Wikiversity:Colloquium

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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=27535421 --&gt;
:Hi @[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: I Just noticed your post above, and it is timely.
:I have been participating in the English WikiUniversity for a few years, much less often recently. I seems like something in the way the site displays is different, but I cannot put my finger on it. Your posting gave me a clue. Can you please tell me where  the link to wikidata items has moved to? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:23, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Hello @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], sure, I would be happy to. The button/sitelink name didn't change, just its position. You should find it in the sidebar-menu under the section '''In other projects''' (where the links to all other Wikimedia Projects are displayed). If you do not see it, please reach out to us on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]]. Thank you, -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 09:24, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], thank you for responding. I intend to followup on the ''Move Wikidata item - Discussion page'' as per your post above by putting it on my ever growing todo list.
:::I don't know about others on this wiki, as I said I have not been visiting here frequently, but for me the constant changes are a big distraction. I have been around wikimedia projects since 2007, so why do I have to spend so much time learning and re-learning how to find what I came here for? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:41, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::Hi @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], thanks for you thoughts. Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors so we welcome your further thoughts when you reach us in your To Do List :)
::::I can't speak about the other changes you've experienced here but I do hope they are made with a spirit of improvement for the community as a whole. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 10:43, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]]: 
:::::Re: '''Your input whether positive or critical helps us understand the impacts to editors'''
:::::Today I (finally)  checked [[Move Wikidata item - Discussion page]] and discovered that it is a talkpage on META where, unfortunately, I am infinitely blocked, so cannot participate. Even so, I proceeded to try and see what others are saying and immediately came to the conclusion that the few who actually participated in that discussin viewed the change  negatively. It must be disheartening for developers to meet such a hostile attitude from the community. Please don't take it personally, this is a common phenomena in  wikimedia community wide discussions , IMIO.
:::::I further checked the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=meta.wikimedia.org&amp;platform=all-access&amp;agent=user&amp;redirects=0&amp;range=latest-90&amp;pages=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link page view statistcics] which showed there were only  828 pageviews in the last 90 days, and what's worse [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link&amp;action=info#mw-pageinfo-watchers the page has &quot;Fewer than 30 watchers&quot;]. 
:::::Since [[META:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|your userpage on META]] says that you are the: &quot;Community Communications Manager Wikidata Integrations Team&quot;, may I ask how this apparent apathy is being addressed by your own management?
:::::I apologize if my post is not welcome on the Wikiversity:Colloquium, as i said I am  a rather infrequent visitor to this wiki. I probably would not have followed up if you did not assure us that our feedback positive or negative is sought. Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:49, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::Dear @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I am so so sorry for leaving you on read for these last months, I have no excuse other than reading your comment and then getting lost before making a reply.
::::::The team I am working with, [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]] is a new development team, so I think management has allowed a certain amount of elbow room or leeway for us to make small changes whilst developing our confidence tackling the MediaWiki codebase with onboarding tasks that won't 'rock the boat' too much. We certainly expected some pushback or resistance to moving the Wikidata item as editors are so used to where it previously resided. Now it has been some time and hopefully the communities have gotten used to the change.
::::::Please do not apologise, your comments are always welcome, critical or not, as a new team I think we certainly &quot;fly under the radar&quot; to an extent and I hope that changes as we continue to work on projects that deepen the integrations between Wikidata and the other sibling projects. Once again, my sincere apologies for the delay in this reply. -[[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 13:59, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity - Newsletters ==

Hello All,

I wanted to create a newsletter on Wikiversity, which would highlight what is going on in certain months and events on Wikiversity; which would bolster engagement by many people. This would be on the website and would have its dedicated 'Newsletter' tab.

I hope you acknowledge this idea. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 21:05, 8 December 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], What sort of things do you plan to include in your newsletter? Will they be different than what is currently in [[Main Page/News]]? Just curious.
:I am also wondering about your motive which I think is: to bolster engagement by many people. I am asking because I wonder if others who are currently active here also think this I is desirable? Have you asked them? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:34, 11 December 2024 (UTC)
::Not yet, which was why I was asking this on the colloquium. I plan to include things that many people have created on Wikiversity over the month, as it is a monthly newsletter. It would be somewhere on the website here. It will be more frequent that the ones seen on [[Main Page/News]]. We will include people's resources to essentially promote them. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 06:50, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::@[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], I Think what you are saying is that ''Main Page/News'' does not update frequently enough? 
:::If this is the reason, why not start small by simply increasing the frequency of posting news on the main page, instead of trying to start a newsletter?
:::If there is more, can you articulate what else is missing. Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:51, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I meant going to detail into topics covered in that month, rather than just giving a few points. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 16:53, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::What sort of details did you have in mind? You can pick one of the links provided in [[Main Page/News]] to illustrate. cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 15:29, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::I'm thinking of the community entering their projects, and discussing those in the newsletter. It depends on what they want, though. There would be a dedicated page for giving the information about their projects [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I might start working on this soon, depending on the projects being created on Wikiversity. @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:25, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I'd recommend you start off with putting this under a userspace page (something like [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter]]), and drafting what you desire. Let us know once it's done, and the community can provide their input. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:30, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I will try and make one for this month. This is supposed to be a monthly newsletter, showcasing the different projects mentioned there. Users can put their projects, and we will document them on the newsletter. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I am hoping for it to be released by January 2025. There's no rush to get it done; it's still in it's planning stage. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 18:43, 17 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I '''might''' be able to icnrease the frequency there, but it doesn't go into detail about these topics. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 17:30, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:Where you are going to get the audience for your website and Wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:38, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::It's on Wikiversity, not on an outside platform. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::The audience will be Wikiversity contributors. There will be a dedicated page for it on Wikiversity. [[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]] ([[User talk:RockTransport|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/RockTransport|contribs]]) 13:55, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:RockTransport|RockTransport]], Just wondering if there is a progress on the wikiversity newsletter? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 18:09, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::There is progress, I just need to find some topics to cover about. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:26, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
::::Also, if you wanted to see the work being done on the page, go to [[User:RockTransport/Wikiversity Newsletter|this page]]. I haven't worked on it that much lately, but I am constantly working on it. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:38, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;s&gt;Degrees&lt;/s&gt; (Certificates (see below)) ==

Why does Wikiversity not provide degrees? I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal. But anyway, why is that? Wikiversity is about opening doors, i.e., removing obstacles. So, what kind of an obstacle was a paper? Was a certain body of knowledge that you learned well?! Because Wikiversity is not accredited for that? Yes, and do we need official US accreditation? We cannot create our system so that the learners who learn here and would like to continue their science career have a recognizable degree they can continue? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:19, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

:&quot;I know it was a promise to the Wikimedia Foundation in the Wikiversity project proposal.&quot; Was it? Becoming a degree-granting institution is an extremely high bar in the United States, but what is even the point in becoming a degree-granting institution in... Malawi? Tonga? Somewhere else where the servers aren't located or the WMF aren't incorporated? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC)
::I ment certificates. The question is the recognazibility of a certificate. I am not talking here about equal certification, which is provided by governmental institucians to universities, rather on Wikiversity own certification, which might may advocate itself over the time. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:05, 19 December 2024 (UTC)
::: We could issue certificates in some residing in certain jurisdictions probably (?). To my knowledge, there is no legal prohibition federally against doing this in the USA as long as no misrepresentation happens. Although some states might prohibit it (?). Degrees are likely different (at least with respect to accreditation). Please let me know if you believe I am likely incorrect in my understanding. I asked an LLM this prompt, &quot;is there any prohibition legally in USA for a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization or wiki community related to learning, teaching, and research) from issuing certifications or certificates to those who go through learning materials and educational resources that might be on a decentralized or nonprofit wiki that has an active community?&quot; (i won't post the specific result, but I wrote and engineered that prompt myself). The LLM output seemed to indicate my understanding noted here is correct, but LLM's are sometimes wrong. what do you or others think about this? [[User:Michael Ten|Michael Ten]] ([[User talk:Michael Ten|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michael Ten|contribs]]) 18:49, 25 December 2024 (UTC)
:From [https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053134/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Meetings/November_13,_2005 the WMF Board] (repeated at [[WV:WWIN]]):
:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;[[Wikiversity:Original proposal|Wikiversity proposal]] not approved, but we will approve it if [[Wikiversity:Approved Wikiversity project proposal|some changes are made]]... The board recommend rewriting the proposal to ''exclude credentials'', exclude online-courses and clarify the concept of elearning platform.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:That is, Wikiversity was prevented from creation until it was codified '''not''' to provide credentials. It is not just ''U.S.'' credentials, but credentials period.
:I see you were around for [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Wikimedia Ethics:Ethical Breaching Experiments|the Reckoning]], so I imagine you are aware of the potential consequences of challenging such a clear policy so explicitly. I worry the community would not withstand another round. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 19:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::That said, I see nothing wrong with a cute badge of some sort (emulating barnstars) for completion of a resource (perhaps supervised/signed off by the resource creators). Even if there is no pretention of &quot;credentials&quot;, who doesn't like a trophy? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 20:19, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
:::[[:w:Gamification|Gamification]] is quite different than granting certificates and degrees. And ''even'' if Wikiversity grants certificates, half the battle is getting others to recognize the legitimacy of the certificate. Otherwise people will just think of Wikiversity as a [[:w:diploma mill|diploma mill]] especially if this conversation steers towards purposely issuing certificates in far flung countries for the sole purpose of skirting around the rules. And that's something I don't want to be associated with if Wikiversity goes down that path. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Citation system ==

How is being maintained citation system on en.wv. I mean, is it completly the same as on English Wikipedia? Do we update it according to English Wikipedia? How we do that? Are the templates like [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]] based on Lua? I dont see any invoke word.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 16:20, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

:I was just working on references in [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]. And I agree with you. The citation system is so outdated compared to en.wp. Just the fact that I have to do extra clicks to access {{tl|cite journal}} is bizarre. Are there efforts to sync updates to the current citation version on en.wp? [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 21:35, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
::Not mine, I am just wondering if there is an easy system how to take over citation aparatus. I havent investigated the citation system on English Wikipedia yet, but on the first glance it looks like a very complicated environment. So in the following days Ill be looking on it if its a way to overtake it or if it would be easier to create own citation system.  [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 22:00, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

== Proposal: citation templates for VisualEditor ==

@[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Citation system|pointed above]], that they had a hard time to create citations via VisualEditor I believe. I think its because of missing map in [[MediaWiki:Cite-tool-definition.json]] ([[phab:T219551|see also]]). And the question is, which citation templates the editor should list. So I would propose the same as on en.wp, i.e. [[Template:Cite book|Cite book]], [[Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[Template:Cite news|news]], and [[Template:Cite web|web]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 13:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

:I support those four templates (book, journal, news, web). Another part of me wonders if we should include other use cases like AV media, thesis and report. But they may have limited usage and will only clutter the screen. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 04:55, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::Sure and thesis could be cited by Cite book. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:53, 7 January 2025 (UTC)
::[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Edit MediaWiki page|Requested Custodian action]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:01, 7 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity Newsletter - Topics? ==

Hello,
For the newsletter concept on Wikiversity, for Wikiversitans (which can be seen above), I was wondering if there were any recently added or updated resources on Wikiversity that this newsletter could add.
Kind regards,
Rock [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  18:13, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

== Wikiversity page view statistics ==

I remember seeing [[recent topics/threads]] here wondering about page view statistics for this project. So I wonder if anyone else here is as curious as I am about the following page view which compares wikiversity to other wikimedia projects
https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=latest-30&amp;sites=all-projects
cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC)

:It does look interesting, but I haven't viewed it in depth yet. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC)

== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Deletion of talk pages ==

I wonder if there are any policies here that define when talkpages are deleted?

Thanks in advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:30, 17 January 2025 (UTC)

:I'm not too sure if there are any topics about this. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  19:37, 17 January 2025 (UTC)
::Let me explain why I am asking about deletion:
::I have recently posted a question on a WV talk-page. The page was empty when I arrived, so had to be created, or recreated as it turns out because when I tried to post I received this box that said the page had been deleted by @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] as a test page. I then Went ahead and recreated the page by posting at:
::[[Wikiversity talk:Wikidebate/Guy vandegrift#Do we need dialogues?]].
::However a bit later I remembered a discussion on the English Wikiquote Village Pump which was started by a contributor who was active there a long time ago who apparently was looking for their own contributions. It turned out that the history of the contributions had disappeared when the page was deleted and then re-created by another contributor who's became, at least according to the View history, the &quot;owner&quot; of all the previous contributions. Here is the ENWQ-VP discussion: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikiquote:Village_pump#Now_this_is_contrary_to_the_spirit_of_Wikipedia.
::I believe deletions of old pages that seem unimportant to new users of the English Wikversity may become problematic in the future. I know that at least one  [[User:MathXplore|new admin]] has been added in the last  couple of years, but I am not sure how  many of the experienced admins are still active, so I don't know who makes deletion decisions here.. History is crucial to maintain when people are no longeraround.
::It would be nice for the ENWV-community  to understand how and what files/contributions are deleted.
::note: @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]], @[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] as recent participants in the Colloquium I wonder if you have any knowledge to contribute?
::Thanks advance, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:20, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
:::This project is generally pretty policy-lite, so deleting talk pages is probably ad hoc and left to best judgement. I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt). —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:47, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I was looking up some old history (2002) on the English Wikipedia associated with a particular user (Roadrunner) and  happened to see a talk-page that was deleted in 2021 that this user had contributed content to:
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AImmediate_Action_Unit
::::This page is no longer public as a result of: 
::::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Immediate_Action_Unit
::::So it appears that on the English Wikipedia talkpages were still being deleted along with their associated page as recently as 2021, I think? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 19:52, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::: Please read [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (especially [[WV:CSD]]) for the deletion of (talk) pages. No.8 of [[WV:CSD]] is specific for talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:09, 18 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], I think @[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] is referring to user talk pages (correct me if I'm wrong). Do we have any policies related to this? [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  08:02, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::: [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] (including [[WV:CSD]]) apply for all namespaces. Therefore, the same rule will be applied to user talk pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:59, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]], thanks for clarifying. [[User:RockTransport|''Rock Transport'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RockTransport|Talk page]])  17:28, 19 January 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], Thanks for this important tid-bit : {{green|I have personally deleted one content page here but kept the talk page to document why it was deleted (this is common on en.wikt).}}
:::This is a great habit IMIO. Do you happen to know if other WV-admins know how to not delete a talk-page when they delete its counterpart? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:05, 26 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I don't know that they do, but it's a fairly simple process when you're deleting pages. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:26, 26 January 2025 (UTC)

== Research Guidelines for the new Wiki of Government Efficiency ==

[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency]]

Before I move this original research project to mainspace, I invite a colloquy on my proposed
[[User:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics|Research_Guidelines_and_Scholarly_Ethics]], and will entertain suggested improvements.

All may constructively contribute;  those who do so competently, are invited to edit after they declare and disclose.
[[User_talk:Jaredscribe/Department_of_Government_Efficiency#Declare_your_Interests_and_Disclose_Potential_Conflicts]] 


Thanks in advance for your consideration and informed opinions on how to make this work.  [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 07:05, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

== Mentors ==

With respect to [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AUsername142857&amp;diff=2692853&amp;oldid=2667985 this], may I return, and if so, could I get a mentor? [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 17:15, 20 January 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I am not familiar with the term &quot;mentors&quot; on WV. What did you have in mind? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:22, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]], I believe he means getting a mentor to help him with his 'return' on Wikiversity. Please correct me if I'm wrong however @[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|''RailwayEnthusiast2025'']] 😊 ([[User_talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]])  18:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::'Mentors' are usually used to describe people on Wikiversity who mentor people for curatorship, custodianship etc. I think in this context, he might be trying to get a mentor to help him on Wikiversity. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 20:46, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
:::To clarify, other people have stated that I should probably leave for a while, and I'm wondering if it's safe for me to return [[User:Username142857|Username142857]] ([[User talk:Username142857|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Username142857|contribs]]) 05:51, 9 February 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Username142857|Username142857]]: I think you should return whenever you feel like it, honestly. [[User:Contributor 118,784|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#070&quot;&gt;Contributor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#707&quot;&gt;118,784&lt;/sup&gt;]] [[User talk:Contributor 118,784|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Let's talk''&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:19, 10 February 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:12, 24 January 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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:Thanks for the link. I will have a look at it later. [[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''RailwayEnthusiast2025'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|talk page]]|[[Special:Contributions/RailwayEnthusiast2025|contribs]]) 08:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC)

== Subscribing to this talk-page ==

Is anyone here curious to find out what is the best method of subscribing to discussions here? Until today I did not even know one could subscribe to all new topics by clicking on  ''Subscribe'' (the second ''Action'' right after ''Move''). I will have to see if indeed I am automatically subscribed to this new thread that I am hoping  to start as soon as I hit the ''Add topic'' blue button at the bottom right hand corner.

So far I have had to resort to  clicking ''Subscribe'' individually for each topic when  I wanted to receive a notification for any new replies, but unfortunately after some items I was subscribed to have been archived on January 30, I received a message telling me I  am no longer subscribed. I guess I would have to look for any updates that took place before the archive in the archive itself?

Am I making sense at all? I have managed to confuse myself, LOL. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 17:11, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

:You are not subscribed to threads once they are removed from a page (e.g. by archiving). The easiest way to subscribe is by clicking on the &quot;Subscribe&quot; button with the bell next to it that renders near the thread's title. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:44, 30 January 2025 (UTC)

== A club for Wikiversity ==

Hello there,
I would like to start a club for Wikiversity, which would be a part of outreach. Wikiversity is one of the smallest Wikimedia projects and I enjoy contributing here. How could you help me in creating a club for this?
Yours sincerely,
[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 17:51, 31 January 2025 (UTC)

:There is a formal process for this at [[:m:Wikimedia user groups]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:18, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
::I meant like a club at an organization, school etc. Not a user group in a town or a city. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 18:31, 31 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I wanted to do this, because I'm active here, but I don't know. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 19:59, 12 February 2025 (UTC)
::::Dear @[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]], If you could contact any established user group in your locality. They could provide support to start a wiki club. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 04:41, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::Dear @[[User:511KeV|511KeV]], As said in my previous message, I wish to start a club at an organization, school etc. I wish to start a small club like this, not a user group in a town/city. I don't think you understand what I'm trying to say. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 16:23, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
::::::@@[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] Forming a non-affiliated club is a straightforward process. Gather a group of interested individuals and create a simple page on Meta-Wiki outlining the club’s purpose and how others can join and start editing. If your club focuses on a specific theme, such as medicine or the arts, you can mention it on the page.
::::::However, if you intend to establish a university- or school-affiliated club, you should seek permission from the institution. Start by submitting a formal application to the relevant authority at your college or university. [[User:511KeV|511KeV]] ([[User talk:511KeV|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/511KeV|contribs]]) 13:26, 29 March 2025 (UTC)
:::::::The latter is what I intend to do, and thanks for the help. I will start working on it soon. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 14:23, 29 March 2025 (UTC)

== Global ban proposal for Shāntián Tàiláng ==

Hello. This is to notify the community that there is an ongoing global ban proposal for [[species:User:Shāntián_Tàiláng|User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] who has been active on this wiki. You are invited to participate at [[metawiki:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Shāntián_Tàiláng|m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Shāntián Tàiláng]]. [[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] ([[User talk:Wüstenspringmaus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wüstenspringmaus|contribs]]) 12:50, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]], Looks like the RFC you started in an effort to  globally ban [[User:Shāntián Tàiláng]] has still not concluded. Forgive me, but I am indef-blocked on META so cannot ask there:
:* Is there no time limit on such nominations?
:* I am not familiar with the subject of this ban nomination, but I think there might be some unsupported allegations against them, such as harassment which is a serious issue. If I'm wrong please forgive me, I did spend a lot of time plowing through this lengthy page.
:* Many of us prefer to spend more of our time adding information to the wiki-projects that we are involved in and less  to endless discussions. The Nomination page on META is now '''43,962 bytes long''' and growing, and will require any new participant spend a great deal of unproductive time to come up to speed.
:Is it expectedad that the only people who Support or Oppose your nomination be personally familiar with the User in question? Cheers, [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:43, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Self-deleting pages that I nominated for deletion myself ==
In 2024, I nominated multiple pages for deletion via [[:Template:Proposed deletion]] (see also [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Proposed deletion]]). The three-month protective period for most of them now expired.

Example pages: [[Astronomy outline]], [[VELS mathematics]], [[Particle mechanics]].

It would be ideal if the deleting person would be different from the nominating person. However, no one seems to be interested in deleting these pages.

Should I feel free to delete the pages I nominated myself? I think it could be okay, but I can also imagine someone being stringent about these matters and requiring the four-eye principle. One rationale for allowing deleting myself is that the English Wikiversity has only few active administrators and therefore, the four-eye principle would create too much of delay and overhead; on a more admin-populated project, the four-eye principle is more workable. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)

:OK I'll bite :-)
:Looks like enwv has a different ''Proposed deletion'' notice than other wiki-projects. One thing I noticed immediately is that there is no reason or explanation required for the deletion proposal. 
:I understand that all a deletion will accomplish is to remove those articles from public view. They will still continue to exist, but only admins will see them. May I ask @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], why do you believe these 3 articles should be deleted? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 23:08, 16 February 2025 (UTC)
:: I always provide a reason for deletion. And  thus, e.g. [[Astronomy outline]] states: &quot;The Nominator gave the following reason for their nomination:&quot;, &quot;too low quality to serve as a learning resource; most links are redlinks; no further reading&quot;. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:18, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
: I went ahead and deleted the three listed pages. I will wait a little longer before I proceed further. Most of the usual admins do not seem to be around, though, so the absence of opposition does not tell us much. And thus, I am proceeding at risk, and undo is possible by an admin or quasi-admin. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:41, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
:@[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] You proposed deletion back in October. Yes, it's fine if you are now the one to delete it. Often there is only one user at a time interested in cleaning up Wikiversity. That person does it until they choose not to. Then after a while, someone else steps up. I cleaned up my own proposed deletions for years with very few complaints. If someone wants to object, they need to be willing to speak up and review your proposed deletions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:51, 26 February 2025 (UTC)
:: Thank you. I went ahead and quasi-deleted 3 more pages, this time by moving them to user space (since I could find the main creator). I will make more deletions or quasi-deletions later. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:47, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

==  Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Replicate [[c:Template:Imagestack]] ==

I find this feature on Commons quite practical, and would like to use it on Wikiversity. But just copying the content to {{tl|Imagestack}} is not enough. The example on {{tl|Imagestack/sandbox}} remains static. Does someone know how to implement the JavaScript? [[User:Watchduck|Watchduck]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Watchduck|quack]])&lt;/small&gt; 18:31, 26 February 2025 (UTC)

:I don't know how to implement the JavaScript here. I haven't used the Imagestack feature before. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|RailwayEnthusiast2025]] ([[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|Talk page]] - [[Special:Contributions|Contributions]]) 21:11, 20 March 2025 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:52, 7 March 2025 (UTC)

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== Your wiki will be in read-only soon ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:14, 14 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: an online event ==

Hello everyone, I’m writing to announce an upcoming event called [[wikidata:Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''Wikidata and Sister Projects''']] that will be a mini online conference to highlight the different ways Wikidata can be connected and integrated with the other WM projects.

We are currently looking for session ideas and speakers for our program and wanted to reach out in case there were any editors here that might have a cool idea for a session proposal. Sessions can be found on the [[wikidata:Event talk:Wikidata and Sister Projects|'''event discussion page''']].

As previously mentioned, we would like to showcase the relationship between Wikibooks and Wikidata, such as the storing of metadata and sitelinking between books and their respective Wikidata items. Do you have an idea for a session? We'd love to hear about it!

The event is scheduled between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. If you have any questions about the event, would like more information or have a session idea to propose, please feel free to get in touch by replying to this post or writing on the event page or on my [[v:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk page]]. Thanks for reading, - [[wikidata:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[wikidata:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:48, 1 April 2025 (UTC)

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:05, 4 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata and Sister Projects: An online community event ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hello everyone, I am excited to share news of an upcoming online event called '''[[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]''' celebrating the different ways Wikidata can be used to support or enhance with another Wikimedia project. The event takes place over 4 days between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''.

We would like to invite speakers to present at this community event, to hear success stories, challenges, showcase tools or projects you may be working on, where Wikidata has been involved in Wikipedia, Commons, WikiSource and all other WM projects.

If you are interested in attending, please [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]].
If you would like to speak at the event, please fill out this Session Proposal template on the [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|event talk page]], where you can also ask any questions you may have. 

I hope to see you at the event, in the audience or as a speaker, - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 09:18, 11 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 17 April 2025 (UTC)
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== FYI: Can Citizen Science Be Trusted? New Study of Birds Shows It Can ==

https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-citizen-science-be-trusted-new-study-birds-shows-it-can —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:08, 23 April 2025 (UTC)

== Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 April 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Question Centre ==

I have a question: 

'''1.''''Is it possible to change your username? Or is it permament? 

''Antworte zu meinem Kommentar, und Ich werde zu dir abonnieren. ''

[[User:Kumpa-pasión|Kumpa-pasión]] ([[User talk:Kumpa-pasión|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kumpa-pasión|contribs]]) 15:18, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

:Hello {{ping|Kumpa-pasión}} To change your username, you can go to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameRequest Special:GlobalRenameRequest]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:42, 2 May 2025 (UTC)

== Names of pages I am creating, one man's look at X ==
I am creating pages like [[One man's look at LibreOffice]], but I am increasingly dissatisfied with this naming scheme. It just means that &quot;One man's look at X&quot; is nothing but &quot;Dan Polansky's look at X&quot;; what is so special about Dan Polansky that he is the &quot;one man&quot;, which other people are not? I prefer &quot;X (Dan Polansky)&quot;, but that was previously rejected (I should find the discussion, but I am too lazy now). What was not rejected is &quot;X/Dan Polansky&quot; (as in [[COVID-19/Dan Polansky]]), but I find it greatly suboptimal: there is nothing in that syntax that suggests that &quot;Dan Polansky&quot; is an author name; compare a possible &quot;Philosophy/Aristotle&quot;, which would be ''about'' Aristotle and not ''by'' Aristotle.

Perhaps we can have a discussion/conversation about alternative proposals and what makes them preferable and dispreferable, desirable and undesirable? --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:07, 1 May 2025 (UTC)
: If a main space page is meant only for one user's view, then perhaps that page should instead be located in that user's space. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:12, 17 May 2025 (UTC)
:: That would not work: pages in user space are not Google search indexed, from what I understand. One's spending effort to write and publish an article and then having it ignored by readers since not found via Google Search is not rewarding; I do not see why people would like to do it, and they apparently don't. Moreover, since other editors can comment on the article on the talk page, it is vital that the author does not have the right to have the article deleted on a whim; an article should be deleted only in well justified rare cases (ethical breach, etc.).
:: I think that a page being author-specific should be the usual case, not the rare case, in Wikiversity. It is the case with Wikijournal articles. It also seems to be the case with the Motivation and Emotion pages, e.g. as listed in [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024]]; and thus, e.g. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Abusive supervision]] has TJDuus as the main author as per the assignment and revision history (there are auxiliary editors, but the author seems to maintain editorial control?)
:: Since Wikiversity pages are not organized by the principle of being encyclopedic and by avoidance of original research, I do not see how the free-for-all editing of Wikipedia could possibly work here.
:: Some of the best materials I have seen in the English Wikiversity either have a single author or single main author. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 17 May 2025 (UTC)

== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Progressive translations ==

If you gradually translate more and more words in a text it's called &quot;progressive translation&quot; apparently. If we were doing, say, English to Hungarian it would look like &quot;I took the ''vonat'' (train) to Budapest&quot; and later on &quot;I saw the river from the ''vonat''&quot;. I want to be able to read novels and pick up vocabulary in this way, as well as make them (or rather get an AI to make them) and share them with other language learners. 

It's education so I thought you might be interested in hosting them, and maybe some people here would be interested in helping out. Thanks for any feedback [[User:Progressive translator|Progressive translator]] ([[User talk:Progressive translator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Progressive translator|contribs]]) 16:54, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

== Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|discuss]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:08, 28 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Geometric growth in views ==

Wikiversity seems to be experiencing an [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|bar|all|~total|monthly unprecedented amount of traffic], literally doubling in May '25 with almost 60 million monthly views. (Note practically no growth from 2016-24. From a [[Wikiversity:Colloquium/archives/December_2024#An_unexplained_spurt_of_Wikiversity_page_views|previous thread's link]], this is only partially reflected on the [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews/?platform=all-access&amp;source=pageviews&amp;agent=user&amp;range=this-year&amp;sites=en.wikiversity.org|en.wikibooks.org|en.wikiquote.org|en.wikisource.org Pageviews widget], except for Wikisource somewhat.)

I haven't seen any corresponding unprecedented [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org/contributing/active-editors/normal%7Cline%7Call%7C(page_type)~content*non-content%7Cmonthly activity] however. Anyone know what's up? LLM crawling maybe? [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:56, 15 June 2025 (UTC)

:I can only assume that it's AI, yes. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:17, 18 June 2025 (UTC)

== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:44, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
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      <text bytes="330" sha1="7h6u1dlrvdwiuptqm2sipdtdcashw0j" xml:space="preserve">Hello, 
 I am working on behalf of company selling the following bank repo's 

-2021 Doosan TT-1800SY
-2021 Brother Speedio S700X2
-(2)2018 Mitsubishi DV-1200- All offers considered

After reviewing website thought I'd just shoot a quick note in case it was of interest. 

Just FYI their Website- www.cerritocnc.com 

Thanks, 
-J-</text>
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Welcome to '''Library and Information Science''', part of [[Portal:Practical Arts and Sciences|Practical Arts and Sciences]].
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{{nav2|Wikiversity|Wikiversity:School of Chemistry}}

A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding which is characterized by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Covalent bonds are mainly formed due to the tendency of the elements to attain a completely filled outer shell, that is, attain noble gas configuration and become stable.

