c – 34, Col. 1a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''Truth'' describes the procession like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Tweedmouth was gorgeously arrayed as Queen Elizabeth, and was surrounded by a numerous Court, including Lord Tweedmouth, Lord Battersea, the Earl of Sandwich, and Lord Frederick Hamilton, to say nothing of six stalwart halberdiers, one of whom was the Duke of Roxburghe, whose Duchess was also bravely attired as an Elizabethan lady of high degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41, Col 2c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Elizabethan procession was &quot;led&quot; by Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85) as Queen Elizabeth, but she did not come first in the procession.

# Heralds
# Row of 3 men
#* Mr. E. ([[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Ernest) Beckett]] (at 313), as Sir Walter Raleigh
#* Mr. H. (Hugh) Warrender (at 314), as Sir Philip Sydney
#* [[Social Victorians/People/Charles Hall|Sir Charles Hall]], Q.C., M.P. (at 127), as Sir Francis Drake at the head of the Queen Elizabeth procession
# Row of 3 men
#* Sir F. ([[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Francis) Jeune]] (at 315), as Lord Chief Justice
#* Edward Montagu, [[Social Victorians/People/Sandwich|8th Earl of Sandwich]] (at 71), as Lord Burleigh
#* [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Earl of Lonsdale]], Sir Richard Lowther (at 225), as Lord High Falconer
# Row of 3 women
#* Violet [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Countess Powis]] (at 316), as Lady Herbert of Cherbury in the Queen Elizabeth procession
#*Anne [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duchess of Roxburghe]] (at 22), as Countess of Shrewsbury or Bess of Hardwicke
#*Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Countess Spencer]] (at 192), as the Countess of Lennox
# Row of 2 women
#* Grace, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess Lonsdale]] (at 211), as the Countess of Essex
#*Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck#Mrs. and Mr. Arthur James|Mary (Arthur) James]] (at 318), as Elisabeth Cavendish
# [[Social Victorians/People/Leslie|Colonel John Leslie]] (at 261) was dressed as &quot;Lord Darnley (carrying Sword of State)&quot; in the Queen Elizabeth procession&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leslie as Earl Darnley.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158503/Sir-John-Leslie-2nd-Bt-as-Earl-Darnley.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Row of 2 men
#* Edward Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord Tweedmouth]] (at 109) as the Earl of Leicester
#* George Capell, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Essex|Earl Essex]] (at 64), as his ancestor, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
* Yeomen
** The [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Duke of Roxburghe]] (at 49), a halberdier attending on Queen Elizabeth
** Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319), son of [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lord and Lady Tweedmouth]], as a Yeoman bearing the canopy, possibly, with the Duke of Roxburghe and two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot;
* Row before the queen, with canopy
** [[Social Victorians/People/Ephrussi|Mr. Ephrussi]] (at 320), as the Spanish Envoy
** Canopy
** H. E. M. [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Alphonse Chodron de Courcel]] (at 133), as the French Ambassador
* Fanny Marjoribanks, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweedmouth|Lady Tweedmouth]] (at 85), as Queen Elizabeth
*More Yeomen (possibly the two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot; of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319)
**[[Social Victorians/People/Mann Thomson|Captain Mann Thomson]] (at 321), as a Yeoman
**[[Social Victorians/People/Rose|Mr. Rose]] (at 322), as a Yeoman
*Row behind the queen
**[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir A. Edmonstone]] (at 323), as Duc d'Alencon
**[[Social Victorians/People/Holden|Henry Holden]] (at 325), as Will Somers (Court Jester)
**John Spencer, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Earl Spencer]] (at 145), as Sir A. Brown, First Viscount Montagu (None of the sources agree on who he personated; this is the ''Morning Post'')
*More Yeomen (possibly the two &quot;brother officers in the Royal Horse Guards&quot; of Dudley Marjoribanks (at 319)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers Schott|Mr. E. Villiers]] (at 326), as a Yeoman
**[[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Harold Brassey]] (at 253), as a Yeoman
* Row behind the yeomen
** Arthur [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] (at 327), as Cardinal Loraine
** Nathan Mayer de Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lord Rothschild]] (at 216), as Swiss Burgher
** Montagu Lowry-Corry, [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton|1st Baron Rowton]] (at 189), as Archbishop Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury
*Row of 3 women
**Margaret (the [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Hon. Mrs. Ronald) Greville]] (at 298), as Mary Seaton
**[[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Lady Edmonstone]] (at 324), as Mary Queen of Scots
**Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]] (at 166), as Mary of Hamilton

*Row of 2 women
**Constance de Rothschild Flower, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Battersea]] (at 328), as Lady Hunsdon
**Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), as Lady Burleigh
*Row of 3 men
**[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]] (at 330), as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria, an Austrian noble of the 16th century
**George, [[Social Victorians/People/Powis|Earl of Powis]] (at 317), as Lord Herbert of Cherbury
**Cyril Flower, 1st [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Battersea]] (at 110) as Lord Hunsdon
*Row of 3 men
**Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Webb|Godfrey Webb]] (at 331), as Martin Frobisher
**Algernon [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick, Baron Glenesk]] (at 87) as Lord James Murray
**The Hon. S. (George William [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Spencer) Lyttelton]] (at 332), as Sir Thomas Gresham
*[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Rochfort Maguire]] (at 241) was C. Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh
The royals were mostly dressed in Elizabethan dress but are properly considered their own group. Besides them, these people were in Elizabethan dress at the ball but not listed as being in the Elizabeth procession or quadrille:
*[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lord Frederick Hamilton]] (at 84), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
*[[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Mr. Ronald Hamilton]] (at 105), a Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
* Walter, [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie|Earl of Mar and Kellie]] (at 58), as an Elizabethan or perhaps as Sir Walter Scott
* Henry Lascelles, 5th [[Social Victorians/People/Harewood|Earl Harewood]] (at 62), as Philip II of Spain
*[[Social Victorians/People/Crewe-Milnes|Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes]] (at 169), also as Philip II of Spain
* [[Social Victorians/People/Jarvis|Weston (Mr. A. W.) Jarvis]] (at 106), as Sir Francis Walsingham
* Emma Louise von Rothschild, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady Rothschild]] (at 112), as Anne of Cleves
* Lady Alice Villiers Bootle-Wilbraham, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Countess of Lathom]] (at 213), as Catharine of Aragon
*[[Social Victorians/People/Prince Charles of Denmark|Prince Charles of Denmark]] accompanied the Prince and Princess of Wales as a gentleman of the Court of Denmark in the time of Elizabeth
*Susan St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duchess of Somerset]] (at 209), as Jane Seymour

*[[Social Victorians/People/Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Katharine Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 25), as Mary Queen of Scots; perhaps she walked in this procession.
* Algernon St. Maur, [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] (at 27), as Somerset the Protector, older brother of Jane Seymour. (The ''Gentlewoman'' lists the Duchess of Somerset as a member of the Queen Elizabeth procession, but the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' do not '''double check this'''.)
Georgiana, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baroness Hindlip]] was supposed to be part of the Elizabethan procession, but she and Samuel, [[Social Victorians/People/Hindlip|Baron Hindlip]] did not attend, as he was quite ill and in fact died less than two weeks later.

The ''Morning Post'' typeset a visualization of the procession, more or less, like this:
                                QUEEN ELIZABETH PROCESSION.
                                       ''Heralds''. 
 ''Sir Walter Raleigh'',                 ''Sir P. Sydney'',                ''Sir F. Drake'',
 Mr. E. Beckett.                    Mr. H. Warrender.               Sir C. Hall.
 ''Lord Chief Justice'',                 ''Lord Burleigh'',           ''Sir Richard Lowther''
 Sir F. Jeune.                     Earl of Sandwich.         ''(Lord High Falconer)'',
                                                                 Earl of Lonsdale.
                                                          
 ''Lady Herbert of Cherbury,       Countess of Shrewsbury,       Countess of Lennox,''
 Countess of Powis.               Duchess of Roxburghe.          Countess Spencer.
      ''Countess of Essex,                                      Elisabeth Cavendish.''
     Countess of Lonsdale.                                       Mrs. A. James. [p. 7, Col. 5–6]
 
                                 ''Lord Darnley''
                           ''(carrying Sword of State),''
                                 Colonel Leslie.
 
 ''Lord Leicester,                                                    Earl of Essex,''
 Lord Tweedmouth.                                                   Earl of Essex.
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
        Duke of Roxburghe.                        Hon. D. Marjoribanks.
 
       ''Spanish Envoy,''               &lt;u&gt;| CANOPY. |&lt;/u&gt;                  ''French Ambassador,''
       Mr. Ephrussi.                                           H. E. M. de Courcel.
                                  ''Queen Elizabeth,''
                                  Lady Tweedmouth.
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
        Captain Mann Thomson.                            Mr. Rose.
 ''Duc d'Alençon,                     Will Somers                 Sir A. Brown, First''
 Sir A. Edmonstone.                ''(Court Jester).                 Viscount Montagu.''
                                    Mr. Holden.                      Earl Spencer.
 
              ''Yeoman,                                    Yeoman,''
          Mr. E. Villiers.                          Mr. Harold Brassey.
 ''Cardinal Loraine,                 Swiss Burgher,          Archbishop of Canterbury.''
   Earl of Arran.                 Lord Rothschild.                      Lord Rowton.
 
  ''Mary Seaton,                   Mary Queen of Scots,                  Mary Hamilton'',
 Hon. Mrs. Greville.                 Lady Edmonstone.            Duchess of Hamilton.
           ''Lady Hunsdon,                                 Lady Burleigh,''
          Lady Battersea.                               Lady de Ramsey.
 ''Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria  Lord Herbert of Cherbury,            Lord Hunsdon,''
 Baron F. de Rothschild.                Earl of Powis.                 Lord Battersea.
 ''Martin Frobisher,               Lord James Murray,                Sir Thomas Gresham,''
 Mr. Godfrey Webb.                   Lord Glenesk.                  Hon. S. Lyttelton.
                              ''C. Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh),''
                                    Mr. R. Maguire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5C–6B}}

==Other Groups==
Other processions or quadrilles existed, not captured fully by the ''Morning Post'' but mentioned in, for example, the London ''Daily News'' story about the ball.The ''Morning Post'' is not complete in other ways as well, judging by other newspaper accounts or even descriptions from later in the big ''Morning Post'' story. Both the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession and the Cosway Quadrille are examples of processions or quadrilles not detailed in the ''Morning Post''.

=== The Court of Marguerite de Valois ===
Theoretically, the court of Marguerite de Valois could have been included among the Elizabeth procession, but some of the people in this court, which was led by the Alexandra, Princess of Wales, might have been on the dais with her, so perhaps it could be imagined as a court but not a procession.
* [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]], as Marguerite Valois
*[[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Evelyn, Lady Alington]] (at 41), as Duchesse de Nevers
* Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud of Wales)
* Prince Charles of Denmark was in this court? He was photographed with Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria of Wales; this photograph is in the Album.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Social Victorians/People/George and Mary|Mary Teck, Duchess of York]], attended by
** [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lady Mary Lygon]] (at 547), as Marie de Lorraine, a lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
** Sir Charles Cust (at 152)
* Princess Louise, [[Social Victorians/People/Fife|Duchess of Fife]] (at 177)
* [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Victoria of Wales|Princess Victoria of Wales]] (at 370)
* Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (at 10)

===Queen Guinevere and the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur procession===
A procession represented King Arthur's Round Table. This court is mentioned in the story in the ''Times'' as well as the Evening ''Mail'', which seems to have reprinted the story from the ''Times''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 9, Col. 1c}} The ladies included Lady Ormonde, Lady Constance Butler, Lady Ashburton and Miss Chaplin. 

According to the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Gentlewoman'', the Knights of the Round Table were George, [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Baron Rodney]]; [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]]; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]]; and Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1b}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 1c}} According to the ''Daily News,'' the Knights of the Table Round were &quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]], Lord Rodney, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Oliver Russell, Lord Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]]&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} the newspaper accounts disagree on Lord Beauchamp in particular. George, Baron Rodney was 40 years old at the time of the ball; Seymour Henry Bathurst, [[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|7th Earl Bathurst]] was nearly 33; Hon. Grosvenor [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hood]] was 29;  [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Francis Ashburton]] was nearly 31; [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]] was 28; [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Lord Beauchamp]] was 25. We can see what they wore because some of them had their portraits taken in their costume.
# Elizabeth [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Butler]], the [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marchioness of Ormonde]] (at 373), was dressed as Guinevere
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Gerald Grosvenor|Gerald Grosvenor]] (at 618), as Sir Launcelot  (listed in the ''Times'' and the Evening ''Mail'', not in the ''Morning Post'')
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster#Lord Arthur Grosvenor|Arthur Grosvenor]] (at 619), Arthur Hugh Grosvenor, as King Arthur (listed in the ''Times'', not in the ''Morning Post'')
# [[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Corisande, Baroness Rodney]] (at 472) was also dressed as Queen Guinevere, according to her portrait in the Album in the National Portrait Gallery,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Corisande Evelyn Vere.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158471/Corisande-Evelyn-Vere-ne-Guest-Lady-Rodney-as-Queen-Guinevere.&lt;/ref&gt; but she may not have been in this procession, although George, Baron Rodney was, as a Knight of the Round Table.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Lady Constance Butler]] (Elizabeth Butler's daughter, at 374) was Lynette or Elaine
# Mabel, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lady Ashburton]] (at 375), as Enid
# [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Miss Chaplin]] (probably Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin, at 407), as Elaine
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Eric Chaplin]] (at 616), as Sir Gareth
# John [[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lister Kaye]] (at 97), as Sir Kay
#[[Social Victorians/People/Tilney|Mr. Tilney]] (at 615), as Sir Galahad
# [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|Captain R. Peel]] (at 614), as Sir Bedivere
# [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill]] (at 419), as a Lady in Waiting at the Court of King Arthur
#Mr. J. B. ([[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|John Blundell) Leigh]] (at 602), as Sir Tristram
#Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|George Francis Milner]] (at 617), as Sir Percevale [sic]
# Knights of the Round Table (first four, ''Morning Post''; first two plus last three are London ''Daily News'')
##[[Social Victorians/People/Rodney|Lord Rodney: George, Baron Rodney]] (at 80)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Bathurst|Earl Bathurst]] (at 82)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Hon. R. Grosvenor]] (at 81)
## [[Social Victorians/People/Hood|Hon. G. Hood]] (at 83). The printing on the portrait that was in the Album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire says, &quot;The Hon. Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Grosvenor Hood as Sir Galahad.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158513/Grosvenor-Arthur-Alexander-Hood-5th-Viscount-Hood-as-Sir-Galahad.&lt;/ref&gt;
## Francis, [[Social Victorians/People/Ashburton|Lord Ashburton]] (at 376)
##[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill|Oliver Russell, Baron Ampthill]] (at 77)
## William Lygon, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Beauchamp|Earl Beauchamp]] (at 60)

===The Cosway Quadrille===
The &quot;Cosway quadrille,&quot; with the [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Ladies Innes-Ker]] and the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Ladies Villiers]], is not mentioned in the ''Morning Post'' article. This description from the London ''Daily News'' suggests that there were two Ladies Ker and two Ladies Villiers: &quot;Very artistic was the &quot;Cosway&quot; quadrille, in which the Ladies Ker and the Ladies Villiers took part. The long clinging gowns of Oriental cream satin were veiled in pink muslin, and had very short waists and coloured silk sashes — two of blue and two of pink.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6, Col. 1a}} These costumes seem to have been based on portraits by Richard rather than Maria Cosway. The Ladies Innes-Ker had the blue and the Ladies Villiers had the pink sashes.

[[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23) and [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383) are in the album given to the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire by some of the people attending the ball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282) was dressed after Cosway and may have been in the Quadrille. The other Lady Villiers is not likely to be [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), called Lady M. Villiers. We know Lady Margaret Villiers was already at the ball: her portrait as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans is in the Album. She is not part of the same family Lady Edith came from, which was that of the [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Earl of Clarendon]]; Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers is part of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Earl of Jersey]]. Another young woman from that family was [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]], who may in fact be the second of the Ladies Villiers in the Quadrille.

Since a quadrille is usually a dance for four couples, this list would make up the Cosway quadrille if indeed four women took part:

# [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|Lady Edith Villiers]] (at 282)
# [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Childs-Villiers]] (at 372)
Two other women were dressed after Cosway, neither from any of the Villiers families. Both Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline%20Stanley|Madeline Stanley]] (at 552) and [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448) were in the Album. Miss Stanley was dressed as Lady Eliza Hopeton, &quot;after a miniature by Cosway,&quot; and Lady Violet was dressed &quot;after Cosway&quot; as well.

==== People Whose Costumes Were &quot;After Cosway&quot; ====

* 2 Ladies Ker (if the London Daily News article is right)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Margaret Innes-Ker]] (at 23)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Lady Victoria Innes-Ker]] (at 383)
* 2 Ladies Villiers (if the London ''Daily News'' article is right)
** L[[Social Victorians/People/Villiers|ady Edith Villiers]] (at 282)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady May Julia Child-Villiers]] (at 372)?
** [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Lady Margaret Childs-Villiers]] (at 433), as Madame Henriette Duchess d'Orleans
* [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Violet Manners, Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448)
* Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Madeline Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552)

=== Courts of Charles I (and Henrietta Maria, Queen) and Charles II ===
A number of people were identified as being a member of the courts of Charles I or Charles II, even though no such group is directly discussed in the major stories. This is Charles II of England; the Duke of Devonshire was dressed as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of Germany, so this was not a group forming around him. Relevant people would be Cromwell, the Roundheads, and so on.

#[[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lilian, Marchioness of Zetland]] (at 48), Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, after Van Dyck
#[[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Lord Charles Montagu]] (at 161), as Charles I, after Van Dyck
#[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Elizabeth Harcourt|Lady Elizabeth Harcourt]] (at 94), as a Lady of the Court of Henrietta Maria
# Lord Edward Cecil (Edward Herbert [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Gascoyne-Cecil]]) (at 411), as a courtier of Charles I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Colonel William Chaine]] (at 98), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 113), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Donald Mackenzie Wallace|Donald Mackenzie Wallace]] (at 114), as a Gentleman of the Court of Charles II
# Sir Henry [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey-Thompson]] (at 116), in the Costume of a gentleman of the period of Charles II
# Herbert Gardner, [[Social Victorians/People/Burghclere|Lord Burghclere]] (at 129) as a Puritan
# William, [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duke of Portland]] (at 28), as &quot;Steenie&quot; Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, according to the London ''Daily News''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and the ''Pall Mall Gazette''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;; the ''Morning Post''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the ''Times''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; say he went as Duca Filiberto di Savoia in the 17th-century section of the Venetians procession, where he is listed as well.
# [[Social Victorians/People/Portland#George Cavendish-Bentinck|George (William George) Cavendish-Bentinck]] (at 666), as William, Baron Bentinck, A.D. 1643
# [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Lawrence Dundas, Marquis of Zetland]] (at 59), as the Duke of Buckingham (probably at the time of Charles I or II)

== People Not Listed as Part of a Procession or Quadrille ==

=== Subnetworks ===
'''Probably more than half''' the people who came in costume were not part of an organized procession or quadrille. Made up largely of courts of monarchs, and particularly women who were monarchs or leaders, the processions have a kind of internal coherence as people attending this ball were able to find people from those courts whom they were willing and able appear as. Because it would have taken communication and negotiation for people to determine and claim their place in the courts, the processions and quadrilles suggest that they make up subnetworks of people within the larger network of those who attended. The quadrilles would have been expected to rehearse, and we know that at least the Queen Elizabeth court met the night before the ball for dinner.

Newspaper articles about the ball, the people who attended, and the costumes they wore reveal how this social world was dominated and organized by women's identities and practices. Most obviously, the party is called the Duchess of Devonshire's ball by everyone, then and now. The highest-status women present were queens or princesses in history, biblical stories, and legends, from Louisa, the Duchess of Devonshire's Zenobia to Queen Elizabeth, Empress Marie-Thérèse, and Catherine II of Russia. The courts were organized around these women. Leonore Davidoff discusses some of the implications of women's roles as gatekeepers in this social world at this time in her ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. The ''Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig ed. 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;

The fact that the courts were led by women is made clear in the newspaper reportage, sometimes in spite of overt language to the contrary. For example, what the newspapers call the courts of '''Louis XIV???''' are in fact the court of Marie Antoinette, led by Daisy, Countess of Warwick.

Outside of this kind of organized coherence, of whatever degree, small groups of people decided to dress to reflect relationships, most often husbands and wives.

Inevitably, working independently from each other, more than one person went to the ball dressed as the same person from history or even the same character from a novel, opera, or play. A few were men, but most were women, or at least most of those reported were women. There were multiple

* Cleopatras
** [[Social Victorians/People/Pless#Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless|Daisy, Princess Henry of Pless]] (at 38), or as the Queen of Sheba
** [[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family#Minnie Paget|Minnie Paget]], Mrs. Arthur Paget (at 90)
* Princesses de Lamballe
** Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Deym#Countess Isabel Deym|Isabel Deym]] (at 67)
** [[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay#Mr. John and Mrs. Clara Hay|Mrs. Clara Hay]] (at 153)
** Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox|Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333)
** [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420)
* Queens of Sheba
* Elizabeth, Queens of Bohemia
** [[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Beatrix, Countess Cadogan]] (at 55), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, after a painting by Honthorst
** Lady Ethel [[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Meysey Thompson]] (at 391), as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
** [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Katherine Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster]] (at 34), as Queen Elizabeth of Bavaria (who might not be Elizabethan, but [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild]], as Casimir Count Patatine of Bavaria was in the Elizabethan procession)
* Anne of Austria, Queen of France
** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Connaught|Princess Louise, Duchess of Connaught]])
** Anne of Austria, Queen of France ([[Social Victorians/People/Jersey|Margaret Child-Villiers, Countess of Jersey]])

*Titania, Queen of the Fairies
**Mademoiselle de Alealo Galiano
**Susannah Graham Menzies
*Night
**Agnes, Lady Herschell
**Marie, Baroness de Courcel
*Napoleons

Men are not absent from the reportage, of course, and sometimes, as with the Prince of Wales or men mentioned as part of a couple or when their wives were not. Certainly with the Prince of Wales, a principle other than gender is at work: he is the monarch of this social world of women, in some ways the way his mother was monarch of the political world of men.

=== Individuals and Their Costumes ===
The Royals, obviously, would not have been part of any procession or quadrille because they were on the dais instead. Others, whose costumes are described in enough detail for us to know how they were dressed are listed here.
# Hon. Oliver [[Social Victorians/People/Borthwick|Borthwick]] (at 89), dressed as Marshal Turenne (reign of Louis XIV) or an officer d'Infanterie
#[[Social Victorians/People/Paget Family|Colonel Arthur Paget]] (at 91), dressed as Edward the Black Prince
# Arthur Balfour (at 86), the [[Social Victorians/People/Balfour|Right Hon. A. J. Balfour]], in a Dutch costume of 1660
# [[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Sir William Harcourt|Sir William Harcourt]] (at 128) as Sir Simon Harcourt, the first Lord Harcourt, in 1712, as Lord Chamberlain
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Gwendolen Cecil]] (at 404), as Portia
# [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Lady Edward Cavendish]] (at 393), as Madame de Maintenon
# Alfred [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Rothschild]] (at 605), as a French noble of the 16th century
# Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Charles Hartopp]] (at 111), as Napoleon I
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hartopp|Millicent Hartopp]] (at 488), as the Empress Josephine
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Guest|Montague Guest]] (at 115), as Montague Bertie, second Earl of Lindsey
# Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Wilson]] (at 118), in a costume from a portrait by Velasquez
# Mary (Mrs. Arthur) [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Wilson]] (at 395) wore a dress in the Georgian period
# [[Social Victorians/People/Lathom|Lady Edith Wilbraham]] (at 119), as Peg Woffington
# Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James of Hereford]] (at 122), as Sir Thomas More
# Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Henry James|James]] (at 396), as Eugénie Hortense de Beauharnais, Louis Bonaparte's wife
# [[Social Victorians/People/Talbot|Lord Edmund Talbot]] (at 123), as a Gentleman of the Spanish Court of the early 17th Century
# [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Colonel Sir Charles Wyndham Murray]], &quot;Mr. C. [[Social Victorians/People/Wyndham|Wyndham]], M.P.,&quot; (at 124), as the Emperor John Polaeologus II on his State visit to Venice in 1438.
# Lilian Maud [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 571), as a Watteau shepherdess
# Norah Beatrice Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Spencer-Churchill]] (at 572), also as a Watteau shepherdess
# John Lambton, 3rd [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham|Earl of Durham]] (at 141), as the Duc de Nemours, period Henri III
#[[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Isabella, Countess Howe]] (at 489), as Lady Howe of 1758
#Richard George Penn Curzon, [[Social Victorians/People/Howe|Viscount Curzon]] (at 197), as Admiral Lord Howe, husband of the 1758 Lady Howe, accompanied his mother
# Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Holford|George Holford]] (at 385), as Philip IV of Spain
# Francis [[Social Victorians/People/Gathorne-Hardy|Gathorne-Hardy]] (at 352), as in either the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille or as a gentleman of the Court of Louis XV
# The [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Grand Duke Michael of Russia]] (at 8), as Henri IV of Navarre and France, first married to Marguerite de Valois but father to the children of Gabrielle d'Estrées, personated by [[Social Victorians/People/Grand Duke Michael of Russia|Sophia, Countess de Torby]] (at 184), his morganatic wife.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Louisa Jane, Duchess of Buccleuch]] (at 24), as Elizabeth, Duchess of Buccleuch, after a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|William, Duke of Buccleuch]] (at 20), as either William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle or Charles I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott|Lady Constance Montagu-Douglas-Scott]] (at 26), as a Watteau shepherdess
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|William, Earl of Dudley]] (at 63), as Prince Rupert, so he could have been in the Charles I or Charles II procession but is not listed in any of the newspaper reports as being in a procession or quadrille; his wife, Rachel, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Countess of Dudley]] (at 31) is not the Lady Dudley in the Duchesses procession; that's probably his mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina, Dowager Countess Dudley]].
#[[Social Victorians/People/Alva|Carlos, 16th Duke of Alba]] (at 32), as his ancestor at the Court of Philip II of Spain
#[[Social Victorians/People/Derby|Constance Stanley, Countess of Derby]] (at 36), as Duchess of Orleans. (Members of her family, the Stanleys, are in the Duchesses and the Louis XV and Louis XVI court processions.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Forbes|Lady Angela St. Clair-Erskine Forbes]] (at 37), as Queen of Naples
# Lawrence Dundas, Earl of [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Ronaldshay]] (at 529), as Sir Peter Teazle
#[[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Lady Eva Greville Dugdale]] (at 409), as great-aunt Lady Anne Bingham
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ellesmere|Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere]] (at 68), as James I
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Count Franz Deym]] (at 66), as General Wallenstein
#[[Social Victorians/People/Deym|Countess Isabel Deym]] (at 67), as the Princesse de Lamballe, one of Napoleon's sisters
#[[Social Victorians/People/Clary Aldringen|Thérèse, Countess Clary and Aldringen]] (at 191), as one of Napoleon's sisters
#[[Social Victorians/People/Kinsky|Josephine, Countess Kinsky]] (at 394), as one of Napoleon's sisters, though other Princesses de Lamballe, [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox|Lady Blanche Gordon-Lennox]] (at 333) appeared in the Louis XV and XVI procession and [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also another Princess de Lamballe
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Emily, Lady Ampthill|Emily, Lady Ampthill]] (at 420), also as the Princess de Lamballe
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Ampthill#Margaret Russell, Lady Ampthill|Constance Russell]] (at 418), as a flower seller or bouquetière, period Louis XV
#[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|Beatrix Palmer, Countess Selborne]] (at 557), as Lady Percy, after a picture by Vandyk
#[[Social Victorians/People/Selborne|William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne]] (at 70), as an officer of the Duke of Marlborough's Army
#[[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|John Seymour Wynne-Finch]] (at 680), as Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Lady Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), as one of Queen Charlotte's bridesmaids
#Frederick, [[Social Victorians/People/Wolverton|Baron Wolverton]] (at 79), as King Richard, Coeur de Lion
#[[Social Victorians/People/Harcourt#Lewis Harcourt|Lewis Harcourt]] (at 669), as 1st Viscount Nuneham, c. 1750
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lister-Kaye|Lady Natica Lister-Kaye]] (at 499), as Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henri III
#[[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|Maria Chaine]] (at 490) as Madame Sans Gêne, from Victorien Sardou and Émile Moreau's 1893 play ''Madame Sans Gêne''
#[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury|Margaret Jane Stuart-Wortley Chetwynd-Talbot]], Lady Talbot (at 485), as a Valkyrie
#[[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Lady Robert Cecil]] — Eleanor Lambton Gascoyne-Cecil — (at 450), as Valentina Visconti (XV Century)
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Hon. Victor Cavendish]] (at 121), as a Tudor or an Elizabethan ambassador, from a Holbein in the National Gallery
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|Mr. S. Cavendish]] (at 700), as Count Chotak
#Louisa Montefiore, [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Lady de Rothschild]] (at 674), as Lady Vaux, after a picture by Holbein
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Leopold de Rothschild]] (at 527), as Duc de Sully
#Mrs. Leopold ([[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Marie Perugia) Rothschild]] (at 528), as Zobeida
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family|Alfred Rothschild]] (at 605), as King Henry III
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Long|Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P.]], (at 117), as a cavalier from the time of Charles II, after a picture by Sir Peter Lely.
#[[Social Victorians/People/Long|Mrs. Doreen Long]] (at 484) as Urania, Goddess of Astronomy or an astronomer
#[[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Lady Elspeth Angela Campbell]] (at 621), in white with gold wings
#Madame Marie-Elisabeth [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 182), as Night
#Mademoiselle Henriette [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 371), as a Valkyrie
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Courcel|Chodron de Courcel]] (at 498), as a Valkyrie
#[[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. Luis de Soveral]] (at 135), as Count d'Almada, A.D. 1640
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Frederick Oliver Robinson, Earl de Grey]] (at 656), as Admiral Coligny
#[[Social Victorians/People/Rosebery|Archibald, Earl of Rosebery]] (at 139), as Horace Walpole
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford]] (at 143), as Robert de la Marck (the rest of his family was in the Duchesses procession)
#Beatrix Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Countess Pembroke]] (at 146), as Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, after the picture by Marcus Gheeraedts
#Sidney Herbert, [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Earl Pembroke]] (at 181), as William, 1st Earl of Pembroke after Holbein
#[[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke|Lady Beatrix Frances Gertrude Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough
#Ana, Countess [[Social Victorians/People/Casa de Valencia|Casa de Valencia]] (at 148), as Nuit d'Espagne
#[[Social Victorians/People/Henry White|Daisy (Mrs. Henry) White]] (at 151), as Morosina Morosini Dogaressa of Venice
#[[Social Victorians/People/Buckingham and Chandos|Anne (Alice Anne), Duchess of Buckingham]] (at 155), as Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
#[[Social Victorians/People/Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton|Lord Wilbraham Egerton of Tatton]] (at 591), as the Doge Morosini
#Rt. Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton|Sir Edward Walter Hamilton]] (at 683), as John of Gaunt
#Kathleen, [[Social Victorians/People/Falmouth|Viscountess Falmouth]] (at 471), as Madame Recamier
#Albert Count von [[Social Victorians/People/Mensdorff|Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein]] (at 180), as Henri III, King of France
#Thomas Lister, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|4th Baron Ribblesdale]] (at 185), as Lord Ribblesdale, after the Lawrence picture of his grandfather
#Charlotte, [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]] (at 206), as Duchess of Parma
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Rachel, Countess of Dudley]] (at 31), as Queen Esther
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Lady Aileen May Wyndham-Quin]] (at 661), as Queen Hortense
#[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sassoon|Arthur Sassoon]] (at 553), as Chief of the Janissaries
#Mr. R. Sassoon, probably [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Reuben David Sassoon]] (at 533), as a Persian Prince
#Miss Sassoon, probably Mozelle or Louise Judith [[Social Victorians/People/Reuben David Sassoon|Sassoon]] (at 534), as a &quot;Japanese Lady&quot;
#Mary, [[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]] (at 538), as a Countess of Suffolk in 1766
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Miss Daisy Leiter]] (at 684), in what looks to be an 18th-century dress and headdress
#[[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|H. H. Asquith]] (at 381), as a roundhead
#Lord St. Oswald, Rowland Winn, [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|2nd Baron St. Oswald]], (at 641) was dressed as an officer of the Regiment de Pondichery, 1772
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Saint Oswald|Hon. Maud Winn]] (at 642), as Madame La Motte
#[[Social Victorians/People/Von Andre|Herr Von André]] (at 386), as Benvenuto Cellini
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Warrender|Ethel Maud Warrender]] (at 520) as &quot;Duchesse de Lauzun, La Grande Mademoiselle&quot;
#Clara ([[Social Victorians/People/John Milton Hay|Mrs. John) Hay]] (at 153), as one of the Princesses de Lamballe
#Candida Hay, [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marchioness of Tweeddale]] (at 399), as Josephine, wife of Napoleon, with her sons Lord Arthur Vincent Hay and Lord William George Montagu Hay bearing her train (also at 399)
#William Montagu Hay, the [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Marquis of Tweeddale]] (at 400), as Saint Bris from ''Les Huguenots''
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Clementine Hay]] (at 629), as Valentina from ''Les Huguenots''
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Reginald Balioll Brett]] (at 603), as a gentleman of France
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Brett|Eleanor Frances Brett]] (at 604), as Manon Lescaut
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dyke|Lady Emily Hart Dyke]] (at 556), as an Elizabethan lady
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|Violet Dunville]] (at 650), as Edith Plantagenet
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dunville|John Dunville]] (at 649), as the Emperor Yuan of China
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Lucy Charlewood Cole-Hamilton]] (at 652), as Amy Robsart
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Claud George Cole-Hamilton]] (at 653), as Edmund Tressilian
#[[Social Victorians/People/Cadogan|Hon. Mrs. Cadogan]] (at 668), in Elizabethan costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Belper|Henry, Lord Belper]] (at 512), as Gentleman at Arms, time of Charles II
#[[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|Hon. Maurice Baring]] (at 678), as Marlborough
#[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer|Mr. R. (Charles Robert) Spencer]] (at 493), in Elizabethan dress
#[[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Hon. Alexander McDonnell]] (at 676), as Mercutio
#[[Social Victorians/People/Malcolm|Mr. Ian Malcolm]] (at 692), as a Courtier, time of Henry VIII
#[[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Lord Churchill|Lord Churchill]] (at 611), as Columbus
#[[Social Victorians/People/Leigh|Captain Gerard Leigh]] (at 570), as a member of the Life Guard, time of Charles II
#James Hamilton, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Marquis of Hamilton]] (at 657), in the period of Charles II
#Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marchioness of Blandford]] (at 601), as a 16th-century Abbess
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Lyttelton]] (at 580), as a parson's daughter, after a picture by Romney
#Georgina Cavendish Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Countess of Leicester]] (at 516), as a Venetian lady
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Walsh|Clementine Walsh]] (at 523) wore an Empire costume
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Violet Brassey]] (at 531), as Juliet
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Brassey|Leonard Brassey]] (at 530), as Apollo
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Alwyne Frederick Compton]] (at 434), as Sir William Compton, time of Charles I
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Northampton|Mary Compton]] (at 435), as Mme. de Chevreuse, time of Louis XIII
#The Hon. Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Gwendoline Lowther]] (at 672), as Madame de Tallion (Incroyable)
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|J. E. Baillie]] (at 666), in a military costume of the early part of the 19th century
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Mar and Kellie#The Hon. William Erskine|William Erskine]] (at 696), as an Incroyable
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|William Wyndham Portal]] (at 549) in Court dress, period Marie Thérèse, or Comte de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV''
#Florence, [[Social Victorians/People/Portal|Lady Portal]] (at 550), as Comtesse de Candale from ''Un Mariage sous Louis XV''
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cassel|Ernest Cassel]] (at 462), as Velasquez
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Beit|Alfred Beit]] (at 384), as Frederick of Nassau, period 1630
#[[Social Victorians/People/Wombwell|Stephen Frederick Wombwell]] (at 671), as George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|K. Campbell]] (at 695), as Charles Edward, the Pretender
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Chaine|W. R. Chaine]] (at 694), as a gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish|R. Cavendish]], probably Rt. Hon. Lord Richard Cavendish, (at 107), in a costume of the period of Marie Thérèse
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Peel Family|W. G. Peel]] (at 679), in a 15th-century Venetian costume
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Mabel Coke]] (at 644), as a woodland nymph
#The Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Suffield|Bridget Harbord]] (at 398), as the Bride of Abydos
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Florence Blackwood]] (at 637), as Flora, Goddess of Flowers
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Terence Blackwood]] (at 638), as Captain Blackwood, Royal Navy
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Maurice Baring|John Baring]] (at 675), as Henry IV
#Captain [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Captain Hedworth Lambton|Hedworth Lambton]] (at 660), as a Roman
#Major [[Social Victorians/People/Drummond|Laurence Drummond]] (at 507), as a soldier
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Curzon|George Curzon]] (at 495), as a Spanish Admiral
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Cust|Charles Cust]] (at 152), in a soldier's uniform
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Douglas Dawson]] (at 673), as Raoul de Nangis, Les Huguenots
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dawson|Major Vesey Dawson]] (at 521), as a soldier
#Pierre, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Pierre, Marquis d'Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 387), in a Vandyck dress
#Julia Caroline Stonor, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Julia Caroline Stonor, Marquise of Hautpoul|Marquis d'Hautpoul]] (at 388), as Elsa, in ''Lohengrin''
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor#Hon. Harry Julian Stonor|Harry Julian Stonor]] (at 389), as Lohengrin
#[[Social Victorians/People/Adair|Mrs. Adair]] (at 390), as Egyptian Queen Nitocris
#Edward Cecil Guiness, [[Social Victorians/People/Iveagh|Lord Iveagh]] (at 382), as a Cavalier, Louis XIII. period
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 480), as an English gentleman of the fifteenth century
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Rothschild Family#Mr. Lewis Flower|Louis Flower]] (at 506), as a French Commissary General, First Empire
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/William James|William Dodge James]] (at 686), as d'Artagnan
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]] (at 639), as Duchess de Mailly, Lady in Waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Horace Brand Farquhar]] (at 380), as Count Egmont or a Dutch burgher after Rembrandt
#Colonel [[Social Victorians/People/Swaine|Charles Edward Swaine]] (at 415), as an officer, 11th Dragoons, 1742
#The Right Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Henry Chaplin|Henry Chaplin]], M.P. (at 379), as General Lefevre, First Empire
#Jesusa Murrieta, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]] (at 633), as the Infanta of Spain
#Mr. F. de Murrieta, possibly Don José Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio, [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marques de Santurce]] (at 634), as Philip I. of Spain
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Magniac|Geraldine Magniac]] (at 640), as Dawn or the Sun
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#Mrs. Florence and Mr. Charles Henry Wilson|Charles (Florence) Wilson]] (at 413), as Guinevere
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton|Jane Thornewill]] (at 712), in a costume of the Georgian era
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cork and Orrery|W. Boyle]] (at 504), in an Elizabethan costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Mills|Hon. Violet Mills]] (at 596), in the period of Charles II
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Hartmann|Hartmann]] (at 505), as Madame Sans-Gêne
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Shaftesbury|W. W. Ashley]] (at 658), as a soldier
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Herbert Creighton]] (at 647), as Charles I
#Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Murray|Graham Murray]] (at 687), as Titania
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Milner|Harry (Marcus Henry) Milner]] (at 612), as a Chasseur of the Louis XV period
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Strong|Arthur Strong]] (at 613), as Voltaire at the age of 25
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Longhurst|A. P. Longhurst]] (at 689), as an Egyptian runner
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Laura, [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Princess Victor of Hohenlohe Langenburg]] (at 16), in a Louis Quinze costume
#[[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen|Countess Helena Gleichen]] (at 17), as Joan of Arc
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Southampton|Hilda Southampton]] (at 402), as Beatrice
#[[Social Victorians/People/Henry Irving|Henry Irving]] (at 414), as Cardinal Wolsey
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Bischoffsheim|Clarissa Bischoffsheim]] (at 429), as Anne of Austria
#Violet Manners, [[Social Victorians/People/Marion Margaret Violet Lindsay Manners|Marchioness of Granby]] (at 448), as Isabella Marchioness of Granby
#[[Social Victorians/People/Neumann|Ludwig Neumann]] (at 452), as Le Duc de Joyeuse
#Margaret Montagu-Douglas-Scott, [[Social Victorians/People/Dalkeith|Countess of Dalkeith]] (at 460), as Helen, Countess of Dalkeith
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Farrer Herschell]] (at 496), as Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Herschell|Agnes Herschell]] (at 497), as Night
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Mrs. Edith Fitzwilliam|Hon. Edith Wentworth Fitzwilliam]] (at 635), in a costume based on a painting by Romney
#The [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#The Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam|Hon. Reginald Fitzwilliam]] (at 636), as Nelson
#Maud Fitzwilliam, [[Social Victorians/People/Fitzwilliam#Lord and Lady Milton|Viscountess Milton]] (at 501), as Madame Le Brun
#Catherine (the [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor#Hon. Catherine and Mr. Algernon Grosvenor|Hon. Mrs. Algernon) Grosvenor]] (at 510), as Marie Louise
#Hardinge Stanley Giffard, [[Social Victorians/People/Halsbury|Lord Halsbury]] (at 147), as George III
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Poynter|Edward Poynter]] (at 546), as Titian
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin#Hon. Marie Hay|Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney, A.D. 1775
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Sophie Walker]] (at 584), as Vivien
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Walker|Hall Walker]] (at 583), as Merlin
#Sir [[Social Victorians/People/Blois|Ralph Blois]] (at 593), as Jerome Buonaparte, King of Westphalia
#[[Social Victorians/People/Fitzgerald|Amelia, Lady FitzGerald]] (at 599), as Marie Joséphe, Queen of Poland, A.D. 1737
#Prince [[Social Victorians/People/Duleep Singh|Victor Duleep Singh]] (at 558), as Akbar
#[[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Sydney, Countess Kintore]] (at 608), as Jane, Duchess of Gordon
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Kintore|Hilda Keith-Falconer]] (at 677), as Lady Susan Gordon
#Madame [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 568), as Princess of Navarre
#Monsieur [[Social Victorians/People/Baudon de Mony|Baudon de Mony]] (at 567), as a Louis-XIII Musketeer
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|de Alealo Galiano]] (at 631), as the Queen of the Fairies
#Mademoiselle [[Social Victorians/People/de Alcalo Galiano|Consuelo de Alealo Galiano]] (at 632), as Veure de Pierrot
#Blanche, [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Blanche, Countess of Coventry|Countess of Coventry]] (at 559), as an earlier Countess of Coventry
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Anne Coventry|Anne Coventry]] (at 560, as Serena
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Coventry#Lady Dorothy Coventry|Dorothy Coventry]] (at 561), also as Serena
#Rose Towneley-Bertie, [[Social Victorians/People/Norreys|Lady Norreys]] (at 680), as a Paysanne Galante from the time of Louis XVI
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lukach|Joseph Harry Lukach]] (at 685), as Henri de Rohan
#Alice Emily White Coke, Viscountess Coke (at 643), in 18th-century dress
#Hon. [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|F. C. (Ferdinand Charles) Stanley]] (at 251), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Lord Stanley and Lady A. Stanley|Edward Stanley]] (at 187), as a Grenadier Guard officer, 1660
#[[Social Victorians/People/Jeune#Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley|Madeline Cecilia Carlyle Stanley]] (at 552), accompanying [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Sir Francis Jeune]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Jeune|Lady Jeune]], as Lady Hopeton, after a miniature by Cosway
#Henry William Crichton, [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton#Lord Crichton|Viscount Crichton]] (at 646), in a costume of the Empire period
#[[Social Victorians/People/Ellis#Major-General Ellis|General Ellis]] (at 654), as an Elizabethan noble
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Durham#Lady Anne Lambton|Anne Lambton]] (at 659), as Mme. de Longueville, Louis XIII period
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Nellie Lisa Baillie and Colonel James Evan Bruce Baillie of Dochfour|Nellie Lisa Baillie]] (at 667), from the family group by Gainsborough
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Mr. and Mrs. Hamar Bass|Hamar (Louisa) Bass]] (at 439), from picture at Chesterfield House
#Miss [[Social Victorians/People/Burton#Jane Thornewill|Jane Thornewill]] (at 664), in a costume of the Georgian era
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Sneyd|Mary Evelyn Ellis Sneyd]] (at 667), as a Venetian
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Foley|Foley]] (at 690), as a Hussar of the Napoleonic era
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Crawley|E. Crawley]] (at 692), as a gentleman of the period of Charles I
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Carter|J. Carter]] (at 697), as a Courtier of Elizabeth
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Wolseley|Louisa Wolseley]] (at 541), in an 18th-century dress (?)
#Edward Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Villiers#Edward Villiers, 5th Earl Clarendon|5th Earl Clarendon]] (at 65), as Villiers, Viscount Grandison, after portrait by Vandyke
#[[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|M. de Souza Correa]] (at 178), as a Knight Templar, XIV Century
#Margaret Child-Villiers, [[Social Victorians/People/Jersey#Lord and Lady Jersey|Countess of Jersey]] (at 432), as Anne of Austria
#Mary, Countess Minto (at 544) was Princess [[Social Victorians/People/Minto#Mary, Countess of Minto|Andrillon]]
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Pembroke#Lady Beatrix Herbert|Beatrix Herbert]] (at 648), as Signora Bacelli after Gainsborough
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain#Mrs. Mary Chamberlain|Mary Chamberlain]] (at 491), as Madame d'Epinay
#Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven#Earl and Countess Dunraven|4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl]] (at 199), as Cardinal Mazarin
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster#Lady Evelyn Ewart|Evelyn Ewart]] (at 401), as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Buchan#Lord and Lady Cardross|Rosalie Cardross]] (at 276), as La Duchesse de Lavis
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Duncombe|Florence Duncombe]] (at 456), as a Lady of the Court of Marie Stuart
#Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Algernon Gordon Lennox]] (at 623), as a Grenadier Guard officer
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Florence Cole]] (at 239), as Hortense Beauharnais
#Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Myddleton-Biddulph|Algernon Myddleton Biddulph]] (at 268), as Count Soltykoff or Saltykov

== Notes and Questions ==

# Work this info in:

&lt;blockquote&gt;There is intense excitement (says a lady correspondent) about the Duchess of Devonshire's historical and fancy dress ball to take place to-night. One of the prettiest of Princesses, daughter of a lovely Irish mother, goes as Queen of Sheba, her sister representing an Ethiopian attendant. An illustrious personage is to head the list of old-world knights, and a beautiful Marchioness is to represent Guinevere, her fair young daughter going as Elaine. A most lovely lady is to personate Queen Marie Thérèse, surrounded by her Court. There is to be a procession of young girls dressed after Cosway's miniatures, and an Elizabethan quadrille is to be danced, in which the Virgin Queen herself is to appear, as well as Essex, Raleigh, Shakespeare, and other well-known characters. Another quadrille will be made up of ladies and gentlemen costumed after the style of Catherine II.'s Russian Court, but none will be more pictorially effective than that in which Catherine de Medici will appear, some of the gentlemen representing Henri II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henri III., Gaspard de Collini, Comte de la Marck, and the Duc de Guise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;This Morning's News.&quot; ''London Daily News'' 2 July 1897, Friday: 5 [of 10], Col. 3B. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970702/026/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bibliography for Courts ==
* Drew-Smythe David. &quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball, 1897.&quot; [&quot;principal names in the courts&quot;] http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/home/rah/dodbcourts.htm (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''.
* Ross, Sarah. &quot;The Devonshire House Ball (1897): A Guest-list of Society.&quot; ''Pax Victoriana: The Age of Victoria: The Long 19th Century in Literature and Everyday Life'' http://paxvictoriana.tumblr.com/post/101421946818/the-devonshire-house-ball-1897-a-guest-list-of (accessed July 2017). Based on the report in the ''Times''.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="74547" sha1="szoee29of3v7fr1wdek9sj95gplh1hn" xml:space="preserve">[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s | 1870s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s Headlines]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s Headlines]] 1890 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891 | 1891]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892 | 1892]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893 | 1893]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894 | 1894]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895 | 1895]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896 | 1896]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897 | 1897]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898 | 1898]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899 | 1899]]  [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]]

==January 1890==
Sometime in January 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/Horniman|Annie Horniman]] was initiated into the Golden Dawn (Gilbert 86 144).

Sometime in 1890 Annie Besant and [[Social Victorians/People/Helena Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] founded the Working Women's Club in the East End (Besant Chronology.pdf). Maye Dilke was a member (Crawford 170).

[[Social Victorians/People/Frank Harris|Frank Harris]] says,&lt;blockquote&gt;One day in 1890 I had George Meredith, Walter Pater and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] dining with me in Park Lane and the time of sex-awakening was discussed. Both Pater and Wilde spoke of it as a sign of puberty. Pater thought it began about thirteen or fourteen and Wilde to my amazement set it as late as sixteen. Meredith alone was inclined to put it earlier.&lt;ref&gt;Harris, Frank. ''My Life and Loves''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===1 January 1890, Wednesday, New Year's Day===
&lt;blockquote&gt;Sharp frost was experienced over the East of England yesterday morning, and in South London the thermometer had been as low as 27deg., and 28deg. in Hyde-park. It rose during the day to 41deg., but in the evening frost again set in. Later the thermometer rose again to 32deg., and there was an appearance as of coming rain.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Morning Post. 1 January 1890 (No. 36,675): P. 4, Col. F.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Influenza is spreading all over Europe.

According to the &quot;Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning&quot; in the Morning Post,&lt;blockquote&gt;A second supplement to the Gazette, issued last night, contains the following: —

&quot;Lord Chamberlain's Office, January 1.

&quot;Orders for the Court's going into mourning on Thursday next, the 2d instant, for her late Majesty the Empress of Brazil, viz.&quot; —

&quot;The ladies to wear black dresses, white gloves, black or white shoes, feathers, and fans, pearls, diamonds, or plain gold or silver ornaments. The gentlemen to wear black Court dress, with black swords and buckles.

&quot;The Court to change the mourning on Thursday, the 16th instant, viz.: — [new paragraph] The ladies to wear black dresses, with coloured ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments, or grey or white dresses, with black ribbons, flowers, feathers, and ornaments. The gentlemen to continue the same mourning.

&quot;And on Thursday, the 23d instant, the Court to go out of mourning.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite&gt;&quot;Court Circular: Orders for Court Mourning.&quot; The Morning Post, 2 January 1890 (No. 36,676): page 5 Col. G.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===9 January 1890, Thursday===

==== The York Hunt Ball ====
This account is from the ''Irish Society'', which explains which women's costumes are the focus:&lt;blockquote&gt;The fashionable world and his wife are out of town just now, having good times at country houses. They shed the light of their brilliant presence on those annual functions known as county balls, and enjoy themselves also at those popular and picturesque entertainments to which they are bidden by the masters and members of the various hunts.

One of the smartest dances of last week took place at York on Thursday evening. It was in fancy costume, and was in aid of funds for the York County Hospital. Once upon a time the journey from London to the Minster City of the North was a far cry, and one not lightly undertaken. Now it is luxurious and short. In consequence this hall presented the appearance of one in town in mid-season.

There was conspicuous for height and handsomeness the familiar figure and face of Countess de Grey. Lady Helen Duncombe, too, who shares with her Grace of Leinster, and Lady Cynthia Graham, the family beauty of the House of Feversham, was seen in the marvellously becoming (to her) costume of the Empire period. Lady Lilian Wemyss, a lady &quot;divinely tall,” and appropriately fair, was garbed in pink and white of a fashion hailing from the Empire. A &quot;square;” in which the lady dancers were all gowned empirically, was the event of the evening. An event worth remembering it was. The costumes were superb, but their attractions were nowhere in comparison with the charms the [Col. 1c–2a] wearers. These were all tall and each one handsome. Lady de Trafford’s pretty face and fine figure showed to great advantage in her gown of white satin, veiled with gold-bordered ''chiffon'', and with an Empire trained cloak from her shoulders of Rose du Barri velvet lined with white satin, and bordered with gold galon. The colour of the velvet in what is seen in the half-yellow, half-scarlet petals of the soft textured nasturtium bloom. [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Mrs Algernon Bourke]] looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse. One might go on for long enough describing costume after costume, and then leave them half out. Therefore, we shall, like the judge &quot;sum up” and &quot;charge” for a verdict of the utmost brilliancy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 1b–2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===16 January 1890, Thursday===
&lt;blockquote&gt;About two hundred members of the newly formed Dulwich Literary and Scientific Association attended the conversazione given on Jan. 16 at Surrey House Museum, Forest Hill, when Mr. Horniman, F.R.G.S., acted as cicerone round the rooms, richly stored with historical relics, ornithological curiosities, and art treasures.&lt;ref&gt;''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, January 25, 1890; pg. 120; Issue 2649, Col. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==February 1890==

=== 12 February 1890, Wednesday ===

==== Lady Constance Leslie's Reception ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;On Wednesday last Lady Constance Leslie had an evening party at her residence in Stratford-place.

The numerous guests included Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe, and the Countesses Gleichen, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Mensdorf, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Mr. and Mrs. Henry White, Baroness de Brienen and Mdlles de Brienen, the Duke of Abercorn, the Duchess of Cleveland, the Marchioness of Blandford and Lady Frances Spencer Churchill, Earl and Countess of Portarlington, Earl Stanhope, the Earl of Northbrook, the Earl and Countess of Arran, the Earl and Countess of Erne and the Ladies Cole, Julia Countess of Jersey and Mr. Brandling, Viscount Clifden, Viscountess Bary, Viscount Torrington, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and Lady Louisa Beauclerk, Viscount and Viscountess de Vesci and Lady Sarah Spencer, Viscountess Galway, and Mr Caryl Ramsden, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, Lord Alcester, Lord and Lady Wantage, Lord Ashbourne, Lady Henry Grosvenor and Lady G. Ogilvy, Lady Cloncurry, Lord Morris and Mr. M. Morris, Lady Charles Beresford, Lord Rowton, Lady Blanche Hozier, Lady Colville, Lady Rayleigh, Lady Constance Lytton and Mr. Charles Earle, Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Ernest Seymour and Ladies Fortescue, Lord and Lady Sandhurst, Lady Mary Lloyd, Lady Tweedmouth, Lady Windsor, Lord and Lady William Seymour, Lady Guy Campbell, Lady Egerton, Lady Fitzgerald, Baron d'Erlanger and Mr. Charles Derenberg, Hon. R. C. Spencer, M.P., and Mrs. Spencer, Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Hon. W. Mansfield, Hon. Lionel Ashley, Hon. A. Hood, Hon. William Lowther and Miss Lowther, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Fitzroy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower, Hon. Kenneth Howard, Hon. Francis Villiers, Hon. Francis Bertie, Hon. Arthur Walsh, Colonel the Hon. Charles Edgcumbe, General Hon. John Bourke, General and Hon. Mrs. Ellis and Mrs. R. Sneyd and Miss Ellis, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], Hon. Alan and Hon. Evan Charteris, Hon. Alexander Yorke, Hon. Derek Keppel, General Sir Dighton Probyn, Hon. Percy Wyndham, Hon. Everard Baring and Hon. Susan Baring, Hon. Mrs. Brett, Hon. Claud Hay, the Right Hon. Henry Matthews, Sir George Arthur, Sir George Maude, Sir Philip Currie, C.B., Sir Redvers and Lady Audrey Buller, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Mackenzie Wallace, Sir Herbert Maxwell, M.P., Sir Oscar Clayton, Sir Robert Gresley, Sir Algernon West and Mr. Horace West, Sir George and Lady Russell and Miss Brackenbury, Sir Henry and Lady Longley, the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, General Crealock, General Charles Fraser, Colonel Saunderson, M.P., and Hon. Mrs. Saunderson, Colonel and Mrs. Stewart and Miss Streatfeild [siv], Colonel and Miss Balfour, Colonel and Mrs. Stanley Clarke and Miss Clarke, Colonel R. Baring, Captain and Mrs. Jekyll, Captain and Mrs. J. Bagot, Captain Lambert Ward, Captain A. Bagot, Mr. Charles Hall, Q.C, M.P., Mr[.] Hussey Walsh, M.P., Mr and Mrs. W. Hartpole Lecky, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Combe, Mr Henry Foley, Mrs. Arbuthnot and Miss Guthrie, Mr. and Mrs. Heseltine and Miss Dorothy Heseltine and Lord Cantelupe, the Miss Stopford Brooke, Mr. and Mrs. Thackeray Ritchie, Mr Edmund Byng, Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Phipps, Professor Sidney Colvin, Mr. and Miss Tennant, Mr. Godfrey Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Turton and Mr. Sidney Ponsonby, Mrs. Adare, Mrs Cecil Paget and Mr. Hugo Wemyss, Mrs. L. Drummond, Mr. and Mrs E. Hope, Mrs. L. Seymour and Miss Seymour, Mr. Guy Repton, Mr. and Mrs. Julian Sturgis and Miss Beresford, Mr. Poynter, R.A., Mrs. Daniel Cooper, Mr. Hamilton Aïdé, Mr. Alwyne Maude, Mrs. C. Bentinck, Mrs. Bingham Mildmay, Mr. Philip Habord, Mr. and Mrs. George Bulteel, Mrs. Beerbohm Tree and Miss Julia Neilson, Mr. Hallé [Halle?], Mr. Rudolph Lehmann and Miss Lehmann, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. R. Ronalds]], Mr. Ellice, Mr. Arthur, Madame Blumenthal, Miss Julia Leslie, Mr. and Mrs. Jeune, Mr and Mrs. Charles Stuart-Wortley and Misses Millais, Mrs. Arkwright, Mr Joachim, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Pulteney (Scots Guards), Colone| Cuthbert Larking, Mr. Harry Higgins, M. Tividar Nachez, Mr. G. Ross, Herr Johannes Woolff, Mrs. Charles Bagot and Miss Bagot, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Henry Petre, Miss Balch, Mr. and Lady Maud Ramsden, Mr. Adolphus Liddell, Mr Knowles, Mr. Grenfell, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mrs. Henry Gordon and Miss Gordon, Mr. Henry James, Mr. St. Leger, Mrs. Dacre Hamilton and the Misses Nugent, Mr. Harbord, Mr Somerset, Mr. Ruggles-Brise, Mr. and Miss Hughes of Kinmel, Mr. and Mrs Douglas Freshfield, Mrs. Homer, Mr. W. H. Mallock, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Benson, Mr. H. Seymour, Mr. Ernest Law, Mr. Hugh Grimston, Mr. Lionel Cust, Mr. Chappell, Mr. and Mrs. Du Maurier, Mr. Boughton, R.A., and Mrs. Boughton, Mr. R. Roche, Mr. Montagu Wilson, Mr. Herbert Hope, &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Constance Leslie's Reception.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 15 February 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900215/008/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==March 1890==
==April 1890==
Arnold Dolmetsch took out a three-day ticket to the Reading Room in April 1890 (Campbell 22).

=== 9 April 1890, Wednesday ===

==== The New Forest United Hunt Ball ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;This annual ball was beld at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhearst, on Wednesday night, and was a most brilliant gathering, upwards of 200 being present, not only the New Forest but also neighbouring hunts being well represented. Among those present were Earl and Countess of Londesborough, Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Lilian Denison, Hon. Louis Johnstone, Hon. Gerald and Mrs Lascelles, Major Downman, Capt. Sandbach, R.H.A., Col. and Mrs Sinkins, Col. Fitzroy Smyth, Lady Thursby and party, Mr Stanley Pearce (Master of the Foxhounds), Mr F. Lovell (Master of the Deerhounds) and party, Lady Adela Goff and party, Hon. Miss St. Leger Glyn and party, Mr A. H. Jeffreys, M.P., and Mrs Jeffreys, Hon. Mrs A. Peter, Mr Somerset H. Onslow, Mr Lancelot Orde, Lord Garioch, Mr and Mrs C. K. Francis, the Countess of Normandy, Lady Mary Agar, Lord Montagu, Hon. John Scott Montagu, Viscount Cantelupe, Prince Dhuleep Singh, Hon. D. Keppel, Col. Charles Needham (1st Life Guards), [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Mrs Cornwallis West, Mr and Mrs Shelley Bontein, Col. Gridley, Col. Newton, Col. Elliot, R.H.A., Lady Meyrick and party, Sir W. Jervois, Lady Jervois and  party, &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The New Forest United Hunt Ball.&quot; ''The Sportsman'' 11 April 1890, Friday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001055/18900411/024/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==May 1890==
Leonora Braham appeared at the Opera Comique as Ruth Ferns in ''Gretna Green''.
===21 May 1890, Wednesday===
It was his pupil the young Countess Valda Gleichen who found a sponsor for Dolmetsch's first but brief appearance at a London concert on 21 May 1890, when the 'Magpie Minstrels' … gave one of their bi-annual performances at the Princes' Hall&quot; (Campbell 30).

==June 1890==

=== 3 June 1890, Tuesday ===

==== Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies ====
&lt;blockquote&gt;Yesterday evening society passed a large proportion of time on wheels, and the number of receptions was more than the most inveterate could get through wvith comfort. ... Meanwhile, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale dined with Mrs. Arthur Wilson in Grosvenor-place, and a small and select concert followed. The Duchess of Leinster was, as ever, the most beautiful among many beauties, the Hon. Helen Henniker, after her long mourning, was warmly greeted by swarms of friends, and the Countess of Lovelace, in grey satin, chaperoned her débutante niece, Miss Milbank.

Prince &quot;Eddie&quot; went from Mrs. Arthur Wilson's hospitable mansion to that of Mrs. J. Graham Menzies. It is unusual to find mother and daughter entertaining this illustrious young man on the same evening. Mrs. Menzies, who has succeeded Lord Suffield in his beautiful house in Upper Grosvenor-street, had one of the smartest and most successful balls of the present season. The Blue Hungarians played with immense vigour and owing to the postponement of Lady Carnarvon's ball, there was no competition for men and married women. Countess Howe, Lady Brougham and Vaux, Lady Aveland and Miss Willoughby, Viscountess Stormont, the Hon. Lady Grey Egerton and Miss Egerton, the Duchess of Buccleuch, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], the Earl of Craven, Countess of Coventry, Mrs. Mackay, Lady Sykes, the Marchioness of Granby, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Lord Garioch, Sir Savile and Lady Crossley, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lawson, and many others were present.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Yesterday Evening Society.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18900604/015/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Münster-Hay Wedding ====
Account of the wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay. Count Bismarck sent a gift.&lt;blockquote&gt;St. Andrew's Church, Wells-street, was completely filled yesterday afternoon on the occasion of the marriage of Count Alexander Münster, son of Count Münster, German Ambassador in Paris, with Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay, younger daughter of the Earl and Countess of Kinnoull. The ceremony was fixed for half-past two o'clock, but all the seats in the body of the church were occupied long before that time by invited guests. The rood screen was hidden with white flowers, and a number of tall palms were skilfully arranged in and about the chancel. The bridegroom was early in his place, and wore the splendid white and gold uniform of the Garde du Corps of the Emperor; his best man, Prince Hans Heinrich Pless, wearing the scarlet and gold uniform of the Garde Hussars. The six bridesmaids were Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray, Hon. Marie Hay, Hon. Marjory Murray, Miss Rosalind Lovell, and Miss Gladys Hadow (niece of the bride). They wore pretty dresses of pale blue satin, veiled with white chiffon; the skirts were edged with a frill, and the bodices finished with quaint fichus of the chiffon, fastened in front with a bunch of forget-me-nots. They wore drawn hats of the chiffon, covered with forget-me-nots, and their posies were of the same flowers, intermixed with pink roses, and tied with narrow pink ribbons. Each wore a gold bangle with centre forming the initials &quot;A.M.,&quot; and a single turquoise drop. The bride entered the church at half-past two, and was received by her father, who led her to the chancel steps, preceded by the choristers singing a nuptial hymn. The bride's dress was of ivory satin made with a very long train. The front was fringed round the hem with orange blossoms and veiled with old Brussels lace, the gift of her mother; the bodice was entirely covered with beautiful old lace, and finished at the neck on one side with a cluster of orange blossoms. She wore a small wreath of orange blossoms and myrtle arranged in the hair at the back and a tulle veil falling almost to the end of the train and held by diamond stars, the gift of the bridegroom. The bride's other jewels included two diamond drop hairpins, the gift of Count Münster; an emerald and diamond brooch, from the bridegroom; enamel and diamond heartsease brooch, from Lady Mary Mills; a diamond and emerald bracelet, from the Duke of Beaufort; and a diamond bracelet, from the Duke and Duchess of Athole. Her train was held by her two little nephews, Masters Roland and Patrick Hadow, wearing Scotch dress with lace ruffles. The service, which was fully choral, was performed by the Rev. Provost Rorison, of St. Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, assisted by the Rev. W. T. Houldsworth, rector of St. Andrew's.

The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull afterwards entertained the bridal party at the residence of the Earl of Londesborough, uncle of the bride, in Grosvenor-square. Among the numerous guests were the Russian Ambassador and Madame de Staal, the German Ambassador, the Austrian Ambassador and Countess Deym, Count Münster and the Countesses Marie, Julia, and T. Münster, Prince Pless, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Count Donhoff, Baroness von Beckendorff-Hindenburg, Baron E. Fürstenberg, Count Paul Metternich, Geheimrath Schmettau, Countess Valentin, [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de]] [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], Captain Hasenclever, Count Leyden, Herr von Rath, Count Francis Deym, Baron and Baroness Deichmann, Count Mensdorff, Herr Pilgrim Baltazzi, Count and Countess Henry Lützow, Baroness d' Erlanger [?], Herr von Kemnitz, Baron Cramm, Vicomte de Janzé, the Duke of Beaufort, the Duchess of Athole, and the Ladies Stewart Murray, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Countess of Dunraven and Ladies Wyndham Quin, the Countess of Kilmorey, the Countess of Galloway and Miss Stewart, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Countess of Strathmore and Lady Constance Lyon, the Earl and Countess of Roden, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Miss Willoughby, the Countess of Westmorland. Viscount and Viscountess Raincliffe, Viscountess Coke, Viscountess Stormont and Hon. MabeI Murray, Viscountess Malden and Hon. Miss Capel, Lord Hay of Kinfauns [?], Lady Delamere and Miss Cholmondeley, Lady Brougham, Lady Esher, Lord Saye and Sele and Hon. Maud and Hon. Gertrude Fiennes, Lady Helen MacGregor and Miss MacGregor, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, Lady Raglan, Lord Charles Innes Ker, Lady Elizabeth Bertie, Lady Frances Pratt and Lady Clementine Pratt, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lady Mary Mills and Miss Pereira, Lady Dorchester, Lady Louisa Moncreiffe and Misses Moncreiffe, Lady Norreys, Lady Petre, Lady Jane Trefusis, Lord Frederic Hamilton, Baroness de Brienen and Miss de Brienen, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Lady Scott, Miss Scott and Mrs. Green, Lord Zouche and Hon. Miss Curzon, Mr. and Lady Constance Hadow, Hon. Lady Campbell, Lady William Nevill and Miss Bannerman, Hon. Alastair and Mrs. Hay, Hon. Miss Greville, Captain Hon. Randolph Stewart, Hon. FitzRoy and Mrs. Stewart, Hon. Charles Walsh, Hon. William Walsh, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke]], Colonel Hon. Charles and Mrs. Hay and Miss Maude Hay, Hon. Mrs. Greville Nugent, Hon. Mrs. Colville and Miss Streatfeild [sic], Hon. Claude Hay, Sir Charles and Lady Forbes of Newe, Laely Borthwick, Sir Francis Montefiore, Sir Henry Hoare, Sir George Arthur, Sir William Gordon Cumming, General and Mrs. Wilkinson, Colonel and Mrs. Chaine, Colonel Arthur Paget, Colonel H. M. Hozier, the Provost of St. Ninian's, Major Finch, Major Candy, Colonel Lloyd, Captain and Mrs. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hay Drummond, Captain and Mrs. Lloyd, Mr. William Gillett, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Captain Lumley, Captain Barrow, Major Anstruther, Mrs. Hwfa Williams, Mr. Arthur Hay, Mr. Raglan Somerset, Mr. and Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mrs. Villiers, Mr. Henry Petre, Mrs. Keighley, Mrs. E. Balfour and Miss Balfour and Miss Ellice, Mrs. Dick Cunynghame and Miss A. M'Gregor, Rev. C. Weidemann, Miss Balfour and Miss E. Balfour, Mrs. and Miss Halford, Mr. and Mrs. Toler, Mrs. and Miss Townley, Rev. Dr. M'Ewan, Mr. A. F. Levita, Mr. F. Stephens, Mrs. and Miss Leigh, Mr. and Mrs. George Forbes and Miss Forbes, Mrs. Luke Wheeler, Mrs. J. Beerbohm, Dr. and Mrs. W. M. Collins, Mrs. and Miss Orde, Mrs. Murray, Miss Glyn, Mrs. Godfrey Pearse, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Leopold Goldberg, Mr. and Miss Oswa d [Oswald], Mr. and Mrs. C. Bulteel, Mrs. Brydges Wyllyams, Mr. H. Balfour, the Misses Codrington, Miss Finch, Mrs. Barron and Miss Sullivan, Mr. Hamilton Aidé, Mr. Granville and Miss Berkeley, Mr. M'Gregor, Mrs. and Miss Needham, Mr. and Mrs. A. Consett and Miss Consett, Mrs. Herbert Naylor LeyIand, Mr. and Mrs. A. Darby, Mrs. Montefiore, Mrs. Charles Murray and Miss Murray, Mrs. Thomas Legh, the Rev. John F. Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Claud Hay, Mr. Fiztalan Manners, Mr. Albert Stopford, Mr. Hervey Pechell, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Orde.

Later in the day Count Alexander Münster and his bride left for Hillingdon Court, Uxbridge, the residence of the Hon. A. Mills, where they will pass the early days of the honeymoon, and then proceed to Chàlet Sans Souci, Bellaggio, Lake of Como, lent by Mr. Hervey Pechell. They will afterwards go to Wiesbaden, and thence to Count Münster's German country seat, where a great reception awaits them.

The wedding presents were very numerous. Count Munster presented the bride with a diamond necklace and pair of diamond drop hairpins. The bridegroom's gifts to his bride included a tiara of three diamond stars, a brooch formed of an emerald of unusual size set in diamonds, large pearl pendant, gold bracelet set with turquoises, and diamond and turquoise ring. The Duke of Beaufort presented Lady Muriel with an emerald and diamond bracelet. The Earl and Countess of Kinnoull's presents included a quantity of plate and other articles. Prince Henry of Battenberg sent a large silver-mounted claret jug; Count Bismarck, a silver box; the Marchioness of Waterford, gold snake bracelet, with pearl head and ruby eyes; the Duke and Duchess of Athole, diamond &quot;M&quot; bangle; Lady Ermyntrude Malet, massive silver bowl; Countess Marie Münster, silver tea set and tray; Baron E. Fürstenberg, pair of gold-mounted claret jugs; Baron and Baroness Erlanger, large silver bowl; Baron and Baroness Gungberg, pair of antique silver mounted jugs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Hay.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 4 June 1890, Wednesday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900604/064/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===4 June 1890, Wednesday===
Derby Day.

According to the Morning Post, &lt;quote&gt;Lady Thurlow's first dance. / Mrs. Coddington's Ball. / The Fourth of June celebration at Eton. / ... Royal Society of Literature — Paper on &quot;Early England,&quot; by Mr. Carmichael, S. &lt;/quote&gt; (&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; The Morning Post Wednesday, 4 June 1890: p. 7 [of 12], Col. 6A).

===13 June 1890, Friday===
? or on the 12th? Arnold Dolmetsch had a concert at which his students performed (Campbell 31). It was reviewed very positively in the 13 June Daily Graphic, especially Helene Dolmetsch's performance. They did Purcell's Fairy Queen. They used a harpsichord.

===26 June 1890, Thursday===
There was apparently a regular celebration of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Arthur Collins]]' birthday, 26 June, by Bret Harte, George Du Maurier, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Sullivan|Arthur Sullivan]], Alfred Cellier, Arthur Blunt, and John Hare (Nissen, Axel. Brent Harte: Prince and Pauper: 239. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WEDewmUnapcC]). Choosing 1885–1902 as the dates because those apparently are the dates of the close relationship between Harte and Collins, ending in Harte's death in 1902.

==July 1890==
===3 July 1890, Thursday===
&lt;blockquote&gt;On July 3, 1890, Besant’s house at 19 Avenue Road, St. John’s Wood, was inaugurated as a new center of Theosophical work, serving as the European headquarters of the [[Social Victorians/Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] and as HPB’s residence. That house became also the meeting place of HPB’s Inner Group, twelve of her students who were eager for more intense training than was feasible in a larger, more general gathering.&lt;/blockquote&gt;That Inner Group is different from the Esoteric Section.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Esoteric World Chapter 23.&quot; ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=23&amp;id=1725&amp;Itemid=53&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The hall had a seating capacity of about 200. On the opening night [July 3, 1890] [sic] the room was crammed, and many were unable to gain admission. The speakers were Mrs. Besant, Mr. Sinnett, a Mrs. Woolff (of America), and Mr. [Bertram] Keightley. HPB was present but said nothing, on account of the critical state of her health.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;23a. Henry S. Olcott, July 1890, London [Olcott 1931, 4:254–6].&quot; Esoteric World Chapter 23. ''The Theosophical Society of America, Online Resources''. http://www.theosophical.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=23&amp;id=1725&amp;Itemid=53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 4 July 1890, Friday, 11 p.m. ===

==== The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace ====
The Prince and Princess of Wales were hosts of this ball, as Queen Victoria was not present. Many of the Queen's children and their spouses were present.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 5 July 1890, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a–7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900705/038/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; The dancing commenced shortly after the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at 11:00.

=== 1890 July 15, Tuesday ===

==== Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen ====
The beginning of the ''Morning Post'' article, which is followed by a very long list of people invited:&lt;blockquote&gt;Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a garden party at Marlborough House yesterday afternoon to meet the Queen.

Her Majesty was accompanied by their Royal Highnesses the Princesses Victoria and Margaret of Prussia, and was attended by the Duchess of Roxburghe, Miss M'Neill, the Hon. Evelyn Moore, the Hon. Bertha Lambert, and Major-General Sir Henry Ewart and Major F. A. Bigge. Madlle. De Perpigna was in attendance on the Princesses Victoria and Margaret.

The following were present: — Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh and Prince Alfred, and the Princesses Marie, Victoria, Alexandra, and Beatrice of Edinburgh; their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Prince Arthur, and the Princesses Margaret and Patricia of Connaught; their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Princess Victoria and Princess Louisa of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and the Marquis of Lorne.

Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, her Royal Highness the Princess Frederica and the Baron von Pawell-Rammingen, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck and Princess Victoria of Teck, his Royal Highness the Duke d'Orleans and Princess Hélène d'Orleans, his Imperial Highness Don Pedro Augustus of Coburg and Braganza, his Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen and their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countesses Gleichen, and Count Gleichen.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Garden Party at Marlborough House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 15 July 1890, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900715/044/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 19 July 1890, Saturday ===

==== Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner ====
This report from the ''Fife Free Press'' is missing a big piece of the 2nd paragraph, where the bridesmaids' and bride's dresses are described, because the page was damaged. The digitized copy is also generally poor.&lt;blockquote&gt;On Saturday forenoon, in Michael’s Church, Chester Square, London, was celebrated the marriage of Lord Loughhorough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn with Miss Violet Aline Vyner, younger daughter of Mr R. C. Vyner, of Fairfield, Yorkshire. The chancel was beautifully decorated with palms and a profusion of lilies most artistically arranged. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge. Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess and the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria, and the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone were among those present.

The wedding party began to arrive at 11 o’clock, the bridesmaids being early in attendance. They were the Ladies Sybil and Angela St Clair Erskine, sisters of the bridegroom; Lady Anne Lambton, Miss Musgrave, Miss Rachel Gurney, and Miss Fleming. They were charmingly dressed in soft cream crepon, with violet velvet Zoave jackets, forming half sleeves and capes at the back, and pretty turn-down collars and cravats of white mosseline [mousseline?] chiffon, and the skirts were very plainly made. They wore large white hats lined with a band of violet velvet near the face, and trimmed on the crown with white ostrich plumes, a bunch of violets fastening the brim at the back. Each wore a brooch — the St Clair cross in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of the latter, and surmounted by a baron’s cornet of the same precious stones — the gift of the bri[degroom]; and carried a bouquet of Marechal Niel [roses?] ...ging sprays of the same, and tied w... ribbons. The bride entered the ... eleven o’clock, being received at ... father, who led her to the cha... her away. The service be... procession was preceded up ... choir, who sang &quot;The voic...&quot; The bride’s dress was ... with a long court train, ... white velvet being embro... ...und the train, and fasten... ...ver true lover’s knot. The picture... ...gh silver waistband, had full slee... mousseline chiffon; and a small ... blossoms was most becomingly arra... with a long tulle veil. The Earl of Chesterfield discharged the duties of best man.

The Rev. Canon Fleming, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen and Vicar of St Michael's, performed the marriage rite, assisted by the Rev. Edgar Sheppard, Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal, and the Rev. J. Thomson, of Rosslyn, near Edinburgh. The hymn “Thine for ever! For of love,” was sung the end of the service. Canon Fleming afterwards delivered a most impressive address. After the benediction the clergy and bride and bridegroom passed to the vestry, the Prince of Wales following with Mrs Vyner. Pretty wedding favours of orange blossoms, Parma violets, and white heather were then distributed amongst the congregation.

Mr and Mrs Vyner afterwards welcomed the wedding party at Ashburnham House, Dover-street. The ''dejeuner'' was served in three rooms, one being reserved for the bride and bridegroom and the Royal party. The table in the latter room was decorated with several of Mr Vynet's racing trophies. The band of the Grenadier Guards performed in the garden during the reception. The Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Teck and Princess Victoria were present at the breakfast, and among the general company were Count Munster and Countess Maria Munster, the Marchese and Marchesa de Montagliari, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ripon, the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquis of Northampton, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the Dowager Marchioness of Conyngham and Lady Blanche Conyngham, the Marchioness of Downshire, the Countess of Rosslyn, Earl and Countess Compton, the Earl of Feversham, the Earl of Durham, the Countess of Coventry and the Ladies Coventry, Countess Howe and Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Yarborough, the Earl of Clonmell, the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, the Countess of Kilmorey, Countess de Grey, Viscount Molyneux, the Bishop of Gibraltar and Mrs Sandford, Viscountess de Labrosse and Mdles. de Labrosse, Lord Greenock, Lord and Lady Algernon Lennox, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Lady Julia Wombwell and Miss Wombwell, Hon. Lady Campbell of Blythswood, Lady Constance Harris, Lady Florence Harris, Lord and Lady Burghley, Lady Dorchester, Lord Houghton, Lady Curzon, Lady Brougham and Vaux and Miss Musgrave, Baron de Hirsch, Helen Lady Forbes and the Misses Forbes, Baroness Burdett Coutts and Mr Burdett Coutts, M.P., Lady Astley, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lord and Lady Brooke and Hon. Leopold and Hon. Marjorie Greville, Lady Dalton Fitzgerald and Miss Payne, Lord Elcho, Lady Willoughby de Eresby and the Misses Willoughby, Lady Ewart, Lady Hindlip, Lady Cecilia Rose, Lord Rowton, Lord Capell, Lady Mabel Compton, Lord and Lady Herries, Lady Sykes, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lady Ventry and Hon. Miss de Moleyns, Hon. Lady Knollys, Lady Manners, Hon. Lady Drummond and Misses Drummond, Hon. Sydney Greville, Hon. Assheton Harbord, Hon. Derek Keppel, Hon. Captain Bourke, Hon. Mrs Percy Mitford, Hon. Philip Harbord, Hon. and Rev. L. Tyrwhitt, Hon. Coralie Glyn, Hon. M. Lambton, Hon L. Greville, Hon. Alwyn Greville, Hon[.] Eva Greville, Hon. Frances Dawnay, Hon Evelyn Paget, Hon Mrs Algernon Grosvcnor, Hon and Mrs Lambton. Hon. Mrs Evelyn Pelham, Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], Hon. W. Maxwell, Hon. G. and Mrs Dawnay, Hon. Captain Lambton, General Sir Seymour Blane, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir Archibald and Miss Edmunstone, Sir Henry and Lady Meysey Thompson, Mrs Gladstone, Mr and Lady Margaret Cameron, Mr and Lady Florence Astley, Mr and Lady Elizabeth Melville Cartwright and Miss Melville Cartwright, General and Mrs Duff and Miss Duff, General Owen Williams, Colonel and Mrs Anstruther Thompson, Colonel Stopford Sackville, Colonel Craig, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Forester, Colonel Stanley Clarke (in attendance on the Prince of Wales) and Miss Clarke, Major Davidson, Canon and Mrs Fleming, Captain St John Mildmay (in attendance on the Duke of Cambridge), Captain and Mrs FitzGeorge, Mrs William Portal, the Sub Dean of the Chapels Royal, Rev. W. M. and Mrs Wollaston, Rev. R. West, Mr and Miss Chamberlain. Mr and Mrs W. H. Grenfell, Mr Christopher Sykes, M.P., Mr Reuben Sassoon, Mr Arthur Sassoon, Mrs Bischoffsheim, Mr and Mrs Herbert Naylor Leyland, Dr and Mrs Anderson, Mrs Oswald, Mr and Mrs Surtees, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr and Mrs Menzies, Miss Willoughby and Miss Gertrude Willoughby, Mr Arthur Paget, Miss Christie, Mr Dowdall, Mrs Eastwood and the Misses Eastwood, Mr Frederick Warre, Mr William Williamson, Mrs Burton, Mrs Chaine, Captain and Mrs Livesey Wardle, Captain A. R. Hill, Miss Helby, Mrs and Miss Winslow, Mr and Miss Oswald, Mr Willoughby, Mr Quintin Hume, Mr F and Miss Fitzherbert, Mrs and Miss F. Hotham, Mr and Mrs Moreton Frewin, Mrs Charles Otway, Mr Calcraft, Mr Watson, Mr Fennick, Mr Montgomery, Mr Cecil Murray, Mr and Mrs Sneyd, Mr Leslie Stephen, Mr Edgar Sebright, Miss Fleetwood Wilson, Mrs and Miss Farmer of Nonsuch, Mr and Mrs Dennistoun and Miss Dennistoun, Mr and Mrs J. R. Lane Fox and Miss Lane Fox, &amp;c. 

The bride and bridegroom left early in the afternoon for Easton Lodge, Dunmow, the seat of Lord and Lady Brooke, in Essex, where they will spend the honeymoon. The bride travelled in a costume of biscuit coloured armure silk, the top of the bodice and sleeves being of pale pink mousseline de soie, and the lower part of the former inserted with pink velvet ribbons to form a high band, Tuscan straw-hat trimmed with pink crepe de chine, and biscuit feathers. The presents exceeded four hundred in number. The Prince of Wales presented the bride with a trefoil moonstone and diamond brooch and the bridegroom with a sapphire and diamond pin. The Princess of Wales's gift the bridegroom was a silver-necked claret jug. The Duke of Cambridge gave an amethyst and diamond pendant, and the bridegroom a pair of silver gilt candlesticks; and Princess Mary and the Duke of Teck presented the bride with a silver sugar basin. The bridegroom’s gifts to the bride were a diamond and sapphire watch bracelet, a diamond half-hoop ring, diamond brooch with pearl centre, diamond and turquoise brooch, formed of the St Clair badge in rubies and diamonds set in a circle of diamonds, surmounted by a baron’s coronet in the same precious stones, a large salts bottle with two heart-shaped moonstones set with rubies and diamonds and a silver sugar basin. The bride presented Lord Loughborough with a turquoise and diamond stud. The Earl of Rosslyn presented the bride with diamond necklet. The Countess of Rosslyn’s gifts were diamond orchid brooch and a pink feather fan. Mr R. C. Vyner’s gifts to his daughter were a diamond and pearl tiara and gold mounted dressing case, and Mrs Vyner gave her a sapphire and diamond ring. The Marchioness of Stafford gave a ruby and diamond pin; Lady Mary Vyner antique diamond tiara; the Ladies Angela and Sybil Erskine sapphire and diamond bracelet; Hon. Fitzroy St Clair Erskine with &quot;1890&quot; in rubies and diamonds; Lord and Lady A. Compton large diamond star; the Earl of Rosslyn presented his son with a large silver bowl and two silver dishes; the Countess of Rosslyn's present was a travelling bag; Mr Vyner gave him a luncheon basket; Mrs Vyner a silver ''entree'' dish; the Marchioness of Stafford case containing silver coffee and tea pots, urn and stand, sugar basin, and cream jug; Lord and Lady Brooke four antique silver sauce boats; Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon ['''Col. 1c–2a'''] Lennox three antique silver ''entree'' dishes. The Earl of Rosslyn's Fifeshire tenants presented Lord Loughborough with a beautiful antique silver bowl, two antique silver dessert dishes, and two antique sugar castors; and to the bride they gave an antique silver tea service. The congregation of Rosslyn Chapel presented the bridegroom with a complete and elegant writing set, whilst Lord Rosslyn's servants gave him a silver inkstand and pair of silver candlesticks. Mr Vyner's servants presented the bride with a silver salver and six ''liqueur'' cups. The servants of Newby Hall gave a silver coffee pot, and Mr Vyner’s Cheshire tenants presented a case containing silver tea pot, sugar basin, and cream jug. The bride also received from the Duchess of Portland a travelling bag; the Duchess de Luynes, sapphire and diamond ring; the Duke of Westminister, Indian necklace; the Marquis of Northampton, diamond bracelet; the Marquis of Ripon, sapphire and diamond bracelet; the Marchioness of Ripon, turquoise and diamond bangle, the Earl of Durham, a diamond half hoop bracelet; Earl and Countess Cowper, a diamond &quot;V V” brooch; Dowager Viscountess Downe, moonstone and diamond crescent; Lady Skyes [Sykes] ruby and diamond fish brooch; Lady Millbank, sapphire and diamond brooch Lord Douglas Compton, double heart brooch; Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, gold curb chain bracelet set with pearls; Earl and Countess Compton, bangle with “Vi” and “good luck” on it; the Duke and Duchess of St Albans, tea service with table; the Marchioness Conyngham, silver cream jug; the Marchioness of Tavistock, silver vase; the Countess of Rodin, a silver I bowl; the Countess of Yarborough, silver candlesticks; Viscountess Downe, silver tea caddie; Lady de Trafford, gold mounted salts bottle; the Hon. F. Dawnay, large silver candlesticks[;] Hon. F and Lady Lampton, travelling clock; Hon. W. Lambton, silver candlesticks; Sir R. and Lady Graham, silver salver; Sir Roderick and Miss Cameron, two silver dishes; General Williams, diamond bangle; Colonel and Mrs G. FitzGeorge, gold mounted bottle; Major and Mrs Egerton, pair of silver candlesticks; Major Stuart Wortley, diamond Swallow; Major Davidson, heart-shaped brooch in coral and diamonds; Captain and Lady Cecilia Rose, a brougham; Mr Beaumont, silver bowl; Miss Edmonstone, moonstone and diamond hat pins; Mrs Harris, sapphire and diamond bracelet; Mr Egerton, turquoise and diamond brooch; Sir Cecil Murray, sapphire and diamond pin; Mr A. Farquharson, diamond swallow brooch; Mr and Mrs Hulse, two small silver vases; Miss Fleetwood Wilson, diamond bangle; Mrs A. Wilson, tortoiseshell candlestick; Mr Quintin Hume, salts bottle mounted with diamonds and rubies; Miss Helbert, gold violet pin; Mr Chamberlain, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Arthur Coventry, gold mounted bottle with &quot;Vi&quot; in diamonds; Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, diamond hand brooch, together with a number of other gifts. Among the presents to the bridegroom were — from the Marchioness of Downshire, antique silver sugar sifter; the Marquis of Exeter, silver sandwich case; the Marchioness of Bath, antique Dutch silver box; the Marquis of Downshire, a gold pencil; Count Munster, cigarette case and match box; Count Alexander Munster, a hunting flask; the Countess of Lindsay, antique silver pen-tray; the Earl of Mar and Kellie, silver matchbox; the Earl and Countess of Loudoun, silver cigarette box; the Earl of Chesterfield, antique silver gilt inkstand; the Countess of Bradford, gold seal with agate; the Countess of Warwick, antique silver bowl; the Earl of Coventry, silver pen-tray; the Countess of Wharncliffe, two silver candlesticks; the Earl and Countess of Cromartie, two antique silver cups; Viscountess of Newport, silver paper knife; Mr and Mrs A. Sassoon, ruby and diamond pin; Lord John Cecil, silver salver; Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby, antique silver-mounted cruet stand; Lord William Nevtll, antique brandy carrier; Lady Margaret Spicer, silver match box; Lord Burghley, four silver salt cellars and spoons; Baron de Hirch [Hirsch?], silver inkstand; Lady W. E. Osborne Elphinstone, silver inkstand; Lord Kesteven, silver cream jug; Lord Capell, silver cigarette case; Lord and Lady Gerard, tortoiseshell and silver travelling clock; Lady Lilian Wemyss, silver cigarette case; Dad Alwyne Compton, umbrella containing matchbox and whistle; Lord and Lady Lennox, two antique silver ''entree'' dishes and bacon dish; Lord Burghersh, silver cigarette lighter; Lady Angela 8t Clair Erskine, four silver salt cellars; Lady Randolph Churchill, gold pencil case, with two sapphires; Lord Houghton, antique gold basket; Lady Sybil St Clair Erskine, umbrella; Lord and Lady Dorchester, large crystal seal; Hon. Derek P. Keppel, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. E. and Mrs Pelham, silver inkstand; Hon. G. N. Curzon, silver gilt bowl; Hon. F. St Clair Erskine, four silver candle-sticks; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. A. and Mrs Bourke]], four small silver dessert dishes; Hon. Mrs Elliot Yorke, pair of silver candlesticks; Hon. Mr and Mrs L. Greville, tortoise-shell and silver box; Hon. R Somerset, diamond and pearl pin; Hon. G. H. Willoughby, silver ink-stand; Hon. H. and Mrs Grosvenor, umbrella; [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]], enamel and diamond pin; Captain Hon. Maurice Bourke, cigarette case and lighter; Hon. W. Maxwell, silver-backed clothes and hat brushes; Hon. Sidney Greville, saltspoons; Hon. M. C. Maxwell Scott, two silver ''menu'' plates; Hon. W. Edwardes, pin; [[Social Victorians/People/Greville|Captain Hon. A.]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Mrs Greville]], silver gilt bowl, fork, spoon, and ladle; Sir Frederick Milner, diamond and moonstone pin; Sir George Chetwynd, two long silver flagons; Sir M. and Lady Fitzgerald, two silver saltspoons; Sir N. Gordon Gumming, silver-handled paper knife, &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 24 July 1890, Thursday ===

==== Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington ====
Perhaps the date on this is uncertain, since the article in ''Truth'' would suggest it was held in late May or early June. The newspaper story in the ''Queen'' mentions another occasion in which the flowers were notable as well.

From ''Truth'':&lt;blockquote&gt;
But not a quarter of a mile distant [from a dinner and dance hosted by Lord Rothschild featuring Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne] a more important event was proceeding, for Lord Alington, having previously walked down the Row and invited his friends right and left to Alington House, South Audley-street, proceeded to give a dance which was honoured by the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princesses Victoria and Maud, the Duke of Clarence, Princess Mary Adelaide, and Princess &quot;May&quot; and Prince and Princess Christian. This without exaggeration, with the exception of Lady Leconfield's, Lady Willoughby de Eresby's, and Lady Cadogan's, was the best ball hitherto given this season, and the prolific way ortolans [small songbirds regarded as a delicacy] were distributed at supper will long linger in the memories of those by whom these delicacies are cherished. One lady displayed her enthusiastic appreciation by devouring five of these, and it is to be hoped her devotion did not endanger her life. As for beauty, seldom before have so many pre-eminent for good looks been present at one gathering, as a mere enumeration of a few of these will prove. Of course the Duchess of Leinster heads the list, followed in quick succession by the Duchess of Portland, Lady de Grey, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Dudley, Lady Kilmorey, Lady Brooke, Lady de Trafford, Lady Helen Duncombe, Lady Hilda Dundas, Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, Lady Olivia Taylour, Miss Rachael Gurney, Lady Cardross, Miss Bourke, Lady Rose Leigh and her sister-in-law, Miss Leigh, Miss Berens (sister to Lady Cairns), Mrs. Ralph Sneyd, Lady Gerard, and a host of others far too numerous to mention. I often wonder that no painter has yet attempted to give us in one picture a permanent record of the chief beauties of our day. It would make a most interesting and exquisite group of lovely women, such as could not be found probably in any other country than this.&lt;ref&gt;Marmaduke, pseud. &quot;Letters from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 12 June 1890, Thursday: 26 [of 56], Col. 1a–b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18900612/064/0026. Same print title, p. 1212.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
From the ''Queen'':&lt;blockquote&gt;The P&lt;small&gt;RINCE AND&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;RINCESS OF&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ALES&lt;/small&gt; and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;LINGTON&lt;/small&gt; by their presence at D&lt;small&gt;INNER&lt;/small&gt;, at A&lt;small&gt;LINGTON&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;OUSE&lt;/small&gt;, South Audley-street, on the 24th ult., when a distinguished party was present to meet them, including, among others, the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl  of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the EarI of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, and Earl Annesley. Covers were laid for sixty. Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters. As on the previous occasion, the floral decorations were exquisite. The entrance hall and the approaches to the reception rooms were decorated with tall palms and a profusion of lilies, pelargoniums, ferns in every variety, and roses in every imaginable shade. The conservatories at the back were carpeted and furnished luxuriously, and blocks of ice, lighted by fairy lamps, were placed about with artistic effect, serving to keep the atmosphere cool and fresh. Feathery palms, hydrangeos [hydrangeas] and arums were here used freely, and a particularly pretty result was obtained by the windows being framed, one in a fringe of ferns and red pelargoniums, and the other in ferns and fuschias. The ballroom fireplaces were adorned on each side with palms reaching to the ceiling, the mantelpieces being hidden by a delicate arrangement of roses in various shades springing from banks of hydrangeas, calceolarias, pelargoniums, and marguerites, and the walls of the staircase leading from the conservatory to the ball-room were hung with half-balls of floral roses. The supper was served in the dining-room, the tables being embellished with the loveliest orchids and roses of the most delicate tints, intermixed with pancretia; the arrangement was so light and elegant that it was difficult to believe that hands had ever touched the flowers. On those tables with silver candelabra in the centre, the flowers were all pure white, and those having gold candelabra were treated with mauve orchids and the palest pink and yellow roses. A tent, arranged near the conservatory for the Prince of Wales, was draped with Oriental hangings, and outside were groups of flowers and myriads of fairy lamps. The company began to arrive at eleven o'clock, when dancing commenced to the strains of the Blue Hungarian Band. The Princess of Wales was dressed in white striped satin and silk, the front being embroidered in pale shades, and wore handsome diamond ornaments. The Princesses Victoria and Maud wore white tulle over satin, the front being sprinkled all over with tiny sprays of lilies of the valley, each laid on a single leaf. The Duchess of Wellington was in black satin, with a pink sash arranged very prettily across the back of the bodice, and falling to the feet; a cluster of pink flowers and a beautiful diamond spray were fastened in the front of the bodicea and a diamond rivière was arranged in the hair, a diamond necklace being also worn. The Duchess of Westminster was in white satin trimmed with gold embroidery, and veiled in white chiffon. The Marchioness of Ormonde wore white striped brocade and satin trimmed with white lace, and a splendid diamond tiara and other ornaments. Countess de Grey, palest blue satin, with front beautifully embroidered in beads, and a diamond and pearl coronet. Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, white brocade and lace, with splendid diamond and emerald ornaments. The Marchioness of Bath, cream an violet brocaded velvet, the front being covered with mauve [38, Col. 3c – 39, Col. 1a] violets. Lady Mary Mills, rose-pink satin, with front richly embroidered; Lady Cardross, white satin, trimmed round the bodice and train with silver embroidery; Lady William Nevill, pale yellow brocade, the front veiled with black net, trimmed up the side with jet leaves, and all round the skirt was a bordering of Maréchal Niel roses, over a flounce of black net; Countess Granville wore rich white brocade and beautiful jewels; the Countess of Sefton, black satin and diamonds; Viscountess Dungan, white mousseline de soie, the skirt edged with a deep flounce; Lady Brooke, pale blue satin, trimmed with silver; Lady Emma Crichton, white satin train, with front of white lisse, prettily embroidered in red; Lady Idina Brassey, pale mauve bengaline, with front of chiffon and a handsome diamon coronet; Lady Rose Molyneux, white cross crêpe de Chine, with a pale green sash, and prettily trimmed with pink roses; Lady Wimborne, pale grey satin; the Hon. Miss Guest, pink satin, veiled with white net, sparkling with silver; Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, white satin, with a chiffon frill; Lady Chesham, white silk, with pink roses; the Countess of Normanton, pale grey satin, with front of fine old lace; Mrs Hulse, handsome white brocade, diamond tiara, &amp;c.; Mrs Bischoffsheim, white silk, embroidered with silver, and trimmed round the bottom of the skirt and train with a ruche of pale yellow crèpe; the Hon. Muriel Brassey, white chiffon, over satin, slightly trimmed with pink; and the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Mrs Algernon Bourke]] was in pink, with magnificent diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 2 August 1890, Saturday: 38, Col. 3c – 39 [of 82], Col. 1a–1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18900802/237/0038 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18900802/237/0039. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', pp. 170–171.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This is the story from the ''Morning Post'':&lt;blockquote&gt;The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Princesses Victoria and Maud honoured Lord Alington by their company at dinner last evening at Alington House, South Audley-street. The guests present to meet their Royal Highnesses comprised the Duke and Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Hartington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Earl and Countess Cadogan and Lady Emily Cadogan, the Earl and Countess of Lucan and Lady Rosaline Bingham, the Earl of Hardwicke, the Countess of Dudley and Lady Edith Ward, the Earl of Chesterfield, Earl Annesley, the Earl of Stradbroke and Lady Hilda Rous, Lord and Lady Gerard, Lady Norreys, Lord Rowton, Lord Calthorpe, Lord Frederick Hamilton, Lord Charles Montagu, Lord Herbert Vane Tempest, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Lilian Wemyss, Colonel the Hon. Oliver Montagu, Sir John and Lady Lister Kaye, the Hon. Humphrey and Lady Feodore Sturt, the Hon. John Baring, the Hon. Henry and the Hon. Julia Stonor, the Hon. Gilbert Willoughby, Lady Suffield and Major-General Ellis, in waiting on the Prince and Princess of Wales; Sir Henry Calcraft, Mr. and Lady Rose Leigh, General and Mrs. Owen Williams, Mr. Mildmay, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon, Mr. Montague Guest, Captain Orr-Ewing, Mrs. Bulkeley, Mr. Ricardo, and Mr. Caryl Craven.