Elements forming covalent compounds achieve noble gas configuration by sharing electrons within the atoms, unlike ionic compounds which achieve the noble gas configuration either by gaining or losing electrons from the outermost electron shell.
In covalent bonds, when two atoms are in need of extra electrons to fill their outer valence electron shell, they will often share an electron. The most common example that most people are familiar with is water. The oxygen in water forms a covalent bond with the hydrogen, thus filling the hydrogen's outer shell with two electrons (this is because the outer shell of hydrogen has a maximum capacity of two electrons). While an oxygen atom, originally having six outer electrons, now has seven valence electrons, it requires another in order to fill the shell, and so it bonds with another hydrogen to form H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Oxygen, thus has attained the configuration of the noble gas neon and the hydrogen atoms have obtained the configuration of the noble gas helium.

Covalent bonding does not produce electrons, it simply pairs them so that each atom has access to at least one more valence electron than before the bond. 

Covalent bonding occurs between atoms with similar electronegativity, and thus most often occurs between non-metals. However, as there are sometimes uneven distributions of electronegativity, either one of the elements in any given compound may attract the shared electrons closer to it than the other one. Therefore, it will have more of a negative charge than the other (while the other becomes more positive). Though this is not a charge to the extent of ions when they gain/lose electrons, due to the slight charge, covalent compounds can produce ionic properties.

A simple way to understand the concept of a covalent bond is, &lt;i&gt;Co&lt;/i&gt; can be taken as &quot;co-operation&quot; or &quot;jointly&quot; and &lt;i&gt;valence&lt;/i&gt;, so ''covalent'' means the co-operation or joining of valence electrons.

==Types of Covalent Bonds==
The bonds formed by sharing of an electron pair between two atoms can typically be single, double or triple; that is, in covalent bonds, atoms may be linked together by single, double or triple bonds.However there is also quadruple covalent bond. In simplest terms, &quot;single&quot;, &quot;double&quot;, and &quot;triple&quot; refer to the number of shared electron pairs in the bond. For example, in the dioxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) molecule, each oxygen must share two of its electrons in order to obtain the noble gas configuration of 8 valence electrons, resulting in a double bond of two shared electron pairs. The ''valency'' of an atom is the maximum number of bonds it can form, usually the number of electrons required to reach a stable noble gas configuration (there are exceptions to this rule, called the ''octet rule'' as all noble gases except helium have 8 valence electrons, discussed further down). Each double bond counts as 2 bonds for this purpose, and each triple bond counts as 3.

Whether a bond is single, double, or triple is its ''bond order''.
=== &lt;u&gt;Single Covalent Bond&lt;/u&gt; ===
 
In some molecules, a shared pair of electrons are contributed between the atoms, thus creating a &quot;single bond&quot;. For example, in a hydrogen molecule, the two atoms of hydrogen are bonded together by a single bond. 

How? The ''valency'' of hydrogen is 1, that is, the number of electrons present in the outermost shell is 1 and it needs 1 more electron to attain a noble gas configuration, that is a completely filled outer shell.

&lt;big&gt;'''H'''&lt;/big&gt; has a valency of 1 and it needs 1 more electron to become stable.
So, it forms a bond with another hydrogen atom and shares its electron with it and the second hydrogen atom shares its 1 electron with the first one,

{{center top}}(&lt;big&gt;'''H'''&lt;/big&gt;x)                (x&lt;big&gt;'''H'''&lt;/big&gt;){{center bottom}}  


(Here, x shows the number of electrons present in the outer shell of a hydrogen atom.)
Now, the first atom shares its one electron with the second hydrogen atom and the second atom shares its one electron with the first one and thus we get one hydrogen atom.


{{center top}}(&lt;big&gt;'''H'''&lt;/big&gt;(xx)&lt;big&gt;'''H'''&lt;/big&gt;){{center bottom}}

Thus, 2 atoms of hydrogen share their electron to form a molecule of hydrogen, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. This allows each hydrogen atom to attain the electronic configuration of the noble gas helium.
The shared pair of electrons is said to constitute a single bond within the two hydrogen atoms. It is a single bond because only one pair of electrons are shared within the hydrogen atoms. A single bond is denoted by a single line between the atoms. For example, the covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule is represented by:-  
{{center top}}&lt;big&gt;'''H—H'''&lt;/big&gt;{{center bottom}} 
Such single covalent bond is also formed in chlorine molecule, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.

=== &lt;u&gt;Double covalent bonds&lt;/u&gt; ===
Sometimes, two atoms share two, not just one, electron pairs to attain a noble gas configuration, with each atom contributing two electrons for a total of four bonding electrons. The minimum valency of an atom that can participate in this kind of covalent bonding must have a minimum valence of 2. 
&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt; has a valency of 2, with 6 electrons, needing 2 more to become stable (although oxygen has 6 electrons, it has a valency of 2 because it only needs 2 more for stability). It therefore can form a ''double bond'' with another oxygen atom, with each atom keeping 4 of its electrons uninvolved in bonding and sharing 2 with the other atom.

{{center top}}(xxxx&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xx)                (xx&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xxxx){{center bottom}}  
thus becomes:
{{center top}}(xxxx&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxx)&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xxxx){{center bottom}}
4 kept electrons plus 4 shared electrons then equals a stable 8-electron configuration.
A double bond is denoted by a doubled line between the bonding atoms:
{{center top}}&lt;big&gt;'''O=O'''&lt;/big&gt;{{center bottom}} 
Such a double bond is also found in the carbon dioxide molecule CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:

{{center top}}(xxxx&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxx)&lt;big&gt;'''C'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxx)&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xxxx){{center bottom}}
Here, each oxygen atom double-bonds to the carbon atom. The carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, and since it needs 4 more, it has a valency of 4, allowing it to form 2 double bonds (or 4 total bonds):
{{center top}}&lt;big&gt;'''O=C=O'''&lt;/big&gt;{{center bottom}}
=== &lt;u&gt;Triple covalent bonds&lt;/u&gt; ===
Likewise, when two atoms share three electron pairs, the bonding interaction is a ''triple bond.'' The minimum valency of an atom that can participate in this kind of bonding must be a minimum of 3.

&lt;big&gt;'''N'''&lt;/big&gt; has a valency of 3, with 5 electrons, needing 3 more to become stable. It can form a triple bond with another nitrogen atom, with each atom sharing a total of 6 electrons with 2 unshared, making a full octet.
{{center top}}(xx&lt;big&gt;'''N'''&lt;/big&gt;xxx)                 (xxx&lt;big&gt;'''N'''&lt;/big&gt;xx){{center bottom}}
bonds to form:
{{center top}}(xx&lt;big&gt;'''N'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxxxx)&lt;big&gt;'''N'''&lt;/big&gt;xx){{center bottom}}
A triple bond is denoted by three lines connecting the bonding atoms:
[[Image:Dinitrogen-2D-dimensions.png|50px|center|link=]]

==Exceptions to the octet rule==
Often one or more bonding atoms in a molecule do not satisfy the octet rule, even though the atom is stable with respect to its electron configuration.

For example, sulfur (&lt;big&gt;'''S'''&lt;/big&gt;) has 6 valence electrons like oxygen. One might expect it to always share two to gain a noble gas configuration, but in sulfur hexafluoride (SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;), it shares all six of its valence electrons in single bonds with fluorine, thus ''exceeding'' the octet rule by 4 electrons:
[[Image:Sulfur-hexafluoride-2D-dimensions.svg|100px|center|link=]]
Likewise, sometimes an atom might have ''less'' than a full octet. Most elements that are not in the main groups (IA, IIA, IIIA-VIIA) don't follow the octet rule in this manner, and group IIIA elements also tend to have less than an octet.

Boron (&lt;big&gt;'''B'''&lt;/big&gt;) has 3 valence electrons, needing either 5 more or 3 less to achieve a noble gas configuration. However, gaining 5 is not very easy (although it is possible, discussed later) while boron is too electronegative to fully lose all three.

Therefore, boron has a valency of 3 and shares all three valence electrons. However, other atoms can only share 3 total additional electrons with boron for a total of 6 - 2 short of the octet rule. Boron compounds of this kind are nevertheless stable. One example is boron trichloride (BCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;):
[[Image:Boron-trichloride-2D.svg|75px|center|link=]]
The third and least-common violation of the octet rule occurs for molecules where the total valence electron count is an odd number. This makes complete electron pairing impossible and it is not possible to achieve a full octet For example, nitrogen monoxide (NO) has a total of 11 valence electrons. Nitrogen and oxygen easily share two electrons each, but nitrogen still needs a third electron. Oxygen and nitrogen can then be said to be sharing a third electron contributed from oxygen that is unpaired. However, this is not a replacement for a full electron pair and this is not a triple bond. It is more than a double bond, though, and can be called a &quot;2 and a half&quot; bond, where the dashed line represents the &quot;half-bond&quot; (this terminology is not exactly correct but sufficient for this example):
[[Image:Nitric-oxide-2D.png|100px|center|link=]]
As might be expected from the presence of an unpaired electron, odd-number-electron molecules tend to be reactive, as they are made more stable if their unpaired electron is paired.
==Dative covalent bonds==
The bonding pair of electrons need not come from both atoms. In some cases a single atom supplies both electrons shared in a bond. In carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen has 6 valence electrons and carbon 4 valence electrons. If each atom shares two electrons each, then oxygen satisfies the octet rule but carbon is still in need of two.
{{center top}}(xx&lt;big&gt;'''C'''&lt;/big&gt;xx) (xx&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xx{{font|color=green|xx}}){{center bottom}}
{{center top}}(xx&lt;big&gt;'''C'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxx)&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xx{{font|color=green|xx}}){{center bottom}}
Oxygen thus will share two more of its electrons with carbon, forming an additional bond with the pair of electrons entirely contributed from oxygen. This bond is a ''dative'' covalent bond. The electrons in question are highlighted in green.
{{center top}}(xx&lt;big&gt;'''C'''&lt;/big&gt;(xxxx{{font|color=green|xx}})&lt;big&gt;'''O'''&lt;/big&gt;xx){{center bottom}}
This additional bond adds on to the two bonds already made, so this is a triple bond, albeit an unusual one where the atoms don't make equal contributions to the bonding. It is represented like any other triple bond:
[[Image:Carbon_monoxide_2D.svg|100px|center|link=]]
Dative covalent bonds can also allow boron to achieve a complete octet. Boron trifluoride, with the same structure as boron trichloride (mentioned above), can react with ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), where nitrogen has 2 unshared electrons. The boron atom can link up to nitrogen in a dative covalent bond using those electrons:
[[Image:NH3-BF3-adduct-bond-lengthening-2D.png|300px|center|link=]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]
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| flag alias-air force-1924 = Ensign of the Royal Canadian Air Force.svg
| link alias-air force = Royal Canadian Air Force
| flag alias-army = Canadian Army Flag.svg
| link alias-army = Canadian Army
| link alias-football = Canada {{{mw|men's}}} national soccer team
| link alias-basketball = Canada national {{{mw|men's}}} basketball team
| link alias-field hockey = Canada {{{mw|men's}}} national field hockey team
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = 1868
| var2 = 1921
| var3 = 1957
| var4 = naval-1911
| var5 = naval-1921
| var6 = naval-1957
| var7 = air force-1924
| var8 = 1867-official
| redir1 = CAN
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>hh8epeh7vlhuxab26ilqqv9wkgb1tqv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Portal:Media Technology/Featured</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>136418</id>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="pyo4cve27cnu45vg7vemca6l0daumab" xml:space="preserve">Saos high school 
Form four north</text>
      <sha1>pyo4cve27cnu45vg7vemca6l0daumab</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Poor family|Poor family]] ([[User_talk:Poor family|talk]]) to last version by [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
      <origin>2138763</origin>
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      <text bytes="112" sha1="1rynmmk1cyfaaz1ukcnirpew315hmsp" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5FF&quot; |{{Portal:Media_Technology/students}}

|}</text>
      <sha1>1rynmmk1cyfaaz1ukcnirpew315hmsp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Computer Skills/Basic/Email</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158783</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>2591882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T09:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2404:3100:1055:FCE0:1:0:C1F5:56BE</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jexhrdhftdehtxe</comment>
      <origin>2719765</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1257" sha1="k4d0k7p25a8pqva2w6rak3djbrtfma1" xml:space="preserve">0885522296340822

== Objectives and Skills ==
Objectives and skills for simple formatting include:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eaa.unsw.edu.au/forms/pdf/icas/subjects/computer-skills-framework.pdf University of New South Wales: Computer Skills Assessment Framework]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Send/receive/reply to email

== Multimedia ==
# [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwZ8Aon_4hc YouTube: Gmail: Sending Email with Gmail]
# [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH0BGLfQ9SM YouTube: Gmail: Responding to Email with Gmail]

== Activities ==
# Complete the tutorial [https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/email101/ GCF: Email Basics].
# If you don't already have an email account, consider signing up for a Google Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, or Yahoo! Mail account. 
# Complete the tutorial [https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/gmail/ GCF: Gmail].
# Use your email account to send an email message.
# Reply to an email message you receive from someone else.
# Review the [[Email Checklist]] for additional email best practices.

== See Also ==
* [[../../Intermediate/Email]]
* [[../../Advanced/Email]]
* [[../../Proficient/Email]]
* [[Internet Fundamentals/Email]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{subpage navbar}}

{{CourseCat}}
[[Category:Computer Skills]]
[[Category:Email]]
[[Category:Completed resources]]</text>
      <sha1>k4d0k7p25a8pqva2w6rak3djbrtfma1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marijuana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>165681</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:37:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marikito</username>
        <id>3004041</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* References */</comment>
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      <text bytes="721" sha1="9y327hfxksr1pczgn2q86nd3bqkwlb6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|right|180px]]
Cannabis, commonly known as '''marijuana''', is a preparation of the cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug and as medicine.  Cannabis is often consumed for its psychoactive and physiological effects, which can include heightened mood or euphoria, relaxation, and an increase in appetite.  Unwanted side-effects can sometimes include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, reddening of the eyes, and feelings of paranoia or anxiety.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia: Cannabis (drug)]]

Little&lt;/ref&gt;

== Resources ==
* [[Should cannabis be legal?]]
* [https://littlerick.com/ Little Rick]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{subpagesif}}
[[Category:Cannabis]]</text>
      <sha1>9y327hfxksr1pczgn2q86nd3bqkwlb6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-26T07:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Marikito|Marikito]] ([[User_talk:Marikito|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="673" sha1="d16g9gyjqpw312siakkvu9hq4kxpcre" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|right|180px]]
Cannabis, commonly known as '''marijuana''', is a preparation of the cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug and as medicine.  Cannabis is often consumed for its psychoactive and physiological effects, which can include heightened mood or euphoria, relaxation, and an increase in appetite.  Unwanted side-effects can sometimes include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, reddening of the eyes, and feelings of paranoia or anxiety.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia: Cannabis (drug)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Resources ==
* [[Should cannabis be legal?]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{subpagesif}}
[[Category:Cannabis]]</text>
      <sha1>d16g9gyjqpw312siakkvu9hq4kxpcre</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* About me! */</comment>
      <origin>2719662</origin>
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      <text bytes="6541" sha1="4nofwji0fr8j7mnatgs03hih2s2cxcb" xml:space="preserve">==About me!==


his is the link to my book chapter :  [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Social movement motivation]]

== Social contributions ==
Hyperlinks have been provided in the time stamps.
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust|07:15, 26 August 2017 (UTC)]] provided a starter reference for research and defining terms. '''Oxytocin and Trust.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Sound and mood#Metal music and mood|04:50, 11 October 2017 (UTC)]] proved some interesting references about music. '''Sound and Mood.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Sound and mood#Mood theories|00:13, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Provided a supporting theory to help with information. '''Sound and Mood.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust#Edits|05:04, 22 October 2017 (UTC]]) Edited source code to improve image positioning. '''Oxytocin and Trust.'''
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/tDCS and motivation#APA references|08:45, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Editied current page's intext references to APA format. '''tDCS and Motivation'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust#Edits|10:33, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Added hyperlink to a word for definition. '''Oxytocin and Trust'''
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender#Image edits|11:05, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Edited and added images for wiki article to make it more aesthetically  pleasing. '''Online dating motivation and Gender''' 
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/tDCS and motivation#General Edits|11:25, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Edits to pretty box and image position to enhance aesthetics. '''tDCS and Motivation'''  
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Emotional chills#Video links|11:40, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Provided informational videos to help guide the process. '''Emotional Chills.'''   
# 1[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Gamification and motivation#Pokemon|2:13, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Added image to help break up text and made minor APA fixes to images. '''Gamification and Motivation.'''   


==Overview ( Im keeping this template for future reference)==
* What is the problem?
* How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help?

==Types of content==

If this is a long section, then consider organising it into 3 to 6 sub-headings e.g.,
===Images===
[[File:Example.png|right|300px|thumb|''Figure 1''. This is an example of an image with an APA style caption.]]

Images can be used to add interest, provide examples etc.

Images should be captioned in order to explain the relevance of the image to the text.

Possible images for use can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].

Images can also be uploaded if they have appropriate licenses or if you created the image.
[[File:Nele Nena.jpg|thumb|figure 1. Two kittens abbys playing]]

===Tables===

Tables can be an effective way to organise content.

Here is an example:

Table 1.

''This is an Example of a Table with an APA Style Caption''
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| '''Col. 1''' 
| '''Col. 2''' 
| '''Col. 3'''
|- 
| C1R1
| C2R1
| C3R1
|- 
| C1R2
| C2R2
| C3R2
|- 
| C1R3
| C2R3
| C3R3
|}

===Quiz questions===
Here are some example quiz questions - choose the correct answers and click &quot;Submit&quot;:
&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{Approximately how many neurons are in the human brain?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- 1,000,000 (1 million)
- 10,000,000 (10 million)
- 100,000,000 (100 million)
- 1,000,000,000 (1 billion)
+ 10,000,000,000 (10 billion)

{A typical neuron fires ________ per second.
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- 1 to 4
+ 5 to 49
- 50 to 99
- 100 to 199
- 200 to 499
&lt;/quiz&gt;

For more information, see [[Help:Quiz]].

==3rd main heading etc.==
{{lorem ipsum}} For more information, see [[w:Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] (Wikipedia).

==Conclusion==
* What are the take-home messages?

==See also==
This section consists of internal (wiki) links to relevant:
* motivation and emotion book chapters (e.g., [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016))
* Wikipedia articles e.g., [[w:Emotion|emotion]], [[w:Motivation|motivation]]
* Present in alphabetical order

For example:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016))
* [[w:Emotion|Emotion]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Motivation|Motivation]] (Wikipedia)

==References==
* APA style references with a hanging indent go in this section.
* Important elements include Author surname, initials with full stops and spaces, year of publication, title in lower case except first letter and proper names, journal title in italics, volume number in italics, page numbers, dois, and hanging indent.
* Common mistakes include citing sources that weren't consulted, incorrect capitalisation, including the issue number, and providing the retrieved from date for online material (this is no longer part of APA style).

For example:
{{Hanging indent|1=
Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55'', 198-208.

Buckholtz, J. W., &amp; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31'', 120-129.

Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., &amp; Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22'', 998-1040. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x
}}

==External links==
* A judiciously selected few links to important other resources about this topic
* Present in alphabetical order

For example:
* [http://www.gvsu.edu/cms3/assets/C7078FCF-E2C3-F3DD-7F8E1630561E3F3E/Headings.pdf Headings] (Grant State Valley University)
* [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com)

Dank memes are lyf

== Memes (Me testing how wikiversity works) ==
# what is a meme
# why are memes relatable
# can memes influce our life
# are maymays an expression of feelings
#* Nilisim
#* deperssion
#* wholesom/joy
#* life events

== Dead memes ==
'''Even though  these are dead, they are still amusing'''

[[w:memes|meme]]

sponge gar

[https://richarddawkins.net/ R. D. father of the meme]

== Creamy memes ==
ᐊᐋᐌᐺᐷᐵᐳ

== spicy memes ==

== Lets meme ==
[[motivation and emotion]]</text>
      <sha1>4nofwji0fr8j7mnatgs03hih2s2cxcb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719676</id>
      <parentid>2719662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T15:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A09</username>
        <id>2907445</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>A09 moved page [[User:Maddison Frost]] to [[User:Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Maddison Frost|Maddison Frost]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729|Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729]]&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6541" sha1="4nofwji0fr8j7mnatgs03hih2s2cxcb" xml:space="preserve">==About me!==


his is the link to my book chapter :  [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Social movement motivation]]

== Social contributions ==
Hyperlinks have been provided in the time stamps.
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust|07:15, 26 August 2017 (UTC)]] provided a starter reference for research and defining terms. '''Oxytocin and Trust.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Sound and mood#Metal music and mood|04:50, 11 October 2017 (UTC)]] proved some interesting references about music. '''Sound and Mood.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Sound and mood#Mood theories|00:13, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Provided a supporting theory to help with information. '''Sound and Mood.'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust#Edits|05:04, 22 October 2017 (UTC]]) Edited source code to improve image positioning. '''Oxytocin and Trust.'''
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/tDCS and motivation#APA references|08:45, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Editied current page's intext references to APA format. '''tDCS and Motivation'''
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Oxytocin and trust#Edits|10:33, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Added hyperlink to a word for definition. '''Oxytocin and Trust'''
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Online dating motivation and gender#Image edits|11:05, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Edited and added images for wiki article to make it more aesthetically  pleasing. '''Online dating motivation and Gender''' 
# [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/tDCS and motivation#General Edits|11:25, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Edits to pretty box and image position to enhance aesthetics. '''tDCS and Motivation'''  
# &amp;nbsp;[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Emotional chills#Video links|11:40, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Provided informational videos to help guide the process. '''Emotional Chills.'''   
# 1[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Gamification and motivation#Pokemon|2:13, 22 October 2017 (UTC)]] Added image to help break up text and made minor APA fixes to images. '''Gamification and Motivation.'''   


==Overview ( Im keeping this template for future reference)==
* What is the problem?
* How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help?

==Types of content==

If this is a long section, then consider organising it into 3 to 6 sub-headings e.g.,
===Images===
[[File:Example.png|right|300px|thumb|''Figure 1''. This is an example of an image with an APA style caption.]]

Images can be used to add interest, provide examples etc.

Images should be captioned in order to explain the relevance of the image to the text.

Possible images for use can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].

Images can also be uploaded if they have appropriate licenses or if you created the image.
[[File:Nele Nena.jpg|thumb|figure 1. Two kittens abbys playing]]

===Tables===

Tables can be an effective way to organise content.

Here is an example:

Table 1.

''This is an Example of a Table with an APA Style Caption''
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| '''Col. 1''' 
| '''Col. 2''' 
| '''Col. 3'''
|- 
| C1R1
| C2R1
| C3R1
|- 
| C1R2
| C2R2
| C3R2
|- 
| C1R3
| C2R3
| C3R3
|}

===Quiz questions===
Here are some example quiz questions - choose the correct answers and click &quot;Submit&quot;:
&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{Approximately how many neurons are in the human brain?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- 1,000,000 (1 million)
- 10,000,000 (10 million)
- 100,000,000 (100 million)
- 1,000,000,000 (1 billion)
+ 10,000,000,000 (10 billion)

{A typical neuron fires ________ per second.
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- 1 to 4
+ 5 to 49
- 50 to 99
- 100 to 199
- 200 to 499
&lt;/quiz&gt;

For more information, see [[Help:Quiz]].

==3rd main heading etc.==
{{lorem ipsum}} For more information, see [[w:Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] (Wikipedia).

==Conclusion==
* What are the take-home messages?

==See also==
This section consists of internal (wiki) links to relevant:
* motivation and emotion book chapters (e.g., [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016))
* Wikipedia articles e.g., [[w:Emotion|emotion]], [[w:Motivation|motivation]]
* Present in alphabetical order

For example:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016))
* [[w:Emotion|Emotion]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:Motivation|Motivation]] (Wikipedia)

==References==
* APA style references with a hanging indent go in this section.
* Important elements include Author surname, initials with full stops and spaces, year of publication, title in lower case except first letter and proper names, journal title in italics, volume number in italics, page numbers, dois, and hanging indent.
* Common mistakes include citing sources that weren't consulted, incorrect capitalisation, including the issue number, and providing the retrieved from date for online material (this is no longer part of APA style).

For example:
{{Hanging indent|1=
Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55'', 198-208.

Buckholtz, J. W., &amp; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31'', 120-129.

Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., &amp; Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22'', 998-1040. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x
}}

==External links==
* A judiciously selected few links to important other resources about this topic
* Present in alphabetical order

For example:
* [http://www.gvsu.edu/cms3/assets/C7078FCF-E2C3-F3DD-7F8E1630561E3F3E/Headings.pdf Headings] (Grant State Valley University)
* [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com)

Dank memes are lyf

== Memes (Me testing how wikiversity works) ==
# what is a meme
# why are memes relatable
# can memes influce our life
# are maymays an expression of feelings
#* Nilisim
#* deperssion
#* wholesom/joy
#* life events

== Dead memes ==
'''Even though  these are dead, they are still amusing'''

[[w:memes|meme]]

sponge gar

[https://richarddawkins.net/ R. D. father of the meme]

== Creamy memes ==
ᐊᐋᐌᐺᐷᐵᐳ

== spicy memes ==

== Lets meme ==
[[motivation and emotion]]</text>
      <sha1>4nofwji0fr8j7mnatgs03hih2s2cxcb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
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    <ns>3</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>A09</username>
        <id>2907445</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>A09 moved page [[User talk:Maddison Frost]] to [[User talk:Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Maddison Frost|Maddison Frost]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729|Renamed user 4a1a7e355e0f50e3caa41b93e4396729]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3146" sha1="i5qbh893d50abjsilnljg02l9h6n1vk" xml:space="preserve">{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Maddison Frost!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:Insert-signature.png]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity.

To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may
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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 12:35, 9 August 2017 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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{{MESC/2017
|1=
* 10+ well summarised and linked on-wiki contributions, mostly in the last day or two before chapters were due.
}}
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 01:01, 16 November 2017 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>WikiJournal Preprints</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228106</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="11114" sha1="0nlqspr8uvli4dcccfwccezxc33fwpc" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;Diverse Categories of Computer Software: An Ultimate Guide&lt;/big&gt;'''

In today’s technology-driven world, computer software plays a critical role in both personal and professional environments. From writing documents and editing photos to managing entire businesses, software is the digital brain behind modern computing. But not all software is the same. To truly understand how technology works, you need to explore the diverse categories of computer software and how they function.

This ultimate guide breaks down the major types of computer software, their roles, examples, and why they matter.

== What is Computer Software? ==

=== &lt;small&gt;Computer software is a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which is the physical component of a computer, software is intangible but essential for operations.&lt;/small&gt; ===

== '''There are two primary classifications of software:''' ==

# System Software
# Application Software

Beyond these, several specialized categories exist, each designed for specific functionalities.
----

== '''1. System Software''' ==
System software serves as the foundation for all other software. It manages hardware components and provides a platform for running application software.

=== Key Subtypes of System Software: ===

* '''Operating Systems (OS)'''   Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux   Purpose: Manages hardware resources and provides a user interface.
* '''Device Drivers'''   Examples: Printer drivers, graphic card drivers   Purpose: Enables communication between hardware and the operating system.
* '''Utility Programs'''   Examples: Antivirus software, Disk Cleanup tools   Purpose: System maintenance and performance optimization.

----

== '''2. Application Software''' ==
Application software allows users to perform specific tasks like writing, designing, or browsing the internet.

=== Types of Application Software: ===

* '''Productivity Software'''   Examples: Microsoft Word, Excel, Google Docs   Use: Word processing, data analysis, and presentation creation.
* '''Multimedia Software'''   Examples: Adobe Photoshop, VLC Media Player   Use: Creating and viewing images, videos, and audio.
* '''Web Browsers'''   Examples: Google Chrome, Firefox   Use: Accessing and navigating the internet.
* '''Communication Tools'''   Examples: Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Slack   Use: Real-time messaging, video conferencing, and collaboration.
* '''Business Software'''   Examples: CRM software, accounting tools like QuickBooks   Use: Managing business operations, customer relationships, and finance.

----

== '''3. Programming Software''' ==
Programming software provides tools for developers to write, test, and maintain code. It's essential for software development.

=== Examples: ===

* '''Text Editors''': Notepad++, Sublime Text
* '''Compilers''': GCC, Visual C++
* '''Debuggers''': GDB, LLDB
* '''IDEs (Integrated Development Environments)''': Eclipse, Visual Studio, IntelliJ IDEA

These tools help software developers build applications, test them, and deploy robust solutions.
----

== '''4. Web-Based Software''' ==
Also known as Software as a Service (SaaS), web-based software is hosted in the cloud and accessed via a web browser.

=== Examples: ===

* Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Gmail)
* Salesforce CRM
* Canva
* Trello

=== Advantages: ===

* No installation required
* Automatic updates
* Accessible from anywhere with an internet connection

----

== '''5. Commercial vs Freeware vs Open Source''' ==
There are also different licensing models that define how software can be used, modified, and distributed.

=== Commercial Software: ===

* Paid software developed for profit
* Example: Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Office

=== Freeware: ===

* Free to use but not to modify or redistribute
* Example: Skype, Avast Antivirus

=== Open Source: ===

* Free to use, modify, and share
* Example: Linux OS, GIMP, LibreOffice

Open-source software plays a vital role in innovation and is popular among developers and startups.
----

== '''6. Mobile Software''' ==
With the rise of smartphones, mobile apps have emerged as a significant software category.

=== Types of Mobile Software: ===

* '''Native Apps''' (specific to OS): iOS apps from Apple Store, Android apps from Play Store
* '''Cross-platform Apps''': Developed using frameworks like Flutter or React Native
* '''Mobile Games''': Examples: Candy Crush, PUBG Mobile

----

== '''7. Security Software''' ==
Security software protects devices from malware, viruses, and other cyber threats.

=== Examples: ===

* Antivirus (e.g., Norton, Kaspersky)
* Firewalls
* Anti-spyware
* VPNs

It’s a crucial category as cyberattacks grow more sophisticated.
----

== '''8. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Software''' ==
A growing field, AI software mimics human intelligence and is used in machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.

=== Examples: ===

* ChatGPT (like you're reading now)
* TensorFlow (AI development framework)
* IBM Watson
* AI-powered CRM tools

----

== '''9. Enterprise Software''' ==
Enterprise software is designed for large organizations to manage internal operations and external relationships.