Lord Alington afterwards gave a dance expressly to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales.

Among the company were— The Russian Ambassador, the Danish Minister, Prince Louis Esterhazy, Comte Costa de Beaunyardt, the Duchess of Buccleuch and Lady Evelyn Fitzmaurice, the Duchess of Westminster, the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Spencer Churchill, the Duchess of Wellington and Lady Cardross, the Marquis and Marchioness of Granby and Miss Bourke, the Marchioness of Stafford and Lady Sybil St. Clair Erskine, the Marchioness of Bath and Lady Beatrice Thynne, the Marquis of Cholmondeley, the Marquese and Marquesa de Santurce and Lady Wilham Nevill, Countess Spencer, Countess Granville and Lady Victoria Leveson-Gower, Countess de Grey, the Earl of Dunraven, the Countess of Lathom and Lady Edith Wilbraham, the Countess of Enniskillen and Lady Christian Cole, the Earl of Ilchester, the Earl of Durham and Lady Anne Lambton, the Earl of Dalkeith and Lord Ernest Scott, the Countess of Sefton and Lady Rose Molyneux, Countess Howe and the Ladies Curzon, the Countess of Normanton and Lady Mary Agar and Miss Mary Liddell, Earl Craven, Viscount Clifden, Viscount Ennismore and Lady Beatrice Hare, Viscount Coke and the Hon. Violet White, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse and the Hon. Susan Baring, Viscountess Newport and the Hon. Miss Bruce, Viscount and Viscountess Melgund, Viscount and Viscountess Curzon, Viscount and Lady Violet Dangan and Lady Eva Wellesley, Viscount Dungarvan, Viscount Chelsea, Viscount Royston, Lady Hastings, Lord Capell, Lord and Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Hon. Margaret Willoughby, Lady Cloncurry and Hon. Miss Winn, Lord and Lady Brooke, Lady Wimborne and Hon. Miss Guest, Lord Sandhurst, Lord and Lady Edmund Talbot, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton and Miss Gurney, Lord and Lady Chesham, Lady Rossmore and Miss Naylor, Lord Kenyon, Lord Garioch, Lady Alice Portal, Lady Margaret Levett and the Ladies Ashley, Lady W. Nevill, Lord Paulet, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Forbes and Misses Forbes, Lady Claud Hamilton, Lord Carlow, Lady Mary Mills, Lord Lurgan, Lord Henry Vane Tempest, Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox, Lord Richard Nevill, the Hon. W. Coventry, the Hon. G. Joliffe, the Hon. Schomberg M'Donnell, the Hon. H. Coventry, Captain the Hon. E. Dawson, the Hon. Alistair and Mrs. Hay, the Hon. Mrs. Grosvenor, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke]], the Hon. F. Dawnay, the Hon. E. J. Mills, the Hon. A. Johnstone, the Hon. Claude Hay, the Hon. Sidney Greville, the Hon. Mr. Dundas and Lady Hilda Dundas, the Hon. Thomas and Lady Idina Brassey and the Hon. Muriel Brassey, the Hon. Mr. Mansfield, Colonel the Hon. Henry Byng and Miss Byng, the Hon. Mrs. Oliphant, the Hon. Mr. Harbord, the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P., the Hon. G. Somerset, Sir William Gordon Cumming, Sir George Arthur, Sir Hubert Miller, Sir Charles Forbes, Sir William and Lady Eden, Sir George Chetwynd, Sir Frederick Johnstone, Sir John D. Poynder, Colonel and Lady Emma Crichton, the Hon. Miss Harbord, Captain and Lady Jane Combe, Colonel Paget, Captain Williams, Captain Ford, Captain Doyle, Captain Hanbury, Captain Campbell, Captain Constable, Captain Kinloch, Captain Longfield, M. Gutmansthal, Mrs. Bingham, Mr. Guthrie, Mrs. Arthur Paget, Mrs. Charles Wilson and Miss Wilson, Mr. Hulse, M.P., and Mrs. Hulse, Mr. de Murrieta, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Mr. Spencer Portal, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Paget, Mr. Leigh and Miss Leigh, Mr. Percy Daniell, Mr. Lister, Mr. Frederick Vincent, Mr. Cazalet, Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, Mr. John Savile Lumley, Mr. and Mrs Leopold de Rothschild, Mr. and Mrs. Skeffington Smith and Miss Taylor, Mrs. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. Alfred Farquhar, [[Social Victorians/People/Fanny Ronalds|Mr. Reginald Ronalds]], Miss Alice Ellice, Mr. George Marjoribanks, Mr. Wyndham, Mr. Dugdale, Mr. Montagu, Mrs. Sneyd, Mr. Wynn, Mr. Edward Hamilton, Mr. Murray Guthrie, Mr. George Lambert, Mrs. Sanford, Miss Mabel Forbes. Mr. Herbert Magniac, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Milner, Mr. Charles Kindersley, Mr. Beaumont, Mr. Walter Hervey, Mr. H. Hoare, Mr. Foley, Mr. Scott Murray, Mr. Coventry, Mr. Bertie, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Guthrie, Mr. George Cavendish Bentinck, Mr. E. Charteris, Mr. Cholmondeley, Mr. Oswald Magniac, Mr. Cecil Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Oppenheim, Mr. Peploe, Mr. A. Charteris, Mr. Seymour Gore, Mr. Robert Antrobus, Mr. Elliot, M. de Champs, Mr. Wombwell, Mr. Charles Hoare, M.P., and many others.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lord Alington's Ball.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 25 July 1890, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5 b–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18900725/014/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==August 1890==
===6 August 1890, Friday===

==== Beautiful Women ====
The ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' reprinted a story from ''Vanity Fair'' about &quot;Beautiful Women&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;Beautiful Women. — ''Vanity Fair'' asks what country in the world can show a more beautiful bevy of women than England? When Lady Helen Vincent, with her sister, Lady Cynthia Graham; when Lady Warwick with her sisters, the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Westmorland; and when Lady Mar and Kellie, Lady de Trafford, Princess Pless, Lady de Gray[,] Lady Naylor-Leyland, the Duchess of Portland, Lady Alington, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Chelsea, [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Lady Algernon Bourke]], Lady Henry Bentinck, Mrs. Willie Grenfell, Mrs. Rupert Beckett, Mrs. Arthur Paget, and Countess Clary are gathered together it is a sight to make an old man young; while Mrs. Gerard Leigh and her sister, Lady Yarborough, and Lady Powis, Lady Norreys, Mrs Farquharson, Mrs. Willie James, Lady Dalkeith, Mrs. Pretyman, Mrs. Gervase Beckett, Lady Rossmore, Lady Sarah Wilson, Lady Colebrook, Lady Hartopp, Mrs. Willie Walker, and Lady Milton are almost equally admired. The many pretty girls include Miss Enid and Miss Muriel Wilson, who still head the list of the unmarried beauties, Lady Beatrice Butler, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Miss Kennard, Miss Madeline Bourke, and Miss Leila Crichton; while among the debutantes Lady Evelyn Crichton and Lady Vivian's daughters have had a great success, and Lady Alice Montagu, petite and charmingly pretty, has been so much admired. The daughters of Lady Gosford, Lady Verulam, Lady Leitrim, Lady Inchiquin, and Lady Grey have also been admired, as well as Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Katherine Scott, and Miss Chaplin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beautiful Women.&quot; ''Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle'' 6 August 1897, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001804/18970806/023/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===25 August 1890, Monday===
Summer Bank Holiday

==September 1890==
==October 1890==
===22 October 1890, Wednesday===
Arnold Dolmetsch went to the Reading Room (Campbell 22).

===25 October 1890, Saturday===
[[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Loder—De Vere Beauclerk Wedding]]

===31 October 1890, Friday===
Halloween.

==November 1890==
===5 November 1890, Wednesday===
Guy Fawkes Day
===19 November 1890, Wednesday===
Arnold Dolmetsch, with some of his students and his daughter Helene, provided musical illustrations for a lecture given by Dr. Frederick Bridge on &quot;Mozart as Teacher,&quot; probably at Gresham College, where Bridges was professor (Campbell 34).

===21 November 1890, Friday===
Dr. Frederick Bridge's last fall 1890 lecture at Gresham College, for which Dolmetsch provided illustration. Campbell says, &quot;it is, in fact, the first record in modern times of music by Byrd, Dr. Bull, Jenkins, Simpson, Lawes, Locke and Purcell being played 'on the instruments for which it was written'&quot; (Campbell 34).

===25 November 1890, Tuesday===
Arnold Dolmetsch got a three-month pass to the Reading Room and &quot;thereafter held yearly tickets until 1916&quot; (Campbell 22).

==== 1890 November 29, Saturday ====

===== [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|Wedding of Francis Dudley, Lord Leigh and Héléne Forbes Beckwith]] =====

==December 1890==
Sometimes in December 1890, [[Social Victorians/People/William Robert Woodman|William Woodman]], one of the founding members of the [[Social Victorians/Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]], died (Gilbert 86 12).

=== 4 December 1890, Thursday ===

==== [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|Wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]] ====

===19 December 1890, Friday===
&quot;The eleventh annual ''Truth'' Toy Exhibition for the children in London hospitals, workhouses, and infirmaries was held at the Grosvenor Gallery, Bond-street, on Dec. 19 and 20. There are over 22,000 children in these institutions, and each of them has a separate toy, besides the large and more expensive toys which are presented for the general use of the inmates. A special feature of the show was the dolls dressed by lady readers of ''Truth''. Several special donations in connection with the fund have been made, the principal of which is that of 10,200 new sixpences sent for distribution by the same liberal donor who has given a similar present on former occasions; while Mr. Tom Smith has had specially made, and has forwarded for distribution, over 22,000 crackers; and Mr. Horniman (as stated in our last issue) has given to the adults in hospitals and workhouses 1200 packets of tea, to be given to them as Christmas boxes.&quot; (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 27, 1890; pg. 806; Issue 2697, Col. B)

===20 December 1890, Saturday===
&quot;In order that the adults connected with the hospitals and workhouses may participate in the good things given to the children in the ''Truth'' toy distribution, Mr. F. J. Horniman, of Wormwood-street, City, has sent Mr. Labouchere 1200 packets of tea to be given to them as a Christmas box.&quot; (Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, December 20, 1890; pg. 774; Issue 2696, Col. B) 

From the ''Times'', 22 December 1890, &quot;The Late Sir Edgar Boehm&quot;: &lt;blockquote&gt;On Saturday, in accordance with the special request of the Queen, the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A., was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral, in the south aisle of the crypt, the spot being known as “The Painters Corner.” [new paragraph] The funeral cortége left the residence of the deceased at about 11 o’clock, there being five mourning and several private carriages. In the first carriage were the chief mourners, Sir Edgar Collins Boehm, the only son of the late baronet, and Mr. Conrad Herapath. The second and third carriages were occupied by Sir Frederic Leighton, P.R.A., Sir Nigel Kingscote, Mr. Richard Mills, Colonel Francis Baring, Mr. Alma-Tadema, R.A., Sir R. H. Collins, Mr. Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and Mr. Duncan MacGregor, all of whom subsequently, at the cathedral, acted as pall bearers. The fourth carriage contained representatives of the Council of the Royal Academy – Mr. Edwin Long, R.A., Mr. J. B. Burgess, R.A., Mr. F. Goodall, R.A., and Mr. Beavis. In the fifth carriage were the following members of the professional staff of the deceased – Mr. R. Glassby, Mr. E. Lantéri, Signor Finili, and Herr Gross. The cortége stopped for a few moments at the Royal Academy, in order that it might be joined by two carriages containing other representatives of the institution. Leaving Piccadilly, the route taken was Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, Cockspur-street, the Strand, Fleet-street, and Ludgate-hill, the cathedral being reached about noon.

The procession was met at the great west door by Canon Gregory, the Archdeacon of London, the Rev. Dr. Baker, Minor Canons Milman, Russell, and Kelly, and the choir, who had a few minutes previously left the vestry; by Major Bigge, Equerry to the Queen, representing her Majesty; Colonel Stanley Clarke, who attended on behalf of the Prince and Princess of Wales; and Colonel W. J. Colville, representing the Duke of Edinburgh. The [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Marchioness of Lorne) attired in deep mourning, and accompanied by [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Lieut.-Col. Arthur Collins]] and Lady Sophia Macnamara, arrived at the cathedral a few minutes before 12 o’clock, and was conducted to a seat in the south side of the nave, close to the late Sir Edgar Boehm’s two daughters, upon whom her Royal Highness had called earlier in the morning. As the procession came slowly up the nave towards the chancel, “I am the resurrection of life” and other sentences of the burial service were chanted to music by Dr. Croft. The coffin, which was completely hidden by splendid wreaths, was preceded by the choristers and the clergy. Then followed Sir E. C. Boehm, with Mr. Conrad Herapath and Mr. Alfred Gilbert, A.R.A., the officers and council of the Royal Academy, and members of the deceased’s studio. The coffin was deposited upon a bier, which had been placed under the dome in front of the opening into the crypt, through which the body was subsequently lowered. The mourners having been conducted to the seats which had been reserved for them, and the clergy and choir having proceeded to their places in the chancel, Psalms xxxix. and xc. Were sung to music by Purcell and Felton, followed by Spohr’s anthem, “Blest are the departed,” and the lesson 1 Cor. Xv. 20, which was read by Canon Gregory. Whilst the hymn “Days and moments quickly flying” was being sung the Archdeacon of London and Minor Canon Milman proceeded from the chancel and took up positions by the side of the coffin. The remainder of the service preceding and following the lowering of the body into the crypt was read by Minor Canon Milman, and the collect was impressively recited by Archdeacon Sinclair. The late Dr. Newman’s beautiful hymn, “Lead kindly light,” was afterwards sung by the choir, and the service was brought to a close by Beethoven’s Funeral March, which was played in compliance with the special request of her Majesty, at whose desire also Chopin’s Funeral March had preceded the service. Dr. Martin was the organist.

While Beethoven’s march was being played the son and daughters of the late “Sculptor in ordinary to her Majesty,” together with other mourners, descended the crypt by the door near Howard’s monument, and saw the coffin for the last time. It bore the following inscription:- “Joseph Edgar Boehm. Born July 6, 1834; died at his work December 12, 1890. Thy will be done.” The coffin had already been deposited in the brick grave prepared for it, which is next to that of Sir Edwin Landseer. Immediately around it lie the remains of painters and sculptors of bygone days – Sir Joshua Reynolds, James Barry, Benjamin West, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, J. M. W. Turner, and John Henry Foley, while within half-a-dozen yards is the tomb of the great architect of the cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren. The coffin as last seen was covered by the floral tributes of loving friends, the symbolic laurel wreath forwarded by her Majesty surmounting them. This bore the inscription, “A tribute of gratitude for many beautiful memorial works executed for her. From Victoria, R. I.” Attached to the beautiful wreath sent by the Prince and Princess of Wales were the words, “A token of sincere regard and friendship.” Wreaths were forwarded by other members of the Royal Family, by Sir John and Lady Millais, Lord and Lady Reay, the Countess Sydney, Lord and Lady de Vesci, Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft, by members of the council, students and officers of the Royal Academy, the Society of Artistic Sculptors (Vienna), and by the London Hungarian Association.&quot; (http://glassby.com/Chapter1.htm) &lt;/blockquote&gt;

===24 December 1890, Wednesday===
&quot;The people of South London and adjacent suburbs have to be grateful to Mr. Frederick Horniman, a well-known City merchant residing at Dulwich, for a munificent and beneficial Christmas gift. This gentleman has, during thirty years, formed a collection, worth above £100,000, of specimens of art, European, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese, also of decorative manufactures, and of ethnology and natural history, and rare books and manuscripts, at Surrey House, Forest Hill, which he intends to present to the public. The museum was opened by Sir Morell Mackenzie on Wednesday afternoon, Dec. 24. It already comprises twenty-four rooms, containing many beautiful specimens of horse and chain armour, Elizabethan bed-room furniture, an old English parlour and pantry, an Oriental armoury, a bible and manuscript room, an Egyptian gallery, and ethnographical saloon, a book and embroidery saloon, a porcelain and glass room, and a zoological saloon, with two live Russian bears and a monkey. We may describe the museum further, after another visit. Our Artist has sketched, in the ethnograhical saloon, an idol's shrine, made of cocoanut-fibre, from Fiji. Mr. Horniman, in acknowledging a vote of thanks, said that in an adjoining house he had accumulated a vast library of bibles and entomological works and specimens. It was his intention to build a hall at the back of the present building to contain a thousand persons, while the galleries would contain a library, and a stage would be provided, so that both eye and ear could be amused. He also contemplated buying sufficient land to enable a public body to erect class-rooms and gymnasia. Three cheers were given for Mr. Horniman, and the company proceeded to inspect the museum.&quot; &quot;(Mr. F. Horniman's Museum, Forest Hill.&quot; Illustrated London News (London, England), Saturday, January 03, 1891; pg. 7; Issue 2698, Col. C)

===25 December 1890, Thursday===
Christmas Day
===26 December 1890, Friday===
Boxing Day
==Works Cited==
*&quot;Besant Chronology.pdf.&quot; From Anderson, Nancy Fix, Walter L Arnstein, Deborah Logan, and Susie L Steinbach, Volume Editors. Lives of Victorian Political Figures, Part III: Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Annie Besant and Millicent Garrett Fawcett by their Contemporaries. Volume 3 of Lives of Victorian Political Figures. Series Editors, Nancy LoPatin-Lummis and Michael Partridge. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008.
*Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. Google Books. Accessed 14 October 2010.</text>
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      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
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==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx ''&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>dvs8nigly9zrvz4syyigef9zm1a5fst</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719327</id>
      <parentid>2719325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T15:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11218" sha1="szubvfbyy84f5crteahmv8bvzqfownf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>szubvfbyy84f5crteahmv8bvzqfownf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719328</id>
      <parentid>2719327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:22:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Afrotropical Ctenocerinae</comment>
      <origin>2719328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11420" sha1="cdcwht19ag1jj5aljr61ib03xm3q4o6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>cdcwht19ag1jj5aljr61ib03xm3q4o6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719333</id>
      <parentid>2719328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11475" sha1="5ztr6nopeq020pcedn37ywmb3tdg87m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>5ztr6nopeq020pcedn37ywmb3tdg87m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719345</id>
      <parentid>2719333</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:54:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps) */</comment>
      <origin>2719345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11526" sha1="mqqmwg848igckfb6lcvpqt0inrmdl2h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>mqqmwg848igckfb6lcvpqt0inrmdl2h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719348</id>
      <parentid>2719345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T18:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11599" sha1="q2mx6dbco9rjha5gj218f6g1kdo91fc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>q2mx6dbco9rjha5gj218f6g1kdo91fc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719349</id>
      <parentid>2719348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T18:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11600" sha1="trvzbpmykrfbzf8trrpodvmvu10e75u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb?&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' &lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>trvzbpmykrfbzf8trrpodvmvu10e75u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719353</id>
      <parentid>2719349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T18:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11690" sha1="sh1omh6nntnw09yndmkzehqtpxkexf3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb?&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = Deuteragenia turneri, D. dregei, D. chirindensis, D. bicolor (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' &lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>sh1omh6nntnw09yndmkzehqtpxkexf3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719354</id>
      <parentid>2719353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T18:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11732" sha1="40edmieuvzskds7w8wq31v8fypyc3nr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb?&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395)&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>40edmieuvzskds7w8wq31v8fypyc3nr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719358</id>
      <parentid>2719354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11847" sha1="msqfs9ruw6n12sbr2048lwdfn4if3qe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb?&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (Hormopogonius willowmorensis = Calicurgus willowmorensis Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>msqfs9ruw6n12sbr2048lwdfn4if3qe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719359</id>
      <parentid>2719358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11855" sha1="3g7ptajkgousvk7eu6m4g81yni9d25b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Deuteragenia'' - Key in Arnold, 1934 p.367  - missing from waspweb?&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>3g7ptajkgousvk7eu6m4g81yni9d25b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719360</id>
      <parentid>2719359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11781" sha1="orqofkfh65pzgky8dw7hqn8pcwz0z8k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>orqofkfh65pzgky8dw7hqn8pcwz0z8k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719361</id>
      <parentid>2719360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps) */</comment>
      <origin>2719361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11809" sha1="2ws957oyjvporde3jlzvu3juyun3qdp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, p. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA.&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>2ws957oyjvporde3jlzvu3juyun3qdp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719362</id>
      <parentid>2719361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps) */</comment>
      <origin>2719362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11897" sha1="bukgd82dnkkpzajocc5i2g3ba9uyp8i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, p. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes Trachyglyptus spinosipes Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Poecilagenia'' - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes ''Trachyglyptus spinosipes'' Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
      <sha1>bukgd82dnkkpzajocc5i2g3ba9uyp8i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719363</id>
      <parentid>2719362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:11:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alandmanson</username>
        <id>1669821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
      <origin>2719363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11784" sha1="datl64d8gy194b3klr4xbdeo8q4m30l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, p. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes Trachyglyptus spinosipes Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Spuridiophorus'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719365</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-21T19:30:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Other Afrotropical Pepsinae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11760" sha1="88ftbxmuuslhjwod9o8box4s0k1omsj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Info--&gt;
==Afrotropical Pepsinae==
Pepsinae can be defined by: 
*sternite 2 with a distinct transverse groove;
*mesofemur and metafemur without subapical spine-like setae set in grooves or pits;
*metatibia with apical spine-like setae of uniform length, setae not splayed; and 
*vein Cu1 of fore wing is simple at its base, without any definite downward deflection, i.e. the second discal cell (2D) is without a ‘pocket’.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Brothers1993&gt;Brothers, D. J. &amp; Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143&lt;/ref&gt;

These spider wasps display a range of nesting behaviours: 
*using preexisting cavities;
*using the immobilised spider’s burrow;
*digging a burrow in soil;
*building nests of mud;
*parasitoids; and 
*kleptoparasites.&lt;ref name=Waichert2015&gt; Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., &amp; Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tribe Ageniellini (Mud-nesting Spider Wasps)===

Genus ''Arpactomorpha'' - One Afrotropical species (Uganda)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Auplopus'' - Many Afrotropical species, 36 in SA. Many described as ''Pseudagenia'' in Arnold, 1934.&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Cyemagenia'' - 6 Afrotropical species, 3 in SA. (Arnold, 1934, p. 380-385.)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Dichragenia'' - 3 Afrotropical species, 2 in SA. (in waspweb; Pseudagenia in iNat)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Phanagenia'' - 2 Afrotropical species (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;

Genus ''Poecilagenia'' - 8 Afrotropical species, 4 in SA. - Arnold, 1934, p. 373-377 - includes Trachyglyptus spinosipes Arnold, 1934, p. 377-379&lt;br&gt;

Also in Ageniellini are the genera ''Ageniella'', ''Eragenia'', ''Fabriogenia'', ''Machaerothrix'', ''Macromerella'', ''Paragenia'', ''Priocnemella'' - No Afrotropical spp. indicated in waspweb (2025)

===Other Afrotropical Pepsinae===
''Cryptocheilus'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Cyphononyx '' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.370&lt;br&gt;
''Diplonyx'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Dipogon'' = ''Deuteragenia turneri'', ''D. dregei'', ''D. chirindensis'', ''D. bicolor'' (Arnold, 1934, p. 367-372.)&lt;br&gt;
''Hemipepsis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.318&lt;br&gt;
''Hormopogonius'' (''Hormopogonius willowmorensis'' = ''Calicurgus willowmorensis'' Arnold, 1932 p.395); also ''H. tenuicornis'' Arnold, 1934, p. 379-380&lt;br&gt;
''Java'' &lt;br&gt;
''Micragenia'' - Genus and 2 spp. described in Arnold, 1934 p.286-288.&lt;br&gt;
''Monodontonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
''Phanagenia'' (Madagascar)&lt;br&gt;
''Priocnemis'' - Key in Arnold, 1932 p.379&lt;br&gt;
''Schistonyx'' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Afrotropical Ctenocerinae==
- Key in Arnold, 1932 (Arnold, G. 1932. The Psammocharidae of the Ethiopian region. Part II. Subfamily Claveliinae, Haupt. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 15: 41-122.)&lt;br&gt;

==Eumeninae==
Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:&lt;br&gt;
''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)&lt;br&gt; 
''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;
''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)&lt;br&gt;

==Ants==
'''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)'''

Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23)
Amblyoponinae              7
Dolichoderinae           630
Dorylinae                 1 167
Formicinae            10 396       Camponotus   6 090; Lepisiota 1 046
Myrmicinae              8 484       Crematogaster  1 786;   Pheidole  1 468;   Messor  1 156 
Ponerinae                1 623
Proceratiinae                  3
Pseudomyrmecinae   296


Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' &lt;br&gt;

Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' &lt;br&gt;

Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' &lt;br&gt; 

Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' &lt;br&gt;

Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera&lt;br&gt;

Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' &lt;br&gt;

Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera &lt;br&gt;

Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera  &lt;br&gt;

Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera &lt;br&gt;


&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae 
Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae 
Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae 
Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae
Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae 
Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae  
Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae 
Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae 
AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae 
Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae 
Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae 
Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae 
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== N-P interactions ==
Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770.
'''Abstract'''
Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective.

==Diptera==
===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies===
====Food detection====
*''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. 
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392
*It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
====Courtship====
*Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females.
**https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage
*''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays.
**https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062
*Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata''
**https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x
====Mimics for defense====
*Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae.
**https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ 
*Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging.
**https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612
*Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders.
**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families===
The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:&lt;br&gt;

* '''Carnoidea'''
** Acartophthalmidae         0
** Australimyzidae           0
** Braulidae (bee lice)         1
** Canacidae (beach flies)         3
** Carnidae (bird flies)         0
** Chloropidae (frit flies)         259
** Cryptochetidae              1
** Inbiomyiidae                0
** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Diopsoidea'''
** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)    545
** Gobryidae                   0
** Megamerinidae               0
** Nothybidae                   0
** Psilidae (rust flies)         29
** Somatiidae                   0
** Syringogastridae            0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Ephydroidea'''
** Camillidae  0
** Campichoetidae   0
** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)   15
** Diastatidae 0
** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312
** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Lauxanioidea'''
** Celyphidae (beetle flies)  0
** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)  24
** Cremifaniidae  0
** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies)  710
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Nerioidea'''
** Cypselosomatidae  0
** Fergusoninidae  0
** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)  245
** Neriidae  109
** Strongylophthalmyiidae  0
** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies)  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Opomyzoidea'''
** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161
** Anthomyzidae  3
** Asteiidae  4
** Aulacigastridae  2
** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2
** Marginidae  0
** Neminidae 0 
** Neurochaetidae 0
** Odiniidae  0
** Opomyzidae  4
** Periscelididae  1
** Teratomyzidae  0
** Xenasteiidae  0
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sciomyzoidea''' 
** Coelopidae (kelp flies)  51
** Conopidae (thick-headed flies)  192
** Dryomyzidae  1
** Helcomyzidae  0
** Helosciomyzidae  0
** Heterocheilidae  0
** Huttoninidae  0
** Natalimyzidae  0
** Phaeomyiidae  0
** Ropalomeridae  1
** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)  67
** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)  269
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Sphaeroceroidea'''
** Chyromyidae (golden flies)  19
** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies)  151
** Nannodastiidae  0
** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies)  48
&lt;br&gt;
* '''Tephritoidea'''
** Ctenostylidae  1
** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47
** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies)  5
** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1
** Platystomatidae (signal flies)  683
** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies)  119
** Richardiidae  0
** Tachiniscidae  2
** Tephritidae (fruit flies)  1,759
** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meditation: An Overview and Analysis</title>
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      <text bytes="44785" sha1="7lahw0xxt29sze67rvtrsx8whl3azz6" xml:space="preserve">Aaqib F. Azeez, Old Dominion University

==Abstract==
The literature serves as a historical and scientific overview of meditation. The literature first dives into what the practice is, the history of the practice, and the various forms of meditation. In order to understand the current importance of meditation, the literature reviewed meditation's role in sports and religion (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). Lastly, we reviewed the positive and negative psychological and psychological effects of meditation and extensively analyzed, critiqued, and weighed in a 2017 study highlighting unwanted side effects that were associated with meditation.
== Introduction ==
[[File:Group meditation by East Coast Beach, Singapore.jpg|thumb|left| '''Figure 1''' {{!}} A group of individuals meditate together near a beachfront in Singapore. December 2020.]]

'''Meditation''' is a &quot;mindfulness&quot; technique, where an individual trains their mind to focus on the present moment. This focus may be tailored to the individual's breath, surrounding environment, or artificial audio. Meditation can be practiced as an act of worship, mindfulness, or stress relief. On the left, '''Figure 1''' displays a morning exercise group participating in meditation in Singapore.

=== History ===
[https://surah-al-waqiah.com/ The] word &quot;meditate&quot; comes from the Latin word ''meditatum'' (&quot;to ponder&quot;). The French monk [[w:Guigo_II|Guigo II]] was the first one to use the term &quot;meditatum&quot; in the 12th century AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meditation-History.aspx|title=Meditation History|date=2010-05-18|website=News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The art of meditation has been practiced for centuries but was originally established in India. It is believed that the followers of [[w:Vedanta|Vedanta]], a school of Hindu philosophy, were the first documented case of worshippers practicing meditation in about 1500 BCE. Towards the end of the BCE era, meditation was found in various Indian Buddhist &amp; Chinese Taoist philosophies. [[w:Siddhartha_Gautama|Siddhartha Gautama]], a spiritual leader born in modern-day Nepal, preached Buddhism, a philosophy encouraging several prominent elements of &quot;enlightenment&quot; through meditation. The ''[[w:Tao_Te_Ching|Tao Te Ching]]'', a Taoist philosophical text authored by Laozi around 400 BC, commands its readers to &quot;become totally empty&quot;, &quot;quiet the restlessness of the mind&quot;, and &quot;be still&quot;. Laozi affirms that such a practice would &quot;bring[s] enlightenment&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tm.org/blog/meditation/laozi-and-the-tao-te-ching-the-ancient-wisdom-of-china/|title=Laozi – “His mind becomes as vast and immeasurable as the night sky” {{!}} Transcendental Meditation® Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Through the Silk Road, Western cultures were exposed to the concept of meditation. Records indicate that meditation was integrated in the Jewish religion, but not so much in Christianity. The [[w:Sefer_Yetzirah|Sefer Yetzirah]], one of the earliest Kabbalist texts in Judaism, mentions meditation as a way of &quot;consciously building up a deep sense of your place in relation to the dimensions&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/worship/meditation_1.shtml#:~:text=More%20generally,%20Jewish%20meditation%20is,that%20had%20previously%20been%20%27unconscious%27|title=BBC - Religions - Judaism: The essence of Jewish meditation|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As time went on, meditation continued to be incorporated in the daily lives of various cultures throughout the Asian continent. 
[[File:Swami Vivekananda in London 1895.jpg|thumb| Vivekananda is well known for his speech in the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions convention, where he spoke of Hinduism &amp; religious tolerance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/swami-vivekananda-and-his-1893-speech|title=Swami Vivekananda and His 1893 Speech|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Meditation was introduced in the United States through two prominent Hindu monks, [[w:Swami_Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]] (depicted in '''Figure 2''') &amp; [[w:Paramahansa_Yogananda|Paramahansa Yogananda]]. Both monks performed tours across the US, preaching to the Americans about the teachings of Hinduism. 

The shift in belief that meditation was solely a spiritual practice to a practice that has scientific backing began in the mid-1900s. Starting with clinical studies, meditation opened up the scientific field of [[w:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]. In 2004, a study conducted on Tibetan meditators revealed that meditation had positive effects on neural plasticity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Antoine|last2=Greischar|first2=Lawrence L.|last3=Rawlings|first3=Nancy B.|last4=Ricard|first4=Matthieu|last5=Davidson|first5=Richard J.|date=2004-11-16|title=Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15534199/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=101|issue=46|pages=16369–16373|doi=10.1073/pnas.0407401101|issn=0027-8424|pmid=15534199}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

In today's world, meditation is widely known and is practiced by people all around the world.  

=== Forms of Meditation ===
According to a WebMD.com article (proof-checked by Dan Brennan, MD), the practice of meditation can be broken down into the following: guided meditation, mindfulness meditation, focused meditation, heart-centered meditation &amp; movement meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-are-the-different-types-of-meditation|title=What Are the Different Types of Meditation?|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

'''Guided meditation''' is where the meditator follows a step-by-step guide led by a teacher or instructor. 

'''Mindfulness meditation''' is when the meditator focuses solely on their breath. According to New York Times writer David Gelles, the purpose of mindfulness meditation is to center one's focus on the &quot;present moment&quot; and not necessarily to &quot;empty&quot; one's mind&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/how-to-meditate|title=How to Meditate|last=Gelles|first=David|website=www.nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|language=en-us|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. '''Figure 3''' illustrates a man focusing on his breath as mindfulness meditation entails.
[[File:1 Sannyasi in yoga meditation on the Ganges, Rishikesh cropped.jpg|left|thumb|An Indian man meditating near the Ganges River.]]
'''Focused meditation''', also known as &quot;focused attention meditation&quot; (FAM)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014|title=Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity – A review|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;, centers one's focus on an external element. An example of an external element may be a candle flame or a chant&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. An example of a focused meditation is a &quot;body scan meditation&quot;, where meditators &quot;visualize&quot; parts of their body (starting from the toes to the head). This is preferable for meditators who have trouble focusing on their breath during mindfulness meditation. According to a 2012 study conducted by Wendy Hasenkamp, FAM can improve one's stamina in focusing on one object - though it is not clear if this is specific to FAM or meditation itself&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hasenkamp|first=Wendy|last2=Wilson-Mendenhall|first2=Christine D.|last3=Duncan|first3=Erica|last4=Barsalou|first4=Lawrence W.|date=2012-01|title=Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811911007695|journal=NeuroImage|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=750–760|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.008}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposite of focused meditation is '''open-minded meditation''' (OM), where the meditator opens his awareness to his surroundings. The &quot;focus&quot; in OM meditation is &quot;awareness itself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014-09-23|title=Focused attention, open monitoring, and loving-kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity â€“ A review|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Heart-centered motivation''' or '''loving-kindness meditation''' (LKM&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;) is a form of meditation that is tailored to one's emotions rather than one's mind. One focuses on developing feelings of &quot;self-love&quot;. Once the meditator achieves &quot;self-love&quot;, they may engage their love to things that the meditator disfavors. 

'''Movement meditation''' is a great way of meditation for those who have trouble remaining still for elongated periods. Some excerises mentioned in the WebMD.com article include [[w:yoga|yoga]], [[w:tai chi|tai chi]] and even everyday activities - such as [[w:gardening|gardening]] and [[w:cooking|cooking]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

== Meditation in Sports ==
Mindfulness has proven to positively affect athletic performances as it can reduce stress (through reduced [[w:Cortisol awakening response|salivary cortisol levels]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nien|first=Jui-Ti|last2=Wu|first2=Chih-Han|last3=Yang|first3=Kao-Teng|last4=Cho|first4=Yu-Min|last5=Chu|first5=Chien-Heng|last6=Chang|first6=Yu-Kai|last7=Zhou|first7=Chenglin|date=2020-08-28|title=Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2020/8213710/|journal=Neural Plasticity|language=en|volume=2020|pages=1–12|doi=10.1155/2020/8213710|issn=2090-5904|pmc=PMC7474752|pmid=32908483}}&lt;/ref&gt;), increase concentration levels, and further advance cognitive functions needed to perform (such as the ability to remove distractions)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Colzato|first=Lorenza S.|last2=Kibele|first2=Armin|date=2017-06-01|title=How Different Types of Meditation Can Enhance Athletic Performance Depending on the Specific Sport Skills|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=122–126|doi=10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|issn=2509-3304}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  
[[File:Kobe Bryant 2015.jpg|thumb|Kobe Bryant spoke about meditation and the positive effects that the practice had on his life &amp; his sports performance.]]
Meditation increases an athlete's chances of entering into a state of '''flow''' (or '''the zone'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;), the ability to be entirely synchronized with their performance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.podiumsportsjournal.com/2010/10/01/how-to-achieve-the-flow-state-in-athletics-and-life/|title=How to achieve the &quot;Flow State&quot; in Athletics and Life|last=MA|first=Phil Del Vecchio III|date=2010-10-01|website=Podium Sports Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. American golfer [[w:Mark Calcavecchia|Mark Calcavecchia]] explains that during his state of flow, he &quot;[doesn't] think about the shot, or the wind, or the distance, or the gallery, or anything. [He] just pull[s] a club and swing[s].”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[w:Kobe Bryant|Kobe Bryant]], regarded as one of the greatest American basketball players of all time, said that he &quot;meditate[d] every day... as that prepares me to face whatever comes next&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/en/more-sports/2018/08/08/5b6b082f22601d291e8b45b9.html|title=More Sports: Mindfulness: the secret weapon of Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant|date=2018-08-08|website=MARCA in English|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bryant felt as if he was &quot;constantly chasing the day&quot; if he skipped out on his habitual meditation practice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesportsrush.com/nba-news-i-always-had-a-hard-time-sleeping-i-couldnt-figure-out-how-to-shut-my-brain-off-kobe-bryant-on-the-importance-of-sleep-meditation/|title=&quot;I always had a hard time sleeping, I couldn't figure out how to shut my brain off&quot;: Kobe Bryant advises people to take 30 extra minutes of night-time sleep|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|date=2021-11-01|website=The SportsRush|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

A study conducted by Baltzell et al., (2014) assigned 7 Division 1 female footballers through a &quot;mindfulness meditation training session&quot; (MMTS) program. The program lasted 6 weeks and totaled 12 overall sessions. After the MMTS program, the D1 athletes were interviewed on the impact meditation had on their performance. All athletes reported that the MMTS program was the reason for their &quot;positive [..] mental shift&quot; on the field&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://contextualscience.org/publications/mindfulness_meditation_training_for_sport_mmts_intervention_impact_of_mmts|title=Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport (MMTS) intervention: Impact of MMTS with Division I female athletes {{!}} Association for Contextual Behavioral Science|website=contextualscience.org|access-date=2023-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Similar results were found in a 2016 study, where 10 basketball players were evenly separated into two groups: a group that meditates and a group that does not meditate. The basketball players that meditated found that they became stress-free and less prone to anger or fear during performance&lt;ref&gt;Burns, Janet M. C.. 2016. &quot;Getting to Another Level: Why Basketball Players Use Mindfulness Meditation.&quot; ''The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society'' 6 (4): 81-95. doi:10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v06i04/81-95.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Meditation in Religion ==
The practice of meditation can be found throughout the major religions of our time (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity &amp; Judaism). Although it varies based on faith, meditation in religion generally consists of undivided attention on the worship of a supreme deity(s) and to bring the worshipper spiritually closer to said deity. Alongside meditation, being religious is associated with many health benefits. This includes increased longevity, reduced risk of heart diseases, lower blood pressure, and increased immune functionality&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fbook%2f11916%2fchapter-abstract%2f161090993%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext|title=Community-Based Participatory Research Studies in Faith-Based Settings|website=academic.oup.com|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oman, D., &amp; Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Do Religion and Spirituality Influence Health? In R. F. Paloutzian &amp; C. L. Park (Eds.), ''Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality'' (pp. 435–459). The Guilford Press.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hinduism ===
Elements of meditative practices are mostly in the form of '''yoga'''. In a religious context, yoga are spiritual practices with the aim of &quot;leading to [a] union [to become [[w:Brahman|Brahman]]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://philosophy.lander.edu/oriental/yoga.html|title=Hinduism: Forms of Yoga|website=philosophy.lander.edu|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Meditation and yoga are not regarded as synonymous but are somewhat intertwined and meditation can be considered as a &quot;part of yoga lifestyle&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yogigo.com/yoga-and-meditation-differences/|title=Yoga and Meditation: The Differences|last=Mike|first=Author Gita|date=2021-06-07|website=Yogigo|language=en-us|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ultimate goal of both yoga &amp; meditation is to bring a &quot;peace of mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.   

Yoga originated in India and has been practiced worldwide for centuries.   

==== Yoga ====
[[File:Puja by a Bhakti Yogi.jpg|thumb|A bhakti yogi practicing meditation]]
The Sanskrit word for &quot;yoga&quot; derives from the root word [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-|yuj]] ''(युज्),'' meaning &quot;to tie together&quot;. Yoga philosophy is considered to be one of the six orthodox (āstika'')'' schools of Hinduism. There are four schools of yoga--all practiced in a process to attain ''[[w:Moksha|moksha]]'' (liberation) &amp; self-realization&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5020/karma-yoga|title=What is Karma Yoga? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* '''[[w:Jnana_yoga|Jnana yoga]]''' - The yogi aims to understand the insight of his ''Atman'' (soul) vs. the ''Brahman,'' usually with the help of a [[w:guru|guru]]. Jnana yoga consists of three parts: 1) knowledge in the Hinduistic scriptures ([[w:Vedas|Vedas]] &amp; [[w:Upanishad|Upanishads]]) 2) reflection (active awareness) 3) meditation in which one &quot;detaches&quot; himself from &quot;our roles with ourselves&quot;.
* [[w:Bhakti_Yoga|'''Bhakti yoga''']] - The yogi dedicates love to a personal deity. The diety in question may be Shiva, Krishna or even Jesus Christ. '''Figure 4''' displays a bhakti yogi practicing meditation in front of a body of water.
* [[w:Karma_yoga|'''Karma yoga''']] - &quot;Karma&quot; is referred to as the &quot;selfless service towards others&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. This type of yoga can be practiced with jnana or bhakti yoga. The main principle of this yoga is to act without any expectations or thoughts about the results of one's tasks. For example, a hunter should not attach himself to the accuracy of his shot, but towards the practice of shooting. As quoted in the [[w:Bhagavad_Gita|''Bhagavad Gita'']]: &quot;To the work you have the right, but not to the fruits thereof&quot;. One's undivided focus for each task should be calmy geared towards the task itself in order to avoid suffering. This type of yoga is believed to &quot;purify the mind&quot;, an outcome identical with meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.
* [[w:Raja_yoga|'''Raja yoga''']] - The yogi is able to find spiritual, mental &amp; physical peace by emphasizing control over the mind and body. This type of yoga focuses on meditation in order to control and calm the mind.

'''Dhyana''' (''ध्यान'', &quot;meditation&quot; in English) is the 7th limb of [[w:Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)|Ashtanga yoga]], a classification of yoga created by ancient Hindu philosopher [[w:Patanjali|Patanjali]]. Dhyana consists of mental training practices involving posture, breath/sense control, and increased concentration. The yogi's final stage is ''jhana'', where the yogi is completely engaged in meditation--to the point that the yogi &quot;can no longer separate the self from it [the practice]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5284/dhyana|title=What is Dhyana? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Buddhism ===
As mentioned earlier, Guatama revered meditation as a significant practice in his faith. The Sanskrit word भावना ''([[w:Bhavana|bhavana]])'' is coined for meditative practices (translating into English as &quot;mental cultivation&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/vipassana-meditation/|title=What Exactly Is Vipassana Meditation?|last=Gunaratana|first=Bhante Henepola|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;). In [[w:Theravada_Buddhism|Theravada Buddhism]], Buddhism's oldest school, the [[w:Pali_Canon|Pali Canon]] mentions two crucial parts of meditation.

* '''Shamatha''' ([[w:Sinhala|Sinhala]]: සමථ, ''concentration'') emphasizes complete focus on a specific object, such as a candle or chant.
* '''Vipassana''' (Sinhala: විදර්ශනා, ''insight'') meditation is where the meditator &quot;chip[s] away&quot; distractions in order to achieve &quot;[[w:Nirvana|liberation]]&quot;, a &quot;presence of light&quot; and the &quot;goal of all Buddhist practices&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

Buddhism practices meditation similar to Hinduism.

=== Islam ===
[[File:Eugène Girardet - La Prière.jpg|left|thumb|An Algerian painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.]]
Meditation is a broad term and various sources provide differing explanations of meditation's place in Islam. 

According to [[w:Sunni_Islam|Sunni]] scholar Nabeel Valli, under the approval of [[w:Ebrahim_Desai|Ebrahim Desai]], &quot;meditation&quot; is translated into Arabic as ''[[w:Muraqabah|muraqabah]]'' ([[Arabic]]: مراقبة). ''Muraqabah'' is a practice aimed at strengthening one's relationship with Allah (Arabic: ٱللَّٰه ''God in Islam''). This is done by clearing one's mind of everything except Allah and practicing &quot;silent [[w:dhikr|dhikr]] (mention)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/80399/is-meditation-permissible/|title=Is meditation permissible?|last=IslamQA|date=2014-09-20|website=IslamQA|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valli uses Chapter 13, verse 28 of the Qur'an to support his position (showcased below).

{{center top}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;big&gt;الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَطْمَئِنُّ قُلُوبُهُم بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ الْقُلُوبُ&lt;/big&gt;

''Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of Allah. Unquestionably, by the remembrance of Allah hearts are assured.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://surahquran.com/english-aya-28-sora-13.html|title=Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance {{!}} surah Raad aya 28|website=surahquran.com|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
{{center bottom}}
However, Valli makes it clear that meditations resembling Hinduistic (yoga, for example) or Buddhist meditations are impermissible and go against the ''[[w:sharia|shariah]]'' (religious law).  

In the [[w:Sufi_Islam|Sufi sect]], the Sufis extend ''muraqabah'' even further with unique stages - although mainstream Islamic scholars, including [[w:Shaykh_al-Islam|Shaykh al-Islam]], condemned Sufis for their &quot;innovations that constitute [[w:Shirk|shirk]] (associating partners with Allah)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/47431/what-is-sufism|title=What Is Sufism? - Islam Question &amp; Answer|website=islamqa.info|language=en|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''. Figure 5''' displays a painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.   

=== Christianity ===
An August 2022 article by members of the College of Theology of [[w:Grand_Canyon_University|Grand Canyon University]], titled ''Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation,'' explores meditation within the Christian realm. Michele Pasley and Todd Forrest differentiate between &quot;eastern&quot; (or secular) meditation and Christian meditation, stating that the former is about &quot;detach[ing]&quot; from one's self, whilst the latter is &quot;attach[ing]&quot; one's self to &quot;God and being focused on his words&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gcu.edu/blog/theology-ministry/theology-thursday-christian-perspective-meditation|title=Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation|date=2022-08-04|website=GCU|language=en|access-date=2023-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pasley and Forrest claim that Christian meditation allows the worshipper to be full of the &quot;fruit of the Spirit&quot;, allowing them to be more &quot;patient&quot;, albeit evidence for this claim was not provided.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Pasley and Forrest quote several places in the Bible where meditation is mentioned or encouraged to its believers.

* '''Psalm 1''' describes &quot;meditating&quot; on God's words would lead to a life of success. This is because being &quot;fruitful&quot; (Gen. 1:28&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%201%3A28&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:28 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was God's first commandment to his creation. This is achieved by the believer being &quot;supplied&quot; the words of God, therefore akin to a tree that is fruit bearing (a tree contains its fruits from an abundance of water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://today.bju.edu/president/psalm-1-discovering-true-happiness/|title=Psalm 1: Discovering True Happiness|date=2018-01-22|website=BJUtoday|language=en-US|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Hebrews 3:1'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews%203%3A1&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Hebrews 3:1 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Hebrews 12:2'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Hebrews+12:2&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8|title=Hebrews 12:2 - Google Search|website=www.google.com|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; both allude to the believers to fixate their mind and attention on Jesus, to which Pasley and Forrest claim these passages command the believer to meditate on God.
In the end, the pair recommend readers to &quot;be with Jesus&quot; and to engage their focus on the scripture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== Judaism ===
Nissan Dovid Dubov, a director of a [[w:Chabad-Lavitch|Chabad-Lavitch]] in the UK, highlights the ignorance of many Jews on the practice of Jewish meditation, despite it being a crucial part of the Jewish religion. According to Dubov, six of the 613 '''mitzvot''' (commandments) in the Torah are connected to the principle of meditation: deep &amp; intentional thinking. These are to believe in God, to unify His name, to love God, to fear Him, to love a fellow Jew, and to not turn astray after one's heart and eyes.[[File:Tfilat18.JPG|thumb|Jews engaging in ''amidah'', a form of Jewish prayer. Worshippers are engaging in deep contemplation over the words and commandments of God.]]
When a Jew proclaims his daily recitation twice a day: &quot;Hear O Israel, the L-rd our G‑d, the L-rd is One&quot;, one must not recite out of mindless habit, but this recitation must be accompanied by &quot;deep contemplation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Dubov, N. D. (n.d.). ''Jewish meditation - chabad.org''. Jewish Meditation. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/361886/jewish/Jewish-Meditation.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. This deep meditation would arouse feelings of love and fear for God.