=== Examples: ===

* ERP systems (SAP, Oracle)
* HRMS tools (Workday, Zoho People)
* Supply Chain Management systems

Most of these are developed by a '''[https://niotechone.com/services/software-development-company/ custom software development company]''' offering software development services to enterprises.
----

== '''10. Custom Software''' ==
Sometimes, off-the-shelf solutions don’t meet specific business needs. That’s where '''[https://niotechone.com/services/software-development-company/ custom software development services]''' come in.

=== '''Why Choose Custom Software?''' ===

* Tailored to your workflow
* Scalable for future needs
* Secure and optimized for performance

=== Delivered By: ===

* A professional software development company
* Experts who '''[https://niotechone.com hire software developers]''' to build robust, secure, and scalable solutions

----

== '''Final Thoughts''' ==
As technology evolves, so does software. From operating systems to AI applications, the world of software is vast, diverse, and essential for daily functioning. Whether you’re an end-user or a business decision-maker, understanding these categories can help you choose the right tools and strategies.

If you're looking to build a tailored solution for your business, consider reaching out to a trusted '''[https://niotechone.com custom software development company]''' that offers end-to-end software development services. They’ll help transform your vision into scalable, secure, and intelligent software.{{wjm_h2|Creation and submission of preprints}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
'''Step 1: Creation'''
*See [[WikiJournal User Group/Publishing|publishing guidelines]].
*Type the pre-print article title in box below:
&lt;div style=&quot;align:left; max-width:40em&quot;&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;
type            = create
buttonlabel     = Create pre-print
placeholder     = Pre-print title
prefix          = WikiJournal Preprints/
break           = no
preload         = WikiJournal_Preprints/preload_draft
editintro       = WikiJournal_Preprints/preload_intro
useve           = true
preloadparams[] = {{ROOTPAGENAME}}
&lt;/inputbox&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
To convert a existing Wikipedia article to a preprint, [[w:WP:WikiJournal article nominations|see these guidelines]].
&lt;br&gt;For help using the 'VisualEditor' writing interface, see [[wikipedia:Help:Introduction_to_editing_with_VisualEditor/1|this short tutorial series]].

'''Step 2: Submission'''
&lt;br&gt;A) You can submit a preprint to [[WikiJournal User Group|one of the WikiJournals]] via this {{Clickable button 2|WikiJournal submission form|url={{authorship declaration form}}|class=mw-ui-progressive}}
&lt;br&gt; B) Alternatively, you can submit a preprint to [[w:List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy|any other preprint-compatible journal]] via their website (see also, [http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ SHERPA/RoMEO])

{{wjm_h2|WikiJournal Processing}}
# [[WikiJournal_Preprints|Manuscript submitted]]
#* [[WikiJournal Preprints|As pre-print]] (public)
#* [[w:WP:WikiJournal article nominations|From Wikipedia]] (public)
#* [[WikiJournal User Group/Contact|By email]] (confidential)
# Authors may [[WikiJournal User Group|specify a journal]], or allow editorial boards to decide which is most [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Publishing#Scope|suitable]] (approx. 1 week)
# Expert [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Peer reviewers|peer reviewers]] contacted by editorial board or associate editors for assessment of article (approx. 2 months)
#* To speed up the process, authors may suggest peer reviewers that editors may invite
#* Reviewers recommend: Accept / Revise / Decline
#* Journal editors and peer reviewers will make recommendations and direct wording suggestions but authors have final choice over wording
#* Peer review is public, but reviewers may choose to be anonymous
# Authors address reviewer comments if applicable
# Publication of stable PDF and editable Wiki page, as well as all reviewer and editor comments.{{#switch:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}
| WikiJournal Preprints     =
| WikiJournal of Medicine   =  The expected processing time may be 3 - 6 months in total.
| WikiJournal of Science    =  
| WikiJournal of Humanities =  
}}
#* To speed up the process, authors are welcome to create PDF files of their work themselves, according to [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Editorial guidelines#PDF files|formatting guidelines for PDF files]] (PDFs are emailed to your handling editor for review)
#* Multilingual authors are welcome to submit translations of accepted articles in any [[metawiki:List of Wikipedias|supported language]]
# Suitable material is [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Editorial_guidelines#Wikipedia_inclusion|integrated into Wikipedia]], either by authors or Wikipedia editors
# [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Peer reviewers|Post-publication review can occur at any time]]
#* Authors should add their articles to their [[Help:Watchlist|watchlists]] to be notified or comments
#* Authors are encouraged, but not required, to discuss any criticism and can edit or update the submission if appropriate
# [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Editorial guidelines#Editing published works|Post-publication edits can occur at any time]]
#* Authors may make minor edits to the online version, but the PDF will not be updated
#* Authors may propose major edits, improvements, or edits. This will trigger a new round of peer review (of the changes only) and a new PDF version
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:WikiJournal]][[Category:WikiJournal Preprints]]

{{wjm_h2|[[WikiJournal_User_Group/Potential_upcoming_articles|Articles currently in review]]}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Science for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Humanities for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/103.107.61.98|103.107.61.98]] ([[User talk:103.107.61.98|talk]]) to last version by Mikael Häggström: unexplained content removal</comment>
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      <text bytes="5292" sha1="04jfzofone8pp2g9pshgvkbywgd1emx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{WikiJPre header}}{{WikiJPre top menu}}
The [[meta:WikiJournal_User_Group|WikiJournal Publishing Group]] is a set of open-access, peer-reviewed academic journals with no publishing costs to authors. Its goal is to provide free, quality-assured knowledge. It also aims to bridge the Academia-Wikipedia gap by enabling expert contributions in the traditional academic publishing format to improve Wikipedia content.

This [[w:Preprint server|preprint server]] allows you to create and edit academic articles drafts before submission for external peer review. Once you are happy with your article, you can submit it to any journal in the [[meta:WikiJournal_User_Group|WikiJournal Publishing Group]] by filling in the WikiJournal submission form, or to [[w:List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy|any other preprint-compatible journal]] via their website (see also, [http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ SHERPA/RoMEO]). 

{{wjm_h2|Creation and submission of preprints}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
'''Step 1: Creation'''
*See [[WikiJournal User Group/Publishing|publishing guidelines]].
*Type the pre-print article title in box below:
&lt;div style=&quot;align:left; max-width:40em&quot;&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;
type            = create
buttonlabel     = Create pre-print
placeholder     = Pre-print title
prefix          = WikiJournal Preprints/
break           = no
preload         = WikiJournal_Preprints/preload_draft
editintro       = WikiJournal_Preprints/preload_intro
useve           = true
preloadparams[] = {{ROOTPAGENAME}}
&lt;/inputbox&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
To convert a existing Wikipedia article to a preprint, [[w:WP:WikiJournal article nominations|see these guidelines]].
&lt;br&gt;For help using the 'VisualEditor' writing interface, see [[wikipedia:Help:Introduction_to_editing_with_VisualEditor/1|this short tutorial series]].

'''Step 2: Submission'''
&lt;br&gt;A) You can submit a preprint to [[WikiJournal User Group|one of the WikiJournals]] via this {{Clickable button 2|WikiJournal submission form|url={{authorship declaration form}}|class=mw-ui-progressive}}
&lt;br&gt; B) Alternatively, you can submit a preprint to [[w:List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy|any other preprint-compatible journal]] via their website (see also, [http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ SHERPA/RoMEO])

{{wjm_h2|WikiJournal Processing}}
# [[WikiJournal_Preprints|Manuscript submitted]]
#* [[WikiJournal Preprints|As pre-print]] (public)
#* [[w:WP:WikiJournal article nominations|From Wikipedia]] (public)
#* [[WikiJournal User Group/Contact|By email]] (confidential)
# Authors may [[WikiJournal User Group|specify a journal]], or allow editorial boards to decide which is most [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Publishing#Scope|suitable]] (approx. 1 week)
# Expert [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Peer reviewers|peer reviewers]] contacted by editorial board or associate editors for assessment of article (approx. 2 months)
#* To speed up the process, authors may suggest peer reviewers that editors may invite
#* Reviewers recommend: Accept / Revise / Decline
#* Journal editors and peer reviewers will make recommendations and direct wording suggestions but authors have final choice over wording
#* Peer review is public, but reviewers may choose to be anonymous
# Authors address reviewer comments if applicable
# Publication of stable PDF and editable Wiki page, as well as all reviewer and editor comments.{{#switch:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}
| WikiJournal Preprints     =
| WikiJournal of Medicine   =  The expected processing time may be 3 - 6 months in total.
| WikiJournal of Science    =  
| WikiJournal of Humanities =  
}}
#* To speed up the process, authors are welcome to create PDF files of their work themselves, according to [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Editorial guidelines#PDF files|formatting guidelines for PDF files]] (PDFs are emailed to your handling editor for review)
#* Multilingual authors are welcome to submit translations of accepted articles in any [[metawiki:List of Wikipedias|supported language]]
# Suitable material is [[WikiJournal_User_Group/Editorial_guidelines#Wikipedia_inclusion|integrated into Wikipedia]], either by authors or Wikipedia editors
# [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Peer reviewers|Post-publication review can occur at any time]]
#* Authors should add their articles to their [[Help:Watchlist|watchlists]] to be notified or comments
#* Authors are encouraged, but not required, to discuss any criticism and can edit or update the submission if appropriate
# [[{{ROOTPAGENAME}}/Editorial guidelines#Editing published works|Post-publication edits can occur at any time]]
#* Authors may make minor edits to the online version, but the PDF will not be updated
#* Authors may propose major edits, improvements, or edits. This will trigger a new round of peer review (of the changes only) and a new PDF version
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:WikiJournal]][[Category:WikiJournal Preprints]]

{{wjm_h2|[[WikiJournal_User_Group/Potential_upcoming_articles|Articles currently in review]]}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Science for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to WikiJournal of Humanities for peer review|depth=1|showcount=on|mode=all}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Bourke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-25T14:19:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="155219" sha1="cihw4v53jbhyuiop7biplcn2goj1jvd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ['''National Portrait Gallery?''']
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberrlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice as and from Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''',  Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;'''Guendoline''' Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the eponymous protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô was published in 1896, the year before the ball (above left).[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="155973" sha1="8a3agkfbqoxlj25v2x4xv9bymxlz1ld" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leslie Ward - Vanity Fair, Newspapermen, ^Algy^, The Hon Algernon Henry Bourke, Januray 20, 1898 - B1979.14.521 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Hon. Algernon Bourke, ''Vanity Fair'', 1898]]

==Also Known As==
* Family name: Bourke [pronounced ''burk'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-07|title=Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=1222668659|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hon. Algernon Bourke
** Button Bourke&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Tory 'Reformer' at the India Office.&quot; ''India'' 10 November 1911, Friday: 4 [of 12], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004300/19111110/007/0004#. Print: same title, p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Algy Bourke
* Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke
** Gwendolen&lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Marriage Index}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|''Morning Post'' article about her name}} &lt;ref&gt;General Register Office. ''England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes''. London, England: General Register Office. FreeBMD. ''England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915''[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Electoral Register}}
** Guendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ['''National Portrait Gallery?''']
** Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; ''Westminster Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference: ''SPWP/PR/1/2''. Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Births and Baptisms}}
* Shelley Bontein and Emilie Sloane-Stanley Bontein
* See also the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|page for the Earl of Mayo]], the Hon. Algernon Bourke's father and then brother, and other Bourkes

== Overview ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===
Although the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke was born in Dublin in 1854 and came from a family whose title is in the Peerage of Ireland,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;1911 England Census.&lt;/ref&gt; he seems to have spent much of his adult life generally in England and especially in London. He was &quot;a noted fisherman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Correspondence.&quot; ''Freeman's Journal'' 21 December 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18971221/027/0005. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Because he was the son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]], perhaps, or perhaps because he was so involved in projects that got reported on, he was mentioned a great deal in the newspapers, but after his bankruptcy, he seems to have receded in prominence, in part because he was living outside of the U.K., and apparently separately from his wife, Gwendolen Bourke.

Bourke ran as the Conservative candidate for Parliament from Clapham (population, c. 70,000) in 1885, a race he did not win. As a candidate he is described like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Acted as a newspaper correspondent during the Zulu war. Subsequently Poor-law inspector in the West of Ireland. &quot;A loyal supporter of Church and State.&quot; Desires to reduce the School Board expenditure, and revive trade; and is opposed to Mr. Chamberlain's &quot;police of hasty and experimental reform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Clapham (70,000).&quot; ''South London Chronicle'' 17 October 1885, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000443/18851017/113/0005. Print title ''South London Chronicle and Southwark and Lambeth Ensign'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The London ''Weekly Dispatch'' says he is &quot;a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Algy&quot; Bourke was &quot;Man of the Day&quot; (No. DCCII [522) for ''Vanity Fair'' in 1898, caricatured by Leslie Ward (above right):&lt;blockquote&gt;Son of the great and murdered Lord Mayo, he is contemporary with the outbreak of the Crimean War, he is a Member of the London Stock Exchange, he has a beautiful wife and a daughter, and, being a very fashionable young man, he was once refused as their Member by the worthy electors of Clapham. He was an Eton boy, of course: and less naturally he went to Cambridge; where he was made President of the Beefsteak, the Amateur Dramatic, the Athenaeum, the True Blue, and the Hibernian Clubs. When he came down he tried journalism and went to Zululand as a ''Daily Telegraph'' ‘‘special”; after which he was improved into an Inspector of Workhouses [2, Col. 2c – 3, Col. 1a] in Ireland: which may account for his proficiency as a caterer. For seven years he worked under the late Mr. Chinnery on ''The Times'': being popularly supposed to look after that journal's morals. He is a good man of business, and a great organiser who has made White's Club pay even if it be less “smart&quot; than it was. He has done much for Willis’s since he took it in hand; he did well with his Battersea venture, and he thinks that he only failed with the Summer Club in Kensington Gardens because people would not go to the wrong side of the Park. Moreover, he runs a Club at Brighton, and he is Chairman of the Grand Hotel at Monte Carlo: whither he once organised a cheap trip. Altogether he is a veritable Clubman, and a very successful arranger of amusements, associations, and restaurants.

He is a popular fellow who is known to all of us; and though he is a little inclined to be quarrelsome, no one can get much the better of him. He is also a quick grasper of facts and a good talker. His favourite sports are fishing and the organising of associations for the introduction of salmon to the Thames. By way of being an art critic, he has made an interesting collection of engravings of the members of White’s Club from its foundation; but his friends say that he is not a well-dressed man. He has also written a history of White’s, and he is now writing one of Brooks's Club. He is a genial person, who looks as if the world agreed with him well.

He is an aquisition [sic] to a house party; and they call him “Algy.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Men of the Day.&quot; — No. DCCII [522]. The Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898, Thursday: 2 [of 4], Col. 2c – 3, Col. 3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9900020/18980120/010/0002 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/9900020/18980120/005/0003. Same print title, pp. 41–42. Portrait is full page, on p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke and Mr. Algernon Bourke, depending on the newspaper article, were the same person. Calling him Mr. Bourke in the newspapers, especially when considered as a businessman or (potential) member of Parliament, does not rule out the son of an earl, who would normally be accorded the honorific of ''Honorable''.

=== Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley Bourke ===

Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke exhibited at dog shows successfully and was a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Society Sportswomen|noted deerstalker]] and &quot;an appreciative listener to good music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vanity Fair.&quot; ''Lady of the House'' 15 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 44], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004836/18990615/019/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; Her personal beauty is often mentioned in reports, and ''The World'' says she was &quot;a magnificent woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Beauties of To-Day. From the ''World''.&quot; ''Clifton Society'' 24 June 1897, Thursday: 14 [of 16], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002164/18970624/066/0014. Same print and p.&lt;/ref&gt; She is the first listed in the ''Graphic''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s 1891 &quot;Leading Ladies of Society&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke is a daughter (Gwendoline Irene Emily) of the late Hans Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Poultons, Southampton, and 49, Cadogan Square, S.W. She married, on December 15th, 1887, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, third son of the sixth Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India (who was assassinated in 1872), and nephew of Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras. Mr. Bourke is a member of the London Stock Exchange, and resides at 33, Cadogan Terrace, S.W.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Leading Ladies of Society.&quot; The Graphic 28 March 1891, Saturday: 6 [of 28], Col. 2c [of 3]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18910328/019/0006. Print: same title, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;She attended many social events without her husband, especially into the 20th century, usually with an appreciative description of what she wore. She was a sponsor of Irish art needlework as well. Unlike her husband's, Gwendolen's social status seems to have risen as time passed, and she appears in stories associated with the Princess of Wales, and then later with Queen Alexandra.

=== The Sloane-Stanley Family ===
Gwendolen's family consisted of a younger brother, Cyril Sloane-Stanley, as well as her parents, Hans Sloane-Stanley and Emilie Edwards Sloane-Stanley. Exactly one year after she and Algernon Bourke married, Hans Sloane-Stanley died (in 1888), leaving an estate worth £33,704 7s. 5d.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (1888, 321) Her mother remarried almost exactly a year after that, to James Shelly Bontein. Bontein's father had been Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to Queen Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;&quot;Marriages.&quot; &quot;Births, Marriages, and Deaths.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 6 December 1889, Friday: 1 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18891206/001/0001. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after his death ''Truth'' described Gwendolen and Cyril's father Hans Sloane-Stanley:&lt;blockquote&gt;The death of Mr. Sloane Stanley, of Paultons Park, is much regretted in South Hants, as he was one of the most popular landlords in the county, and was greatly esteemed. Mr. Sloane Stanley was well known in yachting circles, and for many years he was Commodore of the Royal Southern Yacht Club, and owned the schooner ''Star of the West''. He was one of the very few owners who continued to keep up the old custom of giving his crew a laying-up supper at the close of each season. There were great festivities at Paultons only a few months ago, when Miss Sloane Stanley was married to Mr. Algernon Bourke.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entre Nous.&quot; ''Truth'' 27 December 1888, Thursday: 6 [of 48], Col. 2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18881227/023/0006]. Same print title, p. 1136.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;When he died in 1944, Cyril Sloane-Stanley's estate was quite a bit larger than his father's had been 50 years before. The probate was divided between what was limited to &quot;settled land&quot; and what was &quot;save and except settled land.&quot; What was not settled land totalled £356,114 12s. 10d. and went to John Everett, company director; the Hon. Elwyn Villiers Rhys, captain, H.M. army; and William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430) His daughter Lavender was married to John Everett, and Diane was married to Elwyn Villiers Rhys. What was settled land totalled £168,975 and went to William Adam de Geijer, retired captain, H.M. army, and George Lawrence Stewart, solicitor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; (1944, 430)

The Sloane-Stanleys descend from Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose 71,000-item collections &quot;provid[ed] the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library, and the Natural History Museum, London.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-07|title=Hans Sloane|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of this Hans Sloane's wealth came from his medical practice in Jamaica, where he went as physician to the Governor General of Jamaica, the 2nd Duke of Albemarle, and where he married &quot;a wealthy heiress of sugar plantations&quot; worked by enslaved Jamaicans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; His great-nephew, Hans Sloane, inherited Paultons, near Romsey, &quot;and in recognition of this he adopted the additional surname of Stanley in 1821.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-10-06|title=Hans Sloane (MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|journal=Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane_(MP)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Algernon Bourke ===

* Best man at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|his wedding]]: the Hon. Michael Sandys
* [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Marcus Henry Milner]], &quot;one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Caroline, Duchess of Montrose — her &quot;legal advisor&quot; on the day of her marriage to Marcus Henry Milner&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Metropolitan Notes.&quot; ''Nottingham Evening Post'' 31 July 1888, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18880731/025/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Bridesmaids at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|her wedding]]: Lady Florence Bourke, Miss Nora Bourke, Miss Edwards, and Miss Ewart
* Lord and Lady Alington, Belvedere House, Scarborough
* [[Social Victorians/People/William James|Evelyn James]] 

== Organizations ==

=== Gwendolen Bourke ===

* Member, the Ladies Committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] (Duchess of Argyll), the [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Duchess of Portland]], [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]], [[Social Victorians/People/Campbell|Lady Archibald Campbell]], [[Social Victorians/People/Ribblesdale|Lady Ribblesdale]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Asquith|Mrs. Asquith]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;&quot;What the 'World' Says.&quot; ''Northwich Guardian'' 01 November 1902, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001975/19021101/134/0006. Print title: The ''Guardian'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (in 1902, at least)

=== Algernon Bourke ===
* [[Social Victorians/Schools#Eton|Eton]]
* Cambridge University, Trinity College, 1873, Michaelmas term&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conservative Party
* 1879: Appointed a Poor Law Inspector in Ireland, Relief of Distress Act
* 1881: Partner, with 2 uncles, in Brunton, Bourke, and Co.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From Our London Correspondent.&quot; ''Manchester Courier'' 24 August 1881, Wednesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/18810824/030/0005. Print: ''Manchester Courier and Lancaster General Advertiser'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; (one of the [[Social Victorians/British Aristocracy#Sons of Peers on the Stock Exchange|sons of peers on the Stock Exchange]])
* 1885: Office of the 7th Surrey Rifles Regiment&lt;ref&gt;&quot;7th Surrey Rifles.&quot; ''South London Press'' 08 August 1885, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18850808/165/0012. Print p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1886: Battersea Friendly Angling Society&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Battersea Friendly Angling Society.&quot; ''Fishing Gazette'' 17 April 1886, Saturday: 6 [of 20], Col. 2a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002553/18860417/030/0006. Same print title, p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 27 February 1886: one of the Vice Presidents of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute|Bolingbroke Reading-Room and Institute]]
* Special Correspondent of The ''Times'' for the Zulu War, accompanying Lord Chelmsford
* Head, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, &quot;that well-known firm of stockbrokers&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; ( – 1901 [at least])
* White's gentleman's club, St. James's,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-09|title=White's|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White's|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%27s.&lt;/ref&gt; Manager (1897)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Side Lights on Drinking.&quot; ''Waterford Standard'' 28 April 1897, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001678/18970428/053/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Willis's Rooms (described in 1895):&lt;blockquote&gt;... the Hon. Algernon Burke [sic], son of the 6th Earl of Mayo, has turned the place into a smart restaurant where choice dinners are served and eaten while a stringed band discourses music. Willis's Rooms are now the favourite dining place for ladies who have no club of their own, or for gentlemen who are debarred by rules from inviting ladies to one of their own clubs. The same gentleman runs a hotel in Brighton, and has promoted several clubs. He has a special faculty for organising places of the kind, without which such projects end in failure.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lenten Dullness.&quot; ''Cheltenham Looker-On'' 23 March 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 24], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18950323/004/0011. Print p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Pelican|Pelican Club]], known for its boxing (1891)

==== Boards of Directors ====
*1883: One of the directors, the Franco-English Tunisian Esparto Fibre Supply Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;''Money Market Review'', 20 Jan 1883 (Vol 46): 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1891: One of the founders, the Discount Banking Company, Ltd., which says Algernon Bourke is a director of District Messenger Services and News Company, Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public Company.&quot; ''Nottingham Journal'' 31 October 1891, Saturday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001896/18911031/099/0004. Print title: ''The Nottingham Daily Express'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: One of the directors, the Frozen Lake, Ltd., with Admiral Maxse, Lord [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Marcus Beresford]], [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Frozen Lake, Limited.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 08 June 1894, Friday: 15 [of 16], Col. 4a [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940608/085/0015. Print p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;London is to have new amusement this winter, for which Mr Algernon Bourke, who has taught us that it is possible to eat as well in St. James’s as on the Boulevards, and Mr Hwfa Williams, of Sandown fame, are jointly responsible. The &quot;Frozen Lake,&quot; under which title a real ice-skating rink is about to be constructed under their auspices, will no doubt be gladly welcomed by all skaters, and the venture is likely to prove a success.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette, and General Advertiser'' 6 June 1894, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001444/18940606/044/0004. Print title: ''Weston-super-Mare Gazette'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Committees ====

*Member, General Committee, [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Baths|the Baths Club]] (1892)
*Member, Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Skating Club]], which also included Lord Edward Cecil, Lord Redesdale, Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Alfred Lyttelton]], Sir Edgar Vincent, Sir William Hart Dyke, and Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|W. H. Grenfell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (1902, at least)
*[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#25 March 1896, Wednesday|The Sala Memorial Fund]], member of the committee (from 25 March 1896)
* Member of an &quot;influential committee&quot; headed by the Lord Mayor &quot;to restore salmon to the Thames&quot; (June 1899)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Salmon in the Thames.&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 30 June 1899, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/18990630/079/0005. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

=== 1870s ===
'''1872 February 8''', Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was assassinated while inspecting a &quot;convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands ... by Sher Ali Afridi, a former Afghan soldier.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-12-01|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo.&lt;/ref&gt; The Hon. Algernon's brother Dermot became the 7th Earl at 19 years old.

'''1876 November 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of 6 men (2 students, one of whom was Bourke; 2 doctors; a tutor and another man) from Cambridge who gave evidence as witnesses in an inquest about the death from falling off a horse of a student.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Fatal Accident to a Sheffield Student at Cambridge.&quot; ''Sheffield Independent'' 25 November 1876, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000181/18761125/040/0007. Print title: ''Sheffield and Rotherham Independent'', n. p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1879 December 27, Saturday – 29, Monday''', Algernon Bourke was in Kilrush as a Local Government Board Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among many distinguished visitors at the Vandeleur Arms Hotel, Kilrush this week was the Hon. Algernon Bourke Local Government Board Inspector who arrived on Saturday, and sojourned there until 2 o'clock on Monday, when the honourable gentleman left by Steamer tor Limerick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashionable Intelligence.&quot; ''Kilrush Herald and Kilkee Gazette'' 01 January 1880, Thursday: 2 [of 5], Col. 3a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003186/18800101/011/0002. Print title ''Kilrush Herald'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1880s ===
'''4 February 1880, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880#Grand Ball at Palmerstown House Hosted by the Earl of Mayo|grand ball at Palmerstown House hosted by the Earl of Mayo]]. 

'''1880 March 30, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was working in the judicial system in Newcastle, County Limerick, possibly as Poorhouse Inspector:&lt;blockquote&gt;A sworn enquiry was held to-day at the Workhorse, Newcastle West, by the Hon Algernon Bourke, L.G.I., to enquire into charges preferred by Dr. Pierce, Medical Office, against Dr. O'Shaughnesay. The enquiry was adjourned till Thursday next. Mr Moran, sol., Rathkeale, was engaged for Dr. O'Shaughnessy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sworn Enquiry.&quot; &quot;Limerick County. Newcastle West Intelligence.&quot; ''Bassett's Chronicle'' 31 March 1880, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 3b–c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003471/18800331/044/0003.  Print title ''Bassett's Daily Chronicle'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1880 April 17, Saturday''', in-jokes dominate this report mentioning Algernon Bourke in the context of the Kildare and National Hunt races in Dublin:&lt;blockquote&gt;And in mopy Upper Mount-street, where young Algernon Bourke, of the Onety-oneth, had promised to call for, and afterwards spin down to the races in his mail phaeton, the Blake girls; and in fastidious Fitzwilliam-place, and exclusive &quot;Murryan-squeer,&quot; from which dashing army men, in their neatly-appointed, well horsed drags were to &quot;tool&quot; down sweet young Dublin lasses of the ''crême d la crême'' [sic], many an anxious forecasting of the weather was taken, lest by an unpropitious shower that last triumph of Mrs. Manning, or the Forrests, or Miss Sedford, or any of the ''grandes dames de la mode'' should be rendered as worthless as a Confederate &quot;greenback.&quot; But by ten o'clock all doubts were happily set aside, and up struck the lovely April day in all its spring-time glory and then the road, oh, the road!&lt;ref&gt;&quot;To Punchestown and Back by the Old Road.&quot; ''Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News'' 17 April 1880, Saturday: 6 [of 24], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001857/18800417/013/0006. Same print title, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1881 May 10, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#1881 May 10, Tuesday|wedding of Marion Lascelles, eldest daughter of the Hon. Egremont W. Lascelles, brother of the Earl of Harewood, and Lieutenant Henry Dent Brocklehurst, of the Second Life Guards, nephew of Mr. Philip Brocklehurst, of Swithamley Park, Macclesfield]]. His gift was an &quot;old enamelled watch set in pearls.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nuptial Rejoicings at Middlethorpe Manor. Marriage of Miss Lascelles and Lieut. Brocklehurst.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 14 May 1881, Saturday: 9 [of 12], Cols. 3a–4a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive''https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18810514/057/0009. Print same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 May 23, Monday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Honourables at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].

'''1881 July 14, Thursday afternoon, beginning about 2 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke was invited to a Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 1,500 or so invited guests.

'''1881 July 22, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to an [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#22 July 1881, Friday|evening party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1881 September 17, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was reported among the company at Doncaster during race week.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of the Company.&quot; ''York Herald'' 17 September 1881, Saturday: 8 [of 16], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18810917/183/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was sued in Dublin by Henry Naylor because he &quot;had declined to pay&quot; for a £35 piano.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry Naylor v. the Hon. Algernon Bourke.&quot; &quot;Exchequer Division.&quot; &quot;High Court of Justice.&quot; ''Belfast Morning News'' 23 November 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000428/18811123/015/0003. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1881 December 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1881#Battue at Palmerstown|battue at Palmerstown]], when the group bagged 172 pheasants, hares and rabbits.

'''1882 March 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#7 March 1882, Tuesday|fashionable wedding of Reginald Chandos-Pole and Violet Denison]].

'''1882 March 15, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Assembly|the Marchioness of Salisbury's first reception of the season]].

'''1882 July 13, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1882-07-13 Marlborough House Garden Party|Garden Party at Marlborough House for Queen Victoria]] hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]]. The more than 1,000 people invited also included a number of people from the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]].

'''1882 September 28, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1882#The Wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart|wedding of John M'Donald and Georgiana Lambart]].

'''1883 March 21, Wednesday''', the Evening Irish Times announced that Algernon Bourke &quot;has arrived at Kingstown from England.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Fashion.&quot; ''Evening Irish Times'' 21 March 1883, Wednesday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830321/086/0007. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''23 July 1883, Monday, noon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Garden Party at Marlborough House, at Noon|garden party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''31 October 1883, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe|Lady Cecelia Hay and Captain George Webbe]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1884 February 16, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#16 February 1884, Saturday|the funeral of Thomas Chenery, editor of the ''Times'']].

'''1884 April 4, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was (may have been?) one of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#5 April 1884, Saturday|&quot;Supporters of the Pall&quot; at the funeral]] of [[Social Victorians/People/Leopold|Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany]] at St. George's, Windsor.

'''1884 April 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#26 April 1884, Saturday|dinner party at the Lord Mayor's Mansion House for conservatives to meet Sir Stafford Northcote]].

'''1884 May 3, Saturday''', the &quot;Rochester Conservatives&quot; announced that they would &quot;bring forward the Hon. Algernon Bourke, brother of Lord Mayo, as their second candidate,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Election Intelligence.&quot; ''Yorkshire Gazette'' 03 May 1884, Saturday: 4 [of 12], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000266/18840503/011/0004.&lt;/ref&gt; but because he would not be the first candidate, Bourke declined.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rochester.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 09 May 1884, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/18840509/049/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1884 June 18, Wednesday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was on a committee to watch a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#18 June 1884, Wednesday|Mr. Bishop's &quot;thought-reading&quot; experiment]], which was based on a challenge by Henry Labourchere made the year before. This &quot;experiment&quot; took place before a fashionable audience.

'''1884 July 25, Friday, afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1884#Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales|Garden Party at Marlborough House hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1885 January 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's gift to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Wedding of George Buckle and Alicia Payn|George Buckle and Alicia Payn for their wedding]] was an antique cabinet.

'''1885 July 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#7 July 1885, Tuesday|Eva Bourke's wedding to Windham Wyndham-Quin]] at St. Mary Abbots, Kensington.

'''1885 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bouurke was at Victoria Station as part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#Arrival of Lord Wolseley in London from Egypt|crowd greeting Lord Wolseley on his return from Egypt]].

'''1885 July 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/1885-07-24 Marlborough House Ball|ball at Marlborough House]] hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1885 September 26, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1885#26 September 1885, Saturday|Ealing Conservative Club fete and meeting]] supporting Salisbury's government and condemning &quot;the dictates of one man&quot; — Gladstone — for Gordon's death.

'''1885 October 3, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was named as the Conservative candidate for Clapham in the Battersea and Clapham borough after the Redistribution Bill determined the electoral districts for South London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;South London Candidates.&quot; ''South London Press'' 03 October 1885, Saturday: 9 [of 16], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851003/096/0009. Print p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; On Sunday 15 November 1885 the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' supported Moulton, the Liberal candidate, who ultimately won the election:&lt;blockquote&gt;

Though a successful lawyer, Mr. Moulton is much more than that. He is a thorough and independent student of political science, who may be trusted to do good service to the Liberal cause with brain as well as with tongue. It will be matter for hearty congratulation if he defeats the Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke, who is a dashing and unscrupulous young Tory, and a nephew of the well-known politician with the same surname.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Political Campaign in London. VI. — The South-West Divisions.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 15 November 1885, Sunday: 9 [of 16], Col. 3c [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18851115/069/0009. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On Saturday 21 November 1885 the ''South London Press'' reported on posters for Bourke's candidacy:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Hon. Algernon Bourke, Conservative candidate for Clapham, has a very industrious billsticker, who pastes up his patron’s bills in every possible place where they can be seen to advantage. It is unfortunate, however, that choosing the flank wall of an auctioneer’s the modern &quot;Sam Slap&quot; has produced some curious combinations, such as — &quot;Vote for Bourke,&quot; &quot;Now on View;&quot; &quot;Electors of Clapham, Vote for Mr. Bourke, and&quot; &quot;Be Sold Without Reserve;&quot; &quot;Mr, Bourke will&quot; &quot;Advance Money to&quot; &quot;the Electors of Clapham;&quot; &quot;Great Conservative Meeting. The British Constitution will be&quot; &quot;Offered for Sale this Evening,&quot; &amp;c.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pick-up Notes.&quot; ''South London Press'' 21 November 1885, Saturday: 10 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000213/18851121/155/0010. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1885 November 3, Tuesday, 11:00 a.m.''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Mayo-Ponsonby Wedding 1885-11-03|wedding of his brother, Dermot, 7th  Earl of Mayo and Geraldine Ponsonby]]. He gave them 2 Sheraton secretaires.

'''1886 January 5, Tuesday, late''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Twelfth Night|Twelfth Night celebration at the Drury Lane theatre]].

'''1886 March 13, Saturday evening''', an Hon. Mr. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/1886-03-13 Reception at the French Embassy|reception at the French Embassy]], possibly Algernon Bourke or possibly [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|one of his brothers]].

'''1886 July 10, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon Bourke was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Garden Party at Marlborough House Given to the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House given to the Queen]]. Gwendolen Sloane Stanley is not mentioned but Mr. and Mrs. Hans Sloane Stanley are, as are Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane Stanley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1886 July 21, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/1886-07-21 Marlborough House Ball|Ball at Marlborough House]], as were a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#The Sloane-Stanleys 2|Mr. and Mrs. F. Sloane-Stanley]], possibly the parents of Gwendolen Sloane-Stanley (if the &quot;F&quot; is a mistake), who married Bourke on 15 December 1887. Gwendolen is not mentioned as having been invited.

'''1886 July 27, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended a service honoring a memorial at St. Paul's for his father, who had been assassinated.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memorial to the Late Earl of Mayo.&quot; ''Northern Whig'' 28 July 1886, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000434/18860728/143/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 September 2, Thursday''', Mr. Algernon Bourke was part of a group of mostly aristocratic men taking part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's A Run of Luck|a &quot;trial-rehearsal&quot; as part of Augustus Harris's production]] ''A Run of Luck'', about sports.

'''1886 October 2, Saturday''', the Duke of Beaufort and the Hon. Algernon Bourke arrived in Yougal: &quot;His grace has taken a residence at Lismore for a few weeks, to enjoy some salmon fishing on the Blackwater before the close of the season.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chippenham.&quot; ''Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard'' 02 October 1886, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001955/18861002/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1886 October 11, Monday''', Algernon Bourke may have been taking part in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Performance of Run of Luck|performance of ''Run of Luck'' at the Drury Lane]].

'''1886 October 23, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Party at Wemyss Castle, Fife|staying at Wemyss Castle, Fife]].

'''1886 December 30, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke was back in London and attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1886#Augustus Harris's The Forty Thieves|&quot;Forty Thieves&quot; pantomime at the Drury Lane Theatre]].

'''1887 January 5, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was one of the chief mourners at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke|funeral of Lady Margaret Harriett Bourke]].

'''1887 March 1, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon Bourke is listed among the Messieurs attending the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1887 May''', a &quot;signalling incident&quot; in 1907 [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', caused the incident to be publicized:&lt;blockquote&gt;During the manoeuvres in connection with the 1887 Jubilee of Queen Victoria a signal was observed going up from [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles [Beresford]]]'s ship. It was a message to his wife, Lady Beresford, to the effect that, as he should be late for dinner, she was not to wait. Beyond the hilarity this domestic signal evoked, nothing more would have been heard of it, but Mr. Algernon Bourke (Lord Mayo's brother) was acting as special correspondent for the &quot;Times,&quot; and that paper the next morning contained a full and humorous report of the incident. Then there was trouble.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Signalling Incident.&quot; ''Evening News'' (Waterford) 13 November 1907, Wednesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004557/19071113/021/0001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1887 June 15, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians Foreign Office Reception 1887-06-15|reception at the Foreign Office in honor of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].

'''1887 July 6, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was invited to and, presumably, attended the State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The State Ball at Buckingham Palace.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 08 July 1887, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5a–6c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18870708/013/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)

'''1887 August 6, Saturday''', the ''Brighton Gazette'' says that the &quot;Hon. Mrs and Mr Algernon Bourke&quot; were staying at the Royal Crescent Hotel in Brighton, but they didn't marry until 15 December 1887.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Royal Crescent Hotel.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 6 August 1887, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/18870806/047/0003. Print title ''Brighton Gazette and Sussex Telegraph'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Perhaps an elder relative, because she is mentioned first?

'''1887 November 9, Wednesday''', the ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'' announced that&lt;blockquote&gt;A marriage is arranged, and will take place early in January, between Mr. Algernon Bourke, third son of the late Earl of Mayo, and Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley, only daughter of Mr. Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Romsey, Nov. 9.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 9 November 1887, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18871109/034/0003. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Shortly after, the papers announced that the wedding would not take place.

'''1887 December 15, Thursday''', Hon. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#Wedding of Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Sloane Stanley|Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Stanley were married at St. Paul's]], Knightsbridge, by Bourke's uncle the Hon. and Rev. George Bourke. Only family members attended because of &quot;the recent death of a near relative of the bride.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 16 December 1887, Friday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18871216/066/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Who the &quot;near relative of the bride&quot; was not in her nuclear family, and perhaps that explains the cancellation of the wedding and then the changing of the wedding date and not some problem in the couple.

'''1888 – 1899 January 1''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was &quot;proprietor&quot; of [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club, St. James's Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;&quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke's Affairs.&quot; ''Eastern Morning News'' 19 October 1899, Thursday: 6 [of 8], Col. 7c [of7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18991019/139/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1888 January 21, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Hamilton-Ewart Wedding|Florence Ewart and Henry Hamilton]].

'''1888 March 7, Wednesday''', assuming that this date is not a week after the actual date, [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lady Charles Beresford]] held a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#1888 March 7, Wednesday|notable and well-attended &quot;at home&quot;]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended, reported for being dressed in white and being among the beautiful women present.

'''6 April 1888, Friday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#6 April 1888, Friday|New Forest United Hunt ball at the New Forest Hall, Lyndhurst]].

'''1888 May 2, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#The Marchioness of Salisbury's Reception|Marchioness of Salisbury's reception]] at the Salisbury home on Arlington-street.

'''1888 May 22, Tuesday''', the Dowager Countess of Mayo presented Gwendolen Bourke at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Queen's Drawing Room|Queen's drawing-room]] hosted by the Princess of Wales. This is Gwendolen Bourke's dress:&lt;blockquote&gt;Empire robe de cour of white satin duchesse, lined with rich pink silk, sufficiently bright to give a beautiful shell-like tint through the satin; tulle underdress, with upper skirt, embroidered with pearl, and caught up in Greek folds with large pink Tosca roses; white satin bodice, with Josephine pink sash tied at side, Headdress, veil and plumes; ornaments, diamonds.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dresses at the Drawing-Room.&quot; ''Epsom Journal'' 22 May 1888, Tuesday: 3 [of 6], Col. 5b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspapers Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004837/18880522/034/0003. Print: title ''Local Journal'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Another description:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke's train was of white satin lined with pink, which showed through with charmingly shell-like effect. The dress, fashioned after those of the Empire period, was of white satin embroidered with pearls. A very broad sash of pink satin made the waist seem quaintly short, a trying thing to any but the young and tall, both of which qualifications Mrs. Bourke most happily possesses. She carried a lovely posy of La France roses.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gossip on Dress.&quot; ''Boston Spa News'' 25 May 1888, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1b–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003395/18880525/014/0002. Print title The News, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 1c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1888 June 8, Friday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House|dinner and dance Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne at Hamilton House]] featuring Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, and for the ball, the King of Sweden and Norway and the Prince and Princess of Wales and their daughters were present.

'''1888 June 19, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was one of the principal guests at the wedding of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#19 June 1888, Tuesday|Captain Philip Green and Miss Mabel Emilie Scott]].

'''1888 July 26''', [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Caroline Graham Stirling-Crawford]] (known as Mr. Manton for her horse-breeding and -racing operations) and Marcus Henry Milner married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&quot;Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley-Beresford.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://thepeerage.com/p6863.htm#i68622|title=Person Page|website=thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Nottingham Evening Post'' of 31 July 1888,&lt;blockquote&gt;LONDON GOSSIP.

(From the ''World''.)

The marriage of &quot;Mr. Manton&quot; was the surprise as well the sensation of last week. Although some wise people noticed a certain amount of youthful ardour in the attentions paid by Mr. Marcus Henry Milner to Caroline Duchess of Montrose at '''Mrs. Oppenheim's ball''', nobody was prepared for the sudden ''dénouement''; '''and it''' were not for the accidental and unseen presence [[Social Victorians/People/Mildmay|a well-known musical amateur]] who had received permission to practice on the organ, the ceremony performed at half-past nine on Thursday morning at St. Andrew's, Fulham, by the Rev. Mr. Propert, would possibly have remained a secret for some time to come. Although the evergreen Duchess attains this year the limit of age prescribed the Psalmist, the bridegroom was only born in 1864. Mr. &quot;Harry&quot; Milner (familiarly known in the City as &quot;Millions&quot;) was one of the zealous assistants of that well-known firm of stockbrokers, Messrs. Bourke and Sandys, and Mr. Algernon Bourke, the head of the house (who, of course, takes a fatherly interest in the match) went down to Fulham to give away the Duchess. The ceremony was followed by a ''partie carrée'' luncheon at the Bristol, and the honeymoon began with a visit to the Jockey Club box at Sandown. Mr. Milner and the Duchess of Montrose have now gone to Newmarket. The marriage causes a curious reshuffling of the cards of affinity. Mr. Milner is now the stepfather of the [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Duke of Montrose]], his senior by twelve years; he is also the father-in-law of [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lord Greville]], Mr. Murray of Polnaise, and [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Lord Breadalbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 1st week''', according to &quot;Society Gossip&quot; from the ''World'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was suffering from malaria, presumably which he caught when he was in South Africa:&lt;blockquote&gt;I am sorry to hear that Mr. Algernon Bourke, who married Miss Sloane-Stanley a short time ago, has been very dangerously ill. Certain complications followed an attack of malarian fever, and last week his mother, the Dowager Lady Mayo, and his brother, Lord Mayo, were hastily summoned to Brighton. Since then a change for the better has taken place, and he is now out of danger.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip. What the ''World'' Says.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 08 December 1888, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18881208/037/0002. Print title: ''The Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''; print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1888 December 20, Thursday''', the Sloane-Stanley family, including Gwendolen Bourke, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1888#20 December 1888, Thursday|funeral of Hans Sloane Stanley]]. Algernon Bourke did not attend because he was still too ill.

'''1889 January 22, 2:30 p.m., Tuesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke sent a gift for the [[Social Victorians/Cecil Lambton Wedding 1889 January 22|wedding of Lady Eleanor Lambton and Lord Robert]] Cecil, a pair of antique mirrors.

'''1889 May 18, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#18 May 1889, Saturday|opening of the Italian Opera season at Covent Garden]].

'''1889 May 27, Monday, 11 p.m.''', the dancing commenced at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]], with both the Hon. Algernon and the Hon. Gwendolen Bourke present.

'''1889 June 8, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke contributed some art he owned to the collection of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours' [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#8 June 1889, Saturday|exhibition of &quot;the works of the 'English Humourists in Art.'&quot;]]

'''1889 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke sat in the Muriettas' box at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#The Shah at a Covent Garden Opera Performance|gala performance at Covent Garden also attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a number of other royals and the Shah]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 27 July, Saturday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Garden Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris|garden party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Augustus Harris]], which was attended by a people from the theatre and arts worlds.&lt;p&gt;

'''1889 December 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourk's mother, Emilie Sloane-Stanley, married James Shelly Bontein:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

BONTEIN—STANLEY — December 2, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, by the Rev. G. S. de Sansmarez, James Shelly, only son of the late James Bontein, Gentleman Usher and Clerk of the Robes to the Queen, to Emilie Josephine, widow of Hans Sloane Stanley, of Paultons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1890s ===
'''1890 January 9, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The York Hunt Ball|fancy-dress Hunt Ball in York]]. She&lt;blockquote&gt;looked a picture in a Gainsborough gown. The white satin skirt was flounced with sable and veiled with ''chiffon'', the setuage of which was left to show without being hemmed up. There was a broad sash of rose-pink silk and each buttonhole was filled round with crimped lisse.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Our London Letter.&quot; ''Irish Society'' (Dublin) 11 January 1890, Saturday: 17 [of 24], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001939/18900111/042/0017. Same print title, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 February''' '''12, Wednesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Lady Constance Leslie's Reception|Lady Constance Leslie's reception]] at her house in Stratford-place.

'''1890 April 9, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The New Forest United Hunt Ball|the New Forest United Hunt Ball]].

'''1890 June 3, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the 2:30 p.m. [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Münster-Hay Wedding|wedding of Count Alexander Münster and Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance Hay]]. She is also listed as having attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Concert Hosted by Mrs. Arthur Williams and Ball by Mrs. Menzies|ball hosted by Mrs. J. Menzies (daughter of Mrs. Arthur Wilson)]] that Prince Eddie, the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, also attended, that night.  

'''1890 July 4, Friday, 11 p.m.''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#The Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00. 

'''1890 July 15, Tuesday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Garden Party at Marlborough House to Meet the Queen|garden party at Marlborough House to meet the Queen]]. 

'''1890 July 19, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner|wedding of James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine and Violet Aline Vyner]], the two of them giving &quot;four small silver dessert dishes&quot; and Gwendolen giving an &quot;enamel and diamond pin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Loughborough with Miss Vyner.&quot; ''Fife Free Press'' 26 July 1890, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1a–2b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001110/18900726/015/0002. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 2b)

'''1890 July 24, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Dinner and Dance Hosted by Lord Alington|dance hosted by Lord Alington]] attended also by the Prince and Princess of Wales and Princesses Victoria and Maud.

'''1890 September 6, Saturday''', the ''Country Gentleman'' (as it was called at the time) reported that &quot;Muckross, the only deer forest in Ireland, it may be said, has this year been rented by Mr. Algernon Bourke, who will next week be joined there for the stalking season by his brother, Lord Mayo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shooting. Moors, Forests, and Fishings.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 06 September 1890, Saturday: 11 [of 38], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18900906/065/0011. Print: ''Country Gentleman'', p. 1251.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 October 1890 the ''St. James's Gazette'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Durham has been staying at Muchross, county Kerry, on a visit to the Hon. A. Bourke, who has rented the celebrated shootings and fishings on that estate for the autumn.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Society.&quot; ''St James's Gazette'' 11 October 1890, Saturday: 12 [of 16], Col. 1b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18901011/064/0012. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1890 October 25, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke gave a gold-mounted box to [[Social Victorians/Loder De Vere Beauclerk Wedding|Lady Louise De Vere Beauclerk on her wedding to Gerald Loder, M.P.]], so they were probably present at the wedding, or at least the reception. Mrs. Bontein [sic Bontine], Gwendolen's mother, gave a silver box, suggesting the relationship was through the women.

'''1890 November 29, 11:30 Saturday morning''', Algernon Bourke's gift for the [[Social Victorians/Dudley-Beckwith Wedding 1890-11-29|wedding of the Hon. Francis Dudley and Miss Forbes Beckwith]] was some cases of a Bordeaux wine: &quot;three dozen Cantenac, 1875 vintage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Lord Leigh's Heir. Descriptive Sketch of the Ceremony, and Full List of Guests and Presents.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 6 December 1890, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Cols. 1a–4a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18901206/021/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3b}} Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having been invited to the reception, but this list from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' has some gaps.

'''1890 December 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended the [[Mure-Portal Wedding 1890-12-04|wedding of Miss Mure and Mr. S. J. Portal]]. Their gift is not recorded.

'''1891 January''', Algernon Bourke took party in a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Shooting Party in Kallarnet, Totton|shooting party in Kallarnet, Totton]].

'''1891 June 24, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne|dinner and ball Hosted by Lord and Lady Wimborne]] featuring Princess Mary Adelaide, the Duke of Teck, and Princess Victoria.

'''1891 July 9, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/1891-07-09 Garden Party|large Garden Party at Marlborough House]] hosted by the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]] in honor of Queen Victoria and the German Emperor and Empress. The more than 3,000 people invited also included a number of people from the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|family of the Earl of Mayo]].

'''1891 July 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Dinner and Dance at Alington House|dance at the Earl and Countess Alington]]'s that also included the Prince and Princess of Wales.

'''1891 October 22, Thursday''', Hon. and Mrs. Bourke attended at least the reception of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1891#Le Strange Astley Wedding|Le Strange—Astley Wedding]], although perhaps the couple is not the Algernon Bourkes.

'''1891 November 22, Sunday''', the London ''Weekly Dispatch'' reports a performance by American &quot;Lady Magnet&quot; Mrs. Abbott, who claimed to be able to lift anybody using only her magnetic properties. An enthusiastic &quot;committee of some fifteen gentlemen presented a written and signed testimonial&quot; supporting Mrs. Abbott, &quot;the Hon. Algernon Bourke, Professor Atkinson, Dr. Hides, and three other doctors who prefer to remain incog., being among the signatories. All the medical gentlemen concerned assured the ''Evening News and Post'' reporter of their complete and unconditional surrender. One of them went so far as to say that he had come with the full determination of disbelieving, but had been quite able to act up to his resolve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Lady Magnet. Draws Crowds of People Who Divide in Opinion about Her.&quot; ''Weekly Dispatch'' (London) 22 November 1891, Sunday: 16 [of 16], Cols. 3a–4b [of 4]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003358/18911122/203/0016. Print: same title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke privately published his ''The History of White's'', the exclusive gentleman's club.

'''1892 January 27, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the very fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#The Wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour|wedding of Lord Henry Cavendish Bentinck, M.P., and Lady Olivia Taylour]]. Their gift was not noted in the list.

'''1892 February''' '''10, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|very fashionable wedding of Henry, Lord Alington and Evelyn Henriette Leigh]] [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|in St. Paul's, Knightsbridge]]

'''1892 April''' '''10, Wednesday, about 2:30 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/1892-02-10 Alington Leigh Wedding|the very fashionable wedding between Henry Sturt, Lord Alington and Evelyn Leigh]]. Her gift was a &quot;tortoiseshell and gold heart-shaped tray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;&quot;Lord Alington to Miss Leigh.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 February 1892, Saturday: 21 [of 46], Cols. 1a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920220/092/0021. Same print title, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt; (Col. 3a) 

'''1892 June 25, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says &quot;That pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke has been staying here, but returned to England in time for Ascot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Little Bird, The. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 25 June 1892, Saturday: 32 [of 60], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18920625/157/0032. Same print title, p. 860.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1892 December 13, Tuesday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' says Gwendolen Bourke is lovely in its coverage of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#Wedding of Miss Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington|Eleanor M. Ewart and Captain Guy Withington's wedding]]. 

'''1892 December 22, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1892#22 December 1892, Thursday|monthly meeting of the Zoological Society in Hanover-square]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 February 11, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke opened Willis's Restaurant:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke has in his time done many things, and has generally done them well. His recently published history of White's Club is now a standard work. White's Club itself was a few years ago in its agony when Mr. Bourke stepped in and gave it a renewed lease of life. Under Mr. Bourke's auspices &quot;Willis's Restaurant&quot; opened its doors to the public on Tuesday last in a portion of the premises formerly so well known as Willis's Rooms. This new venture is to rival the Amphitryon in the matter of cuisine and wines; but it is not, like the Amphitryon, a club, but open to the public generally. Besides the restaurant proper, there are several ''cabinets particuliers'', and these are decorated with the very best of taste, and contain some fine portraits of the Georges.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Letter from the Linkman.&quot; ''Truth'' 20 April 1893, Thursday: 25 [of 56], Col. 1a [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002961/18930420/075/0025]. Print p. 855.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1893 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1893 February 7, Tuesday|the reception after Lady Emily Cadogan's wedding]].

'''1893 February 20, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke is listed as having attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace|Queen's Levee at St. James's Palace]] held by the Prince of Wales; because wives generally are not listed, it seems likely Gwendolen Bourke attended as well.

'''1893 February 28, Tuesday, 3:00 p.m.''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Queens Drawing Room 1893-02-28|Queen's Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1893 March 22, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#22 March 1893, Wednesday|Lady Wimborne's reception]].

'''1893 April 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Times'', reprinted in the ''Kildare Observer'', arguing against Gladstone's Home Rule bill on the grounds that Ireland would not be able to take out a loan on its own behalf because of its obligations to the U.K., including what was called its share of the national debt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Irish Unionist Alliance.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 01 April 1893, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/18930401/062/0006. Print: The ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 May 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was seen at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#13 May 1893, Saturday|exhibitions of art and furniture for sale by Christie's and on display by Lord Clifden]].

'''1893 July 13, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|Countess of Listowel's Garden Party]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#The Countess of Listowel's Garden Party|at her residence, Kingston House, Princes-gate]], accompanied by Miss Adeane.

'''1893 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Sandown Races 1893-07-14|the races at Sandown]] wearing a dark-blue-and-white outfit and black hat that got described in the newspaper.

'''1893 August 1, Tuesday – August 4, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke, at least, was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#1 August 1893, Tuesday – 4 August 1893, Friday|the Goodwood races]], mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' for her beauty, although none of the dresses were noted.

'''1893 November 4–11, Wednesday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#Ralph and Mary Sneyd Hosted a Shooting Party|shooting party at Keele Hall hosted by Ralph and Mary Sneyd]].

'''1893 November 30, Thursday''', with Sir Walter Gilbey the Hon. Algernon Bourke &quot;assisted&quot; in &quot;forming [a] collection&quot; of engravings by George Morland that was exhibited at Messrs. J. and W. Vokins’s, Great Portland-street.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The George Morland Exhibition at Vokins's.&quot; ''Sporting Life'' 30 November 1893, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/18931130/058/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 14, Thursday, afternoon''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1893-12-14 Wedding Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex|wedding of American Adele Grant and George, 7th Earl of Essex]] and gave a &quot;pearl and gold box.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;&quot;Wedding of the Earl of Essex.&quot; ''Herts Advertiser'' 16 December 1893, Saturday; 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000415/18931216/125/0008. Print title: ''The Herts Advertiser and St Albans Times'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3c}} Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein also attended, and Mrs. Bontein gave a &quot;green leather bag and purse, with coronet and monogram in gold.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3b}}

'''1894 January 27, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#27 January 1894, Saturday|ball hosted by Lord and Lady Dunraven at Adare Manor]] that Gwendolen Bourke attended.

'''1894 January 31, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke, who was dressed more stylishly than most, attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Also 31 January 1894, Wednesday|Kildare Hunt Ball]] hosted by Dermot, [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] and Geraldine, Countess of Mayo.

'''1894 February 24, Saturday''', ''The Field'' reported on a series of tennis matches; Algernon Bourke attended the one played at the Prince's Club.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tennis.&quot; ''Field'' 24 February 1894, Saturday: 39 [of 72], Col. 1c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002446/18940224/349/0039. Print title ''The Field, The Country Gentleman's Newspaper'', p. 249.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 March 31, Saturday''', Psyche, in the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'', says that &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has still further embellished Willis's restaurant hard by [the St. James's Theatre], by the addition of some valuable old tapestry that lately came to the hammer at Christie's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 31 March 1894, Saturday: 16 [of 56], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940331/081/0016. Same print title, p. 408.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1894 April 13, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke set sail on the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#P. and O. Line S.S. Rome for Gibraltar|P. and O. Line ''S.S. Rome'' for Gibraltar]] along with her stepfather, Mr. Shelley Bontein, and her brother, Mr. Sloane Stanley.

'''31 May 1894, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Reception at Devonshire House|Duchess of Devonshire's reception at Devonshire House]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 18, Monday''', the London ''Echo'' reported that Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Brooks'|writing a history of Brooks' Club]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 June 20, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne Opened the Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries|Annual Sale of the Scottish Home Industries]]; her outfit was described in the article in ''Lady's Pictorial''.

'''1894 August 2, Thursday''', the column &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird&quot; says, &quot;At Willis' [restaurant] — 'What a smart cotillon Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave on Thursday evening.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, The Little. &quot;Overheard by the Little Bird.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 04 August 1894, Saturday: 30 [of 56], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18940804/148/0030. Print title same, p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's, was a restaurant Algernon Bourke opened in 1893.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 September 7, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#7 September 1894, Saturday|shooting party at Witley]], which had been loaned to one of his brothers by William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley.&lt;p&gt;

'''1894 October 22, Thursday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#Wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman|luncheon after the wedding of Lord Connemara and Mrs. Coleman]].

'''1894 November 3, Saturday''', Psyche, in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; for the Gentlewoman, reported that Gwendolen Bourke had been [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#3 November 1894, Saturday|seen shopping in London]].

'''1895 January 5, Saturday, 2:00 p.m.''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke gave an old mother-of-pearl workbox to [[Wolverton-Ward Wedding 1895-01-05|Lady Edith Ward for her wedding to Frederick Glyn, Lord Wolverton]] and presumably attended the wedding and reception afterwards.&lt;p&gt;

'''1895 February 23, Saturday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#23 February 1895, Saturday|fashionable wedding of Laurence Currie and Edith Sibyl Mary Finch]]. Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended, but she is not noted as absent, either. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, probably explaining Gwendolen's absence.

'''1895 March 24, Sunday – 30 March, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#24, Sunday – 30 March 1895, Saturday|enjoying the sunny weather in Brighton]].

'''1895 April 27, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#1895 April 27, Saturday|wedding of Norah Bourke and Henry E. A. Lindsay]]. Again, Gwendolen Bourke is not listed as having attended. Daphne Bourke was born on 5 April 1895, and Psyche, writing the &quot;Social Peepshow&quot; column in the Gentlewoman, says,&lt;blockquote&gt;

I regret to hear of the serious illness of Mrs. Algernon Bourke, whose first child was born a fortnight ago. It is feared that the attack is of the nature of typhoid, but happily the patient's strength keeps up. Mrs. Bourke is at her mother's house in Clarges-street.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 27 April 1895, Saturday: 28 [of 84], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18950427/147/0028. Same print title, p. 506.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1895 July 13, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke donated 10s. to the ''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Daily Telegraph'' National Shilling Testimonial to W. G. Grace.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 13 July 1895, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18950713/079/0007. Print: ''Daily Telegraph'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 August 24, Saturday''', &quot;Marmaduke&quot; in the ''Graphic'' says that Algernon Bourke &quot;opened a cyclists' club in Chelsea.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marmaduke.&quot; &quot;Court and Club.&quot; The ''Graphic'' 24 August 1895, Saturday: 11 [of 32], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/18950824/017/0011. Print p. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#24 October 1902, Friday|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the]] season.if the newspapers were right that 1902 was the 7th season. He also was planning a bicycling club for Kensington Gardens to open the following season.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ethel Morell (Miss). &quot;Pins and Needles.&quot; ''Hull Daily News'' 12 October 1895, Saturday: 24 [of 40], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003443/18951012/024/0024. Print title: ''Hull News Supplement'', p. 1[6? 8?].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1895 October 7, Monday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Adeane-Cator Wedding|Maud Adeane–John Cator wedding]].