To &quot;love God&quot; and to &quot;fear Him&quot; go hand in hand. The believer, out of his deep love for God, would keep strong to the commandments. To fear God (word used is ''yirah'', יראה) is to avoid sin due to a fear of the punishment for committing such sin, but the root cause of the fear is deep admiration of the Lord and to not &quot;contradict&quot; the Divine Will&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

To love a fellow Jew comes from Rabbi [[w:Baal_Shem_Tov|Yisrael ben Eliezer]]: &quot;the portal to G‑d is the love of a fellow Jew&quot;. Deep contemplation of the &quot;G-dly essence&quot; of every Jew leads to a love for that fellow believer&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Lastly, the daily prayers serve as a strategy to implement religious meditation. The prayer consists of two parts: deep meditation on one's &quot;attach[ment]&quot; of their soul to God &amp; actively nourishing one's soul to &quot;refine one's character&quot;. Dubov credits meditation as a way of &quot;carry[ing] these words [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[w:Amidah|''amidah,'']] shown in '''Figure 6'''], their meaning[s], into our daily lives when we engage in the day-to-day activities that can sometimes seem far from obvious G‑dliness&quot;. Dubov ends off his article with encouraging the believer to exert tunnel-focus in their meditation, as a more &quot;detailed&quot; meditation brings about a stronger effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

The '''Sefer Yetzirah''', mentioned earlier in this article, is regarded as a &quot;meditation manual&quot; - according to Grand Master [[w:Julie_Scott_(Rosicrucian)|Julie Scott]]&lt;ref&gt;Armstrong, Steven. “Three Kabbalistic Meditations from the Sepher Yetzirah - Grand Master Julie Scott.” ''Rosicrucian Podcasts'', 13 Feb. 2023, rosicrucian-podcasts.org/three-kabbalistic-meditations-from-the-sepher-yetzirah-julie-scott-src/.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Effects of Meditation ==

=== Positive Effects ===
An original research paper conducted in 2019 reports that &quot;hundreds&quot; of scientific literature assert the positive effects on medical conditions and the physiological well-being&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Thomas|last2=Suresh|first2=Mallika|last3=Farb|first3=Norman AS|date=2019-06|title=Meditation Benefits and Drawbacks: Empirical Codebook and Implications for Teaching|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=207–220|doi=10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|issn=2509-3290}}&lt;/ref&gt;. According to a 2015 study done by Hari Sharma from the College of Medicine of [[w:Ohio_State_University|Ohio State University]], meditation is proven to reduce stress, increase memory and reduce depression. Alongside the psychological benefits, the physiological benefits include an increased blood flow to the brain and decreased blood pressure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Hari|date=2015|title=Meditation: Process and effects|url=http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/233/182756|journal=AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=233|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.182756|issn=0974-8520|pmc=PMC4895748|pmid=27313408}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a 2019 case study completed by scientists in China, 40 healthy individuals were placed in two, 8-week &quot;mindfulness training program(s)&quot;. The two programs taught two different types of meditation: FAM meditation and OM meditation. 4 individuals failed to complete the training. The 36 individuals who completed the training exhibited positive changes in regulating mood and depression&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Qin|last2=Wang|first2=Zheng|last3=Wang|first3=Xinqiang|last4=Liu|first4=Lei|last5=Zhang|first5=Jing|last6=Zhou|first6=Renlai|date=2019|title=The Effects of Different Stages of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Emotion Regulation|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=13|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|issn=1662-5161|pmc=PMC6610260|pmid=31316361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mograbi GJ, a professor of Philosophy of Science at [[w:Federal University of Mato Grosso|Federal University of Mato Grosso]], concluded in his 2011 study, ''Meditation and the Brain: Attention, Control and Emotion,'' that meditation is a form of &quot;self-control&quot; &amp; very well can contribute to a &quot;better quality of life&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mograbi|first=Gabriel JoséCorrêa|date=2011|title=Meditation and the brain: Attention, control and emotionFNx08|url=http://www.msmonographs.org/text.asp?2011/9/1/276/77444|journal=Mens Sana Monographs|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=276|doi=10.4103/0973-1229.77444|issn=0973-1229|pmc=PMC3115297|pmid=21694979}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Negative Effects ===
Although meditation is a realistic psychological treatment to mood problems &amp; depression levels, it is not recommended for people who suffer with psychiatric issues as it may heighten [[w:psychosis|psychosis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

This was suggested from a 1975 case study where a 39-year-old woman experienced &quot;altered reality testing and behavior&quot; after an extended period of time practicing [[w:Transcendental meditation|transcendental meditation]] (a form of focused meditation)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=French|first=A. P.|last2=Schmid|first2=A. C.|last3=Ingalls|first3=E.|date=1975-07|title=Transcendental meditation, altered reality testing, and behavioral change: a case report|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1151361/|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=161|issue=1|pages=55–58|doi=10.1097/00005053-197507000-00007|issn=0022-3018|pmid=1151361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Associated undesirable effects of meditation include [[anxiety]], hallucinations, emotional stress &amp; general confusion&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The lack of clarity on what the adverse effects of meditation actually result in is due to the vagueness of what constitutes as an &quot;adverse&quot; effect. An &quot;adverse&quot; reaction to meditation is &quot;highly subjective&quot;, according to a 2021 article from Brown University conducted by Dr. Willoughby Britton&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vivo.brown.edu/display/wbritton|title=Britton, Willoughby|website=vivo.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-05-18/adverse-effects|title=Making mindfulness meditation more helpful starts with understanding how it can be harmful|website=Brown University|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dr. Britton further explains that &quot;re-living of a previous trauma may be healing for some and destabilizing for others&quot;, hence one meditator's &quot;re-living of [sic] previous trauma&quot; may be a beneficial thing as opposed to another meditator who may find it traumatizing. Britton also mentions that the lack of reported, unwanted effects of meditation may be incorrectly interpreted as an absence of adverse effects.

Dr. Britton conducted a study to explore the adverse effects of meditation programs. Out of 96 participants, 58% of the participants experienced &quot;at least one meditation-related adverse effect&quot;, which were symptoms largely in relation to &quot;[[w:Emotional dysregulation|dysregulated arousal]]&quot;. Participants reported re-experiencing past traumas and having nightmares. Dr. Britton remarks that focus should be planted on the &quot;impact&quot; of the effect and not the &quot;valence&quot; of it. Britton states that feeling &quot;emotionally-checked out... can provide some relief, especially for a person suffering from intense anxiety&quot;. 6% of participants reported &quot;impairments in functioning lasting more than one month&quot;, which may serve as a sign that disassociation is harmful in those specific cases. Dr. Britton concludes that her study aims to heighten &quot;harms-monitoring in order to maximize the safety and efficacy of mindfulness-based meditation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Cebolla et al., 2017 ====
A multilingual 2013 survey was published by a group of researchers from the [[w:University_of_Valencia|University of Valencia]] inviting participants to explore the &quot;unwanted effects&quot; of meditation. The survey was advertised on websites relating to meditation, such as meditation associations. The participants were chosen to be analyzed based on their accurate completion of the survey and their time of meditation practicing (participants who had not meditated for more than two months were not considered in the final analysis). From 914 total people who accessed the survey, n = 509 were excluded due to improper completion of the survey, and n = 57 were excluded due to a lack of meditation experience, leaving only n = 342 participants to assess. The survey was available in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. 

Participants were asked about their sociodemographic data (age, race, ethnicity, etc.), medical history (anxiety or depression), type of meditation practice, frequency and time of meditation experience, method of learning (self-taught vs. classes), and mentorship (religious context). Participants were then required to detail if they had any adverse side effects as a result of their meditation experience (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;). If the participant answered &quot;yes&quot;, participants detailed the side effect, the context of when said side effect took place, form of meditation practice, and time length (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;). 

At the end of the survey, participants completed a &quot;checklist&quot; of 18 possible experiences that may be experienced from meditation (ranging from &quot;less motivation in life&quot; to &quot;feelings of alienation&quot;). The scientists derived this checklist from German psychiatrist [[w:Micheal_Landen|Micheal Landen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Linden|first=Michael|date=2013|title=How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: from unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253218/|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=20|issue=4|pages=286–296|doi=10.1002/cpp.1765|issn=1099-0879|pmid=22253218}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Responses for this checklist were on a scale of 0-10, &quot;0&quot; being &quot;never&quot; and &quot;10&quot; being &quot;frequently&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). 

===== Results =====
The majority of participants who were accounted for in this study were women (68.4% vs. 31.6% [men]), Spanish (42.9%), married (48.5%), and/or had ''at least'' the equivalence to a university-level education (54.4%, with 33.3% being individuals who held a masters or a Ph.D.). Throughout the types of meditation practiced, 46.8% of participants practiced informal practice meditation on a daily basis (integrating thoughtfulness and concentration into daily activities, such as walking). 

When participants were asked if they incurred unwanted side effects, 25.4% of the participants selected &quot;yes&quot;. 41.3% of these participants answered that unwanted effects occurred during individual meditation (as opposed to a group or a retreat), 8% of the participants were practicing body scan meditation (focusing on sensations that are felt throughout the body) and 10.3% of these meditators practiced 21+ minute sessions. Table 1 below lists the symptoms experienced by meditators who answered &quot;yes&quot; to incurring unwanted side effects whilst practicing meditation.

{{center top}}
'''Table 1'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 auto;&quot;
|+Symptoms experienced whilst meditating (n, %)
!
!Anxiety
!Pain
!Depersonalization/derealisation
!Hypomania/depressive
!Emotional lability
!Visual focalization problems
!Loss of consciousness/dizziness
!Other symptoms
!No information
|-
|'''n'''
|12
|5
|8
|2
|2
|2
|6
|4
|46
|-
|'''%'''
|13.8
|5.7
|9.2
|2.3
|2.3
|2.3
|6.9
|4.5
|52.8
|}
{{center bottom}}

39% of these symptoms were transitory (vs. 10.3% who reported side effects to be continuous), 37.9% did not need to discontinue medication (as opposed to the 1.1% who discontinued medication due to side effects), whilst 44.8% did not need assistance from a therapist or medical facility (as opposed to the 5.7% who reported that medical assistance was necessary).

A one-way ANOVA on ranks test was implemented to observe the differences between the side effects vs. frequency/years of practice. The scientists found a significant difference between side effects and body awareness meditation (X&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 5.335; p &lt; .05) (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). Body awareness meditation is a form of focused meditation, where the meditator focuses on their body parts. No significant differences were found for the years of practice. 

Further analysis was completed on the checklist of 18 possible side effects from meditation in relation to learning styles. A univariate ANOVA test was conducted on the checklist and found two significant differences. Significant differences were found in feelings of &quot;increased emotional pain&quot; [F(3,227) = 2.908; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .037] and &quot;need to prolong meditation&quot; [F(3,225) = 2.793; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .036]  (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

===== Limitations =====
[[File:Mahasati Rhythmic Movements.gif|left|thumb|Mahasti meditation, a form of body-awareness meditation in Buddhism. This type of meditation was found to be associated with the least amount of side effects in the study.]]


The researchers concluded that although there was a decent number of reports for side effects (25.4% of the respondents reported side effects), almost half of the participants that attempted to answer the questionnaire regarding side effects did not fill out the questionnaire adequately - thus losing more data. 

The data that was adequate and studied found that the side effects reported were mostly insignificant and didn't cause lasting problems in the meditators. Side effects were found more in individual meditation vs. group meditation and in longer meditation sessions vs. shorter meditation sessions. Focused-attention meditation (FA meditation) was found to bring about more side effects while body-awareness meditation brought out fewer side effects (Cebolla et al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).  FA meditation was found to be mostly associated with greater &quot;self-criticism&quot;, or a belief that time ''not'' spent meditating was &quot;wasted&quot;. The researchers explained this correlation by detailing the nature of FA meditation, stating that since FA meditation is &quot;heavily structured&quot; towards a &quot;unique&quot; object of meditation, it may go against the meditator's &quot;experience&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

The researchers acknowledge that [[w:Correlation_does_not_imply_causation|correlation does not imply causation]] &amp; although unwanted side effects ''could'' be associated with meditation, no definitive evidence has been shown to directly attribute meditation to any unwanted side effects. The researchers highlight various significant limitations the study suffered from, including cultural imbalance (the majority of participants hailing from Spanish or Latina America), obvious bias (biases typically associated with surveys), and the lack of proper responses.

== Conclusion ==
After reviewing the history &amp; religious practices involving meditation, it is evident that meditation has played a significant part in peoples' lives for centuries. With various techniques, those who choose to meditate, despite whatever form of meditation it is, reap several neurological and health benefits. Although meditation has been mostly painted with a positive brush, the idea of meditation bringing out unwanted effects has been researched. Although Dr. Britton's study found over 50% of her participants to have experienced one or more unwanted effects, it seems to be a case-by-case basis and is up to the interpretation of the meditator themselves. 

In a 2017 study done by a group of researchers of the University of Valencia, their survey ultimately found that 25.4% of participants suffered unwanted side effects of meditation. These effects ranged from self-criticism to greater emotional pain. A significant difference was found between unwanted side effects and body-awareness meditation. Albeit the study brought greater attention to potential negative experiences of meditation, the study fell to many limitations - including bias and a significant amount of data lost in the process. Nonetheless, the researchers recommended that meditation should not be practiced by those with psychotic issues.

Overall, the literature reviewed has shown that meditation is an ancient practice that has fully merited its praise and longevity. The use of meditation has been positively observed throughout many different fields - from religion to sports. 

== Acknowledgements ==
No thanks given.

=== Competing interests ===
The author declares that they have no competing interests.

=== Ethics statement ===
This paper does not serve as medical advice. 

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Analysis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="45157" sha1="878l792rhwgug6565q5cf0cv7umttsl" xml:space="preserve">Aaqib F. Azeez, Old Dominion University

==Abstract==
The literature serves as a historical and scientific overview of meditation. The literature first dives into what the practice is, the history of the practice, and the various forms of meditation. In order to understand the current importance of meditation, the literature reviewed meditation's role in sports and religion (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). Lastly, we reviewed the positive and negative psychological and psychological effects of meditation and extensively analyzed, critiqued, and weighed in a 2017 study highlighting unwanted side effects that were associated with meditation.
== Introduction ==
[[File:Group meditation by East Coast Beach, Singapore.jpg|thumb|left| '''Figure 1''' {{!}} A group of individuals meditate together near a beachfront in Singapore. December 2020.]]

'''Meditation''' is a &quot;mindfulness&quot; technique, where an individual trains their mind to focus on the present moment. This focus may be tailored to the individual's breath, surrounding environment, or artificial audio. Meditation can be practiced as an act of worship, mindfulness, or stress relief. On the left, '''Figure 1''' displays a morning exercise group participating in meditation in Singapore.

=== History ===
[https://surah-al-waqiah.com/ The] word &quot;meditate&quot; comes from the Latin word ''meditatum'' (&quot;to ponder&quot;). The French monk [[w:Guigo_II|Guigo II]] was the first one to use the term &quot;meditatum&quot; in the 12th century AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meditation-History.aspx|title=Meditation History|date=2010-05-18|website=News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The art of meditation has been practiced for centuries but was originally established in India. It is believed that the followers of [[w:Vedanta|Vedanta]], a school of Hindu philosophy, were the first documented case of worshippers practicing meditation in about 1500 BCE. Towards the end of the BCE era, meditation was found in various Indian Buddhist &amp; Chinese Taoist philosophies. [[w:Siddhartha_Gautama|Siddhartha Gautama]], a spiritual leader born in modern-day Nepal, preached Buddhism, a philosophy encouraging several prominent elements of &quot;enlightenment&quot; through meditation. The ''[[w:Tao_Te_Ching|Tao Te Ching]]'', a Taoist philosophical text authored by Laozi around 400 BC, commands its readers to &quot;become totally empty&quot;, &quot;quiet the restlessness of the mind&quot;, and &quot;be still&quot;. Laozi affirms that such a practice would &quot;bring[s] enlightenment&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tm.org/blog/meditation/laozi-and-the-tao-te-ching-the-ancient-wisdom-of-china/|title=Laozi – “His mind becomes as vast and immeasurable as the night sky” {{!}} Transcendental Meditation® Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Through the Silk Road, Western cultures were exposed to the concept of meditation. Records indicate that meditation was integrated in the Jewish religion, but not so much in Christianity. The [[w:Sefer_Yetzirah|Sefer Yetzirah]], one of the earliest Kabbalist texts in Judaism, mentions meditation as a way of &quot;consciously building up a deep sense of your place in relation to the dimensions&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/worship/meditation_1.shtml#:~:text=More%20generally,%20Jewish%20meditation%20is,that%20had%20previously%20been%20%27unconscious%27|title=BBC - Religions - Judaism: The essence of Jewish meditation|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As time went on, meditation continued to be incorporated in the daily lives of various cultures throughout the Asian continent. 
[[File:Swami Vivekananda in London 1895.jpg|thumb| Vivekananda is well known for his speech in the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions convention, where he spoke of Hinduism &amp; religious tolerance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/swami-vivekananda-and-his-1893-speech|title=Swami Vivekananda and His 1893 Speech|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Meditation was introduced in the United States through two prominent Hindu monks, [[w:Swami_Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]] (depicted in '''Figure 2''') &amp; [[w:Paramahansa_Yogananda|Paramahansa Yogananda]]. Both monks performed tours across the US, preaching to the Americans about the teachings of Hinduism. 

The shift in belief that meditation was solely a spiritual practice to a practice that has scientific backing began in the mid-1900s. Starting with clinical studies, meditation opened up the scientific field of [[w:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]. In 2004, a study conducted on Tibetan meditators revealed that meditation had positive effects on neural plasticity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Antoine|last2=Greischar|first2=Lawrence L.|last3=Rawlings|first3=Nancy B.|last4=Ricard|first4=Matthieu|last5=Davidson|first5=Richard J.|date=2004-11-16|title=Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15534199/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=101|issue=46|pages=16369–16373|doi=10.1073/pnas.0407401101|issn=0027-8424|pmid=15534199}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

In today's world, meditation is widely known and is practiced by people all around the world.  

=== Forms of Meditation ===
According to a WebMD.com article (proof-checked by Dan Brennan, MD), the practice of meditation can be broken down into the following: guided meditation, mindfulness meditation, focused meditation, heart-centered meditation &amp; movement meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-are-the-different-types-of-meditation|title=What Are the Different Types of Meditation?|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

'''Guided meditation''' is where the meditator follows a step-by-step guide led by a teacher or instructor. 

'''Mindfulness meditation''' is when the meditator focuses solely on their breath. According to New York Times writer David Gelles, the purpose of mindfulness meditation is to center one's focus on the &quot;present moment&quot; and not necessarily to &quot;empty&quot; one's mind&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/how-to-meditate|title=How to Meditate|last=Gelles|first=David|website=www.nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|language=en-us|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. '''Figure 3''' illustrates a man focusing on his breath as mindfulness meditation entails.
[[File:1 Sannyasi in yoga meditation on the Ganges, Rishikesh cropped.jpg|left|thumb|An Indian man meditating near the Ganges River.]]
'''Focused meditation''', also known as &quot;focused attention meditation&quot; (FAM)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014|title=Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity – A review|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;, centers one's focus on an external element. An example of an external element may be a candle flame or a chant&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. An example of a focused meditation is a &quot;body scan meditation&quot;, where meditators &quot;visualize&quot; parts of their body (starting from the toes to the head). This is preferable for meditators who have trouble focusing on their breath during mindfulness meditation. According to a 2012 study conducted by Wendy Hasenkamp, FAM can improve one's stamina in focusing on one object - though it is not clear if this is specific to FAM or meditation itself&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hasenkamp|first=Wendy|last2=Wilson-Mendenhall|first2=Christine D.|last3=Duncan|first3=Erica|last4=Barsalou|first4=Lawrence W.|date=2012-01|title=Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811911007695|journal=NeuroImage|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=750–760|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.008}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposite of focused meditation is '''open-minded meditation''' (OM), where the meditator opens his awareness to his surroundings. The &quot;focus&quot; in OM meditation is &quot;awareness itself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014-09-23|title=Focused attention, open monitoring, and loving-kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity â€“ A review|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Heart-centered motivation''' or '''loving-kindness meditation''' (LKM&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;) is a form of meditation that is tailored to one's emotions rather than one's mind. One focuses on developing feelings of &quot;self-love&quot;. Once the meditator achieves &quot;self-love&quot;, they may engage their love to things that the meditator disfavors. 

'''Movement meditation''' is a great way of meditation for those who have trouble remaining still for elongated periods. Some excerises mentioned in the WebMD.com article include [[w:yoga|yoga]], [[w:tai chi|tai chi]] and even everyday activities - such as [[w:gardening|gardening]] and [[w:cooking|cooking]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

== Meditation in Sports ==
Mindfulness has proven to positively affect athletic performances as it can reduce stress (through reduced [[w:Cortisol awakening response|salivary cortisol levels]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nien|first=Jui-Ti|last2=Wu|first2=Chih-Han|last3=Yang|first3=Kao-Teng|last4=Cho|first4=Yu-Min|last5=Chu|first5=Chien-Heng|last6=Chang|first6=Yu-Kai|last7=Zhou|first7=Chenglin|date=2020-08-28|title=Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2020/8213710/|journal=Neural Plasticity|language=en|volume=2020|pages=1–12|doi=10.1155/2020/8213710|issn=2090-5904|pmc=PMC7474752|pmid=32908483}}&lt;/ref&gt;), increase concentration levels, and further advance cognitive functions needed to perform (such as the ability to remove distractions)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Colzato|first=Lorenza S.|last2=Kibele|first2=Armin|date=2017-06-01|title=How Different Types of Meditation Can Enhance Athletic Performance Depending on the Specific Sport Skills|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=122–126|doi=10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|issn=2509-3304}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  
[[File:Kobe Bryant 2015.jpg|thumb|Kobe Bryant spoke about meditation and the positive effects that the practice had on his life &amp; his sports performance.]]
Meditation increases an athlete's chances of entering into a state of '''flow''' (or '''the zone'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;), the ability to be entirely synchronized with their performance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.podiumsportsjournal.com/2010/10/01/how-to-achieve-the-flow-state-in-athletics-and-life/|title=How to achieve the &quot;Flow State&quot; in Athletics and Life|last=MA|first=Phil Del Vecchio III|date=2010-10-01|website=Podium Sports Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. American golfer [[w:Mark Calcavecchia|Mark Calcavecchia]] explains that during his state of flow, he &quot;[doesn't] think about the shot, or the wind, or the distance, or the gallery, or anything. [He] just pull[s] a club and swing[s].”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[w:Kobe Bryant|Kobe Bryant]], regarded as one of the greatest American basketball players of all time, said that he &quot;meditate[d] every day... as that prepares me to face whatever comes next&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/en/more-sports/2018/08/08/5b6b082f22601d291e8b45b9.html|title=More Sports: Mindfulness: the secret weapon of Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant|date=2018-08-08|website=MARCA in English|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bryant felt as if he was &quot;constantly chasing the day&quot; if he skipped out on his habitual meditation practice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesportsrush.com/nba-news-i-always-had-a-hard-time-sleeping-i-couldnt-figure-out-how-to-shut-my-brain-off-kobe-bryant-on-the-importance-of-sleep-meditation/|title=&quot;I always had a hard time sleeping, I couldn't figure out how to shut my brain off&quot;: Kobe Bryant advises people to take 30 extra minutes of night-time sleep|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|date=2021-11-01|website=The SportsRush|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

A study conducted by Baltzell et al., (2014) assigned 7 Division 1 female footballers through a &quot;mindfulness meditation training session&quot; (MMTS) program. The program lasted 6 weeks and totaled 12 overall sessions. After the MMTS program, the D1 athletes were interviewed on the impact meditation had on their performance. All athletes reported that the MMTS program was the reason for their &quot;positive [..] mental shift&quot; on the field&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://contextualscience.org/publications/mindfulness_meditation_training_for_sport_mmts_intervention_impact_of_mmts|title=Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport (MMTS) intervention: Impact of MMTS with Division I female athletes {{!}} Association for Contextual Behavioral Science|website=contextualscience.org|access-date=2023-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Similar results were found in a 2016 study, where 10 basketball players were evenly separated into two groups: a group that meditates and a group that does not meditate. The basketball players that meditated found that they became stress-free and less prone to anger or fear during performance&lt;ref&gt;Burns, Janet M. C.. 2016. &quot;Getting to Another Level: Why Basketball Players Use Mindfulness Meditation.&quot; ''The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society'' 6 (4): 81-95. doi:10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v06i04/81-95.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Meditation in Religion ==
The practice of meditation can be found throughout the major religions of our time (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity &amp; Judaism). Although it varies based on faith, meditation in religion generally consists of undivided attention on the worship of a supreme deity(s) and to bring the worshipper spiritually closer to said deity. Alongside meditation, being religious is associated with many health benefits. This includes increased longevity, reduced risk of heart diseases, lower blood pressure, and increased immune functionality&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fbook%2f11916%2fchapter-abstract%2f161090993%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext|title=Community-Based Participatory Research Studies in Faith-Based Settings|website=academic.oup.com|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oman, D., &amp; Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Do Religion and Spirituality Influence Health? In R. F. Paloutzian &amp; C. L. Park (Eds.), ''Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality'' (pp. 435–459). The Guilford Press.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hinduism ===
Elements of meditative practices are mostly in the form of '''yoga'''. In a religious context, yoga are spiritual practices with the aim of &quot;leading to [a] union [to become [[w:Brahman|Brahman]]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://philosophy.lander.edu/oriental/yoga.html|title=Hinduism: Forms of Yoga|website=philosophy.lander.edu|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Meditation and yoga are not regarded as synonymous but are somewhat intertwined and meditation can be considered as a &quot;part of yoga lifestyle&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yogigo.com/yoga-and-meditation-differences/|title=Yoga and Meditation: The Differences|last=Mike|first=Author Gita|date=2021-06-07|website=Yogigo|language=en-us|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ultimate goal of both yoga &amp; meditation is to bring a &quot;peace of mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.   

Yoga originated in India and has been practiced worldwide for centuries.   

==== Yoga ====
[[File:Puja by a Bhakti Yogi.jpg|thumb|A bhakti yogi practicing meditation]]
The Sanskrit word for &quot;yoga&quot; derives from the root word [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-|yuj]] ''(युज्),'' meaning &quot;to tie together&quot;. Yoga philosophy is considered to be one of the six orthodox (āstika'')'' schools of Hinduism. There are four schools of yoga--all practiced in a process to attain ''[[w:Moksha|moksha]]'' (liberation) &amp; self-realization&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5020/karma-yoga|title=What is Karma Yoga? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* '''[[w:Jnana_yoga|Jnana yoga]]''' - The yogi aims to understand the insight of his ''Atman'' (soul) vs. the ''Brahman,'' usually with the help of a [[w:guru|guru]]. Jnana yoga consists of three parts: 1) knowledge in the Hinduistic scriptures ([[w:Vedas|Vedas]] &amp; [[w:Upanishad|Upanishads]]) 2) reflection (active awareness) 3) meditation in which one &quot;detaches&quot; himself from &quot;our roles with ourselves&quot;.
* [[w:Bhakti_Yoga|'''Bhakti yoga''']] - The yogi dedicates love to a personal deity. The diety in question may be Shiva, Krishna or even Jesus Christ. '''Figure 4''' displays a bhakti yogi practicing meditation in front of a body of water.
* [[w:Karma_yoga|'''Karma yoga''']] - &quot;Karma&quot; is referred to as the &quot;selfless service towards others&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. This type of yoga can be practiced with jnana or bhakti yoga. The main principle of this yoga is to act without any expectations or thoughts about the results of one's tasks. For example, a hunter should not attach himself to the accuracy of his shot, but towards the practice of shooting. As quoted in the [[w:Bhagavad_Gita|''Bhagavad Gita'']]: &quot;To the work you have the right, but not to the fruits thereof&quot;. One's undivided focus for each task should be calmy geared towards the task itself in order to avoid suffering. This type of yoga is believed to &quot;purify the mind&quot;, an outcome identical with meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.
* [[w:Raja_yoga|'''Raja yoga''']] - The yogi is able to find spiritual, mental &amp; physical peace by emphasizing control over the mind and body. This type of yoga focuses on meditation in order to control and calm the mind.

'''Dhyana''' (''ध्यान'', &quot;meditation&quot; in English) is the 7th limb of [[w:Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)|Ashtanga yoga]], a classification of yoga created by ancient Hindu philosopher [[w:Patanjali|Patanjali]]. Dhyana consists of mental training practices involving posture, breath/sense control, and increased concentration. The yogi's final stage is ''jhana'', where the yogi is completely engaged in meditation--to the point that the yogi &quot;can no longer separate the self from it [the practice]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5284/dhyana|title=What is Dhyana? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Buddhism ===
As mentioned earlier, Guatama revered meditation as a significant practice in his faith. The Sanskrit word भावना ''([[w:Bhavana|bhavana]])'' is coined for meditative practices (translating into English as &quot;mental cultivation&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/vipassana-meditation/|title=What Exactly Is Vipassana Meditation?|last=Gunaratana|first=Bhante Henepola|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;). In [[w:Theravada_Buddhism|Theravada Buddhism]], Buddhism's oldest school, the [[w:Pali_Canon|Pali Canon]] mentions two crucial parts of meditation.

* '''Shamatha''' ([[w:Sinhala|Sinhala]]: සමථ, ''concentration'') emphasizes complete focus on a specific object, such as a candle or chant.
* '''Vipassana''' (Sinhala: විදර්ශනා, ''insight'') meditation is where the meditator &quot;chip[s] away&quot; distractions in order to achieve &quot;[[w:Nirvana|liberation]]&quot;, a &quot;presence of light&quot; and the &quot;goal of all Buddhist practices&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

Buddhism practices meditation similar to Hinduism.

=== Islam ===
[[File:Eugène Girardet - La Prière.jpg|left|thumb|An Algerian painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.]]
Meditation is a broad term and various sources provide differing explanations of meditation's place in Islam. 

According to [[w:Sunni_Islam|Sunni]] scholar Nabeel Valli, under the approval of [[w:Ebrahim_Desai|Ebrahim Desai]], &quot;meditation&quot; is translated into Arabic as ''[[w:Muraqabah|muraqabah]]'' ([[Arabic]]: مراقبة). ''Muraqabah'' is a practice aimed at strengthening one's relationship with Allah (Arabic: ٱللَّٰه ''God in Islam''). This is done by clearing one's mind of everything except Allah and practicing &quot;silent [[w:dhikr|dhikr]] (mention)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/80399/is-meditation-permissible/|title=Is meditation permissible?|last=IslamQA|date=2014-09-20|website=IslamQA|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valli uses Chapter 13, verse 28 of the Qur'an to support his position (showcased below).

{{center top}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;big&gt;الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَطْمَئِنُّ قُلُوبُهُم بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ الْقُلُوبُ&lt;/big&gt;

''Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of Allah. Unquestionably, by the remembrance of Allah hearts are assured.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://surahquran.com/english-aya-28-sora-13.html|title=Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance {{!}} surah Raad aya 28|website=surahquran.com|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
{{center bottom}}
However, Valli makes it clear that meditations resembling Hinduistic (yoga, for example) or Buddhist meditations are impermissible and go against the ''[[w:sharia|shariah]]'' (religious law).  

In the [[w:Sufi_Islam|Sufi sect]], the Sufis extend ''muraqabah'' even further with unique stages - although mainstream Islamic scholars, including [[w:Shaykh_al-Islam|Shaykh al-Islam]], condemned Sufis for their &quot;innovations that constitute [[w:Shirk|shirk]] (associating partners with Allah)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/47431/what-is-sufism|title=What Is Sufism? - Islam Question &amp; Answer|website=islamqa.info|language=en|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''. Figure 5''' displays a painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.
[https://surah-al-waqiah.com/ سورة الواقعة]
This is a thoughtful explanation of muraqabah—focusing the heart on Allah through silent dhikr. It beautifully echoes the message of سورة الواقعة, which calls us to reflect deeply on our purpose and the hereafter. For anyone seeking inner peace and clarity, سورة الواقعة offers timeless guidance

=== Christianity ===
An August 2022 article by members of the College of Theology of [[w:Grand_Canyon_University|Grand Canyon University]], titled ''Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation,'' explores meditation within the Christian realm. Michele Pasley and Todd Forrest differentiate between &quot;eastern&quot; (or secular) meditation and Christian meditation, stating that the former is about &quot;detach[ing]&quot; from one's self, whilst the latter is &quot;attach[ing]&quot; one's self to &quot;God and being focused on his words&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gcu.edu/blog/theology-ministry/theology-thursday-christian-perspective-meditation|title=Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation|date=2022-08-04|website=GCU|language=en|access-date=2023-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pasley and Forrest claim that Christian meditation allows the worshipper to be full of the &quot;fruit of the Spirit&quot;, allowing them to be more &quot;patient&quot;, albeit evidence for this claim was not provided.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Pasley and Forrest quote several places in the Bible where meditation is mentioned or encouraged to its believers.

* '''Psalm 1''' describes &quot;meditating&quot; on God's words would lead to a life of success. This is because being &quot;fruitful&quot; (Gen. 1:28&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%201%3A28&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:28 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was God's first commandment to his creation. This is achieved by the believer being &quot;supplied&quot; the words of God, therefore akin to a tree that is fruit bearing (a tree contains its fruits from an abundance of water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://today.bju.edu/president/psalm-1-discovering-true-happiness/|title=Psalm 1: Discovering True Happiness|date=2018-01-22|website=BJUtoday|language=en-US|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Hebrews 3:1'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews%203%3A1&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Hebrews 3:1 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Hebrews 12:2'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Hebrews+12:2&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8|title=Hebrews 12:2 - Google Search|website=www.google.com|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; both allude to the believers to fixate their mind and attention on Jesus, to which Pasley and Forrest claim these passages command the believer to meditate on God.
In the end, the pair recommend readers to &quot;be with Jesus&quot; and to engage their focus on the scripture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== Judaism ===
Nissan Dovid Dubov, a director of a [[w:Chabad-Lavitch|Chabad-Lavitch]] in the UK, highlights the ignorance of many Jews on the practice of Jewish meditation, despite it being a crucial part of the Jewish religion. According to Dubov, six of the 613 '''mitzvot''' (commandments) in the Torah are connected to the principle of meditation: deep &amp; intentional thinking. These are to believe in God, to unify His name, to love God, to fear Him, to love a fellow Jew, and to not turn astray after one's heart and eyes.[[File:Tfilat18.JPG|thumb|Jews engaging in ''amidah'', a form of Jewish prayer. Worshippers are engaging in deep contemplation over the words and commandments of God.]]
When a Jew proclaims his daily recitation twice a day: &quot;Hear O Israel, the L-rd our G‑d, the L-rd is One&quot;, one must not recite out of mindless habit, but this recitation must be accompanied by &quot;deep contemplation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Dubov, N. D. (n.d.). ''Jewish meditation - chabad.org''. Jewish Meditation. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/361886/jewish/Jewish-Meditation.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. This deep meditation would arouse feelings of love and fear for God.

To &quot;love God&quot; and to &quot;fear Him&quot; go hand in hand. The believer, out of his deep love for God, would keep strong to the commandments. To fear God (word used is ''yirah'', יראה) is to avoid sin due to a fear of the punishment for committing such sin, but the root cause of the fear is deep admiration of the Lord and to not &quot;contradict&quot; the Divine Will&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

To love a fellow Jew comes from Rabbi [[w:Baal_Shem_Tov|Yisrael ben Eliezer]]: &quot;the portal to G‑d is the love of a fellow Jew&quot;. Deep contemplation of the &quot;G-dly essence&quot; of every Jew leads to a love for that fellow believer&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Lastly, the daily prayers serve as a strategy to implement religious meditation. The prayer consists of two parts: deep meditation on one's &quot;attach[ment]&quot; of their soul to God &amp; actively nourishing one's soul to &quot;refine one's character&quot;. Dubov credits meditation as a way of &quot;carry[ing] these words [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[w:Amidah|''amidah,'']] shown in '''Figure 6'''], their meaning[s], into our daily lives when we engage in the day-to-day activities that can sometimes seem far from obvious G‑dliness&quot;. Dubov ends off his article with encouraging the believer to exert tunnel-focus in their meditation, as a more &quot;detailed&quot; meditation brings about a stronger effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

The '''Sefer Yetzirah''', mentioned earlier in this article, is regarded as a &quot;meditation manual&quot; - according to Grand Master [[w:Julie_Scott_(Rosicrucian)|Julie Scott]]&lt;ref&gt;Armstrong, Steven. “Three Kabbalistic Meditations from the Sepher Yetzirah - Grand Master Julie Scott.” ''Rosicrucian Podcasts'', 13 Feb. 2023, rosicrucian-podcasts.org/three-kabbalistic-meditations-from-the-sepher-yetzirah-julie-scott-src/.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Effects of Meditation ==

=== Positive Effects ===
An original research paper conducted in 2019 reports that &quot;hundreds&quot; of scientific literature assert the positive effects on medical conditions and the physiological well-being&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Thomas|last2=Suresh|first2=Mallika|last3=Farb|first3=Norman AS|date=2019-06|title=Meditation Benefits and Drawbacks: Empirical Codebook and Implications for Teaching|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=207–220|doi=10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|issn=2509-3290}}&lt;/ref&gt;. According to a 2015 study done by Hari Sharma from the College of Medicine of [[w:Ohio_State_University|Ohio State University]], meditation is proven to reduce stress, increase memory and reduce depression. Alongside the psychological benefits, the physiological benefits include an increased blood flow to the brain and decreased blood pressure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Hari|date=2015|title=Meditation: Process and effects|url=http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/233/182756|journal=AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=233|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.182756|issn=0974-8520|pmc=PMC4895748|pmid=27313408}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a 2019 case study completed by scientists in China, 40 healthy individuals were placed in two, 8-week &quot;mindfulness training program(s)&quot;. The two programs taught two different types of meditation: FAM meditation and OM meditation. 4 individuals failed to complete the training. The 36 individuals who completed the training exhibited positive changes in regulating mood and depression&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Qin|last2=Wang|first2=Zheng|last3=Wang|first3=Xinqiang|last4=Liu|first4=Lei|last5=Zhang|first5=Jing|last6=Zhou|first6=Renlai|date=2019|title=The Effects of Different Stages of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Emotion Regulation|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=13|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|issn=1662-5161|pmc=PMC6610260|pmid=31316361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mograbi GJ, a professor of Philosophy of Science at [[w:Federal University of Mato Grosso|Federal University of Mato Grosso]], concluded in his 2011 study, ''Meditation and the Brain: Attention, Control and Emotion,'' that meditation is a form of &quot;self-control&quot; &amp; very well can contribute to a &quot;better quality of life&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mograbi|first=Gabriel JoséCorrêa|date=2011|title=Meditation and the brain: Attention, control and emotionFNx08|url=http://www.msmonographs.org/text.asp?2011/9/1/276/77444|journal=Mens Sana Monographs|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=276|doi=10.4103/0973-1229.77444|issn=0973-1229|pmc=PMC3115297|pmid=21694979}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Negative Effects ===
Although meditation is a realistic psychological treatment to mood problems &amp; depression levels, it is not recommended for people who suffer with psychiatric issues as it may heighten [[w:psychosis|psychosis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

This was suggested from a 1975 case study where a 39-year-old woman experienced &quot;altered reality testing and behavior&quot; after an extended period of time practicing [[w:Transcendental meditation|transcendental meditation]] (a form of focused meditation)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=French|first=A. P.|last2=Schmid|first2=A. C.|last3=Ingalls|first3=E.|date=1975-07|title=Transcendental meditation, altered reality testing, and behavioral change: a case report|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1151361/|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=161|issue=1|pages=55–58|doi=10.1097/00005053-197507000-00007|issn=0022-3018|pmid=1151361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Associated undesirable effects of meditation include [[anxiety]], hallucinations, emotional stress &amp; general confusion&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The lack of clarity on what the adverse effects of meditation actually result in is due to the vagueness of what constitutes as an &quot;adverse&quot; effect. An &quot;adverse&quot; reaction to meditation is &quot;highly subjective&quot;, according to a 2021 article from Brown University conducted by Dr. Willoughby Britton&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vivo.brown.edu/display/wbritton|title=Britton, Willoughby|website=vivo.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-05-18/adverse-effects|title=Making mindfulness meditation more helpful starts with understanding how it can be harmful|website=Brown University|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dr. Britton further explains that &quot;re-living of a previous trauma may be healing for some and destabilizing for others&quot;, hence one meditator's &quot;re-living of [sic] previous trauma&quot; may be a beneficial thing as opposed to another meditator who may find it traumatizing. Britton also mentions that the lack of reported, unwanted effects of meditation may be incorrectly interpreted as an absence of adverse effects.

Dr. Britton conducted a study to explore the adverse effects of meditation programs. Out of 96 participants, 58% of the participants experienced &quot;at least one meditation-related adverse effect&quot;, which were symptoms largely in relation to &quot;[[w:Emotional dysregulation|dysregulated arousal]]&quot;. Participants reported re-experiencing past traumas and having nightmares. Dr. Britton remarks that focus should be planted on the &quot;impact&quot; of the effect and not the &quot;valence&quot; of it. Britton states that feeling &quot;emotionally-checked out... can provide some relief, especially for a person suffering from intense anxiety&quot;. 6% of participants reported &quot;impairments in functioning lasting more than one month&quot;, which may serve as a sign that disassociation is harmful in those specific cases. Dr. Britton concludes that her study aims to heighten &quot;harms-monitoring in order to maximize the safety and efficacy of mindfulness-based meditation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Cebolla et al., 2017 ====
A multilingual 2013 survey was published by a group of researchers from the [[w:University_of_Valencia|University of Valencia]] inviting participants to explore the &quot;unwanted effects&quot; of meditation. The survey was advertised on websites relating to meditation, such as meditation associations. The participants were chosen to be analyzed based on their accurate completion of the survey and their time of meditation practicing (participants who had not meditated for more than two months were not considered in the final analysis). From 914 total people who accessed the survey, n = 509 were excluded due to improper completion of the survey, and n = 57 were excluded due to a lack of meditation experience, leaving only n = 342 participants to assess. The survey was available in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. 

Participants were asked about their sociodemographic data (age, race, ethnicity, etc.), medical history (anxiety or depression), type of meditation practice, frequency and time of meditation experience, method of learning (self-taught vs. classes), and mentorship (religious context). Participants were then required to detail if they had any adverse side effects as a result of their meditation experience (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;). If the participant answered &quot;yes&quot;, participants detailed the side effect, the context of when said side effect took place, form of meditation practice, and time length (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;). 

At the end of the survey, participants completed a &quot;checklist&quot; of 18 possible experiences that may be experienced from meditation (ranging from &quot;less motivation in life&quot; to &quot;feelings of alienation&quot;). The scientists derived this checklist from German psychiatrist [[w:Micheal_Landen|Micheal Landen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Linden|first=Michael|date=2013|title=How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: from unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253218/|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=20|issue=4|pages=286–296|doi=10.1002/cpp.1765|issn=1099-0879|pmid=22253218}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Responses for this checklist were on a scale of 0-10, &quot;0&quot; being &quot;never&quot; and &quot;10&quot; being &quot;frequently&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). 

===== Results =====
The majority of participants who were accounted for in this study were women (68.4% vs. 31.6% [men]), Spanish (42.9%), married (48.5%), and/or had ''at least'' the equivalence to a university-level education (54.4%, with 33.3% being individuals who held a masters or a Ph.D.). Throughout the types of meditation practiced, 46.8% of participants practiced informal practice meditation on a daily basis (integrating thoughtfulness and concentration into daily activities, such as walking). 

When participants were asked if they incurred unwanted side effects, 25.4% of the participants selected &quot;yes&quot;. 41.3% of these participants answered that unwanted effects occurred during individual meditation (as opposed to a group or a retreat), 8% of the participants were practicing body scan meditation (focusing on sensations that are felt throughout the body) and 10.3% of these meditators practiced 21+ minute sessions. Table 1 below lists the symptoms experienced by meditators who answered &quot;yes&quot; to incurring unwanted side effects whilst practicing meditation.

{{center top}}
'''Table 1'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 auto;&quot;
|+Symptoms experienced whilst meditating (n, %)
!
!Anxiety
!Pain
!Depersonalization/derealisation
!Hypomania/depressive
!Emotional lability
!Visual focalization problems
!Loss of consciousness/dizziness
!Other symptoms
!No information
|-
|'''n'''
|12
|5
|8
|2
|2
|2
|6
|4
|46
|-
|'''%'''
|13.8
|5.7
|9.2
|2.3
|2.3
|2.3
|6.9
|4.5
|52.8
|}
{{center bottom}}

39% of these symptoms were transitory (vs. 10.3% who reported side effects to be continuous), 37.9% did not need to discontinue medication (as opposed to the 1.1% who discontinued medication due to side effects), whilst 44.8% did not need assistance from a therapist or medical facility (as opposed to the 5.7% who reported that medical assistance was necessary).

A one-way ANOVA on ranks test was implemented to observe the differences between the side effects vs. frequency/years of practice. The scientists found a significant difference between side effects and body awareness meditation (X&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 5.335; p &lt; .05) (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). Body awareness meditation is a form of focused meditation, where the meditator focuses on their body parts. No significant differences were found for the years of practice. 

Further analysis was completed on the checklist of 18 possible side effects from meditation in relation to learning styles. A univariate ANOVA test was conducted on the checklist and found two significant differences. Significant differences were found in feelings of &quot;increased emotional pain&quot; [F(3,227) = 2.908; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .037] and &quot;need to prolong meditation&quot; [F(3,225) = 2.793; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .036]  (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

===== Limitations =====
[[File:Mahasati Rhythmic Movements.gif|left|thumb|Mahasti meditation, a form of body-awareness meditation in Buddhism. This type of meditation was found to be associated with the least amount of side effects in the study.]]


The researchers concluded that although there was a decent number of reports for side effects (25.4% of the respondents reported side effects), almost half of the participants that attempted to answer the questionnaire regarding side effects did not fill out the questionnaire adequately - thus losing more data. 

The data that was adequate and studied found that the side effects reported were mostly insignificant and didn't cause lasting problems in the meditators. Side effects were found more in individual meditation vs. group meditation and in longer meditation sessions vs. shorter meditation sessions. Focused-attention meditation (FA meditation) was found to bring about more side effects while body-awareness meditation brought out fewer side effects (Cebolla et al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).  FA meditation was found to be mostly associated with greater &quot;self-criticism&quot;, or a belief that time ''not'' spent meditating was &quot;wasted&quot;. The researchers explained this correlation by detailing the nature of FA meditation, stating that since FA meditation is &quot;heavily structured&quot; towards a &quot;unique&quot; object of meditation, it may go against the meditator's &quot;experience&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

The researchers acknowledge that [[w:Correlation_does_not_imply_causation|correlation does not imply causation]] &amp; although unwanted side effects ''could'' be associated with meditation, no definitive evidence has been shown to directly attribute meditation to any unwanted side effects. The researchers highlight various significant limitations the study suffered from, including cultural imbalance (the majority of participants hailing from Spanish or Latina America), obvious bias (biases typically associated with surveys), and the lack of proper responses.

== Conclusion ==
After reviewing the history &amp; religious practices involving meditation, it is evident that meditation has played a significant part in peoples' lives for centuries. With various techniques, those who choose to meditate, despite whatever form of meditation it is, reap several neurological and health benefits. Although meditation has been mostly painted with a positive brush, the idea of meditation bringing out unwanted effects has been researched. Although Dr. Britton's study found over 50% of her participants to have experienced one or more unwanted effects, it seems to be a case-by-case basis and is up to the interpretation of the meditator themselves. 

In a 2017 study done by a group of researchers of the University of Valencia, their survey ultimately found that 25.4% of participants suffered unwanted side effects of meditation. These effects ranged from self-criticism to greater emotional pain. A significant difference was found between unwanted side effects and body-awareness meditation. Albeit the study brought greater attention to potential negative experiences of meditation, the study fell to many limitations - including bias and a significant amount of data lost in the process. Nonetheless, the researchers recommended that meditation should not be practiced by those with psychotic issues.

Overall, the literature reviewed has shown that meditation is an ancient practice that has fully merited its praise and longevity. The use of meditation has been positively observed throughout many different fields - from religion to sports. 

== Acknowledgements ==
No thanks given.

=== Competing interests ===
The author declares that they have no competing interests.

=== Ethics statement ===
This paper does not serve as medical advice. 

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Analysis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="44754" sha1="4fkkf94pi6gsnk25lfs2owimy0wvftt" xml:space="preserve">Aaqib F. Azeez, Old Dominion University

==Abstract==
The literature serves as a historical and scientific overview of meditation. The literature first dives into what the practice is, the history of the practice, and the various forms of meditation. In order to understand the current importance of meditation, the literature reviewed meditation's role in sports and religion (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). Lastly, we reviewed the positive and negative psychological and psychological effects of meditation and extensively analyzed, critiqued, and weighed in a 2017 study highlighting unwanted side effects that were associated with meditation.
== Introduction ==
[[File:Group meditation by East Coast Beach, Singapore.jpg|thumb|left| '''Figure 1''' {{!}} A group of individuals meditate together near a beachfront in Singapore. December 2020.]]