'''1895 December 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen and Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Sneyd Party to Meet the Duke of Coburg|shooting party at the Sneyds' to meet the Duke of Coburg]].

'''1895 December 18, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1895#Wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke|wedding of Lady Albreda Fitzwilliam and the Hon. Charles Bourke]]. Their gift is not noted in the newspaper account.

'''1896 March 17, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#17 March 1896, Tuesday|annual dinner of the Cymmrodorion, or the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]], a society for Welsh culture and history.

'''1896 April 21, Monday''', Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke sent a gift — a &quot;box for miniature&quot; — for [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Monday, 1896 April 27|the wedding of Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes]].

'''1896 May 21, Thursday''', the Hon. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Mrs. C. H. Wilson's Ball|Mrs. C. H. Wilson's ball in Grosvenor-square, London]].

'''1896 May 26, Tuesday,  through 28 May, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Coming of Age of Mr Sloane Stanley|3-day celebration in honor of the coming of age of her brother, Cyril Sloane Stanley]].

'''1896 June 15, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner and Dance Hosted by the Countess of Huntingdon|dance hosted by the Earl and Countess of Huntingdon]] after their dinner party.

'''1896 July 13, Monday''', Algernon Bourke (listed among the &quot;Honourables&quot;) and Mrs. A. Bourke (Listed among the &quot;Honourable Ladies&quot;) were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace|Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]].

'''1896 June 29, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Cadogan-Scott Wedding 1896-06-29|wedding and reception of Lady Sophie Cadogan and Sir Samuel Scott]]. Algernon Bourke published a letter to the editor of the ''Daily Telegraph'' about White's Club — and thus Bourke's — &quot;[[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Summer Club|Summer Club]]&quot; in Kensington Park, the subject of a little controversy.

'''1896 July 21, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Dinner Hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar|dinner hosted by Sir Horace and Lady Farquhar in Grosvenor-square]].

'''1896 August 5, Wednesday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#5 August 1896|wedding of the Hon. Terence Bourke and Miss Eveline Haines]] and gave the bride an &quot;enamel muff chain.&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 August 10, Monday''', the Morning Leader reported that the Hon. Algernon Bourke, for the Foreign Office, received Li Hung Chang at St. Paul's:&lt;blockquote&gt;At St. Paul's Li Hung was received by Field-Marshal Simmons, Colonel Lane, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, of the Foreign Office (who made the necessary arrangements for the visit) and Canon Newbolt, on behalf of the Dean and Chapter. A crowd greeted Li with a cheer as he drove up in Lord Lonsdale’s striking equipage, and his Excellency was carried up the steps in an invalid chair by two stalwart constables. He walked through the centre door with his suite, and was immediately conducted by Canon Newbolt to General Gordon’s tomb in the north aisle, where a detachment of boys from the Gordon Home received him as a guard of honor.

Li inspected the monument with marked interest, and drew the attention of his suite to the remarkable likeness to the dead hero. He laid a handsome wreath of royal purple asters, lilies, maidenhair fern, and laurel, tied with a broad band of purple silk, on the tomb.

The visit was not one of inspection of the building, but on passing the middle aisle the interpreter called the attention of His Excellency to the exquisite architecture and decoration of the chancel. Li shook hands in hearty English fashion with Canon Newbolt and the other gentlemen who had received him, and, assisted by his two sons, walked down the steps to his carriage. He returned with his suite to Carlton House-terrace by way of St. Paul’s Churchyard, Cannon-st., Queen Victoria-st., and the Embankment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At St. Paul's.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 10 August 1896, Monday: 7 [of 12], Col. 2b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18960810/134/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 August 19, Wednesday''', the ''Edinburgh Evening News'' reported on the catering that White's Club and Mr Algernon Bourke arranged for the visiting Li Hung Chang:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is probably not generally known (says the &quot;Chef&quot;) that Mr Algernon Bourke, manager of White's Club, London, has undertaken to the whole of the catering for our illustrious visitor front the Flowery Land. Li Hung Chang has five native cooks in his retinue, and the greatest good fellowship exists between them and their English ''confreres'', although considerable difficulty is experienced in conversation in understanding one another's meaning. There are between 40 and and 50 to cater for daily, besides a staff about 30; that Mr Lemaire finds his time fully occupied. The dishes for his Excellency are varied and miscellaneous, and from 14 to 20 courses are served at each meal. The bills of fare contain such items as bird's-nest soup, pigs' kidneys stewed in cream, boiled ducks and green ginger, sharks' fins, shrimps and prawns stewed with leeks and muscatel grapes, fat pork saute with peas and kidney beans. The meal usually winds with fruit and sponge cake, and freshly-picked green tea as liqueur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Li Hung Chang's Diet.&quot; ''Edinburgh Evening News'' 19 August 1896, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18960819/057/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 November 6, Friday''', both Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were on the committee for the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Skating Club|Prince's Club ice-skating rink]], which [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Opening of the Prince's Club Skating Rink|opened on this day]].

'''1896 November 22, week of''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was part of a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Shooting Party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire|shooting party at the Charles Wilsons' Warter Priory, Yorkshire]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 November 25, Wednesday''', Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bouke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#Lord and Lady Burton Hosted a Party for Derby Day|Lord and Lady Burton's party for Derby Day]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1896 December 4, Friday''', the Orleans Club at Brighton was robbed:&lt;blockquote&gt;The old building of the Orleans Club at Brighton, which opens its new club house at 33, Brunswick-terrace to-day, was the scene of a very ingenious burglary during the small hours of yesterday morning. The greater portion of the club property had already been removed to the new premises, but Mr Algernon Bourke, his private secretary, and some of the officials of the club, still occupied bed-rooms at the house in the King’s-road. The corner shop of the street front is occupied by Mr. Marx, a jeweller in a large way of business, and upon his manager arriving at nine o'clock he discovered that the place had been entered through hole in the ceiling, and a great part of a very valuable stock of jewelry extracted. An examination of the morning rooms of the club, which runs over Mr. Marx's establishment reveal a singularly neat  specimen of the burglar's art. A piece of the flooring about 15in square had been removed by a series of holes bored side by side with a centre-bit, at a spot where access to the lofty shop was rendered easy by a tall showcase which stood convemently near. A massive iron girder had been avoided by a quarter of an inch, and this circumstance and the general finish of the operation point to an artist in his profession, who had acquired an intimate knowledge of the premises. The club doors were all found locked yesterday morning, and the means of egress adopted by the thief are at present a mystery.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burglary at Brighton.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London) 05 December 1896, Saturday: 5 [of 12], Col. 7a [of 7]. British Newspaper Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/18961205/090/0005. Print title: ''Daily Telegraph''; p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1896 December 10, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present to help staff a stall at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#10 December 1896, Thursday|Irish Industries Exhibition and Sale, Brighton]].

'''1896 December 31, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke hosted a New Year's Eve dance:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a highly satisfactory and enjoyable dance on Thursday night, when the old year was danced out and the new one danced in. Most of the silver gilters at present in to len were to the fore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Man about Town.&quot; ''Sporting Gazette'' 02 January 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 34], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002525/18970102/041/0007. Print title ''The County Gentleman'', p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 January 9, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; says that Algernon Bourke's &quot;cheerful countenance was quite in keeping with the [Christmas] season,&quot; seen in London.&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 9 January 1897, Saturday: 22 [of 56], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970109/097/0022. Same print title, p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1897 January 13, Wednesday – 18, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were guests of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Warwickshire Hunt Club Ball|house party associated with the Warwickshire Hunt Ball]] at [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Warwick Castle]].

'''1897 January 30, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke was reported to have been out shopping in London: &quot;Another charming figure was that of Mrs. Algernon Bourke all in chinchilla, with something of pale blue in a smart toque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 30 January 1897, Saturday: 20 [of 59]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970130/107/0020. Same print title, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 May 31, Monday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#House Party at Warwick Castle|House Party at Warwick Castle]] hosted by the Earl and Countess of Warwick.

'''1897 June 2, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Reception at the Foreign Office|reception at the Foreign Office]].

'''1897 June 12, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported on Gwendolen Bourke's dress and hat at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute|Duchess of Albany's Bazaar at the Imperial Institute]]. 

'''1897 June 19, Saturday''', Psyche in &quot;The Social Peepshow&quot; column in the ''Gentlewoman'' writes that Gwendolen Bourke was seen driving in London, &quot;in blue, ... looking as usual very handsome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Psyche. &quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 19 June 1897, Saturday: 28 [of 108], Col. 2b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970619/159/0028. Same print title, p. 848.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Members of the family of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] were also among the 5,000–6,000 people invited.

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', the Hon. A. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

'''1897 July 8, Thursday, 11:00 p.m.''', Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace|the Queen's State Ball at Buckingham Palace]]. The dancing commenced shortly after 11:00 p.m.

'''1897 July 11–16, week of''', a dog of Gwendolen Bourke's won a prize at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park|Ladies' Kennel Association show in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Regent's Park]]. 

'''1897 July 23, Friday''', both the Hon. Algernon Bourke and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Bourke-Curzon Cricket Match at the Queen's Club|Bourke-Curzon cricket match at the Queen's Club]], which Algernon Bourke's team lost. 

'''1897 July 23 — or July 30, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House|Lady Burton's party at Chesterfield House]]. &lt;blockquote&gt;Far the prettiest women in the room were Lady Henry Bentinck (who looked perfectly lovely in pale yellow, with a Iong blue sash; and Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who was as smart as possible in pink, with pink and white ruchings on her sleeves and a tall pink feather in her hair.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Burton's Party at Chesterfield House.&quot; ''Belper &amp; Alfreton Chronicle'' 30 July 1897, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004151/18970730/162/0007. Print title: ''Belper and Alfreton Chronicle''; n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Warwick House Party for the Easton Lodge Cricket Week Games|Earl and Countess of Warwick's house party for Easton Lodge cricket week]].

'''1897 August 2, Monday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke was listed as among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Most Beautiful Women in England|the most beautiful women in England]] in an article from ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere.

'''1897 September 25, Saturday''', according to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'',&lt;blockquote&gt;The [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager-Countess of Mayo]] is staying with her son, the Hon. Algernon Bourke, at Bramnber, near Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 25 September 1897, Saturday: 8 [of 10], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970925/023/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1897 October 2, Saturday''', &quot;Yenatrix&quot; in &quot;Kennel Column&quot; in the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had joined the Ladies' Kennel Association.&lt;ref&gt;Yenatrix. &quot;Kennel Column.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 October 1897, Saturday: 39 [of 61], Col. 2a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18971002/182/0039. Same print title, p. 434.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 October 9, Saturday''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke were at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Harrogate|Harrogate, presumably taking the waters and baths]]. Lady May was on her way to visit Algernon Bourke in Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Earl of Mayo is expected to return from Sweden on Saturday next. Lady Mayo leaves Bournemouth on Sarurday for Brighton, where she will pay a two days' visit to her brother-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The Earl and Countess will then return to Palmerstown, their seat in County Kildare.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Pall Mall Gazette Office.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 7 October 1897, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18971007/022/0008. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1897 October 30, Saturday''', ''Black and White'' published '''J.P.B.'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;J.P.B. &quot;The Case of Mrs. Elliott.&quot; ''Black &amp; White'' 30 October 1897, Saturday: 12 [of 34], Cols. 1a–2b [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004617/18971030/036/0012. Print title ''Black and White'', p. 542.&lt;/ref&gt; an odd short short story in which the Honourable Algernon Bourke Herriott is &quot;rude to Mrs. Elliott,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b}} presumably having proposed sexual relations while her husband is out. J.P.B. links to the biographical Algernon Bourke's career in the stock market in the description of Mrs. Christine Elliott not even simulating interest in her husband's bicycling: &quot;a soul is a grievous burthen for a stockbroker's wife,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}} suggesting that Mr. Elliott rather than Algernon Bourke Herriott is the stockbroker. The Hon. Algy&lt;blockquote&gt;was a senior member of several junior clubs. A woman had dubbed him once &quot;a rip with a taste for verses.&quot; The description was severe, but not unwarranted. His was a pretty pagan sensualism, though, singing from a wine palate to Church music. For the rest, he had just imagination enough to despise mediocrity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1897 November 25–26, Thursday–Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was in Brighton, helping the Countess of Mayo at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#The Irish Industries' Association Annual Exhibition|bazaar of the Irish Industries' Association]].

'''1897 December 7, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#7 December 1897, Tuesday|7th annual dinner for the Actors' Benevolent Fund]].

'''1897 December 30''', Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#Blenheim Palace Party with Amateur Theatricals|party at Blenheim Palace in which people performed tableaux vivants]] that got reported on, many of whom wearing the costumes from the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. The ''Irish Independent'' said Algernon Bourke was &quot;mainly responsible for the living pictures.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr Algernon Bourke ....&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 05 January 1898, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18980105/115/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Algernon Bourke called a meeting at White's Club about attempting to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Thames Salmon Experiment|restock the Thames with salmon]]. In 1899 he was on a [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Committees|committee led by the Lord Mayor about this topic]] as well.

'''1898 February 3, Thursday''',  Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Dundee Evening Telegraph Report on People at Monte Carlo|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the Dundee ''Evening Telegraph'']].

'''1898 March 12, Saturday''', ''The World'' reported on Algernon Bourke's upgrading of the Orleans Club at Brighton:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The Orleans Club at Brighton is flourishing exceedingly, and the new buildings which Mr. Algernon Bourke has just had erected at the back of the comfortable mansion at the corner of Lansdowne-place now provide all that was wanting to make the present habitat of the club all that its members desire. The new billiard-room is rapidly approaching completion, and the coffee-room, excellent and spacious now, was open on Saturday night, when every table was occupied by club diners and their guests, all of whom were enthusiastic over the excellence of this latest addition to the comfort of the house. All interested may be congratulated on what is practically new lease of life to the Orleans Club, than which there is no more comfortable place stay within the four seas.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From '''The World''.'&quot; ''East &amp; South Devon Advertiser'' 12 March 1898, Saturday: 6 pop 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001639/18980312/132/0006. Print title ''The East and South Devon Advertiser'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1898 March 30, Wednesday''', Algernon Bourke was charged with assaulting a Mr. Potter, but it is not clear from this account what exactly happened:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon H. Bourke, of Bramber, was summoned, at the instance of Mr. Walter John Potter, clerk to Mr. G. A. Flowers, solicitor, of Steyning, for assault, on the 30th March. — Mr. J. Edward Dell supported the case, and Mr. J. C. Buckwell defended, and pleaded not guilty. — The evidence was to the effect that Mr. Potter had occasion go to defendant's house on Wednesday last to serve a writ. He was going to drop the letter into [Col. 5c–6a] defendant's pocket when he turned and struck him a violent blow on the chest, making witness stagger backwards. Witness put up his hands to keep his balance, and defendant then struck him violently across the head with a weeding spud. — Richard Reed, who was at work for Mr. Bourke on the date named, and was working in garden at the time of the alleged assault, gave corroborative evidence. — Defendant, in the witness box, made a similar statement. — The magistrates differed as to whether the assault was committed, and dismissed the case.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steyning.&quot; ''Sussex Express'' 9 April 1898, Saturday: 2 [of 12], Col. 5c–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980409/036/0002. Print: ''The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Weald of the Kent Mail, Hants and County Advertiser'', p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1898 April 12, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was among [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#1898 April 12, Tuesday|those visiting Monte Carlo according to the ''Gentlewoman'']].

'''1898 May 25, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke wore pink to [[Social Victorians/1898-05-25 Savoy Dinner Dance Hwfa|Mrs. Hwfa Williams' dinner-dance at the Savoy]].

'''1898 June 7, Tuesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#7 June 1898, Tuesday|State Ball at Buckingham Palace hosted by the Prince and Princess of Wales]].

'''1898 July 4, Thursday afternoon''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke were invited to and probably attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Garden Party at Marlborough House|Garden Party at Marlborough House given to the Queen and Shah of Persia]].

'''1898 October 29, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Tennis Championship Game at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge|tennis match at Prince's Club, Knightsbridge]].

'''1898 November 22, Tuesday''', Algernon Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#Shooting Party Hosted by William James|shooting party hosted by Mr. William James]].

'''1898 December 3, Saturday''', Hon. Algernon and Mrs. A. Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1898#The Funeral of Lady Connemara|funeral of Lady Connemara in Christ Church]], Down street, Piccadilly.&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 January 10, Tuesday''', the Brighton Championship Dog Show opened:&lt;blockquote&gt;Princess of Wales a Winner at the Ladies’ Kennel Club Show.

[Exclusive to &quot;The Leader.&quot;)

The Brighton Championship Dog Show opened in the Dome and Corn Exchange yesterday, and was very well patronised by visitors and exhibitors. Among the latter was H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, who did very well; and others included Princess Sophie Duleep Singh, Countess De Grey, Sir Edgar Boehm, the Hon Mrs. Algernon Bourke, Lady Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mr. Shirley (chairman of the Kennel Club), and the Rev. Hans Hamiiton (president of the Kennel Club).

The entry of bloodhounds is one of the best seen for some time; the Great Danes are another strong lot; deerhounds are a fine entry, all good dogs, and most of the best kennels represented; borzois are another very stylish lot. The bigger dogs are, as usual, in the Corn Exchange and the &quot;toy&quot; dogs in the Dome. To everyone's satsfaction the Princess of Wales carried off two first prizes with Alex in the borzois class.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dogs at Brighton.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 11 January 1899, Wednesday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18990111/142/0008. Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 January 11, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#11 January 1899, Wednesday|a luncheon at Stanfield-hall, home of Mr. and Mrs. Basil Montogomery, for Princess Henry of Battenberg]], that also included the Countess of Dudley (sister of Mrs. Montgomery), General Oliphant, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Romsey.

'''1899 January 17–18, Tuesday and Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton|Ladies' Kennel Association in Brighton]], where she showed an Italian greyhound named Brenda.

'''1899 February 7, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a member of the very high-ranking committee organizing the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Gordon Memorial College Ball|Gordon Memorial College Ball at the Hotel Cecil on 7 February 1899]]. The committee had been planning for the ball, of course, for at least 3 weeks before.

'''1899 February 22, Wednesday – April''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Society in St. Moritz|Society in St. Moritz]]. 1899 March 29, Wednesday, the ''Dundee Advertiser'' says that [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#29 March 1899, Wednesday|Cyril Sloane-Stanley was spending part of the winter in St. Moritz]] with his sister Gwendolen Bourke.

'''1899 April 7, Friday, probably''', oddly, Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke are not reported to have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.|Funeral of the Hon. Charles Bourke, C.B.]] or even to have sent flowers.

'''1899 April 8, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that Gwendolen Bourke had gone to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#8 April 1899, Saturday|St. Moritz with her brother, Mr. Stanley, who had gotten engaged to Lady Cairns]].

'''1899 April 26, Wednesday''', according to &quot;Local and District News&quot; for Totton, Gwendolen Bourke was &quot;ill with influenza in Paris, and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother, has gone out to nurse her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Local and District News. Totton.&quot; ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 26 April 1899, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18990426/037/0004. Print title ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 June 1, Thursday, or 2, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Wedding of Roger Cyril Sloane Stanley and Olivia, Countess Cairns|wedding of her brother, Sloane Stanley and Olivia Countess Cairns]] at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton.

'''1899 June 8, Thursday''', Algernon Bourke's money troubles:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Hon. Algernon Bourke, son of the Earl of Mayo, has been appearing before the official receivers in connection with a winding-up order made against Willis’ Restaurant, Limited. The companyf [sic] was formed to acquire the well known restaurant from the Hon. H. A. Bourke. The chairman reminded the creditors that on the last occasion the meeting was adjourned because Mr. Bourke said he thought he would be able in the course of a fortnight to obtain an offer for a sum sufficient to satisfy the creditors and debenture holders. He had received a letter from Mr. Bourke to the effect that he had been unable to complete arrangements. Having looked into the affairs of the company more closely, it appeared to him that Mr. Bourke was legally liable to repay the sum of £5,000 which was advanced to White's Club, and the question would arise whether Mr. Bourke was not also liable to repay the sum of £4,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Bourke Must Pay.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 8 June 1899, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 8c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001985/18990608/118/0004. Print title: ''The Irish Weekly Independent'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 July 1, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#1 July 1899, Saturday|meeting in London at the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House]] about preserving Killarney as part of the National Trust and seems to have been acting for someone who wanted to purchase the Muckross Estate.

'''1899 July 5, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Dinner and Dance at Devonshire House|dance at Devonshire House hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]].

'''1899 July 6, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax's Wedding|wedding of Joan Wilson and Guy Fairfax in St. Mark's, near Grosvenor Square]].

'''1899 July 14, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#14 July 1899, Friday|Ernest Beckett's dinner party]].

'''1899 July 18, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Ludovici Lecture on Impressionism|lecture on Impressionism by Ludovici hosted by the Countess of Mayo]].

'''1899 July 28, Friday''', [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#White's|White's Club]] was no longer under Algernon Bourke's management and was reconstituting itself after the possibility that it would have to close.

'''1889 July 31, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1889#Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League|Fete of the Uxbridge Habitation of the Primrose League]] at Hillingdon Court and hosted by the Hon. Algernon and Lady Mary Mills.

'''1899 September 9, Saturday''', the ''Eastern Morning News'' includes Algernon Bourke (&quot;St. James's-street, London, club proprietor&quot;) in a list of men &quot;Receiving Orders,&quot; which it is reprinting from the ''London Gazette''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Receiving Orders.&quot; ''Eastern Morning'' News 9 September 1899, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001152/18990909/074/0005. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 October 19, Thursday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke had a bankruptcy hearing:&lt;blockquote&gt;The public examination of the Hon. Algernon Bourke was held before Mr Registrar Giffard yesterday, at the London Bankruptcy Court. The debtor, described as proprietor of a St. James's-street club, furnished a statement of affairs showing unsecured debts £13,694 and debts fully secured £12,800, with assets which are estimated at £4,489 [?]. He stated, in reply to the Official Receiver, that he was formerly a member of the Stock Exchange, but had nothing to do with the firm of which he was a member during the last ten years. He severed his connection with the firm in May last, and believed he was indebted to them to the extent of £2,000 or £3,000. He repudiated a claim which they now made for £37,300. In 1889 he became proprietor of White's Club, St. James's-street, and carried it on until January 1st last, when he transferred it to a company called Recreations, Limited. One of the objects of the company was to raise money on debentures. The examination was formally adjourned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 October 20, Friday''', the ''Morning Leader'' mentions Bourke's bankruptcy:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Algernon Bourke, whose bankruptcy is much talked about, has been connected with numerous enterprises in clubland. He raised White's from the slough into which it had sunk after the secession of the Prince of Wales. He started the Willis Restaurant, put fresh life into the Orleans Club at Brighton, arranged a big restaurant for the bicyclists in the time of the bicycle parade, and was concerned at first in the smart and short-lived Trafalgar Bicycle Club. At one time his name spelt success. Latterly his luck has left him. He is a brother of Lord Mayo, a son of the peer who was assassinated at the post of duty, and is one of the best known men about town of the day.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Club, Stage, and Salon.&quot; ''Morning Leader'' 20 October 1899, Friday: 6 [of 12], Col. 5b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004833/18991020/085/0006. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1899 November 8, Wednesday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke's bankruptcy case came up again:&lt;blockquote&gt;At Bankruptcy Court, yesterday, the case the Hon. Algernon Bourke again came on for hearing before Mr. Registrar Giffard, and the examination was concluded. The debtor has at various times been proprietor of White’s Club, St. James’s-street, and the Orleans’ Club, Brighton, and also of Willis's Restaurant, King-street, St. James's. He attributed his failure to losses sustained by the conversion of White’s Club and the Orleans' Club into limited companies, to the payment of excessive Interest on borrowed money, and other causes. The liabilities amount to £26,590, of which £13,694 are stated to be unsecured, and assets £4,409.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Affairs of the Hon. A. Bourke.&quot; ''Globe'' 09 November 1899, Thursday: 2 [of 8], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18991109/020/0002. Print p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1899 December 23, Saturday''', &quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke has departed for a tour in Africa, being at present the guest of his brother in Tunis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Society Pages.&quot; ''Walsall Advertiser'' 23 December 1899, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001028/18991223/143/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1899 December 29, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|Christmas Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1899 December 31''', the San Francisco newspaper ''The Wave'' wrote the following about London society:&lt;blockquote&gt;The most prominent untitled people in London may be said to be Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Williams|Hwfa Williams]], Mr. and Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grenfell|Willie Grenfell]] and Mr. Algy Bourke. That they are passing rich, goes without saying, and that they entertain lavishly, understood — for to be untitled, prominent and successful, argues wealth, hospitality and cleverness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London.&quot; The (San Francisco) ''Wave'' 14 January 1899 (Vol. XIX, No. 2): 14. ''The Internet Archive'' https://archive.org/details/wave19unse/page/n20/mode/1up.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== 1900s ===

'''1900 February 15, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke, the four-year-old daughter of the Hon. Algernon and Mrs. Bourke was a bridesmaid in the [[Social Victorians/Wilson Chesterfield Wedding 1900-02-15|wedding of Enid Wilson and the Earl of Chesterfield]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;London Day by Day.&quot; ''Daily Telegraph'' 15 February 1900, Thursday: 8 [of 12], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001112/19000215/175/0008. Name in British Newspaper Archive: ''Daily Telegraph &amp; Courier'' (London). Print p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Gwendolen Bourke, &quot;who was in grey, wore a chinchilla toque with violets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society. Entertainments, Balls, &amp;c.&quot; ''The Queen'' 24 February 1900, Saturday: 40 [of 76], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19000224/235/0040. Print: ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1900 March 10, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' reprinted society gossip from ''The World'':&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke, who has been staying with her husband's uncle, old Connemara, during Mr. Algernon Bourke's absence abroad, has taken a new house near Portman square, and will be settling there before Easter.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 10 March 1900, Saturday: 17 [of 20], Col. 1b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19000310/116/0017. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1900 July''' '''17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke took part in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#17 July 1900, Tuesday|Children's Fete in support of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] on the grounds of the Royal Botanic Society. Daphe was 5 at this time, so it seems logical that she would have been there, too.

'''1900 July 30, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Barber of Seville at Covent Garden|''The Barber of Seville'' at Covent Garden]].

'''1890 August 6, Friday''', &quot;[[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890#Beautiful Women|Beautiful Women]],&quot; an article in ''Vanity Fair'' that was reprinted elsewhere, mentions Gwendolen Bourke (&quot;Lady Algernon Bourke&quot;) as one of the most beautiful women in England.

'''1900 August 11, Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke got&lt;blockquote&gt;the pretty little Yorkshire String, an especially tiny mite, weighing only 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;lb, and carrying a very promising coat, ... at the Aquarium Show.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Witchampton Kennel.&quot; &quot;Ladies Kennels.&quot; ''Ladies' Field'' 11 August 1900, Saturday: 16 [of 60], Col. 2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006043/19000811/043/0016. Print title same, p. 390.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 September 16''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke became the heir presumptive to the Earldom of Mayo when his older brother Captain Hon. Sir Maurice Archibald Bourke died.&lt;p&gt;

'''1900 October 06, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Irish Times'' says that Mr. Algernon Bourke, now heir presumptive to the earldom of Mayo, &quot;has been for some months lately staying with Mr. Terence Bourke in Morocco.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Society Gossip.&quot; ''Weekly Irish Times'' 06 October 1900, Saturday: 14 [of 20], Col. 3b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001684/19001006/121/0014. Print p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 May 30, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke attended the fashionable [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1901 May 30, Thursday|Ladies' Kennel Association Dog Show at the Botanic Garden]].

'''1901 July 2, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke — &quot;pretty Mrs. Algernon Bourke, in a mauve gown and and purple tulle toque&quot; — attended a children's party at the Botanic Gardens hosted by the Earl and Countess of Kilmorey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Earl of Kilmorey, K.P.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901: Saturday, 50 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/237/0050. Print: title the same, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1901 July 4, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke — dressed &quot;in pale grey, with her pretty little girl,&quot; 6-year-old Daphne — attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Countess of Yarborough's Children's Party|children's party hosted by the Countess of Yarborough]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Countess of Yarborough ....&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 13 July 1901, Saturday: 76 [of 84], Col. 2b, 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010713/381/0076. Print p. xxxvi.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 3a}}

'''1901 July 4–6, Thursday–Saturday''', Gwendolen Bourke helped staff the Perthshire stall&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 29 June 1901, Saturday: 43 [of 72], Col. 3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010629/223/0043]. Same print title, pp. 679.&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Great County Sale|Great County Sale in the Imperial Gardens of the Earl's Court Exhibition]].

'''1901 July 20, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' published the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke's portrait (identified with &quot;Perthshire&quot;) in its 3rd series of &quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Great County Sale at Earl's Court. Portraits of Stallholders.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 20 July 1901, Saturday: 31 [of 60], Col. 4b [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19010720/141/0031. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter Daphne appears in the portrait as well.

'''1901 July 23, Tuesday''', an &quot;Hon. Mrs. Bourke&quot; was in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox|party &quot;entertained by Lord and Lady Algernon Gordon Lennox]].&quot;&lt;p&gt;

'''1901 September 12, Thursday''', Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke wanted her name listed as Mrs. Algernon Bourke in the Electoral Register, apparently a frequent complaint:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mr. Underhill, the Conservative agent, mentioned to the Revising Barrister (Mr. William F. Webster) that the name of the Hon. Mrs. Gwendolen Bourke was on the list in respect of the house, 75, Gloucester-place. The lady had written to him to say that she was the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and that she wished that name to appear on the register. In reply to the Revising Barrister, Mr. Underhill said that “Algernon” was the name of the lady’s husband.

Mr. Cooke, the rate-collector, said that Mrs. Bourke had asked to be addressed Mrs. Algernon Bourke, but that the Town Clerk thought the address was not a correct one. The lady signed her cheques Gwendolen.”

Mr. Underhill said the agents frequently had indignant letters from ladies because they were not addressed by their husband’s Christian name.

The Revising Barrister — lf a lady gave me the name of Mrs. John Smith I should say I had not got the voter’s name. The name Gwendolen must remain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;&quot;Ladies’ Names.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 12 September 1901, Thursday: 7 [of 10], Col. 3a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/19010912/130/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1901 October 26, Friday''', Algernon Bourke was on the Men's Committee of the [[Social Victorians/London Clubs#Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink|Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink]], which had [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#The Prince's Club Ice-skating Rink Opening|its official opening on his day]]. 

'''1902 January''', Algernon Bourke is mentioned in [[Social Victorians/Schools#&quot;More of My Contemporaries at School.&quot;|reminiscences of Eton written by the &quot;Earl of X&quot;]] as being among those in the &quot;world of letters,&quot; and whose brother, later the Earl of Mayo, the Earl of X did not like. 

'''1902 January 25, Saturday''', Mrs. Algernon Bourke gave a box to Lady Helen Stewart-Vane-Tempest in honor of [[Social Victorians/Stewart-Stavordale Wedding 1902-01-25|Lady Helen's wedding to Giles Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale]]. 

'''1902 April 26, Saturday''', Mrs. A. Bourke is listed as being at the Norfolk Hotel in Brighton.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Guide to Visitors at Hotels and Boarding Houses.&quot; ''Brighton Gazette'' 26 April 1902, Saturday: 3 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000938/19020426/116/0003. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''1902 May, End of''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#End of May 1902|party at Blenheim Palace hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]]. 

'''1902 June 11, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke had a dog entered in the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Ladies' Kennel Association Show|Ladies' Kennel Association competitions in the Botanic Gardens]]. 

'''1902 September 4, Thursday''', the ''Daily Express'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is staying with Lord and Lady Alington at Scarborough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Onlooker.&quot; &quot;My Social Diary.&quot; &quot;Where People Are.&quot; ''Daily Express'' 04 September 1902, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 1b? [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004848/19020904/099/0005. Print p. 4, Col. 7b [of 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1902 September 22, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a guest at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie's House Party|large house party hosted by the Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie]].

'''1902 October 24, Friday''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|opened the Prince's ice-skating rink for the season]], which he had been doing since 1895.

'''1902 October 25, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was bequeathed £500 by his uncle [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Robert Bourke]], who had died 3 September 1902.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Will of Lord Connemara.&quot; ''Kildare Observer and Eastern Counties Advertiser'' 25 October 1902, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001870/19021025/037/0002. Print title the ''Kildare Observer'', n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 October 31, Friday''', the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Annual Opening of the Prince's Ice-skating Rink|7th opening of the Prince's Skating Club]]. Guendoline Bourke was on the Women's Committee and Algernon Bourke was on the Men's.&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 November 8, Friday, beginning, perhaps''', Gwendolen Bourke was part of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#8 November 1902, Saturday|Earl and Countess of Warwick's shooting party at Easton Lodge]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1902 December 9, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#9 December 1902, Tuesday|Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin's &quot;at home,&quot; held at the Welch Industrial depot]] for the sale Welsh-made Christmas gifts and cards. Bourke wore &quot;a fur coat and a black picture hat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lady Correspondent.&quot; &quot;Society in London.&quot; ''South Wales Daily News'' 11 December 1902, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19021211/082/0004. Print p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1903 February 6, Friday''', Hon. Mrs A. Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|dinner party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley]]. &lt;p&gt;

'''1903 February 9, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was present at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Dinner Party Hosted by Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and the Countess of Dudley|house party at Dublin Castle hosted by the Lord Lieutenant and Countess of Dudley that began the Viceregal season]].

'''1903 March 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke staffed a booth at a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 March 17, Tuesday|sale of the Irish Industries Association]] on St. Patrick's Day with [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Lady Mayo]], [[Social Victorians/People/Dudley|Georgina Lady Dudley]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Miss Beresford]]. A number of other aristocratic women were also present at the sale in other booths, including [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Lady Londonderry]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Lady Lucan]].

'''1903 June 19, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was invited to the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Grand Ball in the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle|grand ball at Windsor Castle]], the end of the Ascot-week festivities.

'''1903 June 23, Tuesday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1903 June 23, Tuesday|children's party at Buckingham Palace for Prince Eddie's birthday]].

'''1903 July 10, Friday, or so''', Gwendolen Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Party Hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough|party hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough]].

'''1904 May 17, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke had agreed to let Daphne appear in the tableaux vivants arranged by Sir Philip Burne-Jones for the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Countess Cadogan's Great Bazaar|Countess of Cadogan's great bazaar]]. Some mothers had had to decline because of the outbreaks of measles and chicken pox.&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 June 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended another birthday party for Prince Eddie at Buckingham Palace, and the ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;No prettier little girl was to be seen that day than little Miss Daphne Bourke, the daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke, with her wonderful Irish eyes and colouring, her pretty white frock being relieved with a rose pink sash.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prince Eddie's Birthday.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 02 July 1904, Saturday: 68 [of 92]. Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19040702/360/0068. Print: title the same, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1904 September 15, Thursday''', according to what was at the time called the ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', Algernon Bourke was living in Venice and not in the UK at this point:&lt;blockquote&gt;Algernon Bourke, who usually lives in Venice, has spent some time in England during the present summer, and has now gone on a fishing expedition to Sweden, accompanied by his brother, Lord Mayo. Lady Mayo has been staying meanwhile in Ireland, and has had a visit from her mother, Lady Maria Ponsonby, who is a sister of Lend Obventry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;Society Notes.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 15 September 1904, Thursday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001986/19040915/131/0004. Print title: ''Irish Daily Independent and Nation'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1904 October 22, Saturday''', the ''Gentlewoman'' reported that &quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke is paying a visit to Venice, which Mr. Bourke has made his headquarters for several years past, as he is connected with some very artistic stone and marble works situated near the Grand Canal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Social Peepshow.&quot; ''Gentlewoman'' 22 October 1904, Saturday: 24 [of 6ths 8], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/19041022/112/0024. Print title same, p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 February 17, Friday''', the Dundee ''Evening Post'' reported that Algernon Bourke &quot;set up a shop in Venice for the sale of art treasures and old furniture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social News.&quot; Dundee ''Evening Post'' 17 February 1905, Friday: 6 [of 6], Col. 7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19050217/105/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1905 April 26, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#New Forest United Hunt Ball|New Forest United Hunt Ball]], as did her brother Captain R. C. H. Sloane Stanley and his wife Olivia Countess Cairns.&lt;p&gt;

'''1905 June 5, Monday''', Algernon Bourke wrote to the ''Times'' from Venice that &quot;The Venetian wits have suggested a motto for Admiral Togo, Togo Tenga Tutto (Togo takes the lot).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mr. Algernon Bourke.&quot; ''Hull Daily Mail'' 08 June 1905, Thursday: 2 [of 6], Col. 6a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19050608/008/0002. Print title ''Daily Mail'', p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1905, last week of July''', Gwendolen Bourke and daughter Daphne Bourke — who was 10 years old — attended [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Last week of July, 1905|Lady Cadogan's children's party at Chelsea House]]. Daphne was &quot;One of loveliest little girls present.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court and Social News.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' 01 August 1905, Tuesday: 7 [of 10], Col. 6b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19050801/157/0007. Print p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 March 9, Friday''', Gwendolen Bourke was a reference for Mr. Frances Burgess, who taught piano, singing, voice production, organ and music theory. Burgess was &quot;Organist and Choirmaster of St. Columbs', North Kensington, Director of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society's Choir, etc., etc.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;&quot;Mr. Francis Burgess.&quot; ''Kilburn Times'' 9 March 1906, Friday: 3 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001813/19060309/086/0003. Print title: ''Kilburn Times Hampstead and North-western Press'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1906 December 10, Monday''', Gwendolen Bourke was seen in the tea room, possibly with Lady Grosvenor, at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#1906 December 10, Monday|Lady Dudley's sale of Irish needlework]].&lt;p&gt;

'''1907 May''', a &quot;naval signalling incident&quot; [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1887#May 1887|caused the Waterford ''Evening News'' to recall a similar event]] that had occurred 20 years earlier, in which Algernon Bourke, as special correspondent for the ''Times'', publicized [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]]'s use of his ship's signalling capabilities to send a message to his wife about being late for dinner:&lt;blockquote&gt;

The naval signalling incident is still in the air. It is expected that the matter will not be threshed out until Emperor William leaves England. A story of a former signalling incident in which [[Social Victorians/People/Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]] was concerned is going the rounds at the moment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1907 August 24, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke was present at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Polo Week at Eaton Hall, Duke and Duchess of Westminster|Polo Week at Eaton Hall, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Westminster]].

'''1908 July 30, Thursday''', Gwendolen Bourke was at [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Glorious Goodwood. Cup Day and Dresses.|Cup Day at the Goodwood races]], wearing salmon-pink with a matching hat.

'''1909 April 20, Tuesday''', Lady Rosemary Cairns — daughter of Olivia Sloan-Stanley, Countess Cairns and Cyril Sloane-Stanley — and Wyndham Portal were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#20 April 1909, Tuesday|married in St. Margaret's, Westminster]]. Lavender and Diane Sloane-Stanley were bridesmaids.&lt;p&gt;

'''1909 May 22, Saturday''', Algernon Bourke appears to have been living in Pisa. A columnist for the ''Queen'' reported on the Royal School of Art Needlework:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Leconfield [?] was there, also her sister-in-law, the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Dowager Lady Mayo]], only just back from her winter on the Continent, when she spent most of the time at Pisa, where her son Mr Algernon Bourke has also been staying. The latter is a great connoisseur as regards [art?] notably in what is really good in the way of old Italian sculpture and carving. He and his handsome wife have a place near to Putney, and this winter again Mr Bourke, as the result of his Italian travels, has been sending home such relics of the old Italian palace gardens as as stone and marble carved vases, garden seats, and what-not of the kind — not all for himself and his own gardens by any means, I fancy; but his friends, relying on his knowledge in such matters, get him when abroad to choose for [them?] the adornment of their English terraces and gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My Social Diary.&quot; The ''Queen'' 22 May 1909, Saturday: 31 [of 86], Col. 1b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/19090522/203/0031. Print p. 871.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;'''1909 September''', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s#Visitors in Venice from the U.K.|many visitors from &quot;England&quot; in Venice]] in September.

=== 1910s ===
'''1910 April 20, Wednesday''', the ''Tatler'' printed an &quot;open letter&quot; to Geraldine, Countess of Mayo, as part of its &quot;The Searchlight in Society&quot; series and mentioned Algernon Bourke, saying he had been keeping &quot;a curiosity shop at Venice&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Bourkes have brains, and a good example is afforded by Mr. Algernon Bourke, next brother to Lord Mayo and heir-presumptive to the title. He is a good-looking man who used to be known as Buttons Bourke, and he married well, as his wife was the rich and pretty Miss Guendolen Sloane Stanley. He may be described as a &quot;Jack of all trades,&quot; but it is not I who will say that he is a master of none. He was once in the Stock Exchange, then he took White's Club in hand and restored it to much of its former prestige. After that he dabbled in smart hotels and restaurants, and the last thing I heard of him was that he kept a curiosity shop at Venice.&lt;ref&gt;Candida. &quot;The Searchlight in Society. Our Open Letter. No. CII. The Countess of Mayo.&quot; The ''Tatler'' 20 April 1910, Wednesday: 18 [of 42], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001852/19100420/023/0018. Print title same, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''1911 November 21, Tuesday''', Gwendolen Bourke assisted the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#21 November 1911, Tuesday|Duchess of Marlborough at her at-home]] that included a sale of work by the wives of prisoners.&lt;p&gt;

'''1912 September 27, Friday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke were visiting Mr. and Mrs. Shelley Bontein, her mother and stepfather.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From 'The World.'&quot; ''Berks and Oxon Advertiser'' 27 September 1912, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002298/19120927/014/0002. Same print title, n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 April 23, Wednesday''', the Irish Independent reported that Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke had arrived in London for the season:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke and Miss Bourke have arrived for the season at 75 Gloucester place, Portman square, London.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; ''Irish Independent'' 23 April 1913, Wednesday: 4 [of 10], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001715/19130423/081/0004. Same print title and p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;

'''1913 May 7, Wednesday''', Gwendolen Bourke presented her daughter Daphne Bourke at court:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mrs. Algernon Bourke presented her daughter, and wore blue and gold broché with a gold lace train.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Social and Personal.&quot; London ''Daily Chronicle'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 6 [of 12], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19130508/120/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' has a description of Daphne Bourke's dress, but what exactly &quot;chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]]&quot; means in 1913 is not clear:&lt;blockquote&gt;Court dressmakers appear to have surpassed all previous records in their efforts to make the dresses for to-night’s Court as beautiful as possible. Noticeable among these is the dainty presentation gown to be worn by Miss Bourke, who will be presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. This has a skirt of soft white satin draped with chiffon [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|paniers]] and a bodice veiled with chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Miss Bourke’s train, gracefully hung from the shoulders, is of white satin lined with pale rose pink chiffon and embroidered with crystal and diamanté.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fashion Day by Day. Lovely Gowns for To-night's Court.&quot; ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 07 May 1913, Wednesday: 13 [of 18], Col. 1a [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/19130507/199/0013. Print n.p.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''London Evening Standard'' describes Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke the same way except with differences in editing:&lt;blockquote&gt;Miss Bourke: Presented by her mother, the Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke. Dainty presentation gown of white satin, the skirt draped with chiffon paniers, bodice veiled chiffon and trimmed with diamanté and crystal embroidery. Train gracefully hung from shoulder of white satin embroidered with crystal and diamanté, lined with pale rose pink chiffon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Some of the Dresses.&quot; &quot;The King and Queen. Third Court. Most Brilliant of the Year.&quot; ''London Evening Standard'' 08 May 1913, Thursday: 11 [of 18], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19130508/237/0011. Print title ''The Standard'', p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

According to the ''Lady's Pictorial'', Daphne Bourke's dress was designed and constructed by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Messrs Russell and Allen|Messrs. Russell and Allen]], Old Bond-street, W., and the description is identical (except for a couple of commas).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their Majesties' Court.&quot; ''Lady's Pictorial'' 17 May 1913, Saturday: 35 [of 64], Col. 2c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005980/19130517/296/0035. Same print title, p. 787.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1914 May 11, Monday''', Gwendolen and Daphne Bourke attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#Dance at the Ritz Hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks|dance at the Ritz hosted by Mrs. George Marjoribanks]].

'''1915 January 1, Friday''', Algernon Bourke is listed as being on the Executive Committee of the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#1915 January 1, Friday|National Food Fund, publicized by the ''Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Review'']].

'''1916 August 25, Friday''', Daphne Bourke's and John Fortescue's engagement was announced:&lt;blockquote&gt;A most attractive prospective bride (says the &quot;Star&quot;) is Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke's only daughter, Miss Daphne Bourke, whose engagement has just taken place to Mr. Fortescue, of the Coldstream Guards. Miss Bourke is tall, dark, and very beautiful; and Mr. Fortescue is one of the family of Boconoc, Cornwall, and Dropmore, Maidenhead. At the latter place the two families have been neighbours, for Mr. and Mrs. Algernon Bourke have a charming country residence at Taplow, while Dropmore is famous for its magnificent gardens.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Personalia.&quot; ''Uxbridge &amp; W. Drayton Gazette'' 25 August 1916, Friday: 4 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002285/19160825/043/0004. Print title ''The Advertiser'', p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''1917 June 7, Thursday''', Daphne Bourke and John Grenville Fortescue [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s#7 June 1917, Thursday|married in the Coldstream Guards' chapel]].

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
According to both the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'', the Hon. Algernon Bourke was among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the people they were dressed as, Gwendolen Bourke was probably in this procession but it seems unlikely that Algernone Bourke was.

[[File:Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a headdress and a very large fan|Hon. '''Guendoline''' Bourke as Salammbô. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Hon. Guendoline Bourke ===
[[File:Alfons Mucha - 1896 - Salammbô.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Highly stylized orange-and-yellow painting of a bare-chested woman with a man playing a harp at her feet|Alfons Mucha's 1896 ''Salammbô''.]]
Lafayette's portrait (right) of &quot;'''Guendoline''' Irene Emily Bourke (née Sloane-Stanley) as Salammbô&quot; in costume is photogravure #128 in the '''album''' presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mrs. Algernon Bourke as Salammbo.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158491/Guendoline-Irene-Emily-Bourke-ne-Sloane-Stanley-as-Salammb.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
The Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke was dressed as Salambo in the Oriental procession&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; in a costume made by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]].

Besides the two that mention her — the ''Morning Post'' and the ''Times'' — only two describe her costume, the London ''Evening Standard'' and the ''Gentlewoman'':
* &quot;Mrs. A. Bourke, as an Egyptian Princess, with the Salambo coiffure, wore a flowing gown of white and silver gauze covered with embroidery of lotus flowers. The top of the gown was ornamented with old green satin embroidered with blue turquoise and gold, and studded with rubies. The train was of old green broché with sides of orange and gold embroidery, and from the ceinture depended long bullion fringe and an embroidered ibis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3b}}
* &quot;(Egyptian Princess), drapery gown of white and silver gauze, covered with embroidery of lotus flowers; the top of gown appliqué with old green satin embroidered blue turquoise and gold, studded rubies; train of old green broché.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 3a}}

==== Commentary ====

*

==== Salammbô ====
Salammbô is the fictitious protagonist in Gustave Flaubert's 1862 novel ''Salammbô'', set during the Roman war against Carthage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-29|title=Salammbô|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B4&amp;oldid=1221352216|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Salammbô is a Carthaginian priestess of the lunar goddess Tanit. Matho, a Roman mercenary, breaks into Tanit's temple and steals her sacred veil — the spiritual guardian of Carthage. Salammbô sneaks into Matho's tent in the enemy encampment to steal the veil back. She meets him there, and &quot;believing each other to be divine apparitions,&quot; they make love.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Salammbô succceds in getting the veil back, but the effect of both having touched it is that Matho is tortured and executed, which causes her to die of shock.

Ernest Reyer's opera ''Salammbô'' was based on Flaubert's novel and published in Paris in 1890 and performed in 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-04-11|title=Ernest Reyer|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Reyer&amp;oldid=1218353215|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Reyer.&lt;/ref&gt; (both Modest Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff had attempted but not completed operas based on the novel as well&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;). Alfons Mucha's 1896 lithograph of Salammbô (above left) was published the year before the ball.[[File:Algernon Henry Bourke Vanity Fair 20 January 1898.jpg|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of an elegant elderly man dressed in a 19th-century tuxedo with a cloak, top hat and formal pointed shoes with bows, standing facing 1/4 to his right|''Algy'' — Algernon Henry Bourke — by &quot;Spy,&quot; ''Vanity Fair'' 20 January 1898]]
=== Hon. Algernon Bourke ===
[[File:Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a man richly dressed in an historical costume sitting in a fireplace that does not have a fire and holding a tankard|Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
'''Lafayette's portrait''' (left) of &quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke as Izaak Walton&quot; in costume is photogravure #129 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;The Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Bourke as Izaak Walton.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158492/Hon-Algernon-Henry-Bourke-as-Izaak-Walton.&lt;/ref&gt;

This portrait is amazing and unusual: Algernon Bourke is not using a photographer's set with theatrical flats and props, certainly not one used by anyone else at the ball itself. Isaak Walton (baptised 21 September 1593 – 15 December 1683) wrote ''The Compleat Angler''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-15|title=Izaak Walton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Walton&amp;oldid=1044447858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton.&lt;/ref&gt; A cottage Walton lived in and willed to the people of Stafford was photographed in 1888, suggesting that its relationship to Walton was known in 1897, raising a question about whether Bourke could have used the fireplace in the cottage for his portrait. (This same cottage still exists, as the [https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/izaak-waltons-cottage Isaak Walton Cottage] museum.)

A caricature portrait (right) of the Hon. Algernon Bourke, called &quot;Algy,&quot; by Leslie Ward (&quot;Spy&quot;) was published in the 20 January 1898 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' as Number 702 in its &quot;Men of the Day&quot; series,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&amp;oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899).&lt;/ref&gt; giving an indication of what he looked like out of costume.

=== Mr. and Mrs. Bourke ===
The ''Times'' made a distinction between the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke and Mr. and Mrs. Bourke, including both in the article.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Occasionally this same article mentions the same people more than once in different contexts and parts of the article, so they may be the same couple. (See [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke#Notes and Question|Notes and Question]] #2, below.)

== Demographics ==

=== The Bourkes ===
*Nationality: Anglo-Irish&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-11-14|title=Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo&amp;oldid=988654078|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Occupation: journalist. 1895: restaurant, hotel and club owner and manager&lt;ref&gt;''Cheltenham Looker-On'', 23 March 1895. Via Ancestry but taken from the BNA.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residences ====
*Ireland: 1873: Palmerston House, Straffan, Co. Kildare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Not Co. Mayo?
*1888–1891: 33 Cadogan Terrace, S.W., Kensington and Chelsea, a dwelling house&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970, Register of Voters, 1891.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1894: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1894. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1900: 181 Pavilion Road, Kensington and Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, Electoral Registers, 1889–1970. Register of Voters, 1900. Via Ancestry.&lt;/ref&gt;
*1904: Algernon Bourke was &quot;usually liv[ing] in Venice&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
*1906: 75, Gloucester-place, W.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
*Gwendolen Bourke
*1911: 1911 Fulham, London&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
*20 Eaton Square, S.W. (in 1897)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl0oAAAAYAAJ|title=Who's who|date=1897|publisher=A. &amp; C. Black|language=en}} 712, Col. 1b.&lt;/ref&gt; (London home of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]])

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===

==== Residences ====

* 1871: Chester Street, St George Hanover Square (Census), with 5 servants, including a cook and a footman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''104''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''838763''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1881–1885&lt;ref&gt;''UK, City and County Directories, 1600s-1900s''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, City and County Directories, 1766 - 1946'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [at least]: 14 Halkin Street, W., St. Georges, 14 servants, including a governess, a house steward, an under butler, a footman and a cook.&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1881. Class: ''RG11''; Piece: ''98''; Folio: ''66''; Page: ''37''; GSU roll: ''1341022''. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ''1881 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888: 49, Cadogan-square, St. Luke, Chelsea&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Overseer Returns, 1863-1894'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: 4 Down St., St George, Hanover Square&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; ''Electoral Registers''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1911, Roger Cyril Sloane-Stanley: Paultons, Ower, Romsey

== Family ==
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (31 December 1854 – 7 April 1922)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p29657.htm#i296561|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gwendolen Irene Emily Sloane-Stanley Bourke (c. 1869 – 30 December 1967)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Guendoline Irene Emily Stanley.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p51525.htm#i515247|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Daphne Marjory Bourke (5 April 1895 – 22 May 1962)

=== Relations ===
*Hon. Algernon Henry Bourke (the 3rd son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|6th Earl of Mayo]]) was the older brother of Lady Florence Bourke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*Wilfred Blunt was a cousin of Algernon Bourke: his mother's &quot;mother was one of the Blunts of Crabbet Park, Sussex, which makes them kinswomen of Mr. Alfred Scawen Blunt, poet, Egyptophil and counsel for Arabi Pasha in his trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;From ''Truth''.&quot; ''Mid-Lothian Journal'' 23 August 1912, Friday: 8 [of 8], 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002721/19120823/147/0008. Print title and p. same.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other Bourkes ====
*Hubert Edward Madden Bourke (after 1925, Bourke-Borrowes)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hubert Edward Madden Bourke-Borrowes.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-08-25}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p52401.htm#i524004.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke, who married [[Social Victorians/People/Dunraven|Windham Henry Wyndham-Quin]] on 7 July 1885;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Eva Constance Aline Bourke.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-02}} https://www.thepeerage.com/p2575.htm#i25747.&lt;/ref&gt; he became 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on 14 June 1926.

=== The Sloane-Stanleys ===
* Emilie Josephine S Stanley ( 21 December 1848 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;London Metropolitan Archives; &quot;London, England, UK&quot; ; ''London Church of England Parish Registers''; Reference Number: ''P87/Tri/001''. Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;  – October 1945)
* Hans T Sloane Stanley (11 May 1840 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; – 15 December 1888&lt;ref&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* James Shell[e?]y Bontein ()
*# Gwendoline&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Irene Emily G Stanley (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley''' (29 April 1875&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; ''WO 42 War Office: Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers 1755-1908''; Reference: ''WO 42/72''. Ancestry.com. ''UK, Officers' Birth Certificates, Wills and Personal Papers, 1755-1908'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – 18 November 1944&lt;ref&gt;''Find a Grave''. Find a Grave®. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi. Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;)


* Olivia Elizabeth Berens, Countess Cairns&lt;ref&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911''. Ancestry.com. ''1911 England Census'' [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; (c. 1871 – 20 June 1951&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Olivia Elizabeth Berens.&quot; Person Page 3908; person #39077. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39077.

&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns (21 December 1861 – 14 January 1890)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;&quot;Arthur William Cairns, 2nd Earl Cairns.&quot; Person Page 3908; Person #39076. ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/p3908.htm#i39076.&lt;/ref&gt;
*# Lady Louise Rosemary Kathleen Virginia Cairns (10 March 1889 – 17 May 1962)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;
* Roger Cyril Hans Sloane Stanley (1875 – 18 November 1944)
*# Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism]&lt;ref&gt;Hampshire Archives and Local Studies; Winchester, England, UK; ''Anglican Parish Registers''; Reference: ''35M76/PR3''. Ancestry.com. ''Hampshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, 1813-1921''[database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
*# Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )


* Lavender Elizabeth (20 May 1900 [baptism] – )
* John Everett ()


* Diane Sloane Stanley (c. 1905 – )
* Elwyn Villiers Rhys ()

== Writings, Memoirs, Biographies, Papers ==

=== Writings ===
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon. ''The History of White's''. London: Algernon Bourke [privately published], 1892.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed., &quot;with a brief Memoir.&quot; ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll with His Sister-in-Law, Lady Gertrude Sloane Stanley, 1818–1838''. John Murray, 1893.
* Bourke, the Hon. Algernon, ed. ''Correspondence of Mr Joseph Jekyll''. John Murray, 1894.

=== Papers ===
* Where are the papers for the Earl of Mayo family? Are Algernon and Gwendolen Bourke's papers with them?

== Notes and Questions ==
#The portrait of Algernon Bourke in costume as Isaac Walton is really an amazing portrait with a very interesting setting, far more specific than any of the other Lafayette portraits of these people in their costumes. Where was it shot? Lafayette is given credit, but it's not one of his usual backdrops. If this portrait was taken the night of the ball, then this fireplace was in Devonshire House; if not, then whose fireplace is it?
#The ''Times'' lists Hon. A. Bourke (at 325) and Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke (at 236) as members of a the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession, Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke (in the general list of attendees), and then a small distance down Mr. and Mrs. Bourke (now at 511 and 512, respectively). This last couple with no honorifics is also mentioned in the report in the London ''Evening Standard'', which means the Hon. Mrs. A. Bourke, so the ''Times'' may have repeated the Bourkes, who otherwise are not obviously anyone recognizable. If they are not the Hon. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bourke, then they are unidentified. It seems likely that they are the same, however, as the newspapers were not perfectly consistent in naming people with their honorifics, even in a single story, especially a very long and detailed one in which people could be named more than once.
#Three slightly difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#&quot;Oriental&quot; Procession|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]]: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts. The Hon. Algernon Bourke, who was also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all. Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#[http://thepeerage.com The Peerage] has no other Algernon Bourkes.
#The Hon Algernon Bourke is #235 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Guendoline Bourke is #236; a Mr. Bourke is #703; a Mrs. Bourke is #704.
#Hans Stanley-Sloane's estate was £33,704 7s. 5d. in the final probate in December 1889,&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; which might lead his widow to consider remarrying.
== Footnotes ==
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  <page>
    <title>User:Dc.samizdat/A symmetrical arrangement of eleven 11-cells</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719660</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dc.samizdat</username>
        <id>2856930</id>
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      <comment>/* The perfection of Fuller's cyclic design */ cubical not squarish</comment>
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      <text bytes="139915" sha1="cwe9xylqhhmq3r57tb1p9evrxpwqtmb" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|March 2024 - May 2025}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Grünbaum]] and [[W:H.S.M. Coxeter|Coxeter]] independently discovered the [[W:11-cell|11-cell]] &lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;{3,5,3}&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, a regular 4-polytope with cells that are the [[W:hemi-icosahedron|hemi-icosahedron]] {3,5}&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, a hexad non-orientable polyhedron. The 11-cell is described as an abstract 4-polytope, because its cells do not have a realization in Euclidean 3-space. However, we find that the 11-cell has a realization in Euclidean 4-space inscribed in the [[120-cell|120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope, which contains inscribed instances of all the convex regular 4-polytopes. The 11-cell contains 11 hemi-icosahedra and 11 regular 5-cells. The 120-cell contains 120 dodecahedra and 120 regular 5-cells. We find that the 120-cell also contains: a non-uniform icosahedral polyhedron that is the realization of the abstract hemi-icosahedron; real 11-cells made from 11 of it; and a nondescript compound of eleven real 11-cells. We also find a quasi-regular compound of the compound of eleven 11-cells and [[w:Schoute|Schoute]]'s compound of five 24-cells (the 600-cell). We describe the real 11-cell 4-polytope, which is the 11-point [[wikipedia:Roswitha_Blind|Blind]] polytope, an augmented rectified 5-cell; its compound of eleven 11-cells; the quasi-regular compound; and their relation to the regular polytopes.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Introduction ==
[[W:Branko Grünbaum|Branko Grünbaum]] discovered the 11-cell around 1970,{{Sfn|Grünbaum|1976|loc=''Regularity of Graphs, Complexes and Designs''}} about a decade before [[W:H.S.M. Coxeter|H.S.M. Coxeter]] extracted hemi-icosahedral hexads from the permutations of eleven numbers, with observations on the perfection of Todd's cyclic pentads and other symmetries he had been studying.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1984|loc=''A Symmetrical Arrangement of Eleven Hemi-Icosahedra''}} Grünbaum started with the hexad, and the impetus for his discovery of the 11-cell was simply the impulse to build with them. Like a child building with blocks, he fit them together, three around each edge, until the arrangement closed up into a 3-sphere and surprise, ''eleven'' of them.