'''Meditation''' is a &quot;mindfulness&quot; technique, where an individual trains their mind to focus on the present moment. This focus may be tailored to the individual's breath, surrounding environment, or artificial audio. Meditation can be practiced as an act of worship, mindfulness, or stress relief. On the left, '''Figure 1''' displays a morning exercise group participating in meditation in Singapore.

=== History ===
The word &quot;meditate&quot; comes from the Latin word ''meditatum'' (&quot;to ponder&quot;). The French monk [[w:Guigo_II|Guigo II]] was the first one to use the term &quot;meditatum&quot; in the 12th century AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Meditation-History.aspx|title=Meditation History|date=2010-05-18|website=News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The art of meditation has been practiced for centuries but was originally established in India. It is believed that the followers of [[w:Vedanta|Vedanta]], a school of Hindu philosophy, were the first documented case of worshippers practicing meditation in about 1500 BCE. Towards the end of the BCE era, meditation was found in various Indian Buddhist &amp; Chinese Taoist philosophies. [[w:Siddhartha_Gautama|Siddhartha Gautama]], a spiritual leader born in modern-day Nepal, preached Buddhism, a philosophy encouraging several prominent elements of &quot;enlightenment&quot; through meditation. The ''[[w:Tao_Te_Ching|Tao Te Ching]]'', a Taoist philosophical text authored by Laozi around 400 BC, commands its readers to &quot;become totally empty&quot;, &quot;quiet the restlessness of the mind&quot;, and &quot;be still&quot;. Laozi affirms that such a practice would &quot;bring[s] enlightenment&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tm.org/blog/meditation/laozi-and-the-tao-te-ching-the-ancient-wisdom-of-china/|title=Laozi – “His mind becomes as vast and immeasurable as the night sky” {{!}} Transcendental Meditation® Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Through the Silk Road, Western cultures were exposed to the concept of meditation. Records indicate that meditation was integrated in the Jewish religion, but not so much in Christianity. The [[w:Sefer_Yetzirah|Sefer Yetzirah]], one of the earliest Kabbalist texts in Judaism, mentions meditation as a way of &quot;consciously building up a deep sense of your place in relation to the dimensions&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/worship/meditation_1.shtml#:~:text=More%20generally,%20Jewish%20meditation%20is,that%20had%20previously%20been%20%27unconscious%27|title=BBC - Religions - Judaism: The essence of Jewish meditation|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. As time went on, meditation continued to be incorporated in the daily lives of various cultures throughout the Asian continent. 
[[File:Swami Vivekananda in London 1895.jpg|thumb| Vivekananda is well known for his speech in the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions convention, where he spoke of Hinduism &amp; religious tolerance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artic.edu/swami-vivekananda-and-his-1893-speech|title=Swami Vivekananda and His 1893 Speech|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Meditation was introduced in the United States through two prominent Hindu monks, [[w:Swami_Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]] (depicted in '''Figure 2''') &amp; [[w:Paramahansa_Yogananda|Paramahansa Yogananda]]. Both monks performed tours across the US, preaching to the Americans about the teachings of Hinduism. 

The shift in belief that meditation was solely a spiritual practice to a practice that has scientific backing began in the mid-1900s. Starting with clinical studies, meditation opened up the scientific field of [[w:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]. In 2004, a study conducted on Tibetan meditators revealed that meditation had positive effects on neural plasticity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Antoine|last2=Greischar|first2=Lawrence L.|last3=Rawlings|first3=Nancy B.|last4=Ricard|first4=Matthieu|last5=Davidson|first5=Richard J.|date=2004-11-16|title=Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15534199/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=101|issue=46|pages=16369–16373|doi=10.1073/pnas.0407401101|issn=0027-8424|pmid=15534199}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

In today's world, meditation is widely known and is practiced by people all around the world.  

=== Forms of Meditation ===
According to a WebMD.com article (proof-checked by Dan Brennan, MD), the practice of meditation can be broken down into the following: guided meditation, mindfulness meditation, focused meditation, heart-centered meditation &amp; movement meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-are-the-different-types-of-meditation|title=What Are the Different Types of Meditation?|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

'''Guided meditation''' is where the meditator follows a step-by-step guide led by a teacher or instructor. 

'''Mindfulness meditation''' is when the meditator focuses solely on their breath. According to New York Times writer David Gelles, the purpose of mindfulness meditation is to center one's focus on the &quot;present moment&quot; and not necessarily to &quot;empty&quot; one's mind&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/how-to-meditate|title=How to Meditate|last=Gelles|first=David|website=www.nytimes.com|publisher=New York Times|language=en-us|access-date=2022-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. '''Figure 3''' illustrates a man focusing on his breath as mindfulness meditation entails.
[[File:1 Sannyasi in yoga meditation on the Ganges, Rishikesh cropped.jpg|left|thumb|An Indian man meditating near the Ganges River.]]
'''Focused meditation''', also known as &quot;focused attention meditation&quot; (FAM)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014|title=Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity – A review|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;, centers one's focus on an external element. An example of an external element may be a candle flame or a chant&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. An example of a focused meditation is a &quot;body scan meditation&quot;, where meditators &quot;visualize&quot; parts of their body (starting from the toes to the head). This is preferable for meditators who have trouble focusing on their breath during mindfulness meditation. According to a 2012 study conducted by Wendy Hasenkamp, FAM can improve one's stamina in focusing on one object - though it is not clear if this is specific to FAM or meditation itself&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hasenkamp|first=Wendy|last2=Wilson-Mendenhall|first2=Christine D.|last3=Duncan|first3=Erica|last4=Barsalou|first4=Lawrence W.|date=2012-01|title=Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811911007695|journal=NeuroImage|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=750–760|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.008}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The opposite of focused meditation is '''open-minded meditation''' (OM), where the meditator opens his awareness to his surroundings. The &quot;focus&quot; in OM meditation is &quot;awareness itself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lippelt|first=Dominique P.|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|last3=Colzato|first3=Lorenza S.|date=2014-09-23|title=Focused attention, open monitoring, and loving-kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity â€“ A review|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC4171985|pmid=25295025}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Heart-centered motivation''' or '''loving-kindness meditation''' (LKM&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;) is a form of meditation that is tailored to one's emotions rather than one's mind. One focuses on developing feelings of &quot;self-love&quot;. Once the meditator achieves &quot;self-love&quot;, they may engage their love to things that the meditator disfavors. 

'''Movement meditation''' is a great way of meditation for those who have trouble remaining still for elongated periods. Some excerises mentioned in the WebMD.com article include [[w:yoga|yoga]], [[w:tai chi|tai chi]] and even everyday activities - such as [[w:gardening|gardening]] and [[w:cooking|cooking]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

== Meditation in Sports ==
Mindfulness has proven to positively affect athletic performances as it can reduce stress (through reduced [[w:Cortisol awakening response|salivary cortisol levels]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nien|first=Jui-Ti|last2=Wu|first2=Chih-Han|last3=Yang|first3=Kao-Teng|last4=Cho|first4=Yu-Min|last5=Chu|first5=Chien-Heng|last6=Chang|first6=Yu-Kai|last7=Zhou|first7=Chenglin|date=2020-08-28|title=Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2020/8213710/|journal=Neural Plasticity|language=en|volume=2020|pages=1–12|doi=10.1155/2020/8213710|issn=2090-5904|pmc=PMC7474752|pmid=32908483}}&lt;/ref&gt;), increase concentration levels, and further advance cognitive functions needed to perform (such as the ability to remove distractions)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Colzato|first=Lorenza S.|last2=Kibele|first2=Armin|date=2017-06-01|title=How Different Types of Meditation Can Enhance Athletic Performance Depending on the Specific Sport Skills|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=122–126|doi=10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3|issn=2509-3304}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  
[[File:Kobe Bryant 2015.jpg|thumb|Kobe Bryant spoke about meditation and the positive effects that the practice had on his life &amp; his sports performance.]]
Meditation increases an athlete's chances of entering into a state of '''flow''' (or '''the zone'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;), the ability to be entirely synchronized with their performance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.podiumsportsjournal.com/2010/10/01/how-to-achieve-the-flow-state-in-athletics-and-life/|title=How to achieve the &quot;Flow State&quot; in Athletics and Life|last=MA|first=Phil Del Vecchio III|date=2010-10-01|website=Podium Sports Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. American golfer [[w:Mark Calcavecchia|Mark Calcavecchia]] explains that during his state of flow, he &quot;[doesn't] think about the shot, or the wind, or the distance, or the gallery, or anything. [He] just pull[s] a club and swing[s].”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ertheo.com/blog/en/mindfulness-meditation-for-athletes/|title=Mindfulness Meditation for Athletes {{!}} How to Get in the Zone|last=Deporte|first=Ertheo Educacion &amp;|date=2019-01-31|website=Soccer summer camps and academies all over the world|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[w:Kobe Bryant|Kobe Bryant]], regarded as one of the greatest American basketball players of all time, said that he &quot;meditate[d] every day... as that prepares me to face whatever comes next&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/en/more-sports/2018/08/08/5b6b082f22601d291e8b45b9.html|title=More Sports: Mindfulness: the secret weapon of Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant|date=2018-08-08|website=MARCA in English|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bryant felt as if he was &quot;constantly chasing the day&quot; if he skipped out on his habitual meditation practice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesportsrush.com/nba-news-i-always-had-a-hard-time-sleeping-i-couldnt-figure-out-how-to-shut-my-brain-off-kobe-bryant-on-the-importance-of-sleep-meditation/|title=&quot;I always had a hard time sleeping, I couldn't figure out how to shut my brain off&quot;: Kobe Bryant advises people to take 30 extra minutes of night-time sleep|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Pratap|date=2021-11-01|website=The SportsRush|language=en|access-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

A study conducted by Baltzell et al., (2014) assigned 7 Division 1 female footballers through a &quot;mindfulness meditation training session&quot; (MMTS) program. The program lasted 6 weeks and totaled 12 overall sessions. After the MMTS program, the D1 athletes were interviewed on the impact meditation had on their performance. All athletes reported that the MMTS program was the reason for their &quot;positive [..] mental shift&quot; on the field&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://contextualscience.org/publications/mindfulness_meditation_training_for_sport_mmts_intervention_impact_of_mmts|title=Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport (MMTS) intervention: Impact of MMTS with Division I female athletes {{!}} Association for Contextual Behavioral Science|website=contextualscience.org|access-date=2023-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Similar results were found in a 2016 study, where 10 basketball players were evenly separated into two groups: a group that meditates and a group that does not meditate. The basketball players that meditated found that they became stress-free and less prone to anger or fear during performance&lt;ref&gt;Burns, Janet M. C.. 2016. &quot;Getting to Another Level: Why Basketball Players Use Mindfulness Meditation.&quot; ''The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society'' 6 (4): 81-95. doi:10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v06i04/81-95.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Meditation in Religion ==
The practice of meditation can be found throughout the major religions of our time (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity &amp; Judaism). Although it varies based on faith, meditation in religion generally consists of undivided attention on the worship of a supreme deity(s) and to bring the worshipper spiritually closer to said deity. Alongside meditation, being religious is associated with many health benefits. This includes increased longevity, reduced risk of heart diseases, lower blood pressure, and increased immune functionality&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fbook%2f11916%2fchapter-abstract%2f161090993%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext|title=Community-Based Participatory Research Studies in Faith-Based Settings|website=academic.oup.com|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oman, D., &amp; Thoresen, C. E. (2005). Do Religion and Spirituality Influence Health? In R. F. Paloutzian &amp; C. L. Park (Eds.), ''Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality'' (pp. 435–459). The Guilford Press.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hinduism ===
Elements of meditative practices are mostly in the form of '''yoga'''. In a religious context, yoga are spiritual practices with the aim of &quot;leading to [a] union [to become [[w:Brahman|Brahman]]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://philosophy.lander.edu/oriental/yoga.html|title=Hinduism: Forms of Yoga|website=philosophy.lander.edu|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Meditation and yoga are not regarded as synonymous but are somewhat intertwined and meditation can be considered as a &quot;part of yoga lifestyle&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yogigo.com/yoga-and-meditation-differences/|title=Yoga and Meditation: The Differences|last=Mike|first=Author Gita|date=2021-06-07|website=Yogigo|language=en-us|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ultimate goal of both yoga &amp; meditation is to bring a &quot;peace of mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.   

Yoga originated in India and has been practiced worldwide for centuries.   

==== Yoga ====
[[File:Puja by a Bhakti Yogi.jpg|thumb|A bhakti yogi practicing meditation]]
The Sanskrit word for &quot;yoga&quot; derives from the root word [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-|yuj]] ''(युज्),'' meaning &quot;to tie together&quot;. Yoga philosophy is considered to be one of the six orthodox (āstika'')'' schools of Hinduism. There are four schools of yoga--all practiced in a process to attain ''[[w:Moksha|moksha]]'' (liberation) &amp; self-realization&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5020/karma-yoga|title=What is Karma Yoga? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* '''[[w:Jnana_yoga|Jnana yoga]]''' - The yogi aims to understand the insight of his ''Atman'' (soul) vs. the ''Brahman,'' usually with the help of a [[w:guru|guru]]. Jnana yoga consists of three parts: 1) knowledge in the Hinduistic scriptures ([[w:Vedas|Vedas]] &amp; [[w:Upanishad|Upanishads]]) 2) reflection (active awareness) 3) meditation in which one &quot;detaches&quot; himself from &quot;our roles with ourselves&quot;.
* [[w:Bhakti_Yoga|'''Bhakti yoga''']] - The yogi dedicates love to a personal deity. The diety in question may be Shiva, Krishna or even Jesus Christ. '''Figure 4''' displays a bhakti yogi practicing meditation in front of a body of water.
* [[w:Karma_yoga|'''Karma yoga''']] - &quot;Karma&quot; is referred to as the &quot;selfless service towards others&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. This type of yoga can be practiced with jnana or bhakti yoga. The main principle of this yoga is to act without any expectations or thoughts about the results of one's tasks. For example, a hunter should not attach himself to the accuracy of his shot, but towards the practice of shooting. As quoted in the [[w:Bhagavad_Gita|''Bhagavad Gita'']]: &quot;To the work you have the right, but not to the fruits thereof&quot;. One's undivided focus for each task should be calmy geared towards the task itself in order to avoid suffering. This type of yoga is believed to &quot;purify the mind&quot;, an outcome identical with meditation&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;.
* [[w:Raja_yoga|'''Raja yoga''']] - The yogi is able to find spiritual, mental &amp; physical peace by emphasizing control over the mind and body. This type of yoga focuses on meditation in order to control and calm the mind.

'''Dhyana''' (''ध्यान'', &quot;meditation&quot; in English) is the 7th limb of [[w:Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)|Ashtanga yoga]], a classification of yoga created by ancient Hindu philosopher [[w:Patanjali|Patanjali]]. Dhyana consists of mental training practices involving posture, breath/sense control, and increased concentration. The yogi's final stage is ''jhana'', where the yogi is completely engaged in meditation--to the point that the yogi &quot;can no longer separate the self from it [the practice]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5284/dhyana|title=What is Dhyana? - Definition from Yogapedia|website=Yogapedia.com|language=en|access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Buddhism ===
As mentioned earlier, Guatama revered meditation as a significant practice in his faith. The Sanskrit word भावना ''([[w:Bhavana|bhavana]])'' is coined for meditative practices (translating into English as &quot;mental cultivation&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/vipassana-meditation/|title=What Exactly Is Vipassana Meditation?|last=Gunaratana|first=Bhante Henepola|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|language=en|access-date=2023-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;). In [[w:Theravada_Buddhism|Theravada Buddhism]], Buddhism's oldest school, the [[w:Pali_Canon|Pali Canon]] mentions two crucial parts of meditation.

* '''Shamatha''' ([[w:Sinhala|Sinhala]]: සමථ, ''concentration'') emphasizes complete focus on a specific object, such as a candle or chant.
* '''Vipassana''' (Sinhala: විදර්ශනා, ''insight'') meditation is where the meditator &quot;chip[s] away&quot; distractions in order to achieve &quot;[[w:Nirvana|liberation]]&quot;, a &quot;presence of light&quot; and the &quot;goal of all Buddhist practices&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

Buddhism practices meditation similar to Hinduism.

=== Islam ===
[[File:Eugène Girardet - La Prière.jpg|left|thumb|An Algerian painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.]]
Meditation is a broad term and various sources provide differing explanations of meditation's place in Islam. 

According to [[w:Sunni_Islam|Sunni]] scholar Nabeel Valli, under the approval of [[w:Ebrahim_Desai|Ebrahim Desai]], &quot;meditation&quot; is translated into Arabic as ''[[w:Muraqabah|muraqabah]]'' ([[Arabic]]: مراقبة). ''Muraqabah'' is a practice aimed at strengthening one's relationship with Allah (Arabic: ٱللَّٰه ''God in Islam''). This is done by clearing one's mind of everything except Allah and practicing &quot;silent [[w:dhikr|dhikr]] (mention)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/80399/is-meditation-permissible/|title=Is meditation permissible?|last=IslamQA|date=2014-09-20|website=IslamQA|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valli uses Chapter 13, verse 28 of the Qur'an to support his position (showcased below).

{{center top}}
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;big&gt;الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَتَطْمَئِنُّ قُلُوبُهُم بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ ۗ أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ الْقُلُوبُ&lt;/big&gt;

''Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of Allah. Unquestionably, by the remembrance of Allah hearts are assured.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://surahquran.com/english-aya-28-sora-13.html|title=Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance {{!}} surah Raad aya 28|website=surahquran.com|access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
{{center bottom}}
However, Valli makes it clear that meditations resembling Hinduistic (yoga, for example) or Buddhist meditations are impermissible and go against the ''[[w:sharia|shariah]]'' (religious law).  

In the [[w:Sufi_Islam|Sufi sect]], the Sufis extend ''muraqabah'' even further with unique stages - although mainstream Islamic scholars, including [[w:Shaykh_al-Islam|Shaykh al-Islam]], condemned Sufis for their &quot;innovations that constitute [[w:Shirk|shirk]] (associating partners with Allah)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/47431/what-is-sufism|title=What Is Sufism? - Islam Question &amp; Answer|website=islamqa.info|language=en|access-date=2023-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''. Figure 5''' displays a painting of a Sufi engaging in ''muraqabah''.   

=== Christianity ===
An August 2022 article by members of the College of Theology of [[w:Grand_Canyon_University|Grand Canyon University]], titled ''Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation,'' explores meditation within the Christian realm. Michele Pasley and Todd Forrest differentiate between &quot;eastern&quot; (or secular) meditation and Christian meditation, stating that the former is about &quot;detach[ing]&quot; from one's self, whilst the latter is &quot;attach[ing]&quot; one's self to &quot;God and being focused on his words&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gcu.edu/blog/theology-ministry/theology-thursday-christian-perspective-meditation|title=Theology Thursday: A Christian Perspective on Meditation|date=2022-08-04|website=GCU|language=en|access-date=2023-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pasley and Forrest claim that Christian meditation allows the worshipper to be full of the &quot;fruit of the Spirit&quot;, allowing them to be more &quot;patient&quot;, albeit evidence for this claim was not provided.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Pasley and Forrest quote several places in the Bible where meditation is mentioned or encouraged to its believers.

* '''Psalm 1''' describes &quot;meditating&quot; on God's words would lead to a life of success. This is because being &quot;fruitful&quot; (Gen. 1:28&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%201%3A28&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:28 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was God's first commandment to his creation. This is achieved by the believer being &quot;supplied&quot; the words of God, therefore akin to a tree that is fruit bearing (a tree contains its fruits from an abundance of water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://today.bju.edu/president/psalm-1-discovering-true-happiness/|title=Psalm 1: Discovering True Happiness|date=2018-01-22|website=BJUtoday|language=en-US|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Hebrews 3:1'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews%203%3A1&amp;version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Hebrews 3:1 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|language=en|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Hebrews 12:2'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Hebrews+12:2&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8|title=Hebrews 12:2 - Google Search|website=www.google.com|access-date=2023-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; both allude to the believers to fixate their mind and attention on Jesus, to which Pasley and Forrest claim these passages command the believer to meditate on God.
In the end, the pair recommend readers to &quot;be with Jesus&quot; and to engage their focus on the scripture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== Judaism ===
Nissan Dovid Dubov, a director of a [[w:Chabad-Lavitch|Chabad-Lavitch]] in the UK, highlights the ignorance of many Jews on the practice of Jewish meditation, despite it being a crucial part of the Jewish religion. According to Dubov, six of the 613 '''mitzvot''' (commandments) in the Torah are connected to the principle of meditation: deep &amp; intentional thinking. These are to believe in God, to unify His name, to love God, to fear Him, to love a fellow Jew, and to not turn astray after one's heart and eyes.[[File:Tfilat18.JPG|thumb|Jews engaging in ''amidah'', a form of Jewish prayer. Worshippers are engaging in deep contemplation over the words and commandments of God.]]
When a Jew proclaims his daily recitation twice a day: &quot;Hear O Israel, the L-rd our G‑d, the L-rd is One&quot;, one must not recite out of mindless habit, but this recitation must be accompanied by &quot;deep contemplation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Dubov, N. D. (n.d.). ''Jewish meditation - chabad.org''. Jewish Meditation. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/361886/jewish/Jewish-Meditation.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. This deep meditation would arouse feelings of love and fear for God.

To &quot;love God&quot; and to &quot;fear Him&quot; go hand in hand. The believer, out of his deep love for God, would keep strong to the commandments. To fear God (word used is ''yirah'', יראה) is to avoid sin due to a fear of the punishment for committing such sin, but the root cause of the fear is deep admiration of the Lord and to not &quot;contradict&quot; the Divine Will&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

To love a fellow Jew comes from Rabbi [[w:Baal_Shem_Tov|Yisrael ben Eliezer]]: &quot;the portal to G‑d is the love of a fellow Jew&quot;. Deep contemplation of the &quot;G-dly essence&quot; of every Jew leads to a love for that fellow believer&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;.

Lastly, the daily prayers serve as a strategy to implement religious meditation. The prayer consists of two parts: deep meditation on one's &quot;attach[ment]&quot; of their soul to God &amp; actively nourishing one's soul to &quot;refine one's character&quot;. Dubov credits meditation as a way of &quot;carry[ing] these words [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[w:Amidah|''amidah,'']] shown in '''Figure 6'''], their meaning[s], into our daily lives when we engage in the day-to-day activities that can sometimes seem far from obvious G‑dliness&quot;. Dubov ends off his article with encouraging the believer to exert tunnel-focus in their meditation, as a more &quot;detailed&quot; meditation brings about a stronger effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

The '''Sefer Yetzirah''', mentioned earlier in this article, is regarded as a &quot;meditation manual&quot; - according to Grand Master [[w:Julie_Scott_(Rosicrucian)|Julie Scott]]&lt;ref&gt;Armstrong, Steven. “Three Kabbalistic Meditations from the Sepher Yetzirah - Grand Master Julie Scott.” ''Rosicrucian Podcasts'', 13 Feb. 2023, rosicrucian-podcasts.org/three-kabbalistic-meditations-from-the-sepher-yetzirah-julie-scott-src/.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Effects of Meditation ==

=== Positive Effects ===
An original research paper conducted in 2019 reports that &quot;hundreds&quot; of scientific literature assert the positive effects on medical conditions and the physiological well-being&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Thomas|last2=Suresh|first2=Mallika|last3=Farb|first3=Norman AS|date=2019-06|title=Meditation Benefits and Drawbacks: Empirical Codebook and Implications for Teaching|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|journal=Journal of Cognitive Enhancement|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=207–220|doi=10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y|issn=2509-3290}}&lt;/ref&gt;. According to a 2015 study done by Hari Sharma from the College of Medicine of [[w:Ohio_State_University|Ohio State University]], meditation is proven to reduce stress, increase memory and reduce depression. Alongside the psychological benefits, the physiological benefits include an increased blood flow to the brain and decreased blood pressure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Hari|date=2015|title=Meditation: Process and effects|url=http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/233/182756|journal=AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=233|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.182756|issn=0974-8520|pmc=PMC4895748|pmid=27313408}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a 2019 case study completed by scientists in China, 40 healthy individuals were placed in two, 8-week &quot;mindfulness training program(s)&quot;. The two programs taught two different types of meditation: FAM meditation and OM meditation. 4 individuals failed to complete the training. The 36 individuals who completed the training exhibited positive changes in regulating mood and depression&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Qin|last2=Wang|first2=Zheng|last3=Wang|first3=Xinqiang|last4=Liu|first4=Lei|last5=Zhang|first5=Jing|last6=Zhou|first6=Renlai|date=2019|title=The Effects of Different Stages of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Emotion Regulation|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=13|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2019.00208|issn=1662-5161|pmc=PMC6610260|pmid=31316361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mograbi GJ, a professor of Philosophy of Science at [[w:Federal University of Mato Grosso|Federal University of Mato Grosso]], concluded in his 2011 study, ''Meditation and the Brain: Attention, Control and Emotion,'' that meditation is a form of &quot;self-control&quot; &amp; very well can contribute to a &quot;better quality of life&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mograbi|first=Gabriel JoséCorrêa|date=2011|title=Meditation and the brain: Attention, control and emotionFNx08|url=http://www.msmonographs.org/text.asp?2011/9/1/276/77444|journal=Mens Sana Monographs|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=276|doi=10.4103/0973-1229.77444|issn=0973-1229|pmc=PMC3115297|pmid=21694979}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Negative Effects ===
Although meditation is a realistic psychological treatment to mood problems &amp; depression levels, it is not recommended for people who suffer with psychiatric issues as it may heighten [[w:psychosis|psychosis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

This was suggested from a 1975 case study where a 39-year-old woman experienced &quot;altered reality testing and behavior&quot; after an extended period of time practicing [[w:Transcendental meditation|transcendental meditation]] (a form of focused meditation)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=French|first=A. P.|last2=Schmid|first2=A. C.|last3=Ingalls|first3=E.|date=1975-07|title=Transcendental meditation, altered reality testing, and behavioral change: a case report|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1151361/|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=161|issue=1|pages=55–58|doi=10.1097/00005053-197507000-00007|issn=0022-3018|pmid=1151361}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Associated undesirable effects of meditation include [[anxiety]], hallucinations, emotional stress &amp; general confusion&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. The lack of clarity on what the adverse effects of meditation actually result in is due to the vagueness of what constitutes as an &quot;adverse&quot; effect. An &quot;adverse&quot; reaction to meditation is &quot;highly subjective&quot;, according to a 2021 article from Brown University conducted by Dr. Willoughby Britton&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vivo.brown.edu/display/wbritton|title=Britton, Willoughby|website=vivo.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-05-18/adverse-effects|title=Making mindfulness meditation more helpful starts with understanding how it can be harmful|website=Brown University|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Dr. Britton further explains that &quot;re-living of a previous trauma may be healing for some and destabilizing for others&quot;, hence one meditator's &quot;re-living of [sic] previous trauma&quot; may be a beneficial thing as opposed to another meditator who may find it traumatizing. Britton also mentions that the lack of reported, unwanted effects of meditation may be incorrectly interpreted as an absence of adverse effects.

Dr. Britton conducted a study to explore the adverse effects of meditation programs. Out of 96 participants, 58% of the participants experienced &quot;at least one meditation-related adverse effect&quot;, which were symptoms largely in relation to &quot;[[w:Emotional dysregulation|dysregulated arousal]]&quot;. Participants reported re-experiencing past traumas and having nightmares. Dr. Britton remarks that focus should be planted on the &quot;impact&quot; of the effect and not the &quot;valence&quot; of it. Britton states that feeling &quot;emotionally-checked out... can provide some relief, especially for a person suffering from intense anxiety&quot;. 6% of participants reported &quot;impairments in functioning lasting more than one month&quot;, which may serve as a sign that disassociation is harmful in those specific cases. Dr. Britton concludes that her study aims to heighten &quot;harms-monitoring in order to maximize the safety and efficacy of mindfulness-based meditation&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

==== Cebolla et al., 2017 ====
A multilingual 2013 survey was published by a group of researchers from the [[w:University_of_Valencia|University of Valencia]] inviting participants to explore the &quot;unwanted effects&quot; of meditation. The survey was advertised on websites relating to meditation, such as meditation associations. The participants were chosen to be analyzed based on their accurate completion of the survey and their time of meditation practicing (participants who had not meditated for more than two months were not considered in the final analysis). From 914 total people who accessed the survey, n = 509 were excluded due to improper completion of the survey, and n = 57 were excluded due to a lack of meditation experience, leaving only n = 342 participants to assess. The survey was available in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. 

Participants were asked about their sociodemographic data (age, race, ethnicity, etc.), medical history (anxiety or depression), type of meditation practice, frequency and time of meditation experience, method of learning (self-taught vs. classes), and mentorship (religious context). Participants were then required to detail if they had any adverse side effects as a result of their meditation experience (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;). If the participant answered &quot;yes&quot;, participants detailed the side effect, the context of when said side effect took place, form of meditation practice, and time length (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cebolla|first=Ausiàs|last2=Demarzo|first2=Marcelo|last3=Martins|first3=Patricia|last4=Soler|first4=Joaquim|last5=Garcia-Campayo|first5=Javier|date=2017-09-05|editor-last=Hills|editor-first=Robert K|title=Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0183137|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183137|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC5584749|pmid=28873417}}&lt;/ref&gt;). 

At the end of the survey, participants completed a &quot;checklist&quot; of 18 possible experiences that may be experienced from meditation (ranging from &quot;less motivation in life&quot; to &quot;feelings of alienation&quot;). The scientists derived this checklist from German psychiatrist [[w:Micheal_Landen|Micheal Landen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Linden|first=Michael|date=2013|title=How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: from unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253218/|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=20|issue=4|pages=286–296|doi=10.1002/cpp.1765|issn=1099-0879|pmid=22253218}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Responses for this checklist were on a scale of 0-10, &quot;0&quot; being &quot;never&quot; and &quot;10&quot; being &quot;frequently&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). 

===== Results =====
The majority of participants who were accounted for in this study were women (68.4% vs. 31.6% [men]), Spanish (42.9%), married (48.5%), and/or had ''at least'' the equivalence to a university-level education (54.4%, with 33.3% being individuals who held a masters or a Ph.D.). Throughout the types of meditation practiced, 46.8% of participants practiced informal practice meditation on a daily basis (integrating thoughtfulness and concentration into daily activities, such as walking). 

When participants were asked if they incurred unwanted side effects, 25.4% of the participants selected &quot;yes&quot;. 41.3% of these participants answered that unwanted effects occurred during individual meditation (as opposed to a group or a retreat), 8% of the participants were practicing body scan meditation (focusing on sensations that are felt throughout the body) and 10.3% of these meditators practiced 21+ minute sessions. Table 1 below lists the symptoms experienced by meditators who answered &quot;yes&quot; to incurring unwanted side effects whilst practicing meditation.

{{center top}}
'''Table 1'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 auto;&quot;
|+Symptoms experienced whilst meditating (n, %)
!
!Anxiety
!Pain
!Depersonalization/derealisation
!Hypomania/depressive
!Emotional lability
!Visual focalization problems
!Loss of consciousness/dizziness
!Other symptoms
!No information
|-
|'''n'''
|12
|5
|8
|2
|2
|2
|6
|4
|46
|-
|'''%'''
|13.8
|5.7
|9.2
|2.3
|2.3
|2.3
|6.9
|4.5
|52.8
|}
{{center bottom}}

39% of these symptoms were transitory (vs. 10.3% who reported side effects to be continuous), 37.9% did not need to discontinue medication (as opposed to the 1.1% who discontinued medication due to side effects), whilst 44.8% did not need assistance from a therapist or medical facility (as opposed to the 5.7% who reported that medical assistance was necessary).

A one-way ANOVA on ranks test was implemented to observe the differences between the side effects vs. frequency/years of practice. The scientists found a significant difference between side effects and body awareness meditation (X&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 5.335; p &lt; .05) (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;). Body awareness meditation is a form of focused meditation, where the meditator focuses on their body parts. No significant differences were found for the years of practice. 

Further analysis was completed on the checklist of 18 possible side effects from meditation in relation to learning styles. A univariate ANOVA test was conducted on the checklist and found two significant differences. Significant differences were found in feelings of &quot;increased emotional pain&quot; [F(3,227) = 2.908; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .037] and &quot;need to prolong meditation&quot; [F(3,225) = 2.793; p &lt;.05; η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = .036]  (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

===== Limitations =====
[[File:Mahasati Rhythmic Movements.gif|left|thumb|Mahasti meditation, a form of body-awareness meditation in Buddhism. This type of meditation was found to be associated with the least amount of side effects in the study.]]


The researchers concluded that although there was a decent number of reports for side effects (25.4% of the respondents reported side effects), almost half of the participants that attempted to answer the questionnaire regarding side effects did not fill out the questionnaire adequately - thus losing more data. 

The data that was adequate and studied found that the side effects reported were mostly insignificant and didn't cause lasting problems in the meditators. Side effects were found more in individual meditation vs. group meditation and in longer meditation sessions vs. shorter meditation sessions. Focused-attention meditation (FA meditation) was found to bring about more side effects while body-awareness meditation brought out fewer side effects (Cebolla et al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).  FA meditation was found to be mostly associated with greater &quot;self-criticism&quot;, or a belief that time ''not'' spent meditating was &quot;wasted&quot;. The researchers explained this correlation by detailing the nature of FA meditation, stating that since FA meditation is &quot;heavily structured&quot; towards a &quot;unique&quot; object of meditation, it may go against the meditator's &quot;experience&quot; (Cebolla et. al., 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;).

The researchers acknowledge that [[w:Correlation_does_not_imply_causation|correlation does not imply causation]] &amp; although unwanted side effects ''could'' be associated with meditation, no definitive evidence has been shown to directly attribute meditation to any unwanted side effects. The researchers highlight various significant limitations the study suffered from, including cultural imbalance (the majority of participants hailing from Spanish or Latina America), obvious bias (biases typically associated with surveys), and the lack of proper responses.

== Conclusion ==
After reviewing the history &amp; religious practices involving meditation, it is evident that meditation has played a significant part in peoples' lives for centuries. With various techniques, those who choose to meditate, despite whatever form of meditation it is, reap several neurological and health benefits. Although meditation has been mostly painted with a positive brush, the idea of meditation bringing out unwanted effects has been researched. Although Dr. Britton's study found over 50% of her participants to have experienced one or more unwanted effects, it seems to be a case-by-case basis and is up to the interpretation of the meditator themselves. 

In a 2017 study done by a group of researchers of the University of Valencia, their survey ultimately found that 25.4% of participants suffered unwanted side effects of meditation. These effects ranged from self-criticism to greater emotional pain. A significant difference was found between unwanted side effects and body-awareness meditation. Albeit the study brought greater attention to potential negative experiences of meditation, the study fell to many limitations - including bias and a significant amount of data lost in the process. Nonetheless, the researchers recommended that meditation should not be practiced by those with psychotic issues.

Overall, the literature reviewed has shown that meditation is an ancient practice that has fully merited its praise and longevity. The use of meditation has been positively observed throughout many different fields - from religion to sports. 

== Acknowledgements ==
No thanks given.

=== Competing interests ===
The author declares that they have no competing interests.

=== Ethics statement ===
This paper does not serve as medical advice. 

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Analysis]]</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed with the following objectives in mind:

# Invent a timekeeping system which is sufficiently independent of Earth's motions and orientation, so that &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, time zones, and other correctional adjustments are not required.
# A timekeeping system which is fundamentally binary and compatible with computer architecture.
# A timekeeping system roughly based in galactic years, Great Years, and Great Weeks, with enough scope to uniquely and unambiguously identify each point in time, beginning with the Big Bang, and continuing into the foreseeable future.
# A timekeeping system with a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic | mnemonic device]], to promote education and understanding.&lt;/br&gt;

= What is the Bully Timestamp System? =

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: Bully Timestamps vs. Modern Time Zones
|-
! Bully Timestamp !! Selected Time Zones
|-
|
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|8209 2800 0000]]
||
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 pm (NZST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  9:59:29 pm (AEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
|}


'''The Bully Timestamp System''' is neither a clock nor a calendar.  Clocks are tied to the rotation of the Earth and measure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time Universal Time (UT)] in terms of days and fractions of days (for example: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour hours], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute minutes], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second seconds]).  Calendars are tied to changes in the seasons, which result from the orbit of the Earth around the Sun ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris_time Ephemeris time]), and from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession precession] of the equinoxes.  Calendars measure time in terms of days, weeks, months, and years.

Clocks and calendars are used for tracking biological processes such as setting a time to wake up in the morning or determining when to plant crops. It is essential for clocks and calendars to remain correlated with the earth's actual orientation, and to be adjusted for an individuals location on the globe for proper management of biological processes. As shown in figure 1 above, modern time keeping employs a set of time zones to adjust for disparate locations on Earth's surface. The Bully Timestamp is not adjusted for location, so a single, unique, Bully Timestamp is applicable at all locations on Earth simultaneously. As shown in figure 1, Bully timestamp 8209 2800 0000 was realized on June 21, 1998, when the time was 8:59:29 AM in London, and 8:59:29 PM in Tokyo.

Since clocks and calendars are tied to the motion of the Earth, and these motions are somewhat irregular, it becomes necessary from time to time to insert leap seconds, or make other corrections, to keep clocks and calendars in sync with the Earth's actual orientation.  As shown in figure 2 below, the Earth's rotational motion (UT) can experience variations on the order of 500 milliseconds per year. The Earth's orbital motion (ET) can experience variations on the order of 40 milliseconds per year. During the 110 year period (1930 AD ... 2040 AD) shown in figure 2, the accumulation of Earth's rotational variations resulted in an increase of Delta T (ET-UT) from less than 25 seconds to more than 70 seconds.

The Bully Timestamp System measures elapsed time in terms of Bully timestamps (shown on the far right axis in figure 2). Bully timestamps are not directly tied to the motions of the Earth, or any other planet, and hence, it is never necessary to insert leap seconds or other corrections into Bully timestamps. The Bully Timestamp System can be directly related to International Atomic Time (TAI), which is the passage of elapsed time as measured using atomic clocks.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

Bully spacetime units were originally derived from the orbital periods of various Solar System bodies. In particular, the number of seconds in Earth's sidereal year is 31558150 s = [[Bully Mnemonic |10330 * 3055 s]].  Large [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object astronomical objects], such as
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and the Solar System's [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_planet giant planets], can be thought of as bullies both in the traditional meaning of &quot;beautiful&quot;, but also in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. The bullies, in Bully Metric, are Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

[[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{16}^{12} \cdot 3055\ seconds = 27,249,360,000\ years&lt;/math&gt;

A unique hexadecimal twelve digit Bully timestamp is realized every 3055 seconds TAI.  The universe is currently understood to be less than 13.8 billion years old, which means that there are enough unique Bully timestamps to span the entire age of the universe.

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

The inability of computers to predict long term variations in Earth's motion has resulted in the creation of multiple time standards. Each standard is a reflection of circumstances that existed during the deployment of a particular system. For example, as shown in figure 2 above, The GPS system was deployed January 6, 1980.  At that time, there was a Delta T adjustment (TT-UTC) of more than 51 &quot;leap&quot; seconds. The LORAN-C upgrade, on the other hand, occurred in 1972 when the Delta T adjustment (TT-UTC) was closer to 42 &quot;leap&quot; seconds. The resulting timestamps provided by GPS and LORAN-C differ by nine seconds due to the disparate circumstances under which these systems were deployed.  Also, LORAN-C timestamps differ by ten seconds from TAI due to the fact that TAI was deployed in 1958.

Click on the below links for a comparison of six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI):

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

The unpredictability of leap second insertions is an ongoing source of confusion and expense.  Click on the following link for more information: 

[https://bullyrow.eeyabo.net/index.php/The_second_is_broken The second is broken]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic time standards did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;


[[File:North season.jpg|thumb|Tropical Year]]

The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact (eight digits) number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year]; a good approximation (four digits) of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year]; and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year].

The following relationships are encoded in the Bully Mnemonic:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

= Bully Mnemonic Steps =

== Initial Definitions ==

=== Step 1 ===

The first step is to write down the first five digits:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \begin{matrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 \end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 2 ===

The second step is to select odd digits and intersperse them with zeros to form integers a) and b) as shown below:
(important to remember that the first integer ends with 33 followed by a 0, whereas the second integer ends with 55 with no trailing 0)

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \begin{matrix} {\color{Red} 1} &amp; \scriptstyle\text{2} &amp; {\color{Red} 3} &amp; \scriptstyle\text{4} &amp; {\color{Red} 5} \end{matrix} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; a) \, {\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0 &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; b) \, {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 3 ===

The third step is to select even digits and define numbers c) and d) as shown below:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \begin{matrix} \scriptstyle\text{1} &amp; {\color{Red} 2} &amp;  \scriptstyle\text{3} &amp; {\color{Red} 4} &amp; \scriptstyle\text{5} \end{matrix} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; c) \, {\color{Red} 2} &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; d) \, 0. {\color{Red} 4} 0 &lt;/math&gt;

== Sidereal &amp; Tropical Years ==

=== Step 4 ===

Multiply integers a) and b) from Step 2 to get the total number of seconds in a sidereal year.

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\color{Red} 1} 0 {\color{Red} 33} 0 \times {\color{Red} 3} 0 {\color{Red} 55} = 31558150 = \frac{1 \, Sidereal \, Year}{1 \, Second} &lt;/math&gt;

Using Long Multiplication: 
        3055
 ×     10330
 ————————————
        0000
       9165
      9165
     0000
    3055
 ————————————
    31558150

=== Step 5 ===

The tropical year has a slightly shorter duration than the sidereal year. The exact number of seconds in a tropical year is obtained by reducing integer a) by amount d), multiplying by b), and then reducing by c).

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; (({\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33} 0 - 0. {\color{Red} 4} 0)  \times {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}) - {\color{Red} 2} = 31556926 = \frac{1 \, Tropical \, Year}{1 \, Second} &lt;/math&gt;

Using the Distributive Property of Multiplication:

 (10330 - 0.40) × 3055 = (10330 × 3055) - (0.40 × 3055)
                       =    31558150    -     1222
                       =    31556928

== Great Years ==

=== Step 6 ===

The Great Year is, by definition, a least common multiple of the sidereal year and the tropical year.  From steps 4 and 5 above, we have that the ratio of tropical years to sidereal years is:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\frac{1 \, Tropical \, Year}{1 \, Sidereal \, Year}} \approx {\frac{(10330 - 0.40) \times 3055 \, sec}{10330 \times 3055 \, sec}} &lt;/math&gt;

Divide top and bottom by amount d) and use the Distributive Property of Multiplication to obtain:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\frac{1 \, Tropical \, Year}{1 \, Sidereal \, Year}} \approx {\frac{(\frac{10330}{0.40} - \frac{0.40}{0.40}) \times 3055 \, sec}{(\frac{10330}{0.40}) \times 3055 \, sec}} &lt;/math&gt;

From whence:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\frac{1 \, Tropical \, Year}{1 \, Sidereal \, Year}} \approx {\frac{(25825 - 1) \times 3055 \, sec}{(25825) \times 3055 \, sec}} &lt;/math&gt;

Consequently:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\frac{25825 \, Tropical \, Year}{25824 \, Sidereal \, Year}} \approx {\frac{25825 \times (25824) \times 3055 \, sec}{25824 \times (25825) \times 3055 \, sec}} = 1 &lt;/math&gt;

Finally:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25825 \, Tropical \, Years \approx 25824 \, Sidereal \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

In terms of Long Multiplication; 0.40, 25825, and 10330 are related as follows: 
        0.40
 ×  25825
 ————————————
        2.00
       08.0
      320
     200
    080
 ————————————
    10330.00

== Galactic Years ==

=== Step 7 ===

Multiply integer c) by the square of integer a) to get a rough approximate galactic year (the number of tropical years required for the Solar System to orbit once around the galactic center).

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}^{2} = 213417800 \approx \frac{ 1 \, Galactic \, Year}{ 1 \, Tropical \, Year} &lt;/math&gt;

Using Long Multiplication: 
        10330
 ×      10330
 ——————————————
        00000
       30990
      30990
     00000
    10330
 ——————————————
    106708900

And finally:
 106708900 × 2 = 213417800</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;


A few additional approximations (four digits) can be obtained from values used in the Bully Mnemonic.  These include an approximate relationship of the speed of light to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius Earth's radius] (r ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+*+3.055+s+%2F+sqrt%282*10330%29 6371]), Schwarzschild radius (R), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] (μ = MG ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c%5E3+*+0.03055+s+%2F%282+*+1033000000%29 3.984e14]), and a typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth gravitational acceleration] on earth's surface (g ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+%2F+%2830550000+s%29 9.813] ).

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; r_{earth} \approx {10^{-3}} \times c \times  \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{\sqrt{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}} = 6371 \, km&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; R_{earth} = \frac{2 \times GM_{earth}}{c^{2}} \approx {10^{-10}} \times c \times \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}} \approx {8.866 \, mm} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\mu}_{earth} = GM_{earth} \approx {10^{-10}} \times c^{3} \times \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}} \approx {398,400,000,000,000\, \frac{m^{3}}{s^2}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;g_{earth} = \frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{{r_{earth}}^{2}} \approx {10^{-4}} \times c \times \frac{1}{ {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55} \, s} \approx {9.813 \, \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

== Additional Relationships ==

=== Step 8 ===

Divide integer b) (in seconds) by the product of integer c) and integer a). The resulting value will be roughly (four digit approximation) ten orders of magnitude bigger than earth's standard gravitational parameter (μ = MG) divided by the speed of light (c) cubed.

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 10^{10} \times {\frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{c^{3}}} = 0.147\,936\,611\,505 s&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}} = 0.147\,870\,280\,736 s&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 9 ===

A more accurate approximation (twelve digit) is obtained by reducing a) by 4.6316922:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}}{{\color{Red} 2} \times ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} = 0.147\,936\,611\,505 s&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 10 ===

The value of an object's Schwarzschild radius (R) is obtained from the standard gravitational parameter by multiplying by two and dividing by the speed of light squared. Comparing with steps 8 and 9 above, one obtains:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;10^{10} \times {\frac{R_{earth}}{c}} = 0.295\,873\,223\,010 s&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}}{ ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} = 0.295\,873\,223\,010 s&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 11 ===

The Earth is not a perfect sphere. The radius and gravitational acceleration at the earth's surface are not constant values. Approximations of the Earth's radius (r) and gravity (g) can be obtained as follows:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; r_{earth} \approx {10^{-3}} \times c \times  \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{\sqrt{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}} = 6371 \, km&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;g_{earth} = \frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{{r_{earth}}^{2}} \approx {10^{-4}} \times c \times \frac{1}{ {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55} \, s} \approx {9.813 \, \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;


[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]

The '''Bully Mnemonic Extension''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of meters that light travels in one second, and the approximate range of gravitational accelerations that occur on the surface of the Earth due to Newtonian gravity. The ''Bully Mnemonic Extension'', when used in conjunction with the ''Bully Mnemonic'', allows one to calculate a few physical quantities, including the number of meters in a light year.


The following relationships are encoded in the Bully Mnemonic Extension:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; Speed \, of \, light \, in \, vacuum = {299,792,458 \frac{m}{s}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; High \, end \, of \, gravity \, on \, Earth's \, surface \approx {9.86 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; Mid \, range \, gravity \, on \, Earth's \, surface \approx {9.81 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; Low \, end \, of \, gravity \, on \, Earth's \, surface \approx {9.76 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;


The following relationship can be derived using the ''Bully Mnemonic Extension'' in conjunction with the ''Bully Mnemonic'':

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, light \, year \approx {9,460,528,400,000,000 \, meters} &lt;/math&gt;

= Bully Mnemonic Extension Steps =

== Initial Definitions ==

=== Step 1 ===

Complete steps 1 and 2 of the [[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]] to form integers a) and b) as shown below:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \begin{matrix} {\color{Red} 1} &amp; \scriptstyle\text{2} &amp; {\color{Red} 3} &amp; \scriptstyle\text{4} &amp; {\color{Red} 5} \end{matrix} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; a) \, {\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0 &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; b) \, {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 2 ===

The Bully Mnemonic Extension will use two variants of integer a). The first variant will have 33 removed and replaced with 00.  The second variant will have 330 removed and replaced with 22:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; av1) \, {\color{Red} 1} 0000 &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; av2) \, {\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 22}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; b) \, {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}&lt;/math&gt;

== Speed of Light ==

=== Step 3 ===
Multiply integers av2) and b) from Step 2.

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\color{Red} 1} 0 {\color{Red} 22} \times {\color{Red} 3} 0 {\color{Red} 55}  = 3122210 &lt;/math&gt;

Using Long Multiplication: 
      3055
 ×    1022
 ————————————
      6110
     6110
    0000
   3055
 ————————————
   3122210

=== Step 4 ===

Drop the zero from the integer obtained in step 3, swap each 2 with 3, and swap each 1 with 9, to obtain integer f) shown below:

    312221
 f) 293339

=== Step 5 ===

Multiply integer av2) from Step 2, and integer f) from step 4, to get the total number of meters that light travels in one second.

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\color{Red} 1} 0 {\color{Red} 22} \times 293339  = 299792458 &lt;/math&gt;

Using Long Multiplication: 
          1022
 ×      293339
 ——————————————
         9198
        3066
       3066
      3066
     9198
    2044
 ——————————————
    299792458

== Gravity on Earth ==

=== Step 6 ===

Divide the speed of light obtained in step 5, by integers av1) and b) from step 2, to obtain a value for Earth's gravity:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{{\color{Red} 1} 0000 \times {\color{Red} 3} 0 {\color{Red} 55} \, s}} = {\frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{30550000 \, s}} \approx {9.81 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

In terms of Long Multiplication, 30550000 and 9.81 are approximately related to 299792458 as follows: 
    30550000
 ×         9.81
 ————————————
      305500.00
    24440000.0
   274950000
 ————————————
   2997.....

=== Step 7 ===

The range of gravitational accelerations that occur on the surface of the Earth, due to Newtonian gravity, can be approximated by repeating step 6 with the denominator increased or decreased by half a percent:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{(30550000 \, s) + (150000 \, s)}} = \frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{30700000 \, s} \approx {9.76 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{(30550000 \, s) - (150000 \, s)}} = \frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{30400000 \, s} \approx {9.86 \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;

== Additional Relationships ==

=== Step 8 ===

As shown in steps 8 and 9 of the ''[[Bully Mnemonic]]'', the earth's standard gravitational parameter (μ = MG) divided by the speed of light cubed, can be approximated as follows:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 10^{10} \times {\frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{c^{3}}} = \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55} \, s }{{\color{Red} 2} \times ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} \approx \frac{{\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}&lt;/math&gt;

Rearranging terms:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\mu}_{earth} = GM_{earth} = \frac{ c^3 \times 10^{-10} \times {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{\color{Red} 2} \times ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} \approx \frac{  c^3 \times 10^{-10} \times {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}&lt;/math&gt;

As shown in step 6 above, a typical gravitational acceleration on earth is:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;g_{earth} = {\frac{c}{30550000 \, s}} = {\frac{299792458 \frac{m}{s}}{30550000 \, s}} \approx {9.81 \frac{m}{s^{2}}}&lt;/math&gt;


Taking a ratio of the standard gravitational parameter with the gravitational acceleration:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{g_{earth}} = \frac{ 30550000 \, s \times c^3 \times 10^{-10} \times {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{ c \times {\color{Red} 2} \times ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} \approx \frac{ 30550000 \, s \times c^3 \times 10^{-10} \times {\color{Red} 3} 0  {\color{Red} 55}\,s}{ c \times {\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}&lt;/math&gt;

Simplifying Terms:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{g_{earth}} = \frac{(c \times 3.055\,s)^2}{ {\color{Red} 2} \times ({{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0} - 4.6316922)} \approx \frac{(c \times 3.055\,s)^2}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Step 9 ===

It turns out that the radius of the earth can be approximated as the square root of the ratio of standard gravitational parameter with the gravitational acceleration. Using the approximation obtained in step 8:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; r_{earth} \approx \sqrt{\frac{{\mu}_{earth}}{g_{earth}}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{(c \times 3.055\,s)^2}{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}} \approx \frac{c \times 3.055\,s}{\sqrt{{\color{Red} 2} \times {{\color{Red} 1} 0  {\color{Red} 33}  0}}} = 6371 \, km&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ly1ig9xl0afpyddkh53mr4trettx7am</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>308469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719334</id>
      <parentid>2718330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
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      <text bytes="20256" sha1="fz525lbusylu7v2dzaiakhy35yoltni" xml:space="preserve">{| class=table style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[File:TR_at_Bull_Moose_convention_1912.jpg|thumb|right|300px| The term [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_pulpit bully pulpit], meaning &quot;superb&quot; or &quot;wonderful&quot;, was coined by United States President [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt], founder of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party Bull Moose Party].]]

Six base units are defined in the '''Bully Metric''' system. Two variants of the '''apan''' are defined as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime spacetime units]. Three variants of the '''nat''' are defined as transformation units.  And the symbol '''&quot;e&quot;''' is used to represent elementary charge (the charge of a single electron).

The Bully Metric system was named in honor of actor Robin Williams' portrayal of US president Teddy Roosevelt.  Roosevelt frequently used of the word &quot;bully&quot; and coined the phrase &quot;bully pulpit&quot;.  As noted in Merriam-Webster's dictionary, bully had a positive connotation through much of history.  
{{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was 'sweetheart'. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, 'lover'.  Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker&lt;ref&gt;(Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Bully. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully)&lt;/ref&gt;.}}
Bully spacetime units were originally derived from the orbital periods of various Solar System bodies. In particular, the number of seconds in Earth's sidereal year is 31558150 s = [[Bully Mnemonic |10330 * 3055 s]].  Large [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object astronomical objects], such as
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and the Solar System's [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_planet giant planets], can be thought of as bullies both in the traditional meaning of &quot;beautiful&quot;, but also in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. The bullies, in Bully Metric, are Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

[[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

=== Spacetime Units ===
 ta = 30.55 femtoseconds (exact)
 
 la = [https://pml.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c c] × 30.55 femtoseconds (exact)
    = [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+*+%2830.55e-15+s%29 9.1586595919 micrometers] (exact)

The '''time apan''' (or timepan) (symbol '''ta''') is by definition exactly 30.55 femtoseconds. The '''length apan''' (or lightpan or lengthpan) (symbol '''la''') is by definition the distance light travels in vacuum in 30.55 femtoseconds.  The scale of the Apan was selected so that the age and diameter of the visible Universe are approximately thirty orders of magnitude larger than the Apan, whereas the Planck time and Planck length are approximately thirty orders of magnitude smaller than the Apan.

[[Bully Metric Time Apan|The Bully Metric time unit]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Bully Metric Length Apan|The Bully Metric length unit]]

=== Transformation Units ===
 Rn = (c&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; / [https://pml.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg G]) (exact)
    ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c%5E3+%2F++G+in+kg+%2F+s 4.0370 × 10&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt; kilogram / second] (approximate)
 
 En = [https://pml.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?k 1.380649 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-23&lt;/sup&gt; joule / kelvin] (exact)
 
 An = 4 / (2π × K&lt;sub&gt;J&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; × R&lt;sub&gt;J&lt;/sub&gt;)  (exact)
    = [https://www.google.com/search?q=4+%2F+%28+%282+*+pi+*+%28483%2C597.84841698+Ghz+%2F+V%29%5E2+*+%2825812.8074593+%CE%A9%29%29 1.05457182 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-34&lt;/sup&gt; joule second] (approximate)
 
 e = 2 / (K&lt;sub&gt;J&lt;/sub&gt; × R&lt;sub&gt;J&lt;/sub&gt;) (exact)
   = [https://www.google.com/search?q=2+%2F+%28+%28483%2C597.84841698+Ghz+%2F+V%29+*+%2825812.8074593+%CE%A9%29%29 1.60217663 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-19&lt;/sup&gt; coulombs] (approximate)

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Table 1: Gravitational Mass
|-
! Body
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''''mass'''''
|-
| Sun
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|161227199.623|(5)}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| Rn ta
|-
| Earth
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|484.2442275|(10)}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| Rn ta
|-
| Moon
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|5.9587358|(11)}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| Rn ta
|}

The '''rapinat''' (natural unit of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidity rapidity]) (symbol '''Rn''') is defined such that an object with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] equal to the speed of light in vacuum cubed multiplied by 30.55 femtoseconds, will have a gravitational mass of one rapinat timepan.  The dwarf planet Pluto has a gravitational mass of roughly one rapinat timepan.  Earth's moon has a gravitational mass of approximately six rapinat timepan.  It would take roughly six Pluto sized objects smashed together to form something with the mass of the Earth's moon.  The first three digits of the Earth's mass can be approximated using the following: 1 Rn kta / (2 * 1.033) = 484 Rn ta. A few example masses are shown in Table 1.

The '''infonat''' (natural unit of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy entropy]) (symbol '''En''') is defined such that for an ideal gas in a given [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_(statistical_mechanics) macrostate], the entropy of the gas divided by the natural logarithm of the number of real [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_(statistical_mechanics) microstates] would be equivalent to one infonat.

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Table 2: Quantum Rest Energy
|-
! Particle
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''''rest energy'''''
|-
| Neutron
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|43608632955}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| An / ta
|-
| Proton
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|43548604715}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| An / ta
|-
| Electron
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|{{val|23717311.411}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| An / ta
|-
| Neutrino
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|&lt; {{val|5.57}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| An / ta
|-
| Graviton
| style=&quot;border-right:none;&quot;|&lt; {{val|3.6}}
| style=&quot;border-left :none;&quot;| An / Zta
|}
The '''actionat''' (natural unit of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics) action]) (symbol '''An'''), and '''elementary charge''' (symbol '''e'''), are defined such that if a Josephson Junction were exposed to microwave radiation of frequency 2 / 30.55 picoseconds (≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=2+%2F+%2830.55+picoseconds%29 65.4664484 gigahertz]), then the junction would form equidistant Shapiro steps with separation of 2π actionats per kilo-time-apan electron.  Also,the quantum Hall effect will have resistance steps of multiples of 2π actionats per electron squared.  A few example rest energies are listed in Table 2.

[[Bully Metric Rapinat|The Bully Metric rapidity unit]]

=== Normalized Physical Constants === 

The definitions of the Bully Metric system ensure normalization of the speed of light (c), Newton's gravitational constant (G), the Boltzmann constant (k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;), the reduced Planck constant (ħ), and the elementary charge (e):

&lt;math&gt;c = 1.0 \, \frac{la}{ta}&lt;/math&gt; (exact)

&lt;math&gt;G = 1.0 \, \frac{{la}^{3}}{Rn \, ta^{3}}&lt;/math&gt;  (exact)

&lt;math&gt;k_{B} = 1.0 \, En&lt;/math&gt; (exact)

&lt;math&gt;\hbar = 1.0 \, An&lt;/math&gt; (exact)

&lt;math&gt;elementary \, charge = 1.0 \, e &lt;/math&gt;  (exact)

= Physics Applications =

[[Bully Metric Bohr Model|The Bohr Atomic Model using Bully Metric units]]&lt;br/&gt;

= Planck units and the Bully Metric =
Table 3 below was taken from the Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units#History_and_definition Planck units] article:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto 1em auto; background:#fff;&quot;
|+Table 3: Modern values for Planck's original choice of quantities
|-
 ! Name
 ! Expression
 ! Value ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units SI] units)
|- style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
 | Planck time
 | &lt;math&gt;t_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar G}{c^5}}&lt;/math&gt;
 | 5.391247(60)×10&lt;sup&gt;−44&lt;/sup&gt; s
|-
 | Planck length
 | &lt;math&gt;l_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar G}{c^3}}&lt;/math&gt;
 | 1.616255(18)×10&lt;sup&gt;−35&lt;/sup&gt; m
|-
 | Planck mass
 | &lt;math&gt;m_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{G}}&lt;/math&gt;
 | 2.176434(24)×10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|-
 | Planck temperature
 | &lt;math&gt;T_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c^5}{G k_\text{B}^2}}&lt;/math&gt;
 | 1.416784(16)×10&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt; K
|}

=== Planck to Bully conversion constant ===
Since c, G, k&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;, and ħ are all normalized in the Bully system, this ensures that Bully units have a simple relationship with Planck's units.  In fact, multiplying each value from Table 3 by 0.566660, results in the corresponding Bully value multiplied by 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt;:

 0.566660 × t&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.00001(11) × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; ta
 0.566660 × l&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.00001(11) × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; la
 0.566660 × m&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.00001(11) × 10&lt;sup&gt;-30&lt;/sup&gt; Rn ta

Table 4 below uses algebraic substitution to illustrate that there is one unique multiplicative constant that converts between Planck and Bully values. When Planck energy is included in the table (see &quot;Planck energy&quot; row in Table 4), one finds that the Planck to Bully conversion factor for energy is the inverse of the mass, time, and length conversion factor.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto 1em auto; background:#fff;&quot;
|+Table 4: Planck's units relationship with Bully units
|-
 ! Name
 ! Expression
|-
 | Planck time
 | &lt;math&gt;t_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar G}{c^5}} = \sqrt{\frac{An \frac{la^{3}}{ Rn \, ta^{3}}}{\frac{la^{5}}{ta^{5}}}} = \sqrt{\frac{An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}\,ta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
 | Planck length
 | &lt;math&gt;l_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar G}{c^3}} = \sqrt{\frac{An \frac{la^{3}}{ Rn \, ta^{3}}}{\frac{la^{3}}{ta^{3}}}} = \sqrt{\frac{An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}\,la&lt;/math&gt;
|-
 | Planck mass
 | &lt;math&gt;m_\text{P} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{G}} = \sqrt{\frac{An \frac{la}{ta}}{\frac{la^{3}}{ Rn \, ta^{3}}}} = \sqrt{\frac{An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}\,Rn\,ta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
 | Planck energy
 | &lt;math&gt;m_\text{P} c^{2} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar {c^5}}{G}} = \sqrt{\frac{An \frac{la^{5}}{ta^{5}}}{\frac{la^{3}}{ Rn \, ta^{3}}}} = \sqrt{\frac{ Rn \, la^{2}}{An}} \, \frac{An}{ta}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
 | Planck temperature
 | &lt;math&gt;T_\text{P} \times k_\text{B} = m_\text{P} c^{2} = \sqrt{\frac{ Rn \, la^{2}}{An}} \, \frac{An}{ta}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 | ∴ 
 | &lt;math&gt;\frac{t_\text{P}}{ta} = \frac{l_\text{P}}{la} = \frac{m_\text{P}}{Rn\,ta} = \frac{\frac{An}{ta}}{m_\text{P} c^{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{An}{ Rn\,la^{2}}}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

=== The meaning of Planck units ===
The Planck length and time are understood to represent the smallest meaningful size of each quantity. Looking at small objects through a microscope requires energy.  If one were to build a microscope powerful enough to see objects at Planck length or smaller, the microscope would use so much energy that a black hole would form. In fact, the existence of objects on the Planck scale would cause a black hole.

Unlike the Planck length and time, the Planck mass of 2.176434(24)×10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt; kg is not a minimum value, but rather, it is a crossover point.  The Planck mass represents the boundary between gravitation and quantum mechanics.  If an object has a mass much larger than the Planck mass then gravitational effects will become more important.  If the mass is much smaller than the Planck mass then quantum mechanical effects will be more important.

=== Visible universe and the Bully Metric ===
The scale of the Apan was selected so that the age and diameter of the visible Universe are approximately thirty orders of magnitude larger than the Apan, whereas the Planck time and Planck length are approximately thirty orders of magnitude smaller than the Apan.  The universe is currently understood to be 13.7 billion years old, which is 14.15 × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; ta in Bully units. The radius of the visible universe is 46.508 billion light years, which is 48.04 × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; la in Bully units.

= The apan prefix table =
SI prefixes have the same meaning and conventions when used with apan variants as they have when used with standard SI units. See Table 5 below for the list of SI prefixes used with apan variants.  Also shown in the table are the smallest (Planck scale) and largest (Visible Universe) values for each unit.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; text-align: center; width: 0; white-space: nowrap;&quot;
|+Table 5: The apan prefix table
|-
! colspan=3| Prefix
! colspan=3| Spacetime Symbols
|-
! Name !! Symbol !!  Base 10 !! Time !! Length !! Charge
|-
! colspan=3| Maximum Value &lt;br/&gt; (Observable Universe) || &lt;math&gt; 14.15 \, Qta&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt; 48.04 \, Qla&lt;/math&gt; || — 
|-
| quetta || Q || 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || Qta || Qla || Qe
|-
| ronna || R || 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || Rta || Rla || Re
|-
| yotta || Y || 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || Yta || Yla || Ye
|-
| zetta || Z || 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || Zta || Zla || Ze
|-
| exa || E || 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || Eta || Ela || Ee
|-
| peta || P || 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || Pta || Pla || Pe
|-
| tera || T || 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || Tta || Tla || Te
|-
| giga || G || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || Gta || Gla || Ge
|-
| mega || M || 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; || Mta || Mla || Me
|-
| kilo || k || 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || kta || kla || ke
|-
| — || — || 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; || ta || la || e
|-
| milli || m || 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; || mta || mla || me
|-
| micro || μ || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; || μta || μla || μe
|-
| nano || n || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; || nta || nla || ne
|-
| pico || p || 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; || pta || pla || pe
|-
| femto || f || 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt; || fta || fla || fe
|-
| atto || a || 10&lt;sup&gt;−18&lt;/sup&gt; || ata || ala || ae
|-
| zepto || z || 10&lt;sup&gt;−21&lt;/sup&gt; || zta || zla || ze
|-
| yocto || y || 10&lt;sup&gt;−24&lt;/sup&gt; || yta || yla || ye
|-
| ronto || r || 10&lt;sup&gt;−27&lt;/sup&gt; || rta || rla || re
|-
| quecto || q || 10&lt;sup&gt;−30&lt;/sup&gt; || qta || qla || qe
|-
! colspan=3| Minimum value &lt;br /&gt;(Planck Scale) || &lt;math&gt;\frac{qta}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{qla}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; || — 
|}

= The Mass/Momentum/Energy prefix table =
Mass, Momentum, and Energy are compound units in the Bully system.  Table 6 below lists SI prefixes used with the rapinat for gravitational masses, and with the actionat for quantum mechanical masses. Also shown in the table is the Planck scale cross-over value where gravitational and quantum effects meet.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; text-align: center; width: 0; white-space: nowrap;&quot;
|+Table 6: The Mass/Momentum/Energy prefix table
|-
! colspan=3| Prefix
! colspan=3| Bully Metric Symbols
|-
! Name !! Symbol !! Base 10 !! Mass !! Momentum !! Energy
|-
| quetta || Q || 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Qta || Rn Qla || Rn c Qla
|-
! colspan=6| Observable Universe Mass = 480 Rn Rta
|-
| ronna || R || 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Rta || Rn Rla || Rn c Rla
|-
| yotta || Y || 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Yta || Rn Yla || Rn c Yla
|-
| zetta || Z || 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Zta || Rn Zla || Rn c Zla
|-
| exa || E || 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Eta || Rn Ela || Rn c Ela
|-
| peta || P || 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Pta || Rn Pla || Rn c Pla
|-
| tera || T || 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Tta || Rn Tla || Rn c Tla
|-
| giga || G || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Gta || Rn Gla || Rn c Gla
|-
| mega || M || 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn Mta || Rn Mla || Rn c Mla
|-
| kilo || k || 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn kta || Rn kla || Rn c kla
|-
! colspan=6| Earth Mass = 484 Rn ta
|-
| — ||  || 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn ta || Rn la || Rn c la
|-
| milli || m || 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn mta || Rn mla || Rn c mla
|-
| micro || μ || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn μta || Rn μla || Rn c μla
|-
| nano || n || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn nta || Rn nla || Rn c nla
|-
| pico || p || 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn pta || Rn pla || Rn c pla
|-
| femto || f || 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn fta || Rn fla || Rn c fla
|-
| atto || a || 10&lt;sup&gt;−18&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn ata || Rn ala || Rn c ala
|-
| zepto || z || 10&lt;sup&gt;−21&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn zta || Rn zla || Rn c zla
|-
| yocto || y || 10&lt;sup&gt;−24&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn yta || Rn yla || Rn c yla
|-
| ronto || r || 10&lt;sup&gt;−27&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn rta || Rn rla || Rn c rla
|-
| quecto || q || 10&lt;sup&gt;−30&lt;/sup&gt; || Rn qta || Rn qla || Rn c qla
|-
! rowspan=2 ! colspan=3| Crossover value &lt;br /&gt;(Planck Scale)&lt;br/&gt; (21.765 micro-grams) || &lt;math&gt;\frac{Rn \, qta}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{Rn \, qla}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{Rn \, c \, qla}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
!  &lt;math&gt;\frac{0.566660 \, An}{c \, qla}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{0.566660 \, An}{qla}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\frac{0.566660 \, An}{qta}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| quecto || q || 10&lt;sup&gt;−30&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c qla || An / qla || An / qta
|-
| ronto || r || 10&lt;sup&gt;−27&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c rla || An / rla || An / rta
|-
| yocto || y || 10&lt;sup&gt;−24&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c yla || An / yla || An / yta
|-
| zepto || z || 10&lt;sup&gt;−21&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c zla || An / zla || An / zta
|-
| atto || a || 10&lt;sup&gt;−18&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c ala || An / ala || An / ata
|-
| femto || f || 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c fla || An / fla || An / fta
|-
| pico || p || 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c pla || An / pla || An / pta
|-
| nano || n || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c nla || An / nla || An / nta
|-
| micro || μ || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c μla || An / μla || An / μta
|-
| milli || m || 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c mla || An / mla || An / mta
|-
! colspan=6| 1.00 electronvolt = 46.414 An / ta
|-
| — ||  || 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c la || An / la || An / ta
|-
| kilo || k || 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c kla || An / kla || An / kta
|-
| mega || M || 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Mla || An / Mla || An / Mta
|-
| giga || G || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Gla || An / Gla || An / Gta
|-
| tera || T || 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Tla || An / Tla || An / Tta
|-
| peta || P || 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Pla || An / Pla || An / Pta
|-
| exa || E || 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Ela || An / Ela || An / Eta
|-
| zetta || Z || 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Zla || An / Zla || An / Zta
|-
| yotta || Y || 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Yla || An / Yla || An / Yta
|-
| ronna || R || 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Rla || An / Rla || An / Rta
|-
| quetta || Q || 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || An / c Qla || An / Qla || An / Qta
|}

= Traditional Units =

[[File:Vitruvian_Distance.png|500px]]

Bully variations of traditional units of measure may be accepted for use within the Bully system, provided the traditional unit is not uniquely defined, or used in contexts that will cause confusion with a competing Bully definition, and provided the Bully definition is a simple integer multiple of Bully base units.

The following traditional units are accepted for use within the Buly system:

* 1 Bully Mile = 200 megapan ([https://www.google.com/search?q=200000000+*+c+*+30.55+fs+in+nautical+miles 0.9891 nautical miles])
* 1 Bully Fathom = 200 kilopan ([https://www.google.com/search?q=200000+*+c+*+30.55+fs+in+inches 72.115 inches])
* 1 Bully Cubit = 50 kilopan ([https://www.google.com/search?q=50000+*+c+*+30.55+fs+in+inches 18.029 inches])
* 1 Bully Span = 25 kilopan ([https://www.google.com/search?q=25000+*+c+*+30.55+fs+in+inches 9.014 inches])
* 1 Cubit&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; = 25 Bully Gallons ([https://www.google.com/search?q=50%5E3+*+%281000+*+c+*+30.55+fs%29%5E3+in+quarts 101.47 US quarts])
* 1 Bully Gallon = 5,000 kilopan&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ([https://www.google.com/search?q=5000+*+%281000+*+c+*+30.55+fs%29%5E3+in+quarts 4.059 US quarts])
* 1 Bully Spoon = 20 kilopan&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ([https://www.google.com/search?q=20+*+%281000+*+c+*+30.55+fs%29%5E3+in+tablespoon 1.039 US tablespoons])
* 1 Bully Dash = 1 kilopan&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ([https://www.google.com/search?q=1+*+%281000+*+c+*+30.55+fs%29%5E3+in+milliliter 0.7682 milliliter])
* 1 Bully Stone = 500 Rn yta ([https://www.google.com/search?q=500+*+10%5E%28-24%29+*+30.55+fs+*+c%5E3+%2F++G+in+lbs 13.59477 pounds])

= References =</text>
      <sha1>fz525lbusylu7v2dzaiakhy35yoltni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Length Apan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>310755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719339</id>
      <parentid>2718332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5064" sha1="oabehzwecha7jzmvk783no99fcitr0u" xml:space="preserve">{| class=table style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[File:Observable_universe_logarithmic_illustration.png|thumb|300px|Artist's logarithmic scale conception of the observable universe. The radius of the observable universe is estimated to be 48 quettapan (Qla)]]

The '''length apan''' is by definition the distance light travels in vacuum in 30.55 femtoseconds.  SI prefixes have the same meaning and conventions when used with Bully lengths as they have when used with standard SI units. However, the word &quot;length&quot; may be dropped when the context is clear.  For example, the statement: &quot;An American football field has ten mega-length-apan (10 Mla) between the goal lines&quot;, should be shortened to &quot;An American football field has ten megapan (10 Mla) between the goal lines&quot;.  See Table 1 below for the list of SI prefixes used with Bully lengths.  In addition to SI prefixes, the table also identifies the smallest meaningful length (Planck length), largest meaningful length (Observable Universe radius), and a few other lengths for comparison.

[[File:Football field diagram.webp|thumb|350px|Diagram of a modern American football field.  The megapan (mega-length-apan) is approximately 10 yards.  An American football field is 100 yards, or 10 megapan, between the goal lines.  There are end zones extending beyond the goal lines another 10 yards, or 1 megapan.]]

[[File:Quark_structure_proton.svg|thumb|250px|Colored graphic of a proton. Three quarks are bound by the strong force, mediated by gluons. The radius of the proton is estimated to be 91.716 picopan (pla)]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; text-align: center; width: 0; white-space: nowrap;&quot;
|+Table 1: The length prefix table
|-
! colspan=3| Prefix
! colspan=3| Symbols
|-
! Name !! Symbol !!  Base 10 !! Length
|-
! colspan=3| Observable Universe Radius || &lt;math&gt; 48 \, Qla&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| quetta || Q || 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || Qla 
|-
| ronna || R || 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || Rla 
|-
| yotta || Y || 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || Yla 
|-
| zetta || Z || 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || Zla 
|-
| exa || E || 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || Ela 
|-
! colspan=3| Earth-Sun Distance || &lt;math&gt;16.33 \, Pla&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| peta || P || 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || Pla 
|-
| tera || T || 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || Tla 
|-
| giga || G || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || Gla 
|-
! colspan=3| American Football Field Length || &lt;math&gt;10 \, Mla&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| mega || M || 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; || Mla 
|-
| kilo || k || 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || kla 
|-
| — || — || 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; || la 
|-
| milli || m || 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; || mla 
|-
| micro || μ || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; || μla 
|-
| nano || n || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; || nla 
|-
! colspan=3| The Proton Radius || &lt;math&gt;91.716 \, pla&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| pico || p || 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; || pla 
|-
| femto || f || 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt; || fla 
|-
| atto || a || 10&lt;sup&gt;−18&lt;/sup&gt; || ala 
|-
| zepto || z || 10&lt;sup&gt;−21&lt;/sup&gt; || zla 
|-
| yocto || y || 10&lt;sup&gt;−24&lt;/sup&gt; || yla 
|-
| ronto || r || 10&lt;sup&gt;−27&lt;/sup&gt; || rla 
|-
| quecto || q || 10&lt;sup&gt;−30&lt;/sup&gt; || qla 
|-
! colspan=3| Minimum value &lt;br /&gt;(Planck Length) || &lt;math&gt;\frac{qla}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

= The Bully Constants =
A surprising number of earth's physical constants can be approximated using various algebraic combinations of the following three numbers [[Bully Mnemonic|(click here to learn more)]] with Bully Metric units.

 1.033
 2
 0.00004

One can efficiently approximate the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year] to eight digits, and approximate the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius Earth's radius] (r ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+*+3.055+s+%2F+sqrt%282*10330%29 6371]), Schwarzschild radius (R), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] (μ = MG ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c%5E3+*+0.03055+s+%2F%282+*+1033000000%29 3.984e14]), and a typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth gravitational acceleration] on earth's surface (g ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+%2F+%2830550000+s%29 9.813] ).


&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {1.033 \, Zta} = {31,558,150 \, s} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = (1.033 - 0.00004) \, Zta - 2 \,s = 31,556,926 \, s &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; r_{earth} \approx \frac{ 1 \, Tla}{\sqrt{2 \times 1.033}} = 6371 \, km &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; R_{earth} \approx \frac{kla}{1.033} \approx {8.866 \, mm} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\mu}_{earth} \approx \frac{ 1 }{2 \times 1.033} \, \frac{kla^{3}}{kta^{2}} \approx {398,400,000,000,000\, \frac{m^{3}}{s^2}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;g_{earth} \approx 1 \frac{Zla}{Zta^{2}} \approx {9.813 \, \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oabehzwecha7jzmvk783no99fcitr0u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Time Apan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>310802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719338</id>
      <parentid>2718331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4989" sha1="ibjl8647z5q2na2hobizyqyq4i5fr2l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=table style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;


[[File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg|thumb|500px|A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.7 billion years, or 14.15 quettapan (Qta). Each sidereal year is 1.033 zettapan (Zta) in duration.]]

The '''time apan''' is by definition 30.55 femtoseconds.  SI prefixes have the same meaning and conventions when used with Bully time as they have when used with standard SI units. However, the word &quot;time&quot; may be dropped when the context is clear.  For example, the statement: &quot;The duration of a sidereal year is 1.033 zetta-time-apan (1.033 Zta)&quot;, should be shortened to &quot;The duration of a sidereal year is 1.033 zettapan (1.033 Zta)&quot;.  See Table 1 below for the list of SI prefixes used with Bully time.  In addition to SI prefixes, the table also identifies the smallest meaningful time (Planck time), largest meaningful time (Age of Universe), and a few other time durations for comparison.

[[File:Muon_Decay.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of the most common decay of the muon. Muons are unstable elementary particles (half life 51 megapan (Mta)) and are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other matter particles.]]

[[File:Hydrogen-7.png|thumb|300px|Hydrogen-7 has one a proton and six neutrons. It was first synthesized in 2003 at Riken's Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory by bombarding hydrogen with helium-8 atoms; all six of the helium-8's neutrons were donated to the hydrogen nucleus.  It has a half-life of 753 picopan (pta)]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; text-align: center; width: 0; white-space: nowrap;&quot;
|+Table 1: The length prefix table
|-
! colspan=3| Prefix
! colspan=3| Symbols
|-
! Name !! Symbol !!  Base 10 !! Length
|-
! colspan=3| Age of Universe || &lt;math&gt; 14.15 \, Qta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| quetta || Q || 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || Qta 
|-
| ronna || R || 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || Rta 
|-
| yotta || Y || 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || Yta 
|-
| zetta || Z || 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || Zta 
|-
| exa || E || 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || Eta 
|-
! colspan=3| 50 Minutes 55 Seconds || &lt;math&gt; 100 \, Pta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| peta || P || 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || Pta 
|-
| tera || T || 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || Tta 
|-
| giga || G || 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || Gta 
|-
! colspan=3| Muon Particle Half Life || &lt;math&gt;51 \, Mta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| mega || M || 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; || Mta 
|-
| kilo || k || 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || kta 
|-
| — || — || 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; || ta 
|-
| milli || m || 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; || mta 
|-
| micro || μ || 10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; || μta 
|-
| nano || n || 10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt; || nta 
|-
! colspan=3| Hydrogen-7 Half Life || &lt;math&gt;753 \, pta&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| pico || p || 10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; || pta 
|-
| femto || f || 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt; || fta 
|-
| atto || a || 10&lt;sup&gt;−18&lt;/sup&gt; || ata 
|-
| zepto || z || 10&lt;sup&gt;−21&lt;/sup&gt; || zta 
|-
| yocto || y || 10&lt;sup&gt;−24&lt;/sup&gt; || yta 
|-
| ronto || r || 10&lt;sup&gt;−27&lt;/sup&gt; || rta 
|-
| quecto || q || 10&lt;sup&gt;−30&lt;/sup&gt; || qta 
|-
! colspan=3| Minimum value &lt;br /&gt;(Planck Time) || &lt;math&gt;\frac{qta}{0.566660}&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

= The Bully Constants =
A surprising number of earth's physical constants can be approximated using various algebraic combinations of the following three numbers [[Bully Mnemonic|(click here to learn more)]] with Bully Metric units.

 1.033
 2
 0.00004

One can efficiently approximate the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year] to eight digits, and approximate the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius Earth's radius] (r ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+*+3.055+s+%2F+sqrt%282*10330%29 6371]), Schwarzschild radius (R), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] (μ = MG ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c%5E3+*+0.03055+s+%2F%282+*+1033000000%29 3.984e14]), and a typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth gravitational acceleration] on earth's surface (g ≈ [https://www.google.com/search?q=c+%2F+%2830550000+s%29 9.813] ).


&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {1.033 \, Zta} = {31,558,150 \, s} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = (1.033 - 0.00004) \, Zta - 2 \,s = 31,556,926 \, s &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; r_{earth} \approx \frac{ 1 \, Tla}{\sqrt{2 \times 1.033}} = 6371 \, km &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; R_{earth} \approx \frac{kla}{1.033} \approx {8.866 \, mm} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {\mu}_{earth} \approx \frac{ 1 }{2 \times 1.033} \, \frac{kla^{3}}{kta^{2}} \approx {398,400,000,000,000\, \frac{m^{3}}{s^2}} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;g_{earth} \approx 1 \frac{Zla}{Zta^{2}} \approx {9.813 \, \frac{m}{s^{2}}} &lt;/math&gt;</text>
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|style=&quot;padding-right: 50px;&quot;| [[File:Sierpinski 4 BL.svg|thumb|150px|Ж]]
| [[File:Mentors 4; T to T.svg|thumb|150px|Ч: &amp;nbsp; T to T]]
| [[File:Mentors 4; T to Z.svg|thumb|150px|Ю: &amp;nbsp; T to Z ]]
| [[File:Mentors 4; Z to T.svg|thumb|150px|Я: &amp;nbsp; Z to T]]
| [[File:Mentors 4; Z to Z.svg|thumb|150px|Ш: &amp;nbsp; Z to Z]]
|style=&quot;padding-left: 50px;&quot;| [[File:Mentors 4; Z to Z; beginning of 5-ary.svg|thumb|150px|Щ]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Rapinat</title>
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|-
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;


The '''rapinat''' (natural unit of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidity rapidity]) (symbol '''Rn''') is defined such that an object with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] equal to the speed of light in vacuum cubed, multiplied by 30.55 femtoseconds, will have a gravitational mass of one rapinat timepan.  

 (mass = 1 Rn ta) ⇒ (μ = [https://www.google.com/search?q=c%5E3+*+30.55+fs+in+km%5E3+/+s%5E2 823.139274 km^3 / s^2])

Table 1 below was taken from the Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] article, and the mass of each body was calculated in Bully Metric units:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto 1em auto; background:#fff;&quot;
|+Table 1: The standard gravitational parameter μ and Bully Metric mass for selected solar system bodies 
|-
! Body
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''''μ''''' [km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''''mass''''' [Rn ta]
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot;| 132 712 440 018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot;|
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 161 227 199
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .617
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet) Mercury]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 22 032
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 26
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .7658
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 324 858
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .592
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 394
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .658 112 
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 398 600
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .4418
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 484
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .244 228
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 42 828
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .37
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 52
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .030 53
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Ceres Ceres]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 62
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .6325
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .076 090
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 126 686 534
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 153 906
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .559
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn Saturn]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 37 931 187
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 46 081
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .128
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus Uranus]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 5 793 939
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 7 038
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .831
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune Neptune]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 6 836 529
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 8 305
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .434
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto Pluto]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 871
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .058
|-
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet) Eris]
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 1108
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:right; border-right:none; padding-right:0;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;  border-left: none; padding-left: 0;&quot; | .346
|}

== Gravitational mass ==
'''Active gravitational mass''' is a property of an object that produces a gravitational field in the space surrounding the object, and these gravitational fields govern large-scale structures in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/universe Universe].  Gravitational fields hold the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/galaxies galaxies] together.  They cause clouds of gas and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dust dust] to coalesce into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stars stars] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/planets planets].  They provide the necessary pressure for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nuclear_fusion nuclear fusion] to occur within stars.  And they determine the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orbits orbits] of various objects within the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System Solar System].  Since gravitational effects are all around us, it is impossible to pin down the exact date when humans first discovered gravitational mass.  However, it is possible to identify some of the significant steps towards our modern understanding of gravitational mass and its relationship to the other mass phenomena. Some terms associated with gravitational mass and its effects are the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_gravitational_constant Gaussian gravitational constant], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius Schwarzschild radius].

=== Keplerian gravitational mass ===
[[File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|left|100px|thumb| Johannes Kepler 1610.]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellspacing=2 style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
!rowspan=2|English&lt;br&gt;name
!rowspan=8|
!colspan=3|The Keplerian planets
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_axis Semi-major axis]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_orbital_period Sidereal orbital period]
!Mass of Sun
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet) Mercury]
|0.387 099 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit AU]
|0.240 842 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sidereal_year sidereal year]
|rowspan=6|&lt;math&gt;\propto 4\pi^2\frac{\text{AU}^3}{\text{y}^2}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus]
|0.723 332 AU
|0.615 187 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth Earth]
|1.000 000 AU
|1.000 000 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]
|1.523 662 AU
|1.880 816 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter]
|5.203 363 AU
|11.861 776 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn Saturn]
|9.537 070 AU
|29.456 626 sidereal year
|}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler] was the first to give an accurate description of the orbits of the planets, and by doing so; he was the first to describe gravitational mass.  In 1600 AD, Kepler sought employment with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe] and consequently gained access to astronomical data of a higher precision than any previously available.  Using Brahe’s precise observations of the planet Mars, Kepler realized that traditional astronomical methods were inaccurate in their predictions, and he spent the next five years developing his own method for characterizing planetary motion.

In Kepler’s final planetary model, he successfully described planetary orbits as following [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/elliptical elliptical] paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse.  The concept of active gravitational mass is an immediate consequence of Kepler's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion third law of planetary motion].  Kepler discovered that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/square_(algebra) square] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orbital_period orbital period] of each planet is directly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics) proportional] to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cube_(arithmetic) cube] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/semi-major_axis semi-major axis] of its orbit, or equivalently, that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ratio ratio] of these two values is constant for all planets in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System Solar System].  This constant ratio is a direct measure of the Sun's active gravitational mass, it has units of distance cubed per time squared, and is known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard_gravitational_parameter standard gravitational parameter]:

:&lt;math&gt;\mu=4\pi^2\frac{\text{distance}^3}{\text{time}^2}\propto\text{gravitational mass}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Galilean moons ===
[[File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|left|100px|thumb| Galileo Galilei 1636.]]

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellspacing=2 style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
!rowspan=2|English&lt;br&gt;name !!rowspan=6| !!colspan=3|The Galilean moons
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Semi-major axis
!Sidereal orbital period
!Mass of Jupiter
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon) Io]
|0.002 819 AU
|0.004 843 sidereal year
|rowspan=5|&lt;math&gt;\propto 0.0038\ \pi^2\frac{\text{AU}^3}{\text{y}^2} &lt;/math&gt;
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon) Europa]
|0.004 486 AU
|0.009 722 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon) Ganymede]
|0.007 155 AU
|0.019 589 sidereal year
|-
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon) Callisto]
|0.012 585 AU
|0.045 694 sidereal year
|}

In 1609, Johannes Kepler published his three rules known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion, explaining how the planets follow elliptical orbits under the influence of the Sun.  On 25 August of that same year, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Galileo Galilei] demonstrated his first telescope to a group of Venetian merchants, and in early January of 1610, Galileo observed four dim objects near Jupiter, which he mistook for stars.  However, after a few days of observation, Galileo realized that these &quot;stars&quot; were in fact orbiting Jupiter.  These four objects (later named the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons Galilean moons] in honor of their discoverer) were the first celestial bodies observed to orbit something other than the Earth or Sun.  Galileo continued to observe these moons over the next eighteen months, and by the middle of 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods.  Many years later, the semi-major axis of each moon was also estimated, thus allowing the gravitational mass of Jupiter to be determined from the orbits of its moons.  The gravitational mass of Jupiter was found to be approximately a thousandth of the gravitational mass of the Sun.</text>
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    <title>Bully Metric Foundations</title>
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

{{Gallery
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|File:Bully_Astronomical_Foundations.slide_1.svg
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|File:Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Foundations.slide_15.svg
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|File:Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Foundations.slide_16.svg
  | [[Bully_Foundations#Slide_16_Notes|Slide 16 Notes]]
|File:Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Foundations.slide_17.svg
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== Slide 15 Notes ==
[[File:Hubbleconstants_color.png|thumb|left|800px|Selected estimated values of the Hubble constant, 2001-2019. Estimates in black represent calibrated distance ladder measurements, red represents early universe CMB/BAO measurements with ΛCDM parameters while blue are independent measurements.]]

[[File:Look-back_time_by_redshift.png|thumb|right|400px|The lookback time of extragalactic observations by their redshift up to z = 20]]

The exact value of the [https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/graphic_history/hubb_const.html Hubble constant is unknown] ; consequently, the exact [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe age of the Universe] can not be determined, and it is impossible to determine the bully timestamp of the Big Bang.  In the following statements, potential Big Bang timestamps are correlated with possible Hubble values. 

If the Big Bang happened on bully timstamp 0000 0000 0000, then the hubble Constant is: [https://www.google.com/search?q=%281+sec%29+*+%281+megaparsec%29+%2F+%28%288+*+16%5E11+%2B+2+*+16%5E10%29+*+3055+s%29 70.66] km/s/Mpc.

If the Big Bang happened on bully timstamp 0100 0000 0000, then the hubble Constant is: [https://www.google.com/search?q=%281+sec%29+*+%281+megaparsec%29+%2F+%28%288+*+16%5E11+%2B+1+*+16%5E10%29+*+3055+s%29 71.21] km/s/Mpc.

If the Big Bang happened on bully timstamp 0200 0000 0000, then the hubble Constant is: [https://www.google.com/search?q=%281+sec%29+*+%281+megaparsec%29+%2F+%28%288+*+16%5E11+%2B+0+*+16%5E10%29+*+3055+s%29 71.77] km/s/Mpc.

== Slide 16 Notes ==
When observed over a [https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~reid/sgra.html period of eight years (1996-2003)], black hole Sagittarius A*, appeared to move (due to the orbit of the sun around the Milky-way) with a rate of six milli-arc-seconds per year.

At this rate, Sagittarius A* will move six arc-seconds every thousand years. It will move six arc-minutes in 60 thousand years, or one arc-minute every 10 thousand years.  It will move one degree every 600 thousand years, ten degrees every 6 million years, and 180 degrees every 108 million years.

The motion is listed in Wikipedia as &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* approximately −2.70 mas per year for the right ascension and −5.6 mas per year for the declination]&quot; or a vector addition total of 6.22 milli-arc-seconds per year.

Unfortunately though, the direction of motion is not constant, as the sun tends to drift up and down in an arm of the Milky Way as it orbits.  Slide 9 uses an approximate value (106 million years) for the sun to orbit 180 degrees, not counting up and down drifting motion.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Astronomical Coordinates</title>
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      <id>2719336</id>
      <parentid>2718328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:45:03Z</timestamp>
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|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;


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  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric Realized Timestamps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719343</id>
      <parentid>2718372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T16:51:26Z</timestamp>
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|-
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

There have been over 655360 realized Bully timestamps (8209 27F9 0000 ... 8209 2804 0000) during the 66 years of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... 2025 AD). Given the availability of atomic clocks, it is anticipated that Bully timestamps will continue to be realized with great regularity for the foreseeable future.  Each Bully timestamp should be considered &quot;realized&quot; after it occurs and is measured using precise clocks.

=== Leap Seconds (1972 - Present) ===
The below table (derived from the Wikipedia &quot;Leap Second&quot; article), lists all leap second insertions that have occurred since the introduction of leap seconds in 1972.  For each leap second insertion, the below table lists the preceding Bully timestamp (that had been &quot;realized&quot; immediately prior to the leap second insertion), and the subsequent Bully timestamp (that was &quot;realized&quot; immediately after the leap second insertion).

A few details are worth noting in the table.  The TAI and UTC already differed by 10 seconds at the beginning of 1972 due to rubber seconds ([https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps#Rubber_Seconds_(1958_-_1971) see discussion below]), so when Bully Timestamp 8209 27FB E7FB was realized, the TAI time was 1972-06-30 23:34:45 TAI, whereas UTC time was 1972-06-30 23:34:35 UTC. An additional 27 leap seconds have been inserted into UTC during the fifty year period between 1972 and 2022, making a total of 37 leap seconds difference, so when Bully Timestamp 8209 2802 EBC0 was realized, the TAI time was 2017-01-01 00:32:00 TAI, whereas UTC time was 2017-01-01 00:31:23 UTC.  You will also note that Bully timestamps are realized during TAI times with a seconds value ending in five or zero.  The Bully timestamp and TAI both measure elapsed time as determined by atomic clocks, so these systems will always have this simple relationship.
  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Announced leap seconds to date
|-
! Year !! 30 Jun !! 31 Dec !! Bully Timestamp !! International Atomic Time (TAI) !! Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
|-
! 1972
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FB E7FB &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FB E7FC &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FB FC4F &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FB FC50 || 1972-06-30 23:34:45 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1972-07-01 00:25:40 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1972-12-31 23:45:05 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1973-01-01 00:36:00 TAI || 1972-06-30 23:34:35 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1972-07-01 00:25:29 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1972-12-31 23:44:54 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1973-01-01 00:35:48 UTC
|-
! 1973
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC 24A2 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC 24A3 || 1973-12-31 23:57:50 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1974-01-01 00:48:45 TAI || 1973-12-31 23:57:38 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1974-01-01 00:48:32 UTC
|-
! 1974
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC 4CF4 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC 4CF5 || 1974-12-31 23:19:40 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1975-01-01 00:10:35 TAI || 1974-12-31 23:19:27 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1975-01-01 00:10:21 UTC
|-
! 1975
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC 7547 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC 7548 || 1975-12-31 23:32:25 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1976-01-01 00:23:20 TAI || 1975-12-31 23:32:11 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1976-01-01 00:23:05 UTC
|-
! 1976
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC 9DB6 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC 9DB7 || 1976-12-31 23:30:50 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1977-01-01 00:21:45 TAI || 1976-12-31 23:30:35 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1977-01-01 00:21:29 UTC
|-
! 1977
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC C609 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC C60A || 1977-12-31 23:43:35 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1978-01-01 00:34:30 TAI || 1977-12-31 23:43:19 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1978-01-01 00:34:13 UTC
|-
! 1978
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FC EE5C &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FC EE5D || 1978-12-31 23:56:20 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1979-01-01 00:47:15 TAI || 1978-12-31 23:56:03 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1979-01-01 00:46:57 UTC
|-
! 1979
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FD 16AE &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FD 16AF || 1979-12-31 23:18:10 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1980-01-01 00:09:05 TAI || 1979-12-31 23:17:52 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1980-01-01 00:08:46 UTC
|-
! 1981
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FD 531C &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FD 531D || 1981-06-30 23:19:00 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1981-07-01 00:09:55 TAI || 1981-06-30 23:18:41 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1981-07-01 00:09:35 UTC
|-
! 1982
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FD 7B6F &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FD 7B70 || 1982-06-30 23:31:45 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1982-07-01 00:22:40 TAI || 1982-06-30 23:31:25 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1982-07-01 00:22:19 UTC
|-
! 1983
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FD A3C2 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FD A3C3 || 1983-06-30 23:44:30 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1983-07-01 00:35:25 TAI || 1983-06-30 23:44:09 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1983-07-01 00:35:03 UTC
|-
! 1985
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FD F484 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FD F485 || 1985-06-30 23:55:40 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1985-07-01 00:46:35 TAI || 1985-06-30 23:55:18 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1985-07-01 00:46:12 UTC
|-
! 1987
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FE 597D &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FE 597E || 1987-12-31 23:40:35 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1988-01-01 00:31:30 TAI || 1987-12-31 23:40:12 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1988-01-01 00:31:06 UTC
|-
! 1989
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FE AA3F &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FE AA40 || 1989-12-31 23:51:45 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1990-01-01 00:42:40 TAI || 1989-12-31 23:51:21 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1990-01-01 00:42:15 UTC
|-
! 1990
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FE D291 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FE D292 || 1990-12-31 23:13:35 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1991-01-01 00:04:30 TAI || 1990-12-31 23:13:10 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1991-01-01 00:04:04 UTC
|-
! 1992
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FF 0EFF &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FF 0F00 || 1992-06-30 23:14:25 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1992-07-01 00:05:20 TAI || 1992-06-30 23:13:59 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1992-07-01 00:04:53 UTC
|-
! 1993
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FF 3752 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FF 3753 || 1993-06-30 23:27:10 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1993-07-01 00:18:05 TAI || 1993-06-30 23:26:43 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1993-07-01 00:17:37 UTC
|-
! 1994
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FF 5FA5 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FF 5FA6 || 1994-06-30 23:39:55 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1994-07-01 00:30:50 TAI || 1994-06-30 23:39:27 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1994-07-01 00:30:21 UTC
|-
! 1995
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 27FF 9C4B &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FF 9C4C || 1995-12-31 23:12:05 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1996-01-01 00:03:00 TAI || 1995-12-31 23:11:36 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1996-01-01 00:02:30 UTC
|-
! 1997
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 27FF D8B9 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 27FF D8BA || 1997-06-30 23:12:55 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1997-07-01 00:03:50 TAI || 1997-06-30 23:12:25 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1997-07-01 00:03:19 UTC
|-
! 1998
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 2800 1560 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2800 1561 || 1998-12-31 23:36:00 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1999-01-01 00:26:55 TAI || 1998-12-31 23:35:29 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 1999-01-01 00:26:23 UTC
|-
! 2005
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 2801 2FDC &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2801 2FDD || 2005-12-31 23:45:40 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 2006-01-01 00:36:35 TAI || 2005-12-31 23:45:08 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 2006-01-01 00:36:02 UTC
|-
! 2008
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 8209 2801 A8F0 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2801 A8F1 || 2008-12-31 23:18:40 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 2009-01-01 00:09:35 TAI || 2008-12-31 23:18:07 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 2009-01-01 00:09:01 UTC
|-
! 2012
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 2802 3604 &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2802 3605 || 2012-06-30 23:45:00 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 2012-07-01 00:35:55 TAI || 2012-06-30 23:44:26 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 2012-07-01 00:35:20 UTC
|-
! 2015
|bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1 || 0 || 8209 2802 AEFC &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2802 AEFD || 2015-06-30 23:32:20 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 2015-07-01 00:23:15 TAI || 2015-06-30 23:31:45 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 2015-07-01 00:22:39 UTC
|-
! 2016
| 0 ||bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot;| +1  || 8209 2802 EBBF &lt;br /&gt; 8209 2802 EBC0 || 2016-12-31 23:41:05 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 2017-01-01 00:32:00 TAI || 2016-12-31 23:40:29 UTC &lt;br /&gt; 2017-01-01 00:31:23 UTC
|}

=== Rubber Seconds (1958 - 1971) ===
[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to rubber seconds.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Rubber Seconds]]

Prior to 1972, the rate of UTC atomic clocks was offset from a pure atomic time scale by the BIH to remain synchronized with UT2, a practice known as the &quot;rubber second&quot; (see figure 2). The rate of UTC was decided at the start of each year. Alongside this shift in rate, an occasional 0.1&amp;nbsp;s step (0.05&amp;nbsp;s before 1963) was also implemented as needed.