[[File:120-cell.gif|thumb|360px|The picture on the cover of the box.{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 600-cells, 24-cells, 8-cells, 16-cells, 5-cells and 11-cells, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. The child must imagine them.]]
The 4-dimensional regular polytopes are the most wonderful set of child's building blocks. The simplest two 4-polytopes are the 5-point 4-[[W:Simplex|simplex]] (called the [[5-cell]], because it is built from 5 tetrahedra), and the 8-point 4-[[W:Orthoplex|orthoplex]] (called the [[16-cell]], because it is built from 16 tetrahedra). As building blocks they could not be more different. The 16-cell is the basic building block of everything 4-dimensional. Every other regular convex 4-polytope (''except'' the 5-cell) can be built as a compound of 16-cells, including first of all the [[w:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the 4-hypercube, which is a compound of two 16-cells in [[W:Demihypercube|exact dimensional analogy]] to the way a cube is a compound of two tetrahedra. The regular 5-cell, on the other hand, is not found within any of the other regular convex 4-polytopes, except in the largest and most complex one, the [[120-cell|120-cell]], the biggest thing you can build from this set of building blocks (the picture on the cover of the box, which is built from everything in the box). The 5-cell has a fundamental relationship to all the other 4-polytopes, but not one as simple as compounding. The 5-cell is not immediately useful to children trying to learn to build with 4-dimensional building blocks, but the 16-cell is our very starting point, and the most frequently used tool in the box.

Nevertheless, to build the 11-cell, we start with the 5-cell. The 5-cell and 11-cell are both self-reciprocal (their own duals). The 5-cell has 5 vertices that form 5 tetrahedral cells, and a total of 10 triangular faces and 10 edges. The 11-cell has 11 vertices that form 11 hemi-icosahedral cells, each with 10 triangular faces and 15 edges, and a total of 55 triangular faces and 55 edges.

== 5-cells and hemi-icosahedra in the 11-cell ==
[[File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg|thumb|The 5-point (10-face) regular 5-cell (the regular 4-simplex). Grünbaum's rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram{{Sfn|Grünbaum|1975|loc=''Rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram'', Fig 1 (e)|ps=; partitions the individual elements of the 5-cell.}} is an illustration of the 5-cell labeling each of its &lt;math&gt;2^5&lt;/math&gt; elements.{{Sfn|Cmglee: Grunbaum's 5-point Venn Diagram|2019|ps=; each individual element of the 5-cell is labelled; image includes the Python code to render it, optimising for maximum area of the smallest regions.}}]]
[[File:Hemi-icosahedron.png|thumb|The 6-point (10 face) [[W:hemi-icosahedron|hemi-icosahedron]], an abstraction of the regular icosahedron, has half as many faces, edges and vertices. Each element of the abstract polyhedron represents two or more real elements found in different places in a concrete realization of the 11-cell.{{Sfn|Ruen: hemi-icosahedron|2007}}]]
The most apparent relationship between the pentad 5-cell and the hexad hemi-icosahedron is that they both have 10 triangular faces. When we find a facet congruence between a 4-polytope and a 3-polytope we suspect a dimensional analogy. In the exceptional case of 5-cell and icosahedron, which share the same symmetry group &lt;math&gt;A_5&lt;/math&gt;, we fully expect a dimensional analogy.{{Efn|There is an exceptional inter-dimensional duality between the regular icosahedron and the 5-cell because they share &lt;math&gt;A_5&lt;/math&gt; symmetry. See this question asked on [https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4235783/the-rotational-symmetry-groups-of-the-5-cell-and-the-icosahedron-are-isomorphi math.stackexchange.com 2021].}} A similar clue that the hemi-icosahedron has something to do with dimensional analogy comes from its realization as the 6-point 5-simplex. Yet another real hexad is the 6-point 3-orthoplex; thus the hemi-icosahedron is related by dimensional analogy to the 4-simplex (5-cell) from above, and to the 4-orthoplex (16-cell) from below, while those two simplest 4-polytope building blocks are ''only'' related to each other indirectly by dimensional analogies, having no chord congruences in 4-space. The 11-cell's cell has only been at the party 5 minutes, and it is already inter-dimensionally ''involved'' with the two earliest arrivals, the 4-simplex (5-cell) and 4-orthoplex (16-cell), who are famously stand-offish with each other. Interesting!

The cell of the 11-cell is an abstract hexad hemi-icosahedron with 5 central planes, most handsomely illustrated by Séquin.{{Sfn|Séquin|2012|loc=A 10-Dimensional Jewel}}{{Sfn|Séquin &amp; Lanier|2007|p=3|loc=Figure 4: (b,c) two views of the hemi-icosahedron projected into 3D space|ps=; Séquin et. al. have a lovely colored illustration of the hemi-icosahedron, subdivided into 10 triangular faces by 5 central planes of its icosahedral symmetry, revealing rings of polytopes nestled in its interior. Their illustration cannot be directly included here, because it has not been uploaded to [[W:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]] under an open-source copyright license, but you can view it online by clicking through this citation to their paper, which is available on the web.}}{{Sfn|Séquin &amp; Hamlin|2007|loc=Figure 2. 57-Cell: (a) vertex figure|ps=; The 6-point [[W:Hemi-isosahedron|hemi-isosahedron]] is the vertex figure of the 11-cell's dual 4-polytope the 57-point [[W:57-cell|57-cell]].}} The 11 hemi-icosahedral cells have 10 triangle faces each, and each cell is face-bonded to the other 10 cells. The 5-cell's 5 tetrahedral cells have 10 faces and 10 edges altogether, and each cell is face-bonded to the other 4 cells.{{Efn|The 11-cell and the 5-cell are the only 4-polytopes where every cell shares a face with every other cell.|name=every cell adjacent}} If 11-cell faces are 5-cell faces, then 3 of each 5-cell's 5 vertices are a hemi-icosahedron face, and its other 2 vertices must be some 11-cell edge lying opposite the face. Coxeter determined that the 11-cell does indeed have an edge opposite each face, that does not belong to the same hemi-icosahedral cell as its opposing face. He found that the 10 edges opposite each hemi-icosahedron's 10 faces are the 10 edges of a single 5-cell, which does not share any vertices, edges or faces with the hemi-icosahedron. For each cell of the 11-point 11-cell, there is exactly one such 5-point 5-cell that is completely disjoint from the 6-point hemi-icosahedron cell.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1984|p=110|loc=§6. The Petrie polygon [of the 11-cell]|ps=; &quot;We may reasonably call this edge and face ''opposites''. It is easy to find the face opposite to a given edge by looking at the faces to which a given edge belongs. ... Conversely, given a face, we can find the opposite edge by seeing which vertices belong to neither of the hemi-icosahedra which share that face. The ten edges opposite to the ten faces of one hemi-icosahedron are the edges of the complementary &lt;math&gt;a_4&lt;/math&gt; [4-simplex], that is, the joins of all pairs of the five vertices [of the 11-cell] not belonging to the given hemi-icosahedron.&quot;}}

There are 11 disjoint 5-cell 4-polytopes inscribed in each 11-cell, which also contains 11 hemi-icosahedral cells, 55 faces, 55 edges and 11 vertices. The real 11-cell is more complex than the abstract 11-cell representing it, because the real hemi-icosahedron is more complex and harder to see than the abstract hemi-icosahedron. Seeing the real 11-cell will be easier once we have identified the real hemi-icosahedron, and seen exactly where the 11-cell's real elements reside in the other 4-polytopes within the 120-cell with which the 11-cell intermingles.

The 5-cell has 10 faces, and the 11-cell has 10 faces in each of its hemi-icosahedral cells, but that is not how their faces correspond. Each hemi-icosahedron is face-bonded to the other 10 hemi-icosahedra, and to 10 of the 11 5-cells, and there is exactly one 5-cell with which it does not share a face.{{Efn|As Coxeter observes (in the previous citation), that unrepresented 5-point 5-cell is the other 5 vertices of the 11-point 11-cell that are not vertices of this 6-point hemi-icosahedron: the hemi-icosahedron's disjoint complement.}} Each 5-cell has 10 faces which belong to 10 distinct hemi-icosahedra of the 11-cell, and there is just one hemi-icosahedron with which it does not share a face.

In the abstract 11-cell each face represents two conflated icosahedron faces, two actual faces in different places, so the 11-cell's 55 faces represent 110 actual faces: the faces of 11 completely disjoint 5-cells. Each hemi-icosahedron vertex represents conflated icosahedral vertices: multiple actual vertices separated by a small distance which has been reduced to a point at the coarse scale of the abstraction.{{Efn|We shall see that this small eliminated distance is in fact the length of a 120-cell edge, the shortest chordal distance found in the 120-cell.}} Seemingly adjacent hemi-icosahedron faces do not actually meet at an edge; there is a polygon separating them, which has been abstracted to an edge. The 10 hemi-icosahedron faces are 5-cell faces from 10 distinct 5-cells, and they do not actually touch each other: the 120 5-cells in the 120-cell are completely disjoint.

In the 5-cell each face bonds two tetrahedral cells together, and in the 11-cell each face bonds two pairs of tetrahedral cells together, because each 11-cell face represents two actual 5-cell faces in two different planes. Each duplex 11-cell face bonds tetrahedra in two 5-cells in different places, without binding the 5-cells together (they are completely disjoint). One actual 5-cell face is one half of a duplex 11-cell face, so 110 5-cell faces are 55 duplex 11-cell faces. The 11-cell's 11 abstract vertices represent all 55 distinct vertices of the 11 disjoint 5-cells, so they must be abstract conflations of at least 5 vertices. Therefore for any of this to be possible, the 11-cell must not be alone; 11-cells must be sharing vertices, not disjoint as the 5-cells are.

== The real hemi-icosahedron ==

[[File:120-Cell showing the individual 8 concentric hulls and in combination.svg|thumb|400px|right|
Orthogonal projections of the 120-cell by Moxness{{Sfn|Moxness: 8 concentric hulls|2022|loc=Hull #8 (lower right)|ps=; &quot;Orthogonal projection of the 120-cell using any 3 of these Cartesian coordinate dimensions forms an outer hull of a Chamfered dodecahedron of Norm=√8. Hulls 1, 2, &amp; 7 are each overlapping pairs of Dodecahedrons. Hull 3 is a pair of Icosidodecahedrons. Hulls 4 &amp; 5 are each pairs of Truncated icosahedrons. Hulls 6 &amp; 8 are Rhombicosidodecahedrons.&quot;}} using 3 of its 4 Cartesian coordinate dimensions to render 8 polyhedral hulls which are 3D sections through distinct hyperplanes starting with a dodecahedron cell. Hull #8 with 60 vertices (lower right) is a central section of the 120-cell, the 8th and largest section starting with a cell.{{Efn|1=Although the 8 hulls are illustrated as the same size, in the 120-cell they have increasing size as numbered. Only Hull #8 is a central section of the same radius as the 120-cell itself, analogous to the equator. Sections 1-7 occur in pairs on opposite sides of the central section, and are analogous to lines of latitude. Section 1 is simply a dodecahedral cell. The &quot;Combined hulls&quot; is for illustrative purposes only; no such compound polyhedron exists in the 120-cell.}}]]
We shall see in subsequent sections that the 11-cell is not in fact alone, but first let us see if we can find an existing illustration of the realization of the abstract hemi-icosahedron, as an actual polyhedron that occurs in the 120-cell. Moxness developed software which uses Hamilton's [[w:Quaternion|quaternion]]s to render the polyhedra which are found in the interior of ''n''-dimensional polytopes.{{Sfn|Moxness: Quaternion graphics software|2023|ps= ; describes the theory and implementation of quaternion-based polytope graphics software.}} [[w:William_Rowan_Hamilton|Hamilton]] was the first wise child to discover a 4-dimensional building block, [[w:History_of_quaternions#Hamilton's_discovery|in his flash of genius on Broom bridge]] in 1843, though he didn't think of his quaternion formula {{math|1=''i''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''j''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''k''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''ijk'' = −1}} as the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]] 4-polytope. He did not realize then that he had discovered the 4-hypercube polytope and [[W:Tesseractic honeycomb|its honeycomb]], the tetrad (w, x, y, z) Cartesian [[w:Euclidean_geometry#19th_century|coordinates of Euclidean 4-space]]. Moxness built his software out of Hamilton's quaternions, as quite a lot of graphics software is built, because quaternions make rotations and projections in 3D or 4D space as simple as matrix multiplications. The quaternions are 4-hypercube building blocks, analogous to the 3-hypercube wooden blocks everyone built with as a child (only they fit together even better, because they are [[w:8-cell#Radial_equilateral_symmetry|radially equilateral]] like the cuboctahedron and the [[24-cell]], but we digress). Moxness used his software to render illustrations of the polyhedra inside the 120-cell, which he published. Notice his &quot;Hull # = 8 with 60 vertices&quot;, lower right. It is a real icosahedron that the abstract hemi-icosahedron represents, as it occurs in the 120-cell. Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) is a concrete realization of the 6-point hemi-icosahedron in spherical 3-space &lt;math&gt;S^3&lt;/math&gt;, embedded in Euclidean 4-space &lt;math&gt;R^4&lt;/math&gt;. Its 12 little pentagon faces are 120-cell faces. It also has 20 triangle faces like any icosahedron, separated from each other by rectangles, but beware: those triangles are not the 5-cell faces. They are smaller equilateral triangles, of edge length &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; in a {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell, where the 5-cell face triangles have edge length &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;.{{Efn|The 41.4° chord of edge length 1 in a {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell occurs only in the 120-cell; it is not the edge of any smaller regular 4-polytope inscribed in the 120-cell. The equilateral triangle faces of Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron are not the 5-cell faces of edge length &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236&lt;/math&gt; (104.5°), not the 16-cell faces of edge length &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; (90°), not the 24-cell faces of edge length &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414&lt;/math&gt; (60°), and not the 600-cell faces of edge length &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}/\phi \approx 0.874&lt;/math&gt; (36°).|name=Moxness 60-point triangle faces}}

[[File:Irregular great hexagons of the 120-cell radius √2.png|thumb|Every 6 edges of the 120-cell that lie on a great circle join with 5-cell edges to form two opposing irregular great hexagons (truncated triangles). The 120-cell contains 1200 of its own edges and 1200 5-cell edges, in 200 dodecagon {12} central planes. The 5-cell ''faces'' do not lie in central planes.]]
Edges of the larger 5-cell face triangles of edge length &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt; can also be found in Hull #8, but they are invisible chords below the surface of Moxness's 60-point polyhedron. To see them, notice that six 120-cell edges (little pentagon edges) lie on a great circle, alternating with six rectangle diagonals. Also lying on this irregular {12} great circle are six 5-cell edges, invisible chords joining every other 120-cell edge and  running under the 120-cell edge between them. The six long chords and six short edges form two opposing irregular {6} great hexagons (truncated triangles) of alternating 5-cell edges and 120-cell edges, as illustrated. The irregular {12} great dodecagon lies on a great circle of Moxness's 60-point polyhedron, and also on a great circle of the 120-cell, because Moxness's Hull #8 is the ''central'' cell-first section of the 120-cell.{{Efn|The cell-first central section of the 600-cell (and of the 24-cell) is a cuboctahedron with 24-cell edges. The 120-cell is the regular compound of 5 600-cells (and of 25 24-cells), so Moxness's Hull #8, as the cell-first central section of the 120-cell, is the regular compound of 5 cuboctahedra. Their 24-cell edges, like the 5-cell edges, are invisible chords of Hull #8 that lie below its surface, on the same irregular {12} great circles. Each 24-cell edge chord spans one 120-cell edge chord (one little pentagon edge) and one rectangle face diagonal chord. Six 24-cell edge chords form a regular great {6} hexagon, inscribed in the irregular great {12} dodecagon.|name=compound of 5 cuboctahedra}} There are 10 great dodecagon central planes and 60 5-cell edges in Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8), and 200 great dodecagon central planes and 1200 5-cell edges in the 120-cell. 

[[File:Central cell-first section of the 120-cell with 5-cell face triangle.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of the cell-first central section of the 120-cell, Hull #8 rendered by Moxness, with one of 20 inscribed 5-cell faces drawn (black chords and green spherical triangle).]]
But the 5-cell ''faces'' do not lie in those central planes. We can locate them in the 60-point polyhedron where they lie parallel to and under each small face triangle of edge length &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Truncating at a triangle face of Moxness's 60-point polyhedron exposes a deeper 5-cell triangle face.{{Efn|Each face triangle of edge length &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; is surrounded by 3 rectangles, and beyond each rectangle by another face triangle. The distant vertices of those 3 surrounding triangles form a &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt; triangle, a 5-cell face.}} There are 20 such 5-cell faces inscribed in the 60-point polyhedron, all completely disjoint. We find 60 vertices, 60 edges and 20 faces of various 5-cells in each 60-point polyhedron, but no whole tetrahedral cells of the 5-cells.{{Efn|The fourth vertex of each 5-cell tetrahedron lies opposite the truncated face triangle of edge length &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Since Moxness's 60-point polyhedron has opposing triangle faces (like any icosahedron), the fourth vertex of the 5-cell tetrahedron lies over the center of the opposing face. This is a vertex of some other Moxness's 60-point polyhedron in the 120-cell. Each tetrahedral cell of a 5-cell spans four 60-point polyhedra.}}

[[File:Nonuniform_rhombicosidodecahedron_as_rectified_rhombic_triacontahedron_max.png|thumb|Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) is a nonuniform [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]] similar to the one from the catalog shown here,{{Sfn|Piesk: Rhombicosidodecahedron|2018}} but a slightly shallower truncation with smaller red pentagons and narrower rhombs. Rhombicosidodecahedra are made by truncating the [[W:Rhombic triacontahedron|rhombic triacontahedron]], which is the unique 30-sided polyhedron with only one kind of face, the dual of the 30-point icosidodecahedron. The 120-cell contains 60 of Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) rhombicosidodecahedra.]]
Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) is a nonuniform form of an Archimedean solid, the 60-point [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]] from [[W:Johannes Kepler|Kepler's]] 1619 [[W:Harmonices Mundi|''Harmonices Mundi'']], which has the same 120 edges, 20 triangular faces and 12 pentagon faces, but with 30 squares between them instead of 30 rectangles. Without the squares ''or'' the rectangles it would be the 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], which has the same relationship to Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) that the 6-point hemi-icosahedron does: they are both abstractions of it by conflation of its 60 points, 2-into-1 (icosidodecahedron) and 10-into-1 (hemi-icosahedron), in what [[w:Alicia_Boole_Stott|Alicia Boole Stott]] named a ''contraction'' operation.{{Efn|The regular 5-point 5-cell can be another abstraction of Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8), 12-vertices-into-1. None of these contractions of Moxness's 60-point is an instance of her operation actually described by Boole Stott, since she did not apply her expansion and contraction operations to uniform polytopes with more than one edge length, but she did explicitly describe contractions of the semi-regular Archimedean rhomibicosidodecahedron.}} In fact Moxness was not the first person to find rhombicosidodecahedra in the 120-cell. Alicia Boole Stott identified the 6th section of {5,3,3} beginning with a cell as the semi-regular rhombicosidodecahedron that is her ''e&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; expansion'' of the icosahedron (or equivalently of its dual polyhedron the dodecahedron).{{Sfn|Boole Stott|1910|loc=§Examples of the e&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; expansion|p=7}} But that 6th section rhombicosidodecahedron identified by Boole Stott is not Moxness's Hull #8, it is the semi-regular Archimedean solid (Moxness's Hull #6), with a single edge length and square faces. Moxness's Hull #8, with its two distinct edge lengths and rectangular faces, is Coxeter's 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, the 8th section of {5,3,3} beginning with a cell, which is missing from the sections illustrated by Boole Stott.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=258-259|loc=§13.9 Sections and Projections: Historical remarks|ps=; &quot;Alicia Boole Stott (1860-1940) ... also constructed the sections i&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; of {5, 3, 3}, exhibiting the nets in her Plate V. “Diagrams VIII-XIV” refer to the sections 1&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-7&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;; but 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is missing. Incidentally, Diagram XIII (our 6&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) is a rhombicosidodecahedron, the Archimedean solid.&quot;}} Coxeter found section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; first, and gave its coordinates, but he did not identify it as an irregular rhombicosidodecahedron; his table entry for its description as a polyhedron is empty, suggesting that he never visualized it. Although Moxness was not the first to compute the 60-point 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; section, he was apparently the first person to ''see'' it.

The 30-point icosidodecahedron is the quasi-regular product of 5-point pentagon and 6-point hexagon, recalling Coxeter's original discovery of the 11-cell in pentads and hexads, and also the two child's building blocks: one so useless the 5-point (pentad) 5-cell, and the other so useful the 8-point 16-cell with its four orthogonal 6-point (hexad) octahedron central sections, which can be compounded into everything larger. Some children building with the 30-point icosidodecahedron notice that it occurs as the central section 4&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; of the 120-point 600-cell. It is less often noticed that Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron is the central section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; of the 600-point 120-cell. It occupies a flat 3-dimensional hyperplane that bisects the 120-cell, and since there are 120 dodecahedral cells, there are 60 such central hyperplanes, each perpendicular to an axis that connects the centers of two antipodal cells.

The 60 central hyperplanes, each containing an instance of Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8), are rotated with respect to each other.{{Efn|Each of the 120 dodecahedral cells lies in the closed, curved 3-dimensional space of the 3-sphere as the center of a series of concentric hulls of increasing size, nested like Russian dolls. Moxness's 60-point (section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) is the 8th, largest-radius concentric hull, a central section of the 120-cell that bisects the 3-sphere the way an equator bisects an ordinary sphere. Such a central polyhedron is the 4-dimensional analog of an equatorial great circle polygon. Its 60 vertices lie in the same 3-dimensional hyperplane, a flat 3-dimensional section sliced through the 120-cell. There are 60 distinct stacks of such parallel hyperplanes in the 120-cell, one stack spindled on each cell-center-to-antipodal-cell-center axis, with a dodecahedral cell (a section 1&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) at each end of the stack. The largest-radius 60-point (section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) central slice lies in the center of the stack, and the smaller non-central section hyperplanes occur in parallel pairs on either side of the central slice. The 120-cell therefore contains 120 instances of each kind of non-central section 1&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; through 7&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and 60 instances of the central section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.|name=polyhedral sections beginning with a cell}} They intersect each other, with 6 rhombicosidodecahedra sharing each vertex and 3 sharing each edge, but each little pentagon face (120-cell face) belongs to just one rhombicosidodecahedron. The 60 central sections lie in distinct isoclinic hyperplanes, that is, the rhombicosidodecahedra are rotated in 4-space symmetrically with respect to each other, by two equal angles.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; &quot;In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)&quot;}} Each pair of rhombicosidodecahedra intersect only in a single central plane containing an irregular {12} dodecagon, and share its 12 vertices. But because the 5-cell faces do not lie in central planes, each 5-cell face occurs in only one rhombicosidodecahedron, just as it occurs in only one 5-cell. The 60 rhombicosidodecahedra meet 6 at each vertex, 2 at each {12} central plane, 3 at each 5-cell edge, 3 at each 120-cell edge, and 2 at each rhombicosidodecahedron face.

We have come far enough with our pentad building blocks, usually so useless to children less wise than Todd or Coxeter, to see that the 60 Moxness's 60-point (Hull #8) rhombicosidodecahedra are real polyhedra which the abstract hemi-icosahedra represent, but we have not yet identified 11 real hemi-icosahedral face-bonded cells, at 11 distinct locations in the 120-cell, as an 11-cell. The abstract hemi-icosahedron's 10 faces represent actual 5-cell faces inscribed in real rhombicosidodecahedra, and its 15 edges represent 5-cell edges (of length {{radic|5}} in a {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell) that occur as chords lurking under the surface of the rhombicosidodecahedra. Each 5-cell edge is shared by three rhombicosidodecahedra, but each 5-cell face is contained within just one rhombicosidodecahedron.

[[File:Tensegrity Icosahedron.png|thumb|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Kinematics of the cuboctahedron#Elastic-edge transformation|Tensegrity icosahedron]] structure. Design first exhibited by [[w:Buckminster_Fuller|Buckminster Fuller]] in 1949. Geometrically a [[w:Jessen's_icosahedron|Jessen's icosahedron]] with 6 long reflex edge struts, and 24 short edge tension cables. 3 pairs of parallel struts lie in 3 orthogonal central planes.]]
At this point, we should orient ourselves by recalling that the centers of the 12 little pentagon faces of Moxness's rhombicosidodecahedron are the vertices of the regular icosahedron, which frames ''all'' the regular polyhedra by expansion and contraction operations. Alicia Boole Stott discovered that before 1910,{{Sfn|Polo-Blanco: ''Theory and history of geometric models of Alicia Boole Stott''|2007|loc=§5.3.2 1910 paper on semi-regular polytopes|pp=152-158|ps=; summarizes Boole Stott's method and results from {{Sfn|Boole Stott|1910|loc=''Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings''|pp=12-45|ps=; presents two cyclical sequences of regular and semi-regular 4-polytopes linked by expansion-contraction operations to their embedded 3-polytopes, comprising a large trans-dimensional polytope family that includes 6 regular 4-polytopes and their 3-polytope dimensional analogues, and 45 Archimedean 4-polytopes and their 13 Archimedean 3-polytope analogues.}}, including her tables of expansion-contraction dimensional analogies and a few of her illustrations.}} and those wise young friends Coxeter &amp; Petrie, building together with polyhedral blocks, rediscovered it before 1938.{{Sfn|Coxeter|du Val|Flather|Petrie|1938|p=4|ps=; &quot;Just as a tetrahedron can be inscribed in a cube, so a cube can be inscribed in a dodecahedron. By reciprocation, this leads to an octahedron circumscribed about an icosahedron. In fact, each of the twelve vertices of the icosahedron divides an edge of the octahedron according to the &quot;[[W:Golden section|golden section]]&quot;. Given the icosahedron, the circumscribed octahedron can be chosen in five ways, giving a [[W:Compound of five octahedra|compound of five octahedra]], which comes under our definition of [[W:Stellated icosahedron|stellated icosahedron]]. (The reciprocal compound, of five cubes whose vertices belong to a dodecahedron, is a stellated [[W:Triacontahedron|triacontahedron]].) Another stellated icosahedron can at once be deduced, by stellating each octahedron into a [[W:Stella octangula|stella octangula]], thus forming a [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compound of ten tetrahedra]]. Further, we can choose one tetrahedron from each stella octangula, so as to derive a [[W:Compound of five tetrahedra|compound of five tetrahedra]], which still has all the rotation symmetry of the icosahedron (i.e. the icosahedral group), although it has lost the reflections. By reflecting this figure in any plane of symmetry of the icosahedron, we obtain the complementary set of five tetrahedra. These two sets of five tetrahedra are enantiomorphous, i.e. not directly congruent, but related like a pair of shoes. [Such] a figure which possesses no plane of symmetry (so that it is enantiomorphous to its mirror-image) is said to be ''[[W:Chiral|chiral]]''.&quot;}} Before we move on to locating the 11 discrete hemi-icosahedron cells of the 11-cell in the 120-cell, it is important to notice one more icosahedral symmetry of the hidden {{radic|5}} chords lurking below the surface of Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron. The 12 little pentagon faces (120-cell faces) are connected to each other in opposing pairs, by 10 sets of six {{radic|5}} chords (5-cell edges). The six chords of each set are disjoint (they don't touch or form 5-cell faces), and they are symmetrically arranged as 3 parallel pairs, {{radic|3}} apart, which lie in 3 orthogonal central planes. Each 120-cell pentagon face lies at one end of ten chords from five disjoint 5-cells: two at each vertex from the same 5-cell, but from two distinct sets of six disjoint chords. It turns out each six-chord set is the six reflex edges of a 12-point non-convex polyhedron called the [[w:Jessen's_icosahedron|Jessen's icosahedron]]. The six disjoint chords are the parallel-orthogonal strut chords of a [[WikiJournal Preprints/Kinematics of the cuboctahedron#Elastic-edge transformation|tensegrity icosahedron]]. Five disjoint instances of the Jessen's may be inscribed in each Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron, their struts propping the rhombicosidodecahedron and the 120-cell itself open like a tensegrity structure.{{Efn|Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron is a compound of 5 disjoint Jessen's icosahedra in two different ways, because the 60 {{radic|5}} chords meet two-at-a-vertex and form 10 inscribed Jessen's icosahedra: 5 disjoint Jessen's, in two different ways. The dimensionally analogous construction is the 120-cell, as a compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells, in two different ways. Consequently the 120-cell can be constructed (two different ways) as an infinitesimally-rigid geodesic tensegrity 3-sphere (a 4-dimensional [[w:Tensegrity#Tensegrity structures|tensegrity sphere]]), in which the 120-cell's 1200 edges are only tension cables, provided that a disjoint 600 of the 120 5-cells' 1200 edges are included as compression struts.|name=tensegity 120-cell}} But here we find ourselves far out in the 3-sphere system, almost to the [[W:Borromean_rings|Borromean rings]] of the giant 600-cell. We shall have to go back and orient ourselves at the origin again, and work our way outwards, before eventually in ''[[#The perfection of Fuller's cyclic design|§The perfection of Fuller's cyclic design]]'' we will meet that rare child Bucky Fuller's orthogonal 12-point tensegrity icosahedron, an [[WikiJournal Preprints/Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|in-folded cuboctahedron]], the unique pyritohedral fish swimming deep in the 3-sphere ocean.

== The eleventh chord ==

Each pair of rhombicosidodecahedra intersects only in a single central plane containing an irregular {12} dodecagon. 10 irregular great {12} dodecagons occur in each 60-point (section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) rhombicosidodecahedron, with 2 dodecagons crossing at each vertex. Each rhombicosidodecahedron shares a {12} central plane with 10 distinct other rhombicosidodecahedra. Groups of 11 rhombicosidodecahedra share central planes pairwise.