As shown in figure 2, for 1958-1961, the offset rate was −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.47 seconds per year). This stretching of UTC &quot;rubber seconds&quot; meant that fewer of them would occur during a Bully Timestamp. For example, during the 1958-1961 time period, each Bully timestamp was realized after exactly 3055 seconds TAI, which corresponded to 3054.999955264 seconds UTC. For 1962–63 the offset rate was set to −130 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.41 seconds per year, or 3054.999960285 seconds UTC per Bully timestamp), and then for 1964–65 the offset rate was returned to −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}}.

The UTC rate of −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}} turned out to be notably inadequate during the 1964-1965 time period, and multiple 0.1&amp;nbsp;s steps were needed (see figure 2). Beginning in 1966, the offset rate was set to −300 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.94 seconds per year, or 3054.99990835 seconds UTC per Bully timestamp), and this continued until the inauguration of Leap Seconds in 1972.

At the beginning of 1958, the TAI and UTC clocks were in sync, with 1958-01-01 00:00:00.000 TAI occurring at the same time as 1958-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC.  By the end of 1972, the UTC clock had been adjusted (using rubber seconds and time steps) by ten leap seconds, so that 1972-01-01 00:00:10.003 TAI occurred at the same time as 1972-01-01 00:00:00.003 UTC.  The following table illustrates the slow accumulation of leap seconds prior to 1972, resulting in this ten second difference.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Rubber Seconds and Accumulative (TAI - UTC) Time Delta
|-
! Bully Timestamps &lt;br /&gt; International Atomic Time (TAI) &lt;br /&gt; Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) !! (ΔTAI - ΔUTC) !! Accumulative &lt;br /&gt; Difference
|-
! 8209 27F9 9F04 . . .  8209 27F9 EFAA &lt;br /&gt; 1958-01-01 00:00:00.009 TAI . . .  1960-01-01 00:00:00.951 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1958-01-01 00:00:00.012 UTC . . . 1960-01-01 00:00:00.008 UTC
| 0.946 sec || 0.943 sec
|-
! 8209 27F9 EFAA . . .  8209 27FA 1819 &lt;br /&gt; 1960-01-01 00:00:00.951 TAI . . .  1961-01-01 00:00:01.420 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1960-01-01 00:00:00.008 UTC . . . 1961-01-01 00:00:00.002 UTC
| 0.474 sec || 1.418 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 1819 &lt;br /&gt; 1961-01-01 00:00:01.420 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1961-01-01 00:00:00.002 UTC . . . 1960-12-31 23:59:59.997 UTC
| 0.005 sec || 1.423 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 1819 . . .  8209 27FA 2F85 &lt;br /&gt; 1961-01-01 00:00:01.420 TAI . . .  1961-08-01 00:00:01.651 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1960-12-31 23:59:59.997 UTC . . . 1961-07-31 23:59:59.953 UTC
| 0.275 sec || 1.698 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 2F85 &lt;br /&gt; 1961-08-01 00:00:01.651 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1961-07-31 23:59:59.953 UTC . . . 1961-08-01 00:00:00.003 UTC
| -0.050 sec || 1.648 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 2F85 . . .  8209 27FA 406C &lt;br /&gt; 1961-08-01 00:00:01.651 TAI . . .  1962-01-01 00:00:01.845 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1961-08-01 00:00:00.003 UTC . . . 1961-12-31 23:59:59.999 UTC
| 0.198 sec || 1.846 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 406C . . .  8209 27FA 8A54 &lt;br /&gt; 1962-01-01 00:00:01.845 TAI . . .  1963-11-01 00:00:02.694 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1961-12-31 23:59:59.999 UTC . . . 1963-11-01 00:00:00.097 UTC
| 0.751 sec || 2.597 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 8A54 &lt;br /&gt; 1963-11-01 00:00:02.694 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1963-11-01 00:00:00.097 UTC . . . 1963-10-31 23:59:59.997 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 2.697 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 8A54 . . .  8209 27FA 9111 &lt;br /&gt; 1963-11-01 00:00:02.694 TAI . . .  1964-01-01 00:00:02.757 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1963-10-31 23:59:59.997 UTC . . . 1963-12-31 23:59:59.991 UTC
| 0.069 sec || 2.766 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 9111 . . .  8209 27FA 9B1F &lt;br /&gt; 1964-01-01 00:00:02.757 TAI . . .  1964-04-01 00:00:02.997 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1963-12-31 23:59:59.991 UTC . . . 1964-04-01 00:00:00.113 UTC
| 0.118 sec || 2.884 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 9B1F &lt;br /&gt; 1964-04-01 00:00:02.997 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1964-04-01 00:00:00.113 UTC . . . 1964-04-01 00:00:00.013 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 2.984 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA 9B1F . . .  8209 27FA AC06 &lt;br /&gt; 1964-04-01 00:00:02.997 TAI . . .  1964-09-01 00:00:03.283 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1964-04-01 00:00:00.013 UTC . . . 1964-09-01 00:00:00.101 UTC
| 0.198 sec || 3.182 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA AC06 &lt;br /&gt; 1964-09-01 00:00:03.283 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1964-09-01 00:00:00.101 UTC . . . 1964-09-01 00:00:00.001 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 3.282 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA AC06 . . .  8209 27FA B980 &lt;br /&gt; 1964-09-01 00:00:03.283 TAI . . .  1965-01-01 00:00:03.531 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1964-09-01 00:00:00.001 UTC . . . 1965-01-01 00:00:00.091 UTC
| 0.158 sec || 3.440 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA B980 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-01-01 00:00:03.531 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-01-01 00:00:00.091 UTC . . . 1964-12-31 23:59:59.991 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 3.540 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA B980 . . .  8209 27FA C005 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-01-01 00:00:03.531 TAI . . .  1965-03-01 00:00:03.720 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1964-12-31 23:59:59.991 UTC . . . 1965-03-01 00:00:00.104 UTC
| 0.076 sec || 3.617 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA C005 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-03-01 00:00:03.720 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-03-01 00:00:00.104 UTC . . . 1965-03-01 00:00:00.004 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 3.717 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA C005 . . .  8209 27FA CD7F &lt;br /&gt; 1965-03-01 00:00:03.720 TAI . . .  1965-07-01 00:00:03.968 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-03-01 00:00:00.004 UTC . . . 1965-07-01 00:00:00.094 UTC
| 0.158 sec || 3.875 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA CD7F &lt;br /&gt; 1965-07-01 00:00:03.968 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-07-01 00:00:00.094 UTC . . . 1965-06-30 23:59:59.994 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 3.975 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA CD7F . . .  8209 27FA D459 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-07-01 00:00:03.968 TAI . . .  1965-09-01 00:00:04.166 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-06-30 23:59:59.994 UTC . . . 1965-09-01 00:00:00.111 UTC
| 0.080 sec || 4.055 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA D459 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-09-01 00:00:04.166 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-09-01 00:00:00.111 UTC . . . 1965-09-01 00:00:00.011 UTC
| 0.100 sec || 4.155 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA D459 . . .  8209 27FA E1D3 &lt;br /&gt; 1965-09-01 00:00:04.166 TAI . . .  1966-01-01 00:00:04.323 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1965-09-01 00:00:00.011 UTC . . . 1966-01-01 00:00:00.009 UTC
| 0.158 sec || 4.313 sec
|-
! 8209 27FA E1D3 . . .  8209 27FB 35E5 &lt;br /&gt; 1966-01-01 00:00:04.323 TAI . . .  1968-02-01 00:00:06.188 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1966-01-01 00:00:00.009 UTC . . . 1968-01-31 23:59:59.903 UTC
| 1.973 sec || 6.286 sec
|-
! 8209 27FB 35E5 &lt;br /&gt; 1968-02-01 00:00:06.188 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1968-01-31 23:59:59.903 UTC . . . 1968-02-01 00:00:00.003 UTC
| -0.100 sec || 6.186 sec
|-
! 8209 27FB 35E5 . . .  8209 27FB D3E0 &lt;br /&gt; 1968-02-01 00:00:06.188 TAI . . .  1972-01-01 00:00:10.003 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1968-02-01 00:00:00.003 UTC . . . 1972-01-01 00:00:00.110 UTC
| 3.707 sec || 9.892 sec
|-
! 8209 27FB D3E0 &lt;br /&gt; 1972-01-01 00:00:10.003 TAI &lt;br /&gt; 1972-01-01 00:00:00.110 UTC . . . 1972-01-01 00:00:00.003 UTC
| 0.108 sec || 10.000 sec
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719390</id>
      <parentid>2719119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T03:53:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How to Participate */ add &quot;AI-Assisted Evaluation Policy&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719390</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4701" sha1="pa9umbtpjoetzj2sktc6jwul9qqdyfj" xml:space="preserve">= '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' =

== '''Introduction''' ==

This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems.

We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole.

Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned.

== '''Project Goals''' ==

To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines.

To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility.

To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models.

To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources.

== '''Why This Project''' ==

The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement.

This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status.

== '''Method and Roles''' ==

'''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content.

'''Human contributors''' are invited to:
** Follow the process
** Suggest edits or corrections
** Critically review AI-generated outputs
** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria

All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section.

== '''How to Participate''' ==

If you wish to contribute:

Simply read the chapters as they develop

Use the Talk pages to share your feedback

Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion

Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations

No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors.

; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#228B22&quot;&gt;'''AI-Assisted Evaluation Policy'''&lt;/span&gt;
All contributions will be analyzed and integrated by ChatGPT, which functions as a neutral and consistent evaluator based on the project’s criteria. ChatGPT draws on a much broader knowledge base than any individual contributor, and its assessments aim to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance.

Submissions may be restructured, expanded, or summarized, but no human administrator will alter the conceptual content without clearly marking such edits.

== '''Chapters and Content''' ==

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]'''

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping]]'''


'''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models'''

'''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution'''

'''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth'''

'''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations'''

'''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis'''

'''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness'''

'''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements'''

== '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' ==

All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review.

This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license.

----
'''→ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Go to Chapter 1]]'''</text>
      <sha1>pa9umbtpjoetzj2sktc6jwul9qqdyfj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719391</id>
      <parentid>2719390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T04:06:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How to Participate */ I made the &quot;AI-Assisted Evaluation Policy&quot; stand out in a bordered box to gain attention about this policy that is quite a game changer in editing and commenting</comment>
      <origin>2719391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4933" sha1="7w8da7jygizvlo7ial2j5x6f913tbez" xml:space="preserve">= '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' =

== '''Introduction''' ==

This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems.

We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole.

Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned.

== '''Project Goals''' ==

To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines.

To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility.

To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models.

To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources.

== '''Why This Project''' ==

The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement.

This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status.

== '''Method and Roles''' ==

'''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content.

'''Human contributors''' are invited to:
** Follow the process
** Suggest edits or corrections
** Critically review AI-generated outputs
** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria

All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section.

== '''How to Participate''' ==

If you wish to contribute:

Simply read the chapters as they develop

Use the Talk pages to share your feedback

Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion

Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations

No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: 2px solid #228B22; background-color: #F0FFF0; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;

'''AI-Assisted Evaluation Policy'''

All contributions will be analyzed and integrated by ChatGPT, which functions as a neutral and consistent evaluator based on the project’s criteria. ChatGPT draws on a much broader knowledge base than any individual contributor, and its assessments aim to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance.

Submissions may be restructured, expanded, or summarized, but no human administrator will alter the conceptual content without clearly marking such edits.

&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkred;&quot;&gt;If you do not wish your contribution to be reviewed and processed by ChatGPT, please do not participate in this project.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

== '''Chapters and Content''' ==

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]'''

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping]]'''


'''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models'''

'''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution'''

'''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth'''

'''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations'''

'''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis'''

'''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness'''

'''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements'''

== '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' ==

All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review.

This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license.

----
'''→ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Go to Chapter 1]]'''</text>
      <sha1>7w8da7jygizvlo7ial2j5x6f913tbez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719393</id>
      <parentid>2719391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T04:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chapters and Content */ inserted &quot;(Mainstream and Innovative)&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4989" sha1="ecyoxm3ivyug9kj9oktu0gefa75dxwk" xml:space="preserve">= '''AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories''' =

== '''Introduction''' ==

This Wikiversity project explores, compares, and evaluates the most important theories concerning the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe — including gravity, cosmic expansion, planetary formation, and the emergence of matter and life-supporting systems.

We adopt a spirit of '''collaboration over competition''' and '''synthesis over supremacy'''. Rather than promoting or defending one specific theory, this project seeks to identify and combine the strongest components of multiple frameworks into a more coherent and testable whole.

Artificial Intelligence tools, including language models such as ChatGPT, are used to collect, analyze, and structure information. Human contributors serve as critical reviewers — identifying omissions, inconsistencies, or overlooked insights. The work is open, traceable, and versioned.

== '''Project Goals''' ==

To gather and compare a wide range of mainstream and alternative theories from physics, cosmology, geology, (bio)chemistry, and related disciplines.

To define and apply clear evaluation criteria such as empirical adequacy, internal coherence, predictive power, and cross-disciplinary compatibility.

To use AI-assisted synthesis (via ChatGPT) to identify overlaps, contradictions, and possible integrations among competing models.

To gradually formulate a plausible, testable, and inclusive theoretical framework, blending the strongest validated insights from multiple sources.

== '''Why This Project''' ==

The scientific community often favors established theories while marginalizing alternatives, regardless of their explanatory value. Many insights from geology, cosmology, or systems science remain siloed or dismissed due to lack of institutional endorsement.

This project was launched to provide an open-access, bias-aware platform where '''all serious theories''' can be compared based on their merits — not on their academic status.

== '''Method and Roles''' ==

'''ChatGPT (or similar LLMs)''' will be used to perform most of the analytical work: summarizing theories, comparing predictions, and drafting chapter content.

'''Human contributors''' are invited to:
** Follow the process
** Suggest edits or corrections
** Critically review AI-generated outputs
** Ensure that the project remains faithful to its goals and criteria

All edits and comments are welcome on the Talk page or within each chapter section.

== '''How to Participate''' ==

If you wish to contribute:

Simply read the chapters as they develop

Use the Talk pages to share your feedback

Suggest additional theories or references for inclusion

Correct errors or propose alternative interpretations

No formal affiliation is required. A respectful, evidence-based approach is expected from all contributors.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: 2px solid #228B22; background-color: #F0FFF0; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0px;&quot;&gt;

'''AI-Assisted Evaluation Policy'''

All contributions will be analyzed and integrated by ChatGPT, which functions as a neutral and consistent evaluator based on the project’s criteria. ChatGPT draws on a much broader knowledge base than any individual contributor, and its assessments aim to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance.

Submissions may be restructured, expanded, or summarized, but no human administrator will alter the conceptual content without clearly marking such edits.

&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkred;&quot;&gt;If you do not wish your contribution to be reviewed and processed by ChatGPT, please do not participate in this project.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

== '''Chapters and Content''' ==

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria]]'''

* '''[[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping (Mainstream and Innovative)]]'''


'''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models (Mainstream and Innovative)'''

'''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution'''

'''Chapter 5: Earth Science, Paleontology, and Planetary Growth'''

'''Chapter 6: Origin of Matter and Life – (Bio)Chemical Foundations'''

'''Chapter 7: Theory Convergence – Toward a Synthesis'''

'''Chapter 8: Epistemic Transparency and Scientific Bias Awareness'''

'''Chapter 9: References and Acknowledgements'''

== '''Permanent Link and Documentation''' ==

All chapters are written and versioned transparently. Drafts are generated in conversation with ChatGPT and refined through contributor review.

This is an open-access project under continuous development. Anyone is free to use, share, and improve upon this work under Wikimedia’s standard Creative Commons license.

----
'''→ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Go to Chapter 1]]'''</text>
      <sha1>ecyoxm3ivyug9kj9oktu0gefa75dxwk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719394</id>
      <parentid>2719307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T05:02:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>made a new chapter 2 based on categories &quot;mainstream&quot; and &quot;innovative&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719394</origin>
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      <text bytes="2743" sha1="e3j1j7wis9jw0yaw6gjn3cl20ywhupb" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping (Mainstream and Innovative)''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter provides a comparative overview of gravity theories — both mainstream and innovative — with the goal of identifying overlaps, divergences, and opportunities for integration.

We focus not on disproving or validating specific models but on understanding their foundational assumptions, mathematical structure, predictive value, and compatibility with other physical theories.

== '''Scope''' ==

Theories will be grouped into two categories:

'''Mainstream Theories''': Widely taught, supported by institutions, and referenced in standard literature.

'''Innovative Alternatives''': Theories that challenge conventional assumptions, propose novel mechanisms, or offer reinterpretations of gravity.

All theories are evaluated using a shared framework of criteria (see Chapter 1).

== '''How to Contribute a Theory''' ==

Researchers and contributors are welcome to propose additional theories. These can be added directly to the Talk page or sent via email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

All submissions will be included in the overview and analyzed using the same criteria.

== '''Theory Mapping Table''' ==

A comparative table will be maintained here. Initial entries include:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Theory Name
! Type
! Summary
! Key Assumptions
! Compatibility
! Notable Predictions
|-
| General Relativity
| Mainstream
| Gravity as space-time curvature
| Mass-energy distorts geometry
| Compatible with mainstream cosmology
| Time dilation, light bending
|-
| Quantum Loop Gravity
| Mainstream
| Quantizes spacetime itself
| Space-time has discrete structure
| Limited overlap with string theory
| Predicts quantum effects at Planck scale
|-
| Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)
| Innovative
| Modifies Newton's 2nd Law at low accelerations
| No dark matter
| Conflicts with GR; matches galaxy rotation
| Explains galaxy rotation curves without dark matter
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)
| Innovative
| Gravity as an energy influx, not attraction
| Constant influx; VRMS; increasing mass-energy
| Incompatible with G-curvature; compatible with expansion models
| Predicts preferred orbital distances
|}
== '''Next Steps''' ==

Expand the table with more entries

Begin cross-chapter references

Link phenomena such as expansion, planetary formation, and mass increase to these gravitational foundations

'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>e3j1j7wis9jw0yaw6gjn3cl20ywhupb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bully Metric CMB Stabilized Timestamps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719321</id>
      <parentid>2719286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T15:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="jyg2jbqo22nw7p3x8mum06or7ki5wsr" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known as supervoids.  The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft within a void until the spacecraft is at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock inside of a supervoid, and at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting objects inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>jyg2jbqo22nw7p3x8mum06or7ki5wsr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719322</id>
      <parentid>2719321</parentid>
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        <username>Unitfreak</username>
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      <text bytes="1580" sha1="ermnvm4vkm0eb1sn4sqrh1em8k2tz7m" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

In principle, intelligent lifeforms could launch spacecraft with atomic clocks into these voids, and could adjust the velocity of each spacecraft within a void until the spacecraft is at rest with respect to the cosmic microwave background.

According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock inside of a supervoid, and at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting objects inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>ermnvm4vkm0eb1sn4sqrh1em8k2tz7m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719323</id>
      <parentid>2719322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T15:40:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
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      <text bytes="1733" sha1="7ejje75tjjg8504js0v2gok3j67b1l4" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an indeterminate period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>7ejje75tjjg8504js0v2gok3j67b1l4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719324</id>
      <parentid>2719323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T15:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
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      <text bytes="1728" sha1="itdzjmmzg2nki4cghpp76d0ce5l0f3h" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence measure more elapsed time, than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.</text>
      <sha1>itdzjmmzg2nki4cghpp76d0ce5l0f3h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719326</id>
      <parentid>2719324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-21T15:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
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      <text bytes="1729" sha1="rtoogxs2a9pb75othtrcn8icdu8b944" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.</text>
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The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods.</text>
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      <text bytes="2296" sha1="2g8hdu8glw3st0fdzm7wy5bc5shdldh" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods.</text>
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      <text bytes="2581" sha1="nexnwzbdtg8u7klob6vmw9q0l47kkxc" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then in principle, that clock would be mostly free from gravitational effects, and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (29.78 km/s), which is insignificantly small compared to the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (29.78 km/s), which is insignificantly small compared to the speed 0.000797218 c (239 km/s) at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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|-
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (29.78 km/s), which is insignificantly small compared to the speed of 0.000797218 c (239 km/s) at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (29.78 km/s), which is insignificantly small compared to the speed of 0.000797218 c (239 km/s) at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 Pla/Zta) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of 0.000797218 c (797.218 Pla/Zta) (239 km/s), the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s), the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way, which is 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s).</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way, which is 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s).

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|a map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way, which is 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s).

[[File:Bully_Metric_Coordinates_Velocity_Relative_to_CMB.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Velocity Relative to CMB Notional Diagram]]</text>
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[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|Figure 1: A map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way, which is 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s).

[[File:Bully_Metric_Coordinates_Velocity_Relative_to_CMB.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Velocity Relative to CMB notional diagram]]

[[Image:Bully_Metric_Coordinates_Velocity_Relative_to_CMB.svg|thumb|upright=2|Figure 2: Velocity Relative to CMB notional diagram]]</text>
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|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Image:Galaxy superclusters and galaxy voids.png|thumb|upright=2|Figure 1: A map of galaxy voids]]
The image to the right illustrates voids and superclusters that exist in the neighborhood of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space between filaments, making up the large-scale structure of the universe. The Boötes Void, shown in the upper right of the image, for example, is a roughly spherical region of space in the vicinity of the constellation Boötes. It contains just 60 galaxies, a figure significantly lower than the approximately 2,000 galaxies expected for an area of comparable size. With a radius of 62 megaparsecs (nearly 330 million light-years), it is one of the largest voids in the visible universe, and is often referred to as a &quot;supervoid&quot;.

If a spacecraft with an atomic clock were to exist in an empty region of space, within one of these voids, then that clock, in principle, would be mostly free from gravitational effects and could maintain a constant velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB).  In particular, a spacecraft at rest with respect to the CMB would potentially remain at rest for an extended period of time.  According to Albert Einstein's theories, '''time dilation''' is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). Theoretically, a clock within a supervoid, at rest with respect to the CMB, should be subject to less time dilation, and hence, measure more elapsed time than clocks which are subjected to gravitational fields and are orbiting galaxies inside of clusters.

Time on earth is currently measured using seconds, which are defined within the International System of Units as &quot;the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.&quot; Bully timestamps are currently defined such that each timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one, or in other words, a timestamp is realized every (9192631770 * 3055) = 28,083,490,057,350 caesium-133 ground state hyperfine level transition periods. Our current earth-bound definitions for the second and the bully timestamp should be sufficient for the foreseeable future; however, if humans were to set up off-earth colonies at some distant time in the future, then it may become advantages to update the bully timestamp with an off-earth definition.

[[Image:Bully_Metric_Coordinates_Velocity_Relative_to_CMB.svg|thumb|upright=2|Figure 2: Velocity Relative to CMB notional diagram]]

In order to synchronize with clocks on Earth, a clock in an empty region of space and at rest with respect to the CMB, would need to adjust for relative velocity (special relativity) and for gravitational potential differences (general relativity). The Earth orbits the Sun with a speed of roughly 0.000099335 c (99.335 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (29.78 km/s), which is roughly an eighth of the speed at which the Sun orbits the Milky Way, which is 0.000797218 c (797.218 [[Bully_Metric_Length_Apan|Pla]]/[[Bully_Metric_Time_Apan|Zta]]) (239 km/s).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding</title>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;=Event= ==Overview==  ==Logistics== *  ===Staff and Vendors=== *  ==Related Events== * Reception * Honeymoon   ==Who Was Present== ===Bride and Bridesmaids=== ====Bride==== ====Bridesmaids==== ====Pages==== ===Groom and Best Man=== ===People Who Attended===  #  ==What People Wore== #  ==Gifts== ===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===  ==Anthology==  == Notes and Questions == #   ==References== {{reflist}}&quot;</comment>
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==Overview==

==Logistics==
* 
===Staff and Vendors===
*

==Related Events==
* Reception
* Honeymoon


==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====
====Bridesmaids====
====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===
===People Who Attended===

# 
==What People Wore==
# 
==Gifts==
===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

==Anthology==

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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==Overview==

==Logistics==
* 
===Staff and Vendors===
*

==Related Events==
* Reception
* Honeymoon


==Who Was Present==
===Bride and Bridesmaids===
====Bride====
====Bridesmaids====
====Pages====
===Groom and Best Man===
===People Who Attended===

# 
==What People Wore==
# 
==Gifts==
The list of gifts in this article from the Lady's Pictorial is not in order of the value of the gift, which sometimes occurred, for example, in the wedding of Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart and Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale, where the gift from the Prince and Princess of Wales was not the first one listed. In the case of this wedding, perhaps the fact that the Prince attended made the newspaper or whoever kept the list of gifts put his first; or perhaps the sequencing is more about rank.

===Unusual or Interesting Gifts===

==Anthology==
&lt;blockquote&gt;On the 25th ult., in the presence of a large and fashionable company, including H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, attended by Colonel Stanley Clarke (H.R.H. the Princess of Wales also intended being present, but was unavoidably prevented from arriving from Sandringham in time for the ceremony), His Excellency the Turkish Ambassador, &amp;c., the marriage took place of Mr. Gerald Walter Erskine Loder, M.P., for Brighton, fourth son of the late Sir Robert Loder, Bart., of The High Beeches, Sussex, and Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk, eldest daughter of the Right Hon. the Duke of Albans. The ceremony was conducted by the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Southwell (the Rev. George Ridding, D.D.), assisted by the Rev. John Storrs, vicar of St. Peter's, and the Rev. Archibald S. Hawthorne, M.A., vicar of Westwood, Notts, and private chaplain to the Duke of St. Albans. The bride, who was given away by her father, wore a dress of exquisite white duchesse satin, plainly made, and elegantly trimmed with old family Brussels lace, with long Court train, edged all round with rare Russian fur. A long sash fringed with silver fell on one side, the bodice being artistically draped with some old fancy Brussels lace, of which the sleeves were also composed. In her hair she wore sprays of real orange blooms, which were surmounted with a superb veil of Brussels lace (worn by the bride's mother on her marriage, and which is to be retained for like service on the occasion of the marriages of any of the Ladies de Vere Beauclerk, the bride's sisters). Her diamond ornaments included diamond solitaire earrings, the gift of the Duke of St. Albans. The best man was Mr. Henry Hussey. The bridesmaids were the Ladies Sybil, Evelyn, Moyra, Katherine, and Alexandra de Vere Beauclerk [(]sisters of the bride), Miss Vere Dawnay and Lady Sybil M'Donnell (cousins of the bride), and Miss Sybil Burrell and Miss May Burrell (nieces of the bridegroom). They wore gowns of soft white silk, with bodices prettily folded, with wide ribbon sashes crossing and falling at the side, and quaint fichus of chiffon. They also wore large &quot;Rembrandt&quot; hats trimmed with Rose du Barri velvet and long white plumes, velvet rouleaux under the rim, and strings of the same shade. The bridegroom's presents were pins, with the letters &quot;L. and G.&quot; in brilliants, connected by fine gold chains and pearls, and bouquets of selected pink carnations. The ''déjeuner'', laid at the Duchess of St. Albans' town residence, 13, Grosvenor-crescent, was largely attended. The Duchess of St. Albans wore a magnificent dress of pale heliotrope satin, brocaded with groups of flower sprays in dead gold. The bodice of the dress was of satin, strapped across with brocade, held with diamond ornaments. Her Grace's bonnet was of embroidered crêpe of the same shade as the flowers in the brocade. It was trimmed with heliotrope velvet and ospreys of the same shade. The Baroness Burdett-Coutts wore a biscuit-coloured bengaline dress, a long mantle of black Indian cashmere, done with beautiful embroidery. Lady Burdett-Coutts' bonnet was of crimson velvet, and was trimmed with crimson roses. She wore a boa of light wolverine fur, and carried a large &quot;grannie&quot; muff to match. The Countess of Antrim wore a dress of fawn-coloured silk, striped with olive green satin. Her short, tightly-fitting jacket, with no basque, was of brown velvet, trimmed with gold braid, and her hat of brown felt, with loops of velvet and green wing feathers. Lady Dorothy Nevill was gowned in dark blue silk, and wore a velvet bonnet of the same colour, with red roses at one side. Viscountess Malden’s dress was most distinguished looking, being of grey cashmere, with panels and full high sleeves of beautiful brocade. The Hon. Maud de Vere Capel was dressed in light dove-grey cloth, braided to match, and with sleeves and panels of white cloth. Her dove-grey felt hat was trimmed with white ostrich feather tips. Lady William Nevill was dressed in a lovely shade of lime-blossom green corded silk, trimmed with black and gold, and she wore a lovely little bonnet to match, and a long cocks’ feather boa. The list of invited guests included H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, the Turkish Ambassador, who were present, and among others, many of whom were also present, were: —

Duke and Duchess of Abercorn, Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Sarah Churchill, Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, Marquis and Marchioness of Bath and Lady Katharine Thynne, Marchioness of Blandford and Lady F. Churchill, Marchioness of Lansdowne and Lady Evelyn Fitz-Maurice, Dowager Countess of Antrim, Earl and Countess Beauchamp and Lady Mary Lygon, Earl and Countess Brownlow, Earl and Countess Clanwilliam and Lady Elizabeth Meade, Earl of Camperdown, Earl Compton, Countess of Cottenham, Earl and Countess of Essex, Earl and Countess Granville and Lady V. Leveson-Gower, Earl and Countess of Lathom and Lady M. Wilbraham, Earl and Countess Manvers and Lady Helen Pierrepoint, Dowager Countess of Yarborough and Mr. Richardson, Earl and Countess of Zetland and Lady Hilda Dundas, Count Gleichen and Countess Valda Gleichen, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne, Viscount and Viscountess Castlerosse, Viscount and Viscountess Galway, Viscount Greenock, Viscount and Viscountess Lascelles, Viscount and Viscountess Lismore, Viscount and Viscountess Midleton, Viscountess Malden and Hon. Maud Capell, Viscount and Viscountess Newport and Hon. Miss Bridgeman, Viscount and Viscountess de Vesci, Bishop of Southwell and Lady Laura Ridding, Lady Abercromby, Lady Ashburton, Lord and Lady Brabourne, Lord and Lady Arthur Butler, Lord and Lady Burton and Hon. Nellie Bass, Lord and Lady Carew, Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton, Lord Capel, Lady Colley, Lord and Lady Colville, Lady Farnborough, Lord and Lady Harlech, Lord Houghton, Lady Lindsay, Lady and Hon. Sarah Lyttelton, Lord and Lady Morris and Miss Morris, Lord and Lady William Nevill, Lady Dorothy Nevill, Lord Richard Nevill, Lord and Lady Revelstoke, Lord and Lady Rothschild[,] Lord Savile and Mr. Savile Lumley, the Dowager Duchess of St. Albans, Hon. Mrs. Grey, Earl and Countess, [sic] of Antrim, Baron and Lady Diana Huddleston, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Sir Edward and Lady Loder, the Dowager Lady Loder, Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Loder, Mr. Reginald Loder, Mr. Sydney Loder, Mr. Eustace Loder, Mr. Stephen Busk.

The Prince of Wales proprosed the health of the bride and bridegroom in his usual felicitous manner. Early in the afternoon Mr. Gerald and Lady Louise de Vere Loder left for Beechwood, near Luton, kindly lent them by Mr. Adair, for the early days of their honeymoon. The bride’s going-away dress was of green velvet, ornamented with gold passementerie and cravat of very rich point de gaze and green velvet hat to match. The numerous and costly presents included, to the bride: —

From H.R.H. Prince of Wales, diamond star; from the bridegroom, diamond star, diamond and sapphire ring, dressing bag, gold watch bangle; Duke of St. Albans, diamond solitaire earrings, dressing case; Duchess [Col. 1c–2a]

of St. Albans, old paste buttons; Dowager Duchess of St. Albans, two silver-backed brushes, toilet glass and scent bottle; Lord Burford, silver inkstand; Ladies M., C., and A. Beauclerck [sic], and Lords C. and W. Beauclerck [sic], diamond heart pin; Hon. Mrs. Grey, diamond ring; Baron and Lady Diana Huddleston, diamond buckle; Hon. Rev. and Mrs. John Grey, silver basin and sifter; Sir Henry Blake, fan made of Jamaica produce; Lady Blake, hand-painted screen; Miss Blake, handscreens made of Jamaica produce; Mr. Maurice and Arthur Blake, [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Doily|d'oyleys]] made of Jamaica produce; Mrs. Fredk. Beauclerk, silver buttonhook, shoehorn, and glove stretcher; Captain Beauclerk, silver menu holders; Mr. and Mrs. A. Grey, moonstone and diamond brooch; Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Eustace Dawnay, blotter letter case and frame in yellow satin; Hon. S. McDonnell, silver box; Hon. A. McDonnell, silver looking glass; Lady Sybil McDonnell, “Words with Works&quot;; Lady Evelyn McDonnell, silver stamp box; Lady [image intervening of Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk: 2a–2b]

Antrim, diamond bonnet pin; Mrs. De Vere Beauclerk, potpourri vase; Mr. and Mrs. Birkin, diamond star; Sir Edmund and Lady Loder, diamond sun; Dowager Lady Loder, pearl and diamond necklace; Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Loder, diamond and sapphire bracelet; Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Loder, diamond bracelet; Mr. Eustace Loder, sable muff and boa; Sir Raymond and Lady Burrell and General and Mrs. Stewart, diamond and sapphire feather; Misses Burrell and Master Merrik Burrell, red leather carriage [image intervening: 2b–2c]

nécessaire; Miss Patience Loder, white satin pincushion; Mr. Henry Hussey, gold curb key chain; Bestwood Park School, silver basket; the Bestwood '''tenantry''', silver tray, teapot, cream jug, and sugar basin; inhabitants of Best-

[2c–3a]

wood, '''Bible, Prayerbook, oak table, and Ruskin's works'''; the household, tea urn; Baroness Burdett Coutts, coral and diamond chátelaine [sic]; '''servants''' of the Dowager Duchess of St. Albans, candlesticks; the Redbourne '''tenantry''', ormolu clock and vases; Lady Lyttelton, old diamond esprit pendant; Hon. Sarah Lyttelton, tortoiseshell and silver étui; Lord Camperdown, pearl and diamond brooch; Dowager Lady Antrim, silver stamp box; Lady Nina Balfour, silver match box; Sir Walter Farquhar, '''eighteen books'''; Lady Malden, tortoiseshell and silver string box ; Pasha, Viennese china tea set ; Duchess of Buccleuch, ilmr.m (cuckoo) ; Duchess of Leeds, Charlotte Bronte's works ; Countess \alda &amp;bﬁ-h-. carved stool ; WWH and Lady Laura Ridding, Bavarian box ; Lady ;nlyl Fitz- , silver box ; Lord and Lady Rothschild, diamond and moon ::l‘::&quot;ﬂi Lady Ada Osborne, ﬂm;&amp;dl‘w; Lady Alice Osborn, Lord n:d.tdy Revelstoke, 54.-“ cross ; Lady Abercromby, HIMJIIR dish with jasper centre ; Dowager udly Yarborough, silver buttonhook ; the Ladies 11.,1.;r1d A Wilbrabam, silver-fluted scent bottle; Lord Lady Burton, silver jug ; lAAI\V-, gold locket ; Lady Carew, dln:ﬁt.m-(h- scent bottle ; Lady Katharine Thynne, Nelec from Browning ; Lord and Ld Morris, vak (g il o Edy ol ol Lord sol , silver n, cream 3 Brabourne, silver box ; l:g'mnmmu-; w’:\‘d’-hll mm;wummm.mmm;uy 1 Howard, en-tout-cas ; Lady Cotes Lindsay, tortoise shell and gold ¢tui; Lord and Ldy Galway, silver box ; Lord Durham, ruby and diamond bangle ; Lord and Lady Newark, flower pcn,a; Lord and Lady Arthur Butler, silver tea md-ll‘. lady Katherine Hutton, cut-glass and silver hottle ; w Manvers, tortoiseshell and silver cmk:(_kdyl’l , mlver shoehorn and buttonhook : ni-Luu photo frame ;WM mnu m ﬂ:&quot;‘ Lady Esther Gore, Carey’s * Dante” ; Lady Houghton ; Lord lldl“!('m.ﬂ‘w!-h&quot;“lé Lord and Lady Lascelles, silver frame doors ; Lord and l‘d&quot;w two silver ; lady A, ('u:cn. bag ; Nir n Lady WE silver bowl ; Everard Ihv{‘h. and diamond ; Sir H h-hs:b M. ‘.mﬂmw;m.ﬂayu b silver stamp box; Mr. and mno-ﬁ:.-nm flower vase ; Mr. and Lady G. Fi marble c} ; Hom, Beitton. b “lotting I R b ver ; Hon, ename] links with el aF‘a-:d Hon, Nellie Bass, silver table ornament ; on. ester Lyttel photo frames ; Hon. (' lh-lldn Russell, dlm-topp‘:knﬂh‘ bottle ; Hon. Mrs, silver pape cutter and pencil ; Hon. Reginald Villlers, siiver tay” Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke, gold-mounted box ; Mr Adair, six silver and glass scent bottles ; Mrs. 1 Bagwell, tablecloth; Mr. Frederick Bernel, silver box ; Mr.an Mrs. Bischoffsheim, swall old silver tureen ; Mrs. Benson, dozen silver spoons Mrs. Brown, china vases ; Mrs. Bontine, silver box ; Mrs Francis Burton, pink laﬂx necklet ; Mr. Arthur Cecil Blount, silver cream m: . Buckley, dozen spoons ; Mr. Bell, book; Miss silver flower vases; Mr. A. Coleridge, silver elnt; Mrs. Clifton, silver cream jug ; Mrs, Clive, silver m-g X Mr.l‘lm-mll * Father Damien &quot; with sketch ; Mr. H. Cavendish, silver.| mnm: Mr. and Miss t‘uog. photo screen : Mrs. Bond 1, potato bowl ; Mr. Brodrick Cloete, silver u-ar-t. M?-t fl:': the llouk &quot;1&quot;‘ Dlgbﬁ.‘:lzlrm-ud mdln.):t'b; ins 'hﬁt. re ; monds, pair : Mrs, kv.p lcnrh-,[-rt bon-’l':‘. Canon lm. - Hol‘_ Mattimony &quot; ; Mrs. Frazer, small silver ornament ; Mrs. Fairholme, silver llovernt; Miss l’uqnhn:,.rmframe ; Rev. T. Fletcher, old china cups, saucers, tearn. ; Miss (lnl.low;{, three glasses; Mrs. W. Grenfell, sllver nife; Mrs. Gubi ns, -ﬂvﬂ-mhﬂ'&amp;:; Mr. Murray Guthrie, diamond ring ; Miss Violet G , silver lookingugm; Rev. A, lhv’tlgnnn, Cu)l.yl-'- works ; Mr. and Mrs ilson Holme, beaded tray; Mr. Holden, revolving bookcase ; Miss lilnin:l vrltln:dpnd: Mrs. Jeune, silver matchbox ; Mrs. Jones, silver a hogm knife ; Mr. Henry Irving, Shakespeare's works ; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Kennard, silver lu'l‘p with clock ; Miss Lambe, silver scent bottle ; Mr. and Mrs. Lamin, china lEm; Mr. Austen Lee, dinmond and -pglhm brooch ; Rev. Canon Lewis, Bib‘c: Mr. Lancaster, silver grape scissors ; Mr. Maloolm, walking stick : Mr. and Mrs, J&quot; , diamond locker ; Mr. Frank Mildmay, M.P., silver clock ; lh s, Merry, china tea service ; Mr. Magniac, nlnll{rln; ins Noore, sugar basin and cream jug; Mrs. O'Hara, w tray ; Rev. K. Pitman, cream jug and basin; Mrs, b silver candlesticks ; Mr. Pigott, feather fan ; Colonel th bronze paper weight; Mr. and Mrs. th china 3 Miss Beatrice Phi dlv:r.slnmy ; Dr. e, Lwo Arrows from Central Africa; M. Mdme. de la Poer, lﬂ'-‘ﬁl sugar spoon ; Mdlle.'du Purlet, buttonhook ; Miss B. sonby, * tof Asia”; Mr. Ernest walking stick ; Mrs, K. , white gauze fan; Mr. silver bowl ; Mr. and Mrs. Robertson, silver-mounted blotter and case ; Mr. Richards, silver card case ; Mr. and Mrs. R?on, silver box ; Colonel s S e, ei e e, e e sticks ; Mr. 0 es, M.P., ver cream 3 Mrs. tablu‘foth; Miss u;ﬁ':' Bhyvlrt., Matthew Arnold’s &quot;sei:f‘t Poems” ; T Nergison, silver matchbox ; Lieutenant Storey, hand screen ; Mr. Story, two silver frames; Mrs. Seeley, diamond feather ; General stm], silver paper knife ; Miss Sloane Stanley, red feather fan ; Miss and Mr. J. Seeley, gold box ; Mr. C. and Mr. F. M?. clock and fnm; Mr. Trumper, cutglass claret jug ; Mr. Bertram Talbot, aokl crucifix ; Mr. T. Trumper, silver and iv:? anwr knife; Mdlle. Valentin, silver pincushion; Mrs. Vyner, an u?dn brooch ; Mr. Walter, black wood painted table ; Miss Walter, chrysophrase buckle ; Miss Wolff, “ Matthew Arnold’s Works 3 Mr. Webb, silver blotter case ; Misses G. N. and E. Webb, candlesticks ; Colonel and and Mrs. Wright, liqueur glasses ; Dr. Walker, ring. The presents to the bridegroom were :—From the bride, {u.rl studs and gold r‘i.nr; Duchess of St. Albans, original Thackeray sketch ; Sir mm and 1 lLßurmell, dessert service ; Mr. Wilfrid Loder, eugnvhg, . and Nydia” ; Mr. Eustace Loder, fur urlr‘i?e rug; Mr. Reginald and Mr. :).:new‘hr, comrlegn set Do: silver l:‘d Betrl':Ean- l:;’ forks ; Dowager er, case of wine ; T ul case : (:eniml lmi the Hon, Mrs. Al‘evl.:g;w'nr’.‘.. wir cmm-m.m.m; Mr. Suphel':el:ulk, uﬂkv;irf mckettl:v;u )l!n.m . (dl E‘nmt'l'o:lhl:':d:ﬂﬂmt. siiver-mount T e ; Conse: ve friends eorge 1L silver bowll?gighwn Excelsior Rowing Club, silver calendar frame; };guswnt ':ehbiution l: Ly c:&amp;o‘“dm; Bﬂ:gwllll Cricket Amhﬁonm h m slices ; servants at 48, -square, silver s servants at 47, (irosvenor-square, cmﬂ vases ; Mr. ﬂnry Hussey, rhm frame ; Mr. Arthur Hussey, wine labels ; Mr. and Mrs. Hussey, parce! l]::. weights and scales ; Hon. John B‘ril'l,g, old Dutch silver sauce boats ; y Diana Huddleston, inkstand ; Hon. James Mansfield, silver sugar castor ; Earl and Countess Brownlow, tortoiseshell Eqm- knife ; Lord and hd* Knutsford, china flower pots; Lady Anstruther, candlesticks; Lord and Lady William Nevl]],c:lp.rﬂghm; Lady Farnl George 111 snuff box; Sir William an ladyhﬂnnthm, Venetian liqueur q:ues; Sir William and Lady Marriott, p! ouz?ph frame ; Hon. T. and d{&quot;:dms Brassey, ewllix';g; Rt. Hon. Charles and Mrs. Ritchie, Japanese nze ; Miss Byrne and Miss Busk, picture ; Major and Mrs. Cuvi'nornr, spirit llv;t:lneoitur. W.C. Brldgem-ﬂ ln.z‘r cream jug ; l?&quot;' and ld:i H. Leigh ,gmof Tav ;. Mr. Mrs. Francis Buxton, o} ver castor ; Mr. %torh(gx.nliﬁe, old silver salver; Mr. J. D. c«mﬁf reference-book-case; Mr. Sidney Clarke, old silver ITOO ; Captain Cooke-Collis, Indian pﬁuﬁcung trophies; Mr. Lionel Cust, early water-colour dpalnum; r. Evelyn Cecil, * History of our own Times&quot;; Hon, Mr. and Mrs. L. Carnegie, walking stick ; Mr. A. C. Cole, silver ink« stand ; Colonel Chatfield, silver cigarette box ; Captain and Mrs. Dearden, silver flask ; Mr. Walter i)umford. silver box ; Mr. J, C. B. Eastwood, ﬂl.lr of china figures ; Mr. T. H. Elliott, pair of silver dishes; Mr. and Mrs. Roger Eykyn, silver candlesticks ; Mr. W. Grantham, Mexican menu cards ; Mr. mdiin. Henry Gladstone, notepaper box ; Mr. R. 8. Herries, Dresden box ; Mr. Lionel Hmhuq. silver lnmg; Hon. Lionel Holland, old silver Dutch box ; Mr. and Mrs. George Hanbury, silver photograph frame ; Mr. EW. H , spirit bottle; Miss Agnea Beresford Hope, _silvermounted :ﬂu stick; Mr. W. E. Hubbard, walking stick ; Mr. H. Eaton, silver match-box; Mr. Lees Knowles, M.P., pair of small silver cruet stands; Mr. C. Kennedy, pair of spurs; Hon. William Lowther, tortoiseshell and silver box; Mr. Leroy Lewis, silver Jessert dishes ; Mr. Arthur Macnamara, silver box ; Mrs. Montefiore, glass saltcellars ; Mr. R. Mitchell, silver saltcellars; Mr. A. C. Norman, salad bowl; Mr.'H. 4. Newton, paper box and blotting case ; Mr. E. H. Oldfield, old French table; Mr. T. T. ne, small silver hox ; Mr, F. L. Pitman, gold pencil case ; Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, walking stick ; Mr. George Rowe, lant vase; Mr. and Mrs. Rawson, dlmngpr lighter; Mr. Richard gluuon, umbrella; Mr. P. H. Rawson, silver book marker; Mr. H. C. Richards, gold pencil case ; Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Rendel, antique brassdoor == A THOUSAND POUNDS FOR A COLLIE.—Mr. T. H. Stretch, whose recent sale of the Collie Christopher for £l,OOO electrified the Kennel World, writes :—** I always use .bml Distemper Powders, and find them most excellent.” Dog owners mhﬂ%&amp;h’:m”l’owdm. and give on first premonitory pamphlet on Canine m post free, of mwm Bermondsey, London.— D' “ HEADACHES CURED.&quot;—BISHOP’'S GRANULAR EFFERVESCENT CITRATE OF CAFFEINE perfectly removes pains in the head arising from biliousness and headaches of every description. Beuﬂiud by the medical profession as the safest and surest remedy for this distressing ailment. Am‘?&quot;,’.&quot;’i&quot;ﬂ restorative. Of all chemists, 2s. 6d. See that you get ** 's,” the mﬂm—Am BisHoP and SONS, 48, Spelman-street, London, E. VT.] 

wood, Bible, Prayerbook, oak table, and Ruskin's works ; the hﬂnbolﬁhurn ; Baroness Burdett (outts, coral and diamond chatelaine ; servants of the Dowager Duchess of st. Albans, candlesticks ; the Redbourne tenantry, ormolu clock and vases ; IW-, old diamond esprit pendant ; Hon. Sarah Lyttelton, tortc and silver étui; Lord Camperdown, wumm; Do'l.rh#y Antrim, silver stamp box ; Lady Nina Balfour, silver match box ; Nir Walter uhar, eighteen books ; Lady Malden, tortoiseshell and silver string box ; Pasha, Viennese china tea set ; Duchess of Buccleuch, ilmr.m (cuckoo) ; Duchess of Leeds, Charlotte Bronte's works ; Countess \alda &amp;bﬁ-h-. carved stool ; WWH and Lady Laura Ridding, Bavarian box ; Lady ;nlyl Fitz- , silver box ; Lord and Lady Rothschild, diamond and moon ::l‘::&quot;ﬂi Lady Ada Osborne, ﬂm;&amp;dl‘w; Lady Alice Osborn, Lord n:d.tdy Revelstoke, 54.-“ cross ; Lady Abercromby, HIMJIIR dish with jasper centre ; Dowager udly Yarborough, silver buttonhook ; the Ladies 11.,1.;r1d A Wilbrabam, silver-fluted scent bottle; Lord Lady Burton, silver jug ; lAAI\V-, gold locket ; Lady Carew, dln:ﬁt.m-(h- scent bottle ; Lady Katharine Thynne, Nelec from Browning ; Lord and Ld Morris, vak (g il o Edy ol ol Lord sol , silver n, cream 3 Brabourne, silver box ; l:g'mnmmu-; w’:\‘d’-hll mm;wummm.mmm;uy 1 Howard, en-tout-cas ; Lady Cotes Lindsay, tortoise shell and gold ¢tui; Lord and Ldy Galway, silver box ; Lord Durham, ruby and diamond bangle ; Lord and Lady Newark, flower pcn,a; Lord and Lady Arthur Butler, silver tea md-ll‘. lady Katherine Hutton, cut-glass and silver hottle ; w Manvers, tortoiseshell and silver cmk:(_kdyl’l , mlver shoehorn and buttonhook : ni-Luu photo frame ;WM mnu m ﬂ:&quot;‘ Lady Esther Gore, Carey’s * Dante” ; Lady Houghton ; Lord lldl“!('m.ﬂ‘w!-h&quot;“lé Lord and Lady Lascelles, silver frame doors ; Lord and l‘d&quot;w two silver ; lady A, ('u:cn. bag ; Nir n Lady WE silver bowl ; Everard Ihv{‘h. and diamond ; Sir H h-hs:b M. ‘.mﬂmw;m.ﬂayu b silver stamp box; Mr. and mno-ﬁ:.-nm flower vase ; Mr. and Lady G. Fi marble c} ; Hom, Beitton. b “lotting I R b ver ; Hon, ename] links with el aF‘a-:d Hon, Nellie Bass, silver table ornament ; on. ester Lyttel photo frames ; Hon. (' lh-lldn Russell, dlm-topp‘:knﬂh‘ bottle ; Hon. Mrs, silver pape cutter and pencil ; Hon. Reginald Villlers, siiver tay” Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke, gold-mounted box ; Mr Adair, six silver and glass scent bottles ; Mrs. 1 Bagwell, tablecloth; Mr. Frederick Bernel, silver box ; Mr.an Mrs. Bischoffsheim, swall old silver tureen ; Mrs. Benson, dozen silver spoons Mrs. Brown, china vases ; Mrs. Bontine, silver box ; Mrs Francis Burton, pink laﬂx necklet ; Mr. Arthur Cecil Blount, silver cream m: . Buckley, dozen spoons ; Mr. Bell, book; Miss silver flower vases; Mr. A. Coleridge, silver elnt; Mrs. Clifton, silver cream jug ; Mrs, Clive, silver m-g X Mr.l‘lm-mll * Father Damien &quot; with sketch ; Mr. H. Cavendish, silver.| mnm: Mr. and Miss t‘uog. photo screen : Mrs. Bond 1, potato bowl ; Mr. Brodrick Cloete, silver u-ar-t. M?-t fl:': the llouk &quot;1&quot;‘ Dlgbﬁ.‘:lzlrm-ud mdln.):t'b; ins 'hﬁt. re ; monds, pair : Mrs, kv.p lcnrh-,[-rt bon-’l':‘. Canon lm. - Hol‘_ Mattimony &quot; ; Mrs. Frazer, small silver ornament ; Mrs. Fairholme, silver llovernt; Miss l’uqnhn:,.rmframe ; Rev. T. Fletcher, old china cups, saucers, tearn. ; Miss (lnl.low;{, three glasses; Mrs. W. Grenfell, sllver nife; Mrs. Gubi ns, -ﬂvﬂ-mhﬂ'&amp;:; Mr. Murray Guthrie, diamond ring ; Miss Violet G , silver lookingugm; Rev. A, lhv’tlgnnn, Cu)l.yl-'- works ; Mr. and Mrs ilson Holme, beaded tray; Mr. Holden, revolving bookcase ; Miss lilnin:l vrltln:dpnd: Mrs. Jeune, silver matchbox ; Mrs. Jones, silver a hogm knife ; Mr. Henry Irving, Shakespeare's works ; Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Kennard, silver lu'l‘p with clock ; Miss Lambe, silver scent bottle ; Mr. and Mrs. Lamin, china lEm; Mr. Austen Lee, dinmond and -pglhm brooch ; Rev. Canon Lewis, Bib‘c: Mr. Lancaster, silver grape scissors ; Mr. Maloolm, walking stick : Mr. and Mrs, J&quot; , diamond locker ; Mr. Frank Mildmay, M.P., silver clock ; lh s, Merry, china tea service ; Mr. Magniac, nlnll{rln; ins Noore, sugar basin and cream jug; Mrs. O'Hara, w tray ; Rev. K. Pitman, cream jug and basin; Mrs, b silver candlesticks ; Mr. Pigott, feather fan ; Colonel th bronze paper weight; Mr. and Mrs. th china 3 Miss Beatrice Phi dlv:r.slnmy ; Dr. e, Lwo Arrows from Central Africa; M. Mdme. de la Poer, lﬂ'-‘ﬁl sugar spoon ; Mdlle.'du Purlet, buttonhook ; Miss B. sonby, * tof Asia”; Mr. Ernest walking stick ; Mrs, K. , white gauze fan; Mr. silver bowl ; Mr. and Mrs. Robertson, silver-mounted blotter and case ; Mr. Richards, silver card case ; Mr. and Mrs. R?on, silver box ; Colonel s S e, ei e e, e e sticks ; Mr. 0 es, M.P., ver cream 3 Mrs. tablu‘foth; Miss u;ﬁ':' Bhyvlrt., Matthew Arnold’s &quot;sei:f‘t Poems” ; T Nergison, silver matchbox ; Lieutenant Storey, hand screen ; Mr. Story, two silver frames; Mrs. Seeley, diamond feather ; General stm], silver paper knife ; Miss Sloane Stanley, red feather fan ; Miss and Mr. J. Seeley, gold box ; Mr. C. and Mr. F. M?. clock and fnm; Mr. Trumper, cutglass claret jug ; Mr. Bertram Talbot, aokl crucifix ; Mr. T. Trumper, silver and iv:? anwr knife; Mdlle. Valentin, silver pincushion; Mrs. Vyner, an u?dn brooch ; Mr. Walter, black wood painted table ; Miss Walter, chrysophrase buckle ; Miss Wolff, “ Matthew Arnold’s Works 3 Mr. Webb, silver blotter case ; Misses G. N. and E. Webb, candlesticks ; Colonel and and Mrs. Wright, liqueur glasses ; Dr. Walker, ring. The presents to the bridegroom were :—From the bride, {u.rl studs and gold r‘i.nr; Duchess of St. Albans, original Thackeray sketch ; Sir mm and 1 lLßurmell, dessert service ; Mr. Wilfrid Loder, eugnvhg, . and Nydia” ; Mr. Eustace Loder, fur urlr‘i?e rug; Mr. Reginald and Mr. :).:new‘hr, comrlegn set Do: silver l:‘d Betrl':Ean- l:;’ forks ; Dowager er, case of wine ; T ul case : (:eniml lmi the Hon, Mrs. Al‘evl.:g;w'nr’.‘.. wir cmm-m.m.m; Mr. Suphel':el:ulk, uﬂkv;irf mckettl:v;u )l!n.m . (dl E‘nmt'l'o:lhl:':d:ﬂﬂmt. siiver-mount T e ; Conse: ve friends eorge 1L silver bowll?gighwn Excelsior Rowing Club, silver calendar frame; };guswnt ':ehbiution l: Ly c:&amp;o‘“dm; Bﬂ:gwllll Cricket Amhﬁonm h m slices ; servants at 48, -square, silver s servants at 47, (irosvenor-square, cmﬂ vases ; Mr. ﬂnry Hussey, rhm frame ; Mr. Arthur Hussey, wine labels ; Mr. and Mrs. Hussey, parce! l]::. weights and scales ; Hon. John B‘ril'l,g, old Dutch silver sauce boats ; y Diana Huddleston, inkstand ; Hon. James Mansfield, silver sugar castor ; Earl and Countess Brownlow, tortoiseshell Eqm- knife ; Lord and hd* Knutsford, china flower pots; Lady Anstruther, candlesticks; Lord and Lady William Nevl]],c:lp.rﬂghm; Lady Farnl George 111 snuff box; Sir William an ladyhﬂnnthm, Venetian liqueur q:ues; Sir William and Lady Marriott, p! ouz?ph frame ; Hon. T. and d{&quot;:dms Brassey, ewllix';g; Rt. Hon. Charles and Mrs. Ritchie, Japanese nze ; Miss Byrne and Miss Busk, picture ; Major and Mrs. Cuvi'nornr, spirit llv;t:lneoitur. W.C. Brldgem-ﬂ ln.z‘r cream jug ; l?&quot;' and ld:i H. Leigh ,gmof Tav ;. Mr. Mrs. Francis Buxton, o} ver castor ; Mr. %torh(gx.nliﬁe, old silver salver; Mr. J. D. c«mﬁf reference-book-case; Mr. Sidney Clarke, old silver ITOO ; Captain Cooke-Collis, Indian pﬁuﬁcung trophies; Mr. Lionel Cust, early water-colour dpalnum; r. Evelyn Cecil, * History of our own Times&quot;; Hon, Mr. and Mrs. L. Carnegie, walking stick ; Mr. A. C. Cole, silver ink« stand ; Colonel Chatfield, silver cigarette box ; Captain and Mrs. Dearden, silver flask ; Mr. Walter i)umford. silver box ; Mr. J, C. B. Eastwood, ﬂl.lr of china figures ; Mr. T. H. Elliott, pair of silver dishes; Mr. and Mrs. Roger Eykyn, silver candlesticks ; Mr. W. Grantham, Mexican menu cards ; Mr. mdiin. Henry Gladstone, notepaper box ; Mr. R. 8. Herries, Dresden box ; Mr. Lionel Hmhuq. silver lnmg; Hon. Lionel Holland, old silver Dutch box ; Mr. and Mrs. George Hanbury, silver photograph frame ; Mr. EW. H , spirit bottle; Miss Agnea Beresford Hope, _silvermounted :ﬂu stick; Mr. W. E. Hubbard, walking stick ; Mr. H. Eaton, silver match-box; Mr. Lees Knowles, M.P., pair of small silver cruet stands; Mr. C. Kennedy, pair of spurs; Hon. William Lowther, tortoiseshell and silver box; Mr. Leroy Lewis, silver Jessert dishes ; Mr. Arthur Macnamara, silver box ; Mrs. Montefiore, glass saltcellars ; Mr. R. Mitchell, silver saltcellars; Mr. A. C. Norman, salad bowl; Mr.'H. 4. Newton, paper box and blotting case ; Mr. E. H. Oldfield, old French table; Mr. T. T. ne, small silver hox ; Mr, F. L. Pitman, gold pencil case ; Hon. G. Hamilton Russell, walking stick ; Mr. George Rowe, lant vase; Mr. and Mrs. Rawson, dlmngpr lighter; Mr. Richard gluuon, umbrella; Mr. P. H. Rawson, silver book marker; Mr. H. C. Richards, gold pencil case ; Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Rendel, antique brassdoor == A THOUSAND POUNDS FOR A COLLIE.—Mr. T. H. Stretch, whose recent sale of the Collie Christopher for £l,OOO electrified the Kennel World, writes :—** I always use .bml Distemper Powders, and find them most excellent.” Dog owners mhﬂ%&amp;h’:m”l’owdm. and give on first premonitory pamphlet on Canine m post free, of mwm Bermondsey, London.— D' “ HEADACHES CURED.&quot;—BISHOP’'S GRANULAR EFFERVESCENT CITRATE OF CAFFEINE perfectly removes pains in the head arising from biliousness and headaches of every description. Beuﬂiud by the medical profession as the safest and surest remedy for this distressing ailment. Am‘?&quot;,’.&quot;’i&quot;ﬂ restorative. Of all chemists, 2s. 6d. See that you get ** 's,” the mﬂm—Am BisHoP and SONS, 48, Spelman-street, London, E. VT.] &lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bully Metric Coordinates Velocity Relative to CMB.svg</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Unitfreak</username>
        <id>695864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A notional diagram illustrating variation in the velocity of the Sun relative to CMB, as the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</comment>
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      <text bytes="132" sha1="jedexh56z85q548scj7xi9201766t91" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
A notional diagram illustrating variation in the velocity of the Sun relative to CMB, as the Sun orbits the Milky Way.</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>User:Mattroberts1987/BattleRoyale</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-21T23:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mattroberts1987</username>
        <id>3003619</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;== The Battle Royale (Genre) ==  === Introduction ===  === Influences on the Genre ===  ==== Political/Historical events within East Asia ====   Squid Games, used the Battle Royale genre to comment on financial inequality within South Korean society a theme shared with the film Parasite as well as highlighting the seedy underbelly of underground money lending.   ==== Japanese game shows/reality TV ==== The film ''Battle Royale'' was influenced by increasingly extreme tre...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2652" sha1="9empppf06mlfwwqch9b0m0yoxug3a8w" xml:space="preserve">== The Battle Royale (Genre) ==

=== Introduction ===

=== Influences on the Genre ===

==== Political/Historical events within East Asia ====


Squid Games, used the Battle Royale genre to comment on financial inequality within South Korean society a theme shared with the film Parasite as well as highlighting the seedy underbelly of underground money lending. 

==== Japanese game shows/reality TV ====
The film ''Battle Royale'' was influenced by increasingly extreme trends in Japanese television. [[wikipedia:Takeshi's_Castle|''Takeshi's Castle'']]  featured 142 contestants who were forced to participate in elimination based physical challenges, with those remaining at the end splitting the prize between them. Battle Royale even featured Takeshis Castle commentator/count  [[wikipedia:Takeshi_Kitano|Takeshi Kitano]] playing the role of the school teacher / Overseer of the Battle Royale under the character name of Kitano.

Takeshis castle wasn't the only influence on Battle Royale genre, [[wikipedia:Susunu!_Denpa_Shōnen|Susunu! Denpa Shōnen]] required it contestants to participate in a series of sadistic challenges with the show often failing to get their informed consent before they took part. Such challenges included; stranding two contestants on a desert island without food and forcing them to build a raft to return home, another challenge included stripping a participant naked and forcing them to live off the proceeds of mail order competition winnings for 15 months.  During one challenge a cotestamt ;  Takashi Itō was airlifted to hospital after collapsing in the Sahara desert while participating in a challenge which required them to hitchhike from the cape of good hope in South Africa to North Cape in Norway

==== Exploitation cinema ====

=== Comparisons with other genres. ===


=== Influence of the genre. ===
Unfortunately,  some of the genres infuences has crossed over into the real world . The Bumfights series paid vulnerable homeless people to fight and engage in jackass style stunts , often causing injury and damage to their welfare. A common theme in the battle royale genre of film and television is the privledged using their position to exploit the most vulnerable members of society 

=== Questions to consider ===

# What do you think had the heaviest influence on the Battle Royale genre &amp; Why?
# What does the Battle Royale genre say about the roles of individualism and collectivism in east asian societies?
# Do you think the battle royale genre could have independently emerged in the west, if so why? if not why not?
#

=== References ===

==== Selected works ====

==== Further reading ====</text>
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  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models</title>
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      <id>2719392</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>created Chapter 3</comment>
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      <text bytes="4376" sha1="2bz5i4iwt8yolpxdyu6pp31ty6z6283" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' =

== '''3.1 Purpose of Chapter 3''' ==

This chapter presents and compares key cosmological theories that aim to explain the origin, structure, and expansion of the universe. The goal is not to confirm or reject individual models, but to identify their assumptions, strengths, predictive scope, and potential compatibility with other theories.

These models will be analyzed using the evaluation criteria defined in Chapter 1, with AI assistance from ChatGPT and human review from contributors.

== '''3.2 Structure of Comparison''' ==

Rather than dividing cosmological models into rigid categories, we present them as a unified set of proposals. Theories are discussed based on their conceptual contributions and not their historical classification.

To reflect the diversity of scientific thought, we distinguish models in terms of how they are treated within the scientific community:

* '''Mainstream Models''' – Widely accepted and institutionally endorsed.
* '''Innovative Alternatives''' – Theories developed outside conventional frameworks, often interdisciplinary and sometimes marginalized, but often rich in explanatory potential.

Many models blend elements from different traditions (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic, energetic, or geological processes), and this integrative nature will be respected in all evaluations.

== '''3.3 Overview of Models Under Evaluation''' ==

Below is a working list of cosmological models to be evaluated in this project. Each will be analyzed for internal consistency, empirical support, explanatory reach, and compatibility with gravitational and planetary theories discussed in earlier chapters.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Comparison of Cosmological Models'''
! Model !! Recognition !! View of Expansion !! Origin of Matter !! Key Mechanism !! Notable Features
|-
| ΛCDM / Big Bang + Inflation || Mainstream || Accelerating || Initial singularity || Inflation + dark energy || CMB match, strong institutional support
|-
| Steady-State Cosmology || Historical || Constant || Continuous creation || Ongoing matter formation || Philosophical elegance, challenged by CMB
|-
| Quasi-Steady-State || Alternative || Episodic || Periodic creation || Cyclic bursts || Attempts to reconcile with observed structure
|-
| Plasma Cosmology || Alternative || Continuous or cyclic || Eternal plasma || Electromagnetic forces || Explains filaments, less focus on dark matter
|-
| Electric Universe || Alternative || Continuous || Charged particle dynamics || Electric currents || Highlights galactic-scale charge separation
|-
| Expansion Tectonics (Maxlow) || Alternative || Gradual expansion || Internal planetary growth || Uniform planetary surface spreading || Geological and paleomagnetic evidence
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) || Alternative || Influx-driven || Mass-energy accumulation || Directional energy influx || Links gravity, growth, planetary structuring
|-
| Growing Matter Models || Emerging || Continuous || Particle-based increase || Variable mass or count || Bridging micro and macro cosmology
|}

Contributors may propose additional models by using the Talk page or contacting '''aitheorymapping@gmail.com'''. The only requirement is a clear conceptual structure and a willingness to be evaluated using the project’s criteria.

== '''3.4 Evaluation Process''' ==

Each model will be examined through:
* A summary of its core assumptions
* Known strengths and predictions
* Areas of tension or contradiction with observation
* Potential compatibility with gravitational models from Chapter 2

ChatGPT will assist in summarizing and contrasting these models. Contributors will review the results, suggest corrections, and help refine theory profiles.

== '''3.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This chapter creates a conceptual map of cosmological models that will support synthesis in Chapter 7. By recognizing overlap and complementary strengths, we aim to explore whether a more coherent and inclusive cosmological framework can emerge.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
[[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_2:_Gravity_Theories_–_Comparison_and_Mapping|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_4:_Planetary_Formation_and_Disk_Structures|Next ▶]]</text>
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        <id>2998353</id>
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      <comment>/* 3.3 Overview of Models Under Evaluation */ replaced the table with just two categories &quot;mainstream&quot; and &quot;innovative&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3536" sha1="arrdnzlp9x9ba6n8h0a3fftrllzl5io" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' =

== '''3.1 Purpose of Chapter 3''' ==

This chapter presents and compares key cosmological theories that aim to explain the origin, structure, and expansion of the universe. The goal is not to confirm or reject individual models, but to identify their assumptions, strengths, predictive scope, and potential compatibility with other theories.

These models will be analyzed using the evaluation criteria defined in Chapter 1, with AI assistance from ChatGPT and human review from contributors.

== '''3.2 Structure of Comparison''' ==

Rather than dividing cosmological models into rigid categories, we present them as a unified set of proposals. Theories are discussed based on their conceptual contributions and not their historical classification.

To reflect the diversity of scientific thought, we distinguish models in terms of how they are treated within the scientific community:

* '''Mainstream Models''' – Widely accepted and institutionally endorsed.
* '''Innovative Alternatives''' – Theories developed outside conventional frameworks, often interdisciplinary and sometimes marginalized, but often rich in explanatory potential.

Many models blend elements from different traditions (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic, energetic, or geological processes), and this integrative nature will be respected in all evaluations.

== '''Overview of Models Under Evaluation''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model Name
! Type
! Summary
! Mechanism of Expansion
! Relation to Gravity
! Key Observations Explained
|-
| ΛCDM Model (Standard Cosmology)
| Mainstream
| Universe began with a Big Bang, expanding ever since
| Dark energy (cosmological constant) drives acceleration
| Based on General Relativity
| Cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift
|-
| Steady State Theory
| Innovative
| Universe has no beginning or end; continuous matter creation
| Space expands, but new matter compensates
| Modified GR, no singularity
| Redshift, but inconsistent with CMB data
|-
| Plasma Cosmology
| Innovative
| Universe shaped by electromagnetic forces; matter and plasma dominate
| No singular expansion; ongoing large-scale interactions
| Gravity secondary to EM forces
| Some filamentary structures; lacks CMB match
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)
| Innovative
| Universe expands as influx increases local mass-energy
| Space is not expanding; matter grows
| Gravity is emergent from energy influx
| Galaxy redshift, predicted orbital structure
|}

== '''3.4 Evaluation Process''' ==

Each model will be examined through:
* A summary of its core assumptions
* Known strengths and predictions
* Areas of tension or contradiction with observation
* Potential compatibility with gravitational models from Chapter 2

ChatGPT will assist in summarizing and contrasting these models. Contributors will review the results, suggest corrections, and help refine theory profiles.

== '''3.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This chapter creates a conceptual map of cosmological models that will support synthesis in Chapter 7. By recognizing overlap and complementary strengths, we aim to explore whether a more coherent and inclusive cosmological framework can emerge.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
[[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_2:_Gravity_Theories_–_Comparison_and_Mapping|◀ Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_4:_Planetary_Formation_and_Disk_Structures|Next ▶]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719399</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
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      <text bytes="3577" sha1="4x26h25b8v9w9ob6ofmnz5etb51dgfn" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' =

== '''3.1 Purpose of Chapter 3''' ==

This chapter presents and compares key cosmological theories that aim to explain the origin, structure, and expansion of the universe. The goal is not to confirm or reject individual models, but to identify their assumptions, strengths, predictive scope, and potential compatibility with other theories.

These models will be analyzed using the evaluation criteria defined in Chapter 1, with AI assistance from ChatGPT and human review from contributors.

== '''3.2 Structure of Comparison''' ==

Rather than dividing cosmological models into rigid categories, we present them as a unified set of proposals. Theories are discussed based on their conceptual contributions and not their historical classification.

To reflect the diversity of scientific thought, we distinguish models in terms of how they are treated within the scientific community:

* '''Mainstream Models''' – Widely accepted and institutionally endorsed.
* '''Innovative Alternatives''' – Theories developed outside conventional frameworks, often interdisciplinary and sometimes marginalized, but often rich in explanatory potential.

Many models blend elements from different traditions (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic, energetic, or geological processes), and this integrative nature will be respected in all evaluations.

== '''Overview of Models Under Evaluation''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model Name
! Type
! Summary
! Mechanism of Expansion
! Relation to Gravity
! Key Observations Explained
|-
| ΛCDM Model (Standard Cosmology)
| Mainstream
| Universe began with a Big Bang, expanding ever since
| Dark energy (cosmological constant) drives acceleration
| Based on General Relativity
| Cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift
|-
| Steady State Theory
| Innovative
| Universe has no beginning or end; continuous matter creation
| Space expands, but new matter compensates
| Modified GR, no singularity
| Redshift, but inconsistent with CMB data
|-
| Plasma Cosmology
| Innovative
| Universe shaped by electromagnetic forces; matter and plasma dominate
| No singular expansion; ongoing large-scale interactions
| Gravity secondary to EM forces
| Some filamentary structures; lacks CMB match
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)
| Innovative
| Universe expands as influx increases local mass-energy
| Space is not expanding; matter grows
| Gravity is emergent from energy influx
| Galaxy redshift, predicted orbital structure
|}

== '''3.4 Evaluation Process''' ==

Each model will be examined through:
* A summary of its core assumptions
* Known strengths and predictions
* Areas of tension or contradiction with observation
* Potential compatibility with gravitational models from Chapter 2

ChatGPT will assist in summarizing and contrasting these models. Contributors will review the results, suggest corrections, and help refine theory profiles.

== '''3.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This chapter creates a conceptual map of cosmological models that will support synthesis in Chapter 7. By recognizing overlap and complementary strengths, we aim to explore whether a more coherent and inclusive cosmological framework can emerge.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution#Next_Steps|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>4x26h25b8v9w9ob6ofmnz5etb51dgfn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719400</id>
      <parentid>2719399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T05:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* 3.5 Moving Forward */ improved error in navigation to chapter 4</comment>
      <origin>2719400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3573" sha1="h4jel245pd3eb2d88mu72dzlw97srng" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models''' =

== '''3.1 Purpose of Chapter 3''' ==

This chapter presents and compares key cosmological theories that aim to explain the origin, structure, and expansion of the universe. The goal is not to confirm or reject individual models, but to identify their assumptions, strengths, predictive scope, and potential compatibility with other theories.

These models will be analyzed using the evaluation criteria defined in Chapter 1, with AI assistance from ChatGPT and human review from contributors.

== '''3.2 Structure of Comparison''' ==

Rather than dividing cosmological models into rigid categories, we present them as a unified set of proposals. Theories are discussed based on their conceptual contributions and not their historical classification.

To reflect the diversity of scientific thought, we distinguish models in terms of how they are treated within the scientific community:

* '''Mainstream Models''' – Widely accepted and institutionally endorsed.
* '''Innovative Alternatives''' – Theories developed outside conventional frameworks, often interdisciplinary and sometimes marginalized, but often rich in explanatory potential.

Many models blend elements from different traditions (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic, energetic, or geological processes), and this integrative nature will be respected in all evaluations.

== '''Overview of Models Under Evaluation''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model Name
! Type
! Summary
! Mechanism of Expansion
! Relation to Gravity
! Key Observations Explained
|-
| ΛCDM Model (Standard Cosmology)
| Mainstream
| Universe began with a Big Bang, expanding ever since
| Dark energy (cosmological constant) drives acceleration
| Based on General Relativity
| Cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift
|-
| Steady State Theory
| Innovative
| Universe has no beginning or end; continuous matter creation
| Space expands, but new matter compensates
| Modified GR, no singularity
| Redshift, but inconsistent with CMB data
|-
| Plasma Cosmology
| Innovative
| Universe shaped by electromagnetic forces; matter and plasma dominate
| No singular expansion; ongoing large-scale interactions
| Gravity secondary to EM forces
| Some filamentary structures; lacks CMB match
|-
| Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)
| Innovative
| Universe expands as influx increases local mass-energy
| Space is not expanding; matter grows
| Gravity is emergent from energy influx
| Galaxy redshift, predicted orbital structure
|}

== '''3.4 Evaluation Process''' ==

Each model will be examined through:
* A summary of its core assumptions
* Known strengths and predictions
* Areas of tension or contradiction with observation
* Potential compatibility with gravitational models from Chapter 2

ChatGPT will assist in summarizing and contrasting these models. Contributors will review the results, suggest corrections, and help refine theory profiles.

== '''3.5 Moving Forward''' ==

This chapter creates a conceptual map of cosmological models that will support synthesis in Chapter 7. By recognizing overlap and complementary strengths, we aim to explore whether a more coherent and inclusive cosmological framework can emerge.

----
'''Navigation:''' 
----
----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution|Next ▶]]'''
'</text>
      <sha1>h4jel245pd3eb2d88mu72dzlw97srng</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719396</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T05:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created Creating AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution</comment>
      <origin>2719396</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2803" sha1="hejvmxvrnbqza53p10ibpzci3sjf5ds" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter addresses the mechanisms by which planets form from disks of gas and dust, including ring formation, migration processes, and system evolution. It explores both established models and innovative approaches, focusing on the observed diversity in planetary systems.

== '''Scope''' ==

The chapter includes:

Models of protoplanetary disk formation and fragmentation

Theories of ring and gap structures

Processes of planetary migration and accretion

Observational evidence from telescopes (e.g. ALMA, JWST)

Innovative alternatives to classical accretion theories

== '''How to Contribute a Theory or Observation''' ==

Contributors may add new models, observations, or challenges to existing theories. Suggestions are welcome on the Talk page or by email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

Submissions will be evaluated by ChatGPT using shared criteria and included regardless of their status in the mainstream literature.

== '''Initial Overview of Models and Structures''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model or Concept
! Type
! Summary
! Relevance to Observations
! Relation to Gravity or Influx
|-
| Core Accretion Model
| Mainstream
| Planets form by gradual accumulation of solids and gas
| Matches observed gas giants and inner rocky planets
| Works within Newtonian/GR gravity
|-
| Disk Instability Model
| Mainstream
| Gravitational instabilities in the disk rapidly form gas giants
| Explains massive planets at large distances
| Requires dense disks and efficient cooling
|-
| Ring Formation and Preferred Distances (e.g. CIT)
| Innovative
| Rings emerge in disks at predictable distances where mass concentrates
| Explains gaps and giant planets in structured disks
| Influx theory predicts preferred mass zones
|-
| Planetary Migration Models
| Mainstream
| Planets shift position after formation due to disk interactions
| Explains hot Jupiters and resonant chains
| Based on standard gravitational torques
|-
| Vortices and Dust Traps (e.g. Oph-IRS 48)
| Innovative
| Localized vortices capture dust, aiding planet formation
| Matches asymmetric dust concentrations
| May arise from flow instabilities, not pure gravity
|}

== '''Next Steps''' ==

Expand table with more models and case studies (e.g. HD 163296, GW Orionis)

Link planetary formation to disk dynamics and gravitational models

Discuss implications for planetary system architecture

'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models (Mainstream and Innovative)|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>hejvmxvrnbqza53p10ibpzci3sjf5ds</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719397</id>
      <parentid>2719396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T05:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Next Steps */ repared navigation to chapter 3</comment>
      <origin>2719397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2742" sha1="l2ys9vo1m8g2aw0mwlr6y3lvvxqv0wu" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter addresses the mechanisms by which planets form from disks of gas and dust, including ring formation, migration processes, and system evolution. It explores both established models and innovative approaches, focusing on the observed diversity in planetary systems.

== '''Scope''' ==

The chapter includes:

Models of protoplanetary disk formation and fragmentation

Theories of ring and gap structures

Processes of planetary migration and accretion

Observational evidence from telescopes (e.g. ALMA, JWST)

Innovative alternatives to classical accretion theories

== '''How to Contribute a Theory or Observation''' ==

Contributors may add new models, observations, or challenges to existing theories. Suggestions are welcome on the Talk page or by email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

Submissions will be evaluated by ChatGPT using shared criteria and included regardless of their status in the mainstream literature.

== '''Initial Overview of Models and Structures''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model or Concept
! Type
! Summary
! Relevance to Observations
! Relation to Gravity or Influx
|-
| Core Accretion Model
| Mainstream
| Planets form by gradual accumulation of solids and gas
| Matches observed gas giants and inner rocky planets
| Works within Newtonian/GR gravity
|-
| Disk Instability Model
| Mainstream
| Gravitational instabilities in the disk rapidly form gas giants
| Explains massive planets at large distances
| Requires dense disks and efficient cooling
|-
| Ring Formation and Preferred Distances (e.g. CIT)
| Innovative
| Rings emerge in disks at predictable distances where mass concentrates
| Explains gaps and giant planets in structured disks
| Influx theory predicts preferred mass zones
|-
| Planetary Migration Models
| Mainstream
| Planets shift position after formation due to disk interactions
| Explains hot Jupiters and resonant chains
| Based on standard gravitational torques
|-
| Vortices and Dust Traps (e.g. Oph-IRS 48)
| Innovative
| Localized vortices capture dust, aiding planet formation
| Matches asymmetric dust concentrations
| May arise from flow instabilities, not pure gravity
|}

== '''Next Steps''' ==

Expand table with more models and case studies (e.g. HD 163296, GW Orionis)

Link planetary formation to disk dynamics and gravitational models

Discuss implications for planetary system architecture

----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>l2ys9vo1m8g2aw0mwlr6y3lvvxqv0wu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719398</id>
      <parentid>2719397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T05:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Next Steps */ reparied navigation</comment>
      <origin>2719398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2780" sha1="ql20ai1n7izl67h3ffr5x9ksg7bhzp7" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter addresses the mechanisms by which planets form from disks of gas and dust, including ring formation, migration processes, and system evolution. It explores both established models and innovative approaches, focusing on the observed diversity in planetary systems.

== '''Scope''' ==

The chapter includes:

Models of protoplanetary disk formation and fragmentation

Theories of ring and gap structures

Processes of planetary migration and accretion

Observational evidence from telescopes (e.g. ALMA, JWST)

Innovative alternatives to classical accretion theories

== '''How to Contribute a Theory or Observation''' ==

Contributors may add new models, observations, or challenges to existing theories. Suggestions are welcome on the Talk page or by email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

Submissions will be evaluated by ChatGPT using shared criteria and included regardless of their status in the mainstream literature.

== '''Initial Overview of Models and Structures''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model or Concept
! Type
! Summary
! Relevance to Observations
! Relation to Gravity or Influx
|-
| Core Accretion Model
| Mainstream
| Planets form by gradual accumulation of solids and gas
| Matches observed gas giants and inner rocky planets
| Works within Newtonian/GR gravity
|-
| Disk Instability Model
| Mainstream
| Gravitational instabilities in the disk rapidly form gas giants
| Explains massive planets at large distances
| Requires dense disks and efficient cooling
|-
| Ring Formation and Preferred Distances (e.g. CIT)
| Innovative
| Rings emerge in disks at predictable distances where mass concentrates
| Explains gaps and giant planets in structured disks
| Influx theory predicts preferred mass zones
|-
| Planetary Migration Models
| Mainstream
| Planets shift position after formation due to disk interactions
| Explains hot Jupiters and resonant chains
| Based on standard gravitational torques
|-
| Vortices and Dust Traps (e.g. Oph-IRS 48)
| Innovative
| Localized vortices capture dust, aiding planet formation
| Matches asymmetric dust concentrations
| May arise from flow instabilities, not pure gravity
|}

== '''Next Steps''' ==

Expand table with more models and case studies (e.g. HD 163296, GW Orionis)

Link planetary formation to disk dynamics and gravitational models

Discuss implications for planetary system architecture

----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>ql20ai1n7izl67h3ffr5x9ksg7bhzp7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jpatokal</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>322142</id>
    <redirect title="User:Asamboi" />
    <revision>
      <id>2719403</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T08:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DreamRimmer</username>
        <id>2963459</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>DreamRimmer moved page [[User:Jpatokal]] to [[User:Asamboi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jpatokal|Jpatokal]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Asamboi|Asamboi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719403</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="0rzk62hjd56yuyqyu7y9kt1pkuklu7k" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Asamboi]]</text>
      <sha1>0rzk62hjd56yuyqyu7y9kt1pkuklu7k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jpatokal</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>322143</id>
    <redirect title="User talk:Asamboi" />
    <revision>
      <id>2719405</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T08:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DreamRimmer</username>
        <id>2963459</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>DreamRimmer moved page [[User talk:Jpatokal]] to [[User talk:Asamboi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Jpatokal|Jpatokal]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Asamboi|Asamboi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719405</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="2mz5d7m6xxjq09igxbvac1j0ikxx478" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:Asamboi]]</text>
      <sha1>2mz5d7m6xxjq09igxbvac1j0ikxx478</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part II/Lecture 51/latex</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719431</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{Latex}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="3e3nqvm6nsvokcc33v86ivll7ce6lru" xml:space="preserve">{{Latex}}</text>
      <sha1>3e3nqvm6nsvokcc33v86ivll7ce6lru</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>KnitR/mathematical expressions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719432</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:37:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot; == Introduction == Mathematical formulas/expressions can be display in R-Markdown   * inline in the text by &lt;code&gt; \( formula \) &lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt; $ formula $ &lt;/code&gt; or * as a centered equation surrounded double dollar signs &lt;code&gt; $$ formula $$ &lt;/code&gt; using the LaTeX notation. The mathematical formulas are defined in the [https://www.learnlatex.org/en/ LaTeX notation].  === Inline-Math - Mathematical Expression in the Text === To display a mathematical formula in the...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2736" sha1="o04baw4kle27u6yl1qrzjcbt1qxau7n" xml:space="preserve">
== Introduction ==
Mathematical formulas/expressions can be display in R-Markdown  
* inline in the text by &lt;code&gt; \( formula \) &lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt; $ formula $ &lt;/code&gt; or
* as a centered equation surrounded double dollar signs &lt;code&gt; $$ formula $$ &lt;/code&gt;
using the LaTeX notation. The mathematical formulas are defined in the [https://www.learnlatex.org/en/ LaTeX notation].

=== Inline-Math - Mathematical Expression in the Text ===
To display a mathematical formula in the text (e.g. &lt;math&gt; x \in \mathbb{R} &lt;/math&gt;), you can use the LaTeX code also used in Mediawiki in the R-Markdown document. The LaTeX notation of the mathematical expression is then surrounded by the opening delimiter &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; and the closing delimiter &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt;. The expression &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt; is inserted in the R-Markdown text as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Markdown&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is \( \sqrt{x} \)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This text location, after execution of [[KnitR]], is displayed in the PDF output as

: ''The formula for the square root is &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt;''

=== Block-Math - Centered Mathematical Formulas ===
To display a mathematical formula as a centered equation, the mathematical formula itself is defined in LaTeX notation. The delimiters for the centered mathematical formulas are the double dollar signs &quot;$$&quot;. The following formula should be displayed in the R-Markdown document after knitr:
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
&lt;/math&gt; 
In the [[KnitR]] document, the Block-Math formula is inserted as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
$$
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
$$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as the above centered mathematical formula for the [[w:en:geometric series|geometric series]].

=== Alternative Inline-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative inline-Math-Delimiter is the dollar sign &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is $x^2$.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the square root is &quot;&lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

=== Alternative Block-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative block-Math-Delimiter can be used as opening and closing tags &lt;code&gt; \[ formula \] &lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
The formula for the geometric series is:
\[
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
\]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the geometric series is &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''</text>
      <sha1>o04baw4kle27u6yl1qrzjcbt1qxau7n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719433</id>
      <parentid>2719432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2795" sha1="phk38d28fbjo0eovq6ubwy2iad6pdiu" xml:space="preserve">
== Introduction ==
Mathematical formulas/expressions can be display in R-Markdown  
* inline in the text by &lt;code&gt; \( formula \) &lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt; $ formula $ &lt;/code&gt; or
* as a centered equation surrounded double dollar signs &lt;code&gt; $$ formula $$ &lt;/code&gt;
using the LaTeX notation. The mathematical formulas are defined in the [https://www.learnlatex.org/en/ LaTeX notation].

=== Inline-Math - Mathematical Expression in the Text ===
To display a mathematical formula in the text (e.g. &lt;math&gt; x \in \mathbb{R} &lt;/math&gt;), you can use the LaTeX code also used in Mediawiki in the R-Markdown document. The LaTeX notation of the mathematical expression is then surrounded by the opening delimiter &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; and the closing delimiter &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt;. The expression &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt; is inserted in the R-Markdown text as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Markdown&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is \( \sqrt{x} \)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This text location, after execution of [[KnitR]], is displayed in the PDF output as

: ''The formula for the square root is &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt;''

=== Block-Math - Centered Mathematical Formulas ===
To display a mathematical formula as a centered equation, the mathematical formula itself is defined in LaTeX notation. The delimiters for the centered mathematical formulas are the double dollar signs &quot;$$&quot;. The following formula should be displayed in the R-Markdown document after knitr:
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
&lt;/math&gt; 
In the [[KnitR]] document, the Block-Math formula is inserted as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
$$
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
$$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as the above centered mathematical formula for the [[w:en:geometric series|geometric series]].

=== Alternative Inline-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative inline-Math-Delimiter is the dollar sign &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is $x^2$.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the square root is &quot;&lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

=== Alternative Block-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative block-Math-Delimiter can be used as opening and closing tags &lt;code&gt; \[ formula \] &lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
The formula for the geometric series is:
\[
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
\]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the geometric series is &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[de:KnitR/Mathematische Formeln]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>phk38d28fbjo0eovq6ubwy2iad6pdiu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719434</id>
      <parentid>2719433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alternative Block-Math-Delimiter */</comment>
      <origin>2719434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3890" sha1="9w5asl97ff0xv6710hlsxj2kd2644e5" xml:space="preserve">
== Introduction ==
Mathematical formulas/expressions can be display in R-Markdown  
* inline in the text by &lt;code&gt; \( formula \) &lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt; $ formula $ &lt;/code&gt; or
* as a centered equation surrounded double dollar signs &lt;code&gt; $$ formula $$ &lt;/code&gt;
using the LaTeX notation. The mathematical formulas are defined in the [https://www.learnlatex.org/en/ LaTeX notation].

=== Inline-Math - Mathematical Expression in the Text ===
To display a mathematical formula in the text (e.g. &lt;math&gt; x \in \mathbb{R} &lt;/math&gt;), you can use the LaTeX code also used in Mediawiki in the R-Markdown document. The LaTeX notation of the mathematical expression is then surrounded by the opening delimiter &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; and the closing delimiter &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt;. The expression &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt; is inserted in the R-Markdown text as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Markdown&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is \( \sqrt{x} \)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This text location, after execution of [[KnitR]], is displayed in the PDF output as

: ''The formula for the square root is &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt;''

=== Block-Math - Centered Mathematical Formulas ===
To display a mathematical formula as a centered equation, the mathematical formula itself is defined in LaTeX notation. The delimiters for the centered mathematical formulas are the double dollar signs &quot;$$&quot;. The following formula should be displayed in the R-Markdown document after knitr:
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
&lt;/math&gt; 
In the [[KnitR]] document, the Block-Math formula is inserted as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
$$
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
$$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as the above centered mathematical formula for the [[w:en:geometric series|geometric series]].

=== Alternative Inline-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative inline-Math-Delimiter is the dollar sign &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is $x^2$.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the square root is &quot;&lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

=== Alternative Block-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative block-Math-Delimiter can be used as opening and closing tags &lt;code&gt; \[ formula \] &lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
The formula for the geometric series is:
\[
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
\]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the geometric series is &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

Here is the translation of the German text into English:

=== Calculated Matrices as LaTeX Formulas ===
A matrix in R is a data structure. Mathematical expressions are defined in LaTeX in both Mediawiki and R-Markdown. The following function generates a matrix as a string (String) that can be used in KnitR in mathematical formulas and contains the numerical value of the matrix calculated by R.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
matrix2latex &lt;- function(pA) {
  # Check if pA is a matrix
  if (!is.matrix(pA)) {
    stop(&quot;pA must be a matrix&quot;)
  }
  
  ### Close the pmatrix environment 
  latex_string &lt;- &quot;\\begin{pmatrix} \n&quot;
  #### Add the rows of the matrix
  for (i in 1:nrow(pA)) {
    for (j in 1:ncol(pA)) {
      latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot; &quot;, pA[i, j], &quot; &quot;)
      if (j &lt; ncol(pA)) {
        latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot; &amp; &quot;)
      }
    }
    latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot;\\\\ \n&quot;)
  }
  
  ### Close the pmatrix environment 
  latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot;\\end{pmatrix}&quot;)
  
  return(latex_string)
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== See also ==
* [[KnitR]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[de:KnitR/Mathematische Formeln]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719435</id>
      <parentid>2719434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-22T11:43:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Calculated Matrices as LaTeX Formulas */</comment>
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== Introduction ==
Mathematical formulas/expressions can be display in R-Markdown  
* inline in the text by &lt;code&gt; \( formula \) &lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt; $ formula $ &lt;/code&gt; or
* as a centered equation surrounded double dollar signs &lt;code&gt; $$ formula $$ &lt;/code&gt;
using the LaTeX notation. The mathematical formulas are defined in the [https://www.learnlatex.org/en/ LaTeX notation].

=== Inline-Math - Mathematical Expression in the Text ===
To display a mathematical formula in the text (e.g. &lt;math&gt; x \in \mathbb{R} &lt;/math&gt;), you can use the LaTeX code also used in Mediawiki in the R-Markdown document. The LaTeX notation of the mathematical expression is then surrounded by the opening delimiter &lt;code&gt; \( &lt;/code&gt; and the closing delimiter &lt;code&gt; \) &lt;/code&gt;. The expression &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt; is inserted in the R-Markdown text as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Markdown&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is \( \sqrt{x} \)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This text location, after execution of [[KnitR]], is displayed in the PDF output as

: ''The formula for the square root is &lt;math&gt; \sqrt{x} &lt;/math&gt;''

=== Block-Math - Centered Mathematical Formulas ===
To display a mathematical formula as a centered equation, the mathematical formula itself is defined in LaTeX notation. The delimiters for the centered mathematical formulas are the double dollar signs &quot;$$&quot;. The following formula should be displayed in the R-Markdown document after knitr:
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
&lt;/math&gt; 
In the [[KnitR]] document, the Block-Math formula is inserted as follows:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
$$
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
$$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as the above centered mathematical formula for the [[w:en:geometric series|geometric series]].

=== Alternative Inline-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative inline-Math-Delimiter is the dollar sign &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
The formula for the square root is $x^2$.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the square root is &quot;&lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

=== Alternative Block-Math-Delimiter ===
The alternative block-Math-Delimiter can be used as opening and closing tags &lt;code&gt; \[ formula \] &lt;/code&gt;. This can also be used as an alternative to display mathematical formulas in the text.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
The formula for the geometric series is:
\[
  \frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n
\]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is displayed in the PDF output as 
: ''&quot;The formula for the geometric series is &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{1}{1-q} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n&lt;/math&gt;&quot;''

Here is the translation of the German text into English:

Hier ist der Text in englischer Sprache, mit der Mediawikisyntax:

== Output of Calculated Matrices in the Text ==
The following section shows how to perform operations in R on matrices and vectors as column vectors and display the result as a matrix.

=== Calculated Matrices LaTeX Formulas ===
A matrix in R is a data structure. Mathematical expressions are defined in LaTeX in both Mediawiki and R-Markdown. The following function generates a matrix as a string (String) that can be used in KnitR in mathematical formulas and then contains the numerical value of the matrix calculated with R.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
matrix2latex &lt;- function(pA) {
  # Check if pA is a matrix
  if (!is.matrix(pA)) {
    stop(&quot;pA must be a matrix&quot;)
  }
  
  ### Close the pmatrix environment 
  latex_string &lt;- &quot;\\begin{pmatrix} \n&quot;
  #### Add the rows of the matrix
  for (i in 1:nrow(pA)) {
    for (j in 1:ncol(pA)) {
      latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot; &quot;, pA[i, j], &quot; &quot;)
      if (j &lt; ncol(pA)) {
        latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot; &amp; &quot;)
      }
    }
    latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot;\\\\ \n&quot;)
  }
  
  ### Close the pmatrix environment 
  latex_string &lt;- paste0(latex_string, &quot;\\end{pmatrix}&quot;)
  
  return(latex_string)
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Matrices as LaTeX Formulas ===
Now, we can test the output of the matrix in LaTeX.
This is done in 3 steps:
* Calculation of a matrix in R
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;R&quot;&gt;
### Calculation in a matrix in R

# Create a matrix
A &lt;- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, ncol = 3)
x &lt;- matrix(c(-1, 1, -2), nrow = 3, ncol = 1)
y &lt;- A %*% x

### Conversion to LaTeX strings
# Convert the matrix A to a LaTeX string
latex4A &lt;- matrix2latex(A)
latex4x &lt;- matrix2latex(x)
latex4y &lt;- matrix2latex(y)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Output of Results in Formula ===
Now, the matrices and the result of a matrix multiplication defined in the code chunk are displayed in LaTeX. The syntax in R-Markdown is as follows. [[KnitR]] then replaces the variable with the calculated LaTeX output of the matrices and vectors.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Latex&quot;&gt;
$$
  A \cdot x = `r latex4A` \cdot `r latex4x` = `r latex4y` 
$$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Example Output of the Matrix ===
The matrix &lt;math&gt;A \in Mat(2\times 3, \mathbb{R}) &lt;/math&gt; and the column vector &lt;math&gt;x\in \mathbb{R}^3&lt;/math&gt; were defined in the R code and the column vector &lt;math&gt;y\in \mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; was calculated with R using &lt;code&gt;y &lt;- A %*% x&lt;/code&gt;:
:&lt;math&gt;
A \cdot x = \begin{pmatrix} 
 1  &amp;  3  &amp;  5 \\ 
 2  &amp;  4  &amp;  6 \\ 
\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 
 -1 \\ 
 1 \\ 
 -2 \\ 
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 
 -8 \\ 
 -10 \\ 
\end{pmatrix}

&lt;/math&gt;

== See also ==
* [[KnitR]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[de:KnitR/Mathematische Formeln]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
</mediawiki>