Here, at last, we find eleven of something. That group of 11 rhombicosidodecahedra sharing central planes pairwise must comprise an 11-cell. All we have seen them sharing is a single {12} central plane between each pair of rhombicosidodecahedra, much as any 4-polytope's cells share only a single face plane between each pair of adjacent cells.{{Efn|name=every cell adjacent}} But a central plane is not ordinarily a face plane, and the rhombicosidodecahedra do not share the 5-cell faces they contain in their interior.

Each shared {12} central plane contains 6 disjoint 5-cell edges (from 6 different 5-cells), and each rhombicosidodecahedron contains 20 disjoint 5-cell faces (which do ''not'' lie in its ten {12} central planes). Each {12} central plane occurs in 2 rhombicosidodecahedra which meet there. Each rhombicosidodecahedron contains 60 5-cell edges, which form 20 completely disjoint 5-cell faces within the rhombicosidodecahedron. Four 5-cell edges meet at each vertex at the 5-cell's tetrahedral vertex figure. Two 5-cell edges of a face within the rhombicosidodecahedron meet two edges belonging to other faces of the 5-cell: edges and faces which lie within other rhombicosidodecahedra. Adjacent rhombicosidodecahedra share only 5-cell edges, not 5-cell faces: three rhombicosidodecahedra meet around each 5-cell edge. Each 5-cell face is shared by two tetrahedral cells of a 5-cell, but not by two rhombicosidodecahedra: it lies within just one rhombicosidodecahedron. There is no 5-cell face sharing between rhombicosidodecahedra, although each rhombicosidodecahedron shares each of its {12} central planes pairwise with one other rhombicosidodecahedron. Each 5-cell face has its 3 edges in 3 distinct {12} central planes.

[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,4).svg|thumb|The [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/8}{{=}}2{15/4} triacontagram]] of the 5-cell rotation.]]There is no face sharing between 5-cells either: the 120 5-cells in the 120-cell are completely disjoint. 5-cells never share any elements, but they are related to each other positionally, in groups of six, by an isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 5-cell: the rotation over the 5-cell's edges.{{Efn|The Petrie polygon of the 120-cell is a skew {30} triacontagon. There are 30 and only 30 distinct chordal distances between vertices in the 120-cell. The 120-cell's edge is the {30/1} chord. The 5-cell edge chord is the {30/8} chord, because it connects two vertices which are 8 120-cell edges apart on the 120-cell's 30-edge Petrie polygon.}} That rotation takes the six 5-cells within each group to each other's positions, and back to their original positions, in a circuit of 15 rotational displacements.{{Sfn|Mamone|Pileio|Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439|ps=; in symmetry group 𝛢&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; the operation [15]𝑹&lt;sub&gt;q3,q3&lt;/sub&gt; is the 15 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of the 5-cell in the invariant planes of its edges; in symmetry group 𝛨&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; the operation [1200]𝑹&lt;sub&gt;q3,q13&lt;/sub&gt; is the 1200 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of the 120-cell in the invariant planes of its edges.}} The 5 vertices of each 5-cell rotate in parallel, on non-intersecting 15-chord circular isocline paths, from 5-cell to 5-cell, before closing their circuits and returning the moving 5-cell to its original location and orientation. Each vertex moves on a curved isocline, over a skew polygon of 15 chords, that is one disjoint half of a {30/8}=2{15/4} compound polygram, in which a {30/8} chord connects every eighth vertex of the {30} triacontagram.{{Efn|We shall have more to say about this rotation later, but please note that the 4-space chordal distance of each rotational displacement, as measured in the stationary reference frame, is not actually a 5-cell edge {30/8} chord of length {{radic|5}}, but a longer {30/10} chord of length {{radic|6}}. The 2-dimensional {30/8}{{=}}2{15/4} compound polygram lies skew in 4-space; it is a circular double helix of two 15-gon helical isoclines, winding through 4 dimensions. It is seen to contain {30/8} chords only when viewed projected flat into a 2-space (a moving invariant plane of the rotation). In 4-space those 15 chords are actually {30/10} chords of length {{radic|6}}. Projected to a 2-dimensional perspective view, they are foreshortened into {30/8} chords.}}

[[File:Major chord 11 of 135.5° in the 120-cell.png|thumb|The 120-cell contains 200 irregular {12} central planes containing 1200 135.5° {30/11} chords, six in each plane (shown in blue). They lie parallel to six 104.5° {30/8} chords (shown in red), the 5-cell edges, and they join the vertices of four great triangles with 120° {30/10} chord edges (only one great triangle is shown, in green).]]
[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-11.svg|thumb|The [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/11} triacontagram]] of the 11-cell rotation.]]The same {12} central planes also contain six {30/11} chords of length &lt;math&gt;\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;, parallel to the six {30/8} chords of length {{radic|5}}. The {30/11} chords are one 120-cell edge longer than the {30/8} chords. They do not form triangles within the rhombicosidodecahedron like the {30/8} chords, but they do meet at a tetrahedral vertex figure. Groups of 11 rhombicosidodecahedra (an 11-cell) share central planes pairwise, including the chords in the central plane. When 11 things, all pairwise-adjacent to each other, are arranged in any circuit of 30 positions, there exists another circuit of 30 positions through every eleventh position, whether the things are 11 vertices, 11 rhombicosidodecahedra, or 11 [[w:Aardvark|aardvarks]] (though it might be impractical to so arrange 11 arrdvarks, e.g. by tying them together pairwise with cords). This is simply a property of the [[w:Rational_number|rational number]] 30/11. Therefore the 11 rhombicosidodecahedra of the 11-cell are linked by a regular {30/11} triacontagram of 30 chords which runs through them. Each successive chord of the 30 in the triacontagram is shared by a distinct pair of rhombicosidodecahedra in the 11-cell group. An isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 11-cell takes the rhombicosidodecahedra in each 11-cell to each other's positions, pair by pair, in a circuit of 30 rotational displacements. The 60 vertices of each rhombicosidodecahedron rotate in parallel, on non-intersecting 30-chord circular paths, from rhombicosidodecahedron to rhombicosidodecahedron, before closing their circuits and returning the moving rhombicosidodecahedron to its original location and orientation. In this isoclinic rotation of a rigid 120-cell, the 60 rhombicosidodecahedra do this concurrently. Each of the 600 vertices moves on a curved isocline, over a skew polygon of 30 {30/11} chords, that is a regular {30/11} polygram, in which a {30/11} chord connects every eleventh vertex of the {30} triacontagram.{{Efn|We shall have more to say about this rotation later, but please note that the 4-space chordal distance of each rotational displacement, as measured in the stationary reference frame, ''is'' a {30/11} chord of length &lt;math&gt;\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;. However, the 5-cell edges are not the real 11-cell's rotation plane edges. The actual 11-cell rotation edge chord is ''not'' the 5-cell edge {30/8} chord of length {{radic|5}}, but the longer {30/10) chord of length {{radic|6}}.}}

Consider the incidence of these 30-chord {30/11} triacontagram rotation paths, and their intersections. Each rhombicosidodecahedron has 60 vertices and 60 {30/11} chords, which rotate concurrently on parallel 30-position paths. The 120-cell has only 600 vertices and 1200 {30/11} chords, so the 30-position paths of the 60 vertices circling in parallel cannot be disjoint; they must intersect. But the 11 vertices of an 11-cell must be linked by disjoint 30-position {30/11} triacontagram helices, so their rotation paths never intersect.{{Efn|The isoclines on which a 4-polytope's vertices rotate in parallel never intersect. Isoclinic rotation is a concurrent motion of Clifford parallel (disjoint) objects over non-intersecting (disjoint) circles.}} The 120-cell has 121 distinct {30/11} triacontagram helices, which are 11 disjoint {30/11} triacontagram helices in 11 distinct ways.{{Efn|...}}

In the course of a complete isoclinic revolution (30 rotational displacements), an 11-cell visits the positions of 10 other 11-cells (in several orientations) and returns to its original position and orientation. At each step it occupies the same distinct group of 11 rhombicosidodecahedra sharing {12} central planes pairwise. A group of 4-polytopes related by an isoclinic rotation is a larger 4-polytope which subsumes them. This group of eleven 11-cells related by an isoclinic rotation is not a compound of eleven disjoint 11-cells (since they share vertices), but it is a compound of eleven non-disjoint 11-cells, in the same sense that a 24-cell is a compound of three non-disjoint 8-cell tesseracts.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every kind of regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, up to the heptagon {7}. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the other 5 regular convex 4-polytopes]].

{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|columns=7|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}}}

=== How many building blocks, how many ways ===

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, of 5 disjoint 600-cells, and of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. Children building the 120-cell up from their 16-cell building blocks will soon learn to protect their sanity by thinking of these nesting 4-polytopes by their alternate names, as ''n''-points symmetrically distributed on the 3-sphere, as synonyms for their conventional names, as ''n''-cells tiling the 3-sphere. They are the 8-point (16-cell), the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract, the 24-point (24-cell), the 120-point (600-cell), and the 600-point (120-cell).

The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block, which compounds to everything else. The 8-point compounds by 2 in the 16-point, and by 3 in the 24-point; what could be simpler? The 16-point compounds in the 24-point by 3 ''non-disjoint instances'' of itself which share pairs of vertices. (We can think of non-disjoint instances as overlapping instances, except that disjoint instances overlap in space too, they just don't have overlapping vertex sets.) The 24-point compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point, and the 120-point compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point. So far, our child is happily building, and his castle makes sense to him. Then things get hairy.

The 24-point also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances in the 120-point; it compounds into 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever way the child builds it, the resulting 120-point, magically, contains 25 distinct 24-points, not just 5 (or 10). This means that 15 disjoint 8-point building blocks will construct a 120-point, which then magically contains 75 distinct 8-points. 

The 600-point is 5 disjoint 120-points, just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways). So it is 10 non-disjoint 120-points. This means the 8-point building block compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself into the 600-point, which then magically contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point, and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the original 8-point. 

They will be rare wise children who figure all this out for themselves, and even wiser who can see ''why'' it is so. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''|ps=; This hexad of scholars from New Orleans, Louisiana extracted the truth from the permutations of the 120-point 600-cell as perspicaciously as Coxeter did from the permutations of the 11-point 11-cell.}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. This can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells, as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell. For each of the 120 vertices, add 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

=== Building the building blocks themselves ===

We have built every regular 4-polytope except the 5-cell out of 16-cells, but we haven't made the 16-cell (or the 5-cell) out of anything. So far, we have just accepted them both a priori, like [[W:Euclid's postulates|Euclid's postulates]], and proceeded to build with them. But it turns out that while they are the two atomic ''regular'' 4-polytopes, they are not indivisible, and can be built up as honeycombs of identical smaller ''irregular'' 4-polytopes. They are not a priori miracles; like everything else fundamental in nature, including Euclid's postulates, at root they are an expression of a distinct [[w:Symmetry_group|symmetry group]].

Every regular convex ''n''-polytope can be subdivided into instances of its characteristic ''n''-[[W:Orthoscheme|orthoscheme]] that meet at its center. An ''n''-orthoscheme (not an ''n''-[[w:Orthoplex|orthoplex]]!) is an ''irregular'' ''n''-[[w:Simplex_(geometry)|simplex]] with faces that are various right triangles instead of congruent equilateral triangles. A characteristic ''n''-orthoscheme possesses the complete symmetry of its ''n''-polytope without any redundancy, because it contains one of each of the polytope's characteristic root elements. It is the gene for the polytope, which can be replicated to construct the polytope.{{Efn|A [[W:Schläfli orthoscheme|Schläfli orthoscheme]] is a [[W:Chiral|chiral]] irregular [[W:Simplex|simplex]] with [[W:Right triangle|right triangle]] faces that is characteristic of some polytope if it will exactly fill that polytope with the reflections of itself in its own [[W:facet (geometry)|facet]]s (its ''mirror walls''). Every regular polytope can be partitioned radially by its planes of symmetry (Coxeter's &quot;reflecting circles&quot;) into instances of its [[W:Orthoscheme#Characteristic simplex of the general regular polytope|characteristic orthoscheme]] surrounding its center. The characteristic orthoscheme and its chiral mirror image can be replicated rotationally to generate its regular 4-polytope because it is the complete [[W:gene|gene]] for it, containing all of its elements and capturing all of its symmetry without any redundancy. It has the shape described by the same [[W:Coxeter-Dynkin diagram|Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as the regular polytope without the ''generating point'' ring that triggers the reflections.|name=Characteristic orthoscheme}}

The regular 4-simplex (5-cell) is subdivided into 120 instances of its [[5-cell#Orthoschemes|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]] (an irregular 5-cell) by all of its &lt;math&gt;A_4&lt;/math&gt; planes of symmetry at once intersecting at its center, so its symmetry is of order 120. The 120-cell is the convex hull of the regular compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, so it can be subdivided into &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120\times 120 = 14400&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; of these 4-orthoschemes, so that is the symmetry order of the 120-cell. The 5-cell is both 1∕120th of the 120-cell, and 120 ∕120ths of itself.

The regular 4-orthoplex (16-cell) is subdivided into 384 instances of its [[16-cell#Tetrahedral constructions|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]] (another irregular 5-cell) by all of its &lt;math&gt;B_4&lt;/math&gt; planes of symmetry at once intersecting at its center, so its symmetry is of order 384. The 120-cell is the convex hull of the regular compound of 75 disjoint 16-cells (which have 2-fold reflective symmetry), so its symmetry is of order &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75\times 384 / 2 = 14400&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

The regular 24-point (24-cell) is subdivided into 1152 instances of its [[24-cell#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]] (yet another irregular 5-cell) by all of its &lt;math&gt;F_4&lt;/math&gt; planes of symmetry at once intersecting at its center, so its symmetry is of order 1152. The 120-cell is the convex hull of the regular compound of 25 disjoint 24-cells (which have 2-fold reflective symmetry), so its symmetry is of order &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25\times 1152 / 2 = 14400&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

The regular 120-point (600-cell) is subdivided into 14400 instances of its [[600-cell#Characteristic orthoscheme|characteristic 4-orthoscheme]] (yet another irregular 5-cell) by all of its &lt;math&gt;H_4&lt;/math&gt; planes of symmetry at once intersecting at its center, so its symmetry is of order 14400. The regular 600-point (120-cell) is the convex hull of the regular compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells (which have 5-fold reflective symmetry), so its symmetry is of order &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5 \times 14400 / 5 = 14400&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.

== Concentric 120-cells ==

The 8-point 16-cell, not the 5-point 5-cell, is the smallest regular 4-polytope atomic building block, which compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point 5-cell is properly viewed as the ''largest'' atomic building block hierarchically, not the smallest, since it compounds to nothing else regular except the leviathan 120-cell polytope: the picture on the cover of the box, that is built from everything in the box. In the sequence of 4-polytope compounds, we start with the 16-cell at the small end, and the 5-cell emerges only at the large end.

To build with the 16-cell blocks, we simply put them on top of each other as interpenetrating compounds. We can build every other regular 4-polytope from them by that method, except the 5-cell. We can also try to build with the 5-cell that way, as when we tried to build a 4-polytope of 11 hemi-icosahedral cells from 11 5-cells, but it was hard going. We found 5-cell edges and faces lurking inside hemi-icosahedral rhombicosidodecahedra, but we didn't get all the way to a whole 11-cell made from 11 5-cells.

That's because ''compounding'' isn't the easiest method for building with the 5-cell. The 5-cell is the largest building block hierarchically, not the smallest, and the most natural way to build with it is in reverse, by ''subdividing'' it, to find what's inscribed inside it. When we've taken the 5-cell apart, all the ways we possibly can, into certain ''irregular'' 4-polytopes found within it, we will have a new set of irregular 4-polytope building blocks, which compound to the 5-cells and everything else, including the 11-cells.

Subdividing a polytope is done by a geometric operation called ''[[w:Truncation_(geometry)|truncation]]''. There are myriad ways to truncate a 5-cell, each corresponding to a distinct ''depth'' of truncation at a particular point on an edge, or a line on a face, or a face on a cell, where a piece of the 5-cell is cut off. The simplest truncations, such as [[w:Rectification_(geometry)|cutting off a vertex at the midedge of each incident edge]], have been very well-studied; but how should we proceed? Well, what happens when we [[w:Truncated_5-cell|truncate the 5-cells]] found in the 120-cell, by the simplest kinds of truncation? 

If we cut off the 120-cell's 600 vertices, at some point on its 1200 5-cell edges, we create new vertices on the edges of the 120 5-cells, which lie on a smaller 3-sphere than the 120-cell. How many vertices does the smaller 4-polytope thus created have? That is, how many distinct 5-cell edge truncation points occur in the 120-cell? As many as 1200, the number of 5-cell edges, or perhaps 2400, if each edge is truncated at both ends. But also perhaps fewer; for example, if the 120-cell contains pairs of 5-cells with intersecting edges, and the edges intersect at the point on each edge where we make our cut.

[[File:Great_(12)_chords_of_radius_√2.png|thumb|400px|Chords of the radius {{radic|2}} 120-cell in one of its 200 irregular {12} dodecagon central planes. The {{radic|2}} chords form two regular {6} hexagons (black).{{Efn|name=compound of 5 cuboctahedra}} The 120-cell edges form two irregular {6} hexagons (red truncated triangles) with the {{radic|5}} chords. The {6} intersection points (black) of the {{radic|5}} chords form a smaller regular hexagon of radius {{radic|1}} (inscribed in the red circle).]]In the irregular {12} central plane chord diagram, we see six truncation points on the six 104.5° 5-cell edges, where two co-planar 5-cell edges intersect, directly under the midpoint of a 44.5° chord. The six truncation points lie on a red circle that is the circumference of the smaller 4-polytope created by this truncation. They form a red regular hexagon inscribed in the red circle.
Each 104.5° 5-cell edge chord of length {{Radic|5}} has ''two'' points of intersection with other 5-cell edges, exactly 60° apart, the ''arc'' of a 24-cell edge chord, but with ''length'' {{radic|1}}.{{Efn|In the 120-cell, each 5-cell edge is divided into three segments, by its two intersection points with the edges of other 5-cells. The center segment is equal in length to the 120-cell's 41.4° chord, of length 1 in a {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell. The center segment occupies 60° of arc on the circle which intersects its endpoints, the circumference of a smaller concentric 120-cell of unit radius, so it is a 60° {30/5} chord of that smaller 120-cell. The left and right segments are each equal in length to the 25.2° {30/2} chord of length 1/𝜙 (of the larger {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell). The lengths of the left, center and right segments sum to the {30/8} chord of length {{radic|5}}, the 5-cell edge.}} The center segment of the 5-cell edge, between the two intersection points, is a 24-cell edge in the smaller 4-polytope, and the red hexagon is a [[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell's great hexagon]] in the smaller 4-polytope. Nine other of its great hexagons, in other planes, each intersect with an antipodal pair of these {6} vertices. The dihedral angles between hexagon planes in a 24-cell are 60°, and four great hexagons intersect at each vertex. The 1200 5-cell edges, with two intersection points each, are reduced to 600 distinct vertices, so the smaller 4-polytope is a smaller 120-cell.

The larger 120-cell, of radius {{radic|2}}, is concentric to a smaller instance of itself, of radius {{radic|1}}. Four 5-cell edges meet in 600 tetrahedral vertex figures. Four orthogonally intersecting 5-cell edges meet in cubic vertex figures. The 24-cell's edges also meet in a cubic vertex figure. Two disjoint 5-cell tetrahedral vertex figures are inscribed in alternate positions in each 24-cell cubic vertex figure. The 24-cell edges of the smaller 120-cell are the 5-cell edges of the larger 120-cell, truncated at both ends. The distance between the two points of intersection on the {{radic|5}} chord is the 41.4° chord, of length {{radic|1}} in a {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell, and length {{radic|1/2}} in a unit-radius 120-cell. 

=== Bitruncating the 5-cells ===
The two concentric 120-cells (of radius {{radic|2}} or 1) can be built from 5-cell building blocks, by applying a specific kind of truncation operation to the blocks called [[w:Bitruncation|''bitruncation'']]. This reveals a smaller irregular 4-polytope called the [[w:Bitruncated_5-cell|bitruncated 5-cell]]. The smaller unit-radius 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 20 disjoint (and 60 distinct) bitruncated 5-cells, truncated from the 120 disjoint 5-cells of the larger {{Radic|2}}-radius 120-cell.

[[File:Truncatedtetrahedron.gif|thumb|A 12-point [[w:Truncated_tetrahedron|truncated tetrahedron]] cell of the 30-point 10-cell [[w:Bitruncated_5-cell|bitruncated 5-cell]]. Its edges are 41.4° chords of length 1 in a  {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell (or length {{radic|1/2}} in a unit-radius 120-cell). The 120-cell contains 20 disjoint (60 distinct) bitruncated 5-cells, with 200 disjoint (600 distinct) truncated tetrahedra.  ]]
The bitruncated 5-cell is a 30-vertex convex 4-polytope with 10 [[W:Truncated tetrahedron|truncated tetrahedron]] cells that have faces of two kinds: 4 triangle faces and 4 hexagon faces. Its 20 hexagon face planes are not [[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell central plane hexagons]], since they intersect each other at their edges, not at their long diameters. The edge length is not the 60° 24-cell edge chord (the {{radic|2}} or 1 radius chord), but the shorter 41.4° chord (of length 1 or {{radic|1/2}}). The long diameter of the hexagon faces is not the 180° 120-cell long diameter chord (of length 2{{radic|2}} or 2) but the 90° 16-cell edge chord (of length 2 or {{radic|2}}). Consequently, three 16-cell tetrahedron cells (from three disjoint 16-cells) are inscribed in each truncated tetrahedron, at the three vertices of each face triangle.

The truncated tetrahedron cell is the truncation of a tetrahedral cell of one of the 120-cell's 5-cells. The four smaller tetrahedra truncated from the corners of the 5-cell tetrahedron lie outside the bitruncated 5-cell, in the space between the larger-radius and smaller-radius 120-cells. Their edges are 25.2° chords (of length 1/𝜙 or {{radic|0.19}}). The truncated tetrahedron edges (of length 1 or {{radic|1/2}}) are 41.4° center sections of 104.5° 5-cell edge chords (of length {{radic|5}} or {{radic|5/2}}). The shorter diagonal of the hexagon faces is the 75.5° chord (of length {{radic|3}} or {{radic|1.5}}), which is the 180° complement of the 104.5° 5-cell edge chord.

The 3-dimensional surface of the bitruncated 5-cell is a honeycomb of 10 truncated tetrahedron cells, truncated from the 5 tetrahedron cells of a 5-cell (each tetrahedron being truncated in two different ways). The truncated tetrahedra are joined face-to-face in a 3-sphere-filling honeycomb (like the cells of any 4-polytope), at both their hexagon and triangle faces. Each hexagonal face of the truncated tetrahedron is joined in complementary orientation to the neighboring truncated tetrahedron. Four truncated tetrahedra meet at each edge, which is shared by two hexagons and one triangle of each cell.

The 30-point bitruncated 5-cell is also the convex common core (spatial [[w:Intersection|intersection]]) of six 5-point 5-cells in dual position. These six 5-cells are completely disjoint: they share no vertices, but their edges intersect orthogonally, at two points on each edge. Four 5-cell edges, from four of the six 5-cells, cross orthogonally in 30 places, the two intersection points on 60 edges: the 30 vertices of a bitruncated 5-cell. The six 5-cells are three dual pairs (in two different ways) of the self-dual 5-cell: six pairs of duals reciprocated at their common midsphere. Each dual pair intersects at just one of the two intersection points on each edge.{{Sfn|Klitzing|2025|loc=''sted'' (Stellated Decachoron)|ps=; [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/sted.htm ''sted''] is the compound of two [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/pen.htm ''pen'' (Pentachoron)] in dual position. Their intersection core (&quot;Admiral of the fleet&quot;) is [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/deca.htm ''deca'' (decachoron aka bitruncated pentachoron)].}}

The six 5-cells form a compound that is a stellated 4-polytope with 30 star-points, inscribed in the 120-cell.{{Efn|The stellated compound of six 5-cells in dual position is three pairs of 5-cells reciprocated at their common midsphere. It is composed of dual pairs of the [[W:Compound of five tetrahedra|compound of five tetrahedra]], which form the [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compound of ten tetrahedra]]; its 30 tetrahedral cells are three such dual pairs. In the [[W:Compound of five tetrahedra|compound of five tetrahedra]] the edges of the tetrahedra do not intersect. In the [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compound of ten tetrahedra]] they intersect orthogonally, but not at their midpoints. Each edge has two points of intersection on it. The compound of ten tetrahedra is five pairs of dual tetrahedra reciprocated at their common midsphere. It is inscribed in a dodecahedron (its convex hull). Its ''stellation core'' is an icosahedron, but its ''common core'' where the tetrahedron edges intersect is a dodecahedron, the tetrahedrons' convex spatial intersection. The stellated compound of six 5-cells has the analogous property: it is inscribed in a bitruncated 5-cell (its convex hull), and its common core is a smaller bitruncated 5-cell. (Its stellation core is a [[W:Truncated 5-cell#Disphenoidal 30-cell|disphenoidal 30-cell]], its dual polytope.)}} The convex hull of those 30 star-points is a larger bitruncated 5-cell, inscribed in the 120-cell. In the stellated compound of six 5-cells in dual position, the bitruncated 5-cell occurs in two places and two sizes: as both the convex hull, and the convex common core, of the six 5-cells. In the larger 120-cell of radius {{radic|2}}, the convex hull of six 5-cells is a bitruncated 5-cell with 60 edges of length 1 (inscribed in the 120-cell of radius {{radic|2}}), and the convex common core of the six 5-cells is a bitruncated 5-cell with 60 edges of length {{radic|1/2}} (inscribed in the smaller 120-cell of radius 1).

In the 120-cell, 120 disjoint 5-cell building blocks combine in dual position groups of six, to make 60 bitruncated 5-cells inscribed in the self-dual 5-cells' midsphere (at their edge intersections), and also 60 larger bitruncated 5-cells inscribed in the 120-cell, with each of the 600 vertices shared by three bitruncated 5-cells. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 20 disjoint (60 distinct) 30-point bitruncated 5-cells.{{Sfn|Klitzing|2025|loc= ''teppix'' (tripesic hexacosachoron)|ps=; ''[https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/teppix.htm teppix]'' is a compound of 60 [https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/deca.htm ''deca'' (decachoron aka bitruncated pentachoron)] with 3 ''deca'' sharing each vertex.}}

In the previous section we saw that the six 5-cell edges in each central plane intersect at the {6} vertices of the red hexagon, a great hexagon of a 24-cell. Each 5-cell edge, truncated at both ends at those intersection points, is a 24-cell edge of one of the 24-cells inscribed in a smaller 120-cell: the 600 intersection points. In this section we have seen how that truncation of 5-cell edges at both ends is the bitruncation of the 5-cell, and those 5-cell edges, truncated at both ends, are the same length as edges of bitruncated 5-cells inscribed in the larger 120-cell. Bitruncating the {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell's 120 5-cells reveals a smaller unit-radius 120-cell. Both 120-cells have 24-point 24-cells and 30-point bitruncated 5-cells inscribed in them. The 60° edge length of the 24-cells equals the radius; it is {{radic|2}} times the 41.4° edge length of the bitruncated 5-cells. The 120-cell contains 25 disjoint (225 distinct) 24-cells, and 20 disjoint (60 distinct) bitruncated 5-cells.

The 41.4° edge of the 30-point bitruncated 5-cell is also the triangle face edge we found in Moxness's 60-point (section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) rhombicosidodecahedron. There are 60 distinct rhombicosidodecahedra and 60 distinct bitruncated 5-cells in the 120-cell, and they share triangle faces. There are five truncated tetrahedra inscribed in each rhombicosidodecahedron, but they are not face-bound to each other; they are cells of five distinct bitruncated 5-cells, and they are face-bound to truncated tetrahedra in other rhombicosidodecahedra. Each triangle face lies over the center of a larger-by-{{radic|2}} 5-cell face inscribed in the rhombicosidodecahedron. Their edges are also 5-cell edges, truncated at both ends, of a larger-radius-by-{{radic|2}} 120-cell.

=== Rectifying the 16-cells ===
Bitruncation is not the only way to truncate a regular polytope, or even the simplest way. The simplest method of truncation is [[w:Rectification_(geometry)|''rectification'']], complete truncation at the midpoint of each edge.

Moreover, the 5-cell is not the only 120-cell building block we can truncate. We saw how bitruncation of the {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell's 5-cells reveals the smaller unit-radius 120-cell, as the convex hull of a compound of 20 disjoint (60 distinct) bitruncated 5-cells. In the next paragraph we will see how rectification of the {{radic|2}}-radius 120-cell's 16-cells also reveals the smaller unit-radius 120-cell, as the convex hull of a compound of 25 disjoint (225 distinct) 24-cells. Those two operations on the 120-cell are equivalent. They are the same truncation of the 120-cell, which bitruncates 5-cells into bitruncated 5-cells, and also rectifies 16-cells into 24-cells. This single truncation of the 120-cell captures the distant relationship of the 5-cell building blocks and the 16-cell building blocks to each other.

Rectifying a {{radic|2}}-radius 16-cell of edge 2 creates a unit-radius 24-cell of unit edge, which is the compound of three smaller 16-cells. Rectifying one of those inscribed unit-radius 16-cells of edge {{radic|2}} creates a smaller 24-cell of radius and edge {{radic|1/2}}, which is the [[24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|common core (intersection]]) of the unit 24-cell and its three inscribed 16-cells. Like the 120-cell itself, the 24-cell is concentric to a smaller instance of itself of {{radic|1/2}} its radius. The common core of each of the 24-cells in the 120-cell is the corresponding 24-cell in the smaller 120-cell.

=== Rectifying the 5-cells ===
In the previous section we bitruncated the 5-cells and rectified the 16-cells, as one combined truncation operation that yields a smaller 120-cell of {{radic|1/2}} the radius. We can also rectify the 5-cells; but that is another distinct truncation operation, that yields a smaller 4-polytope of {{radic|3/8}} the radius.

[[File:Great (12) chords of rectified 5-cell.png|thumb|400px|5-cell edge chords of the radius {{radic|2}} 120-cell in one of its 200 irregular {12} dodecagon central planes. The {6} bitruncation points (two on each of the 104.5° {{radic|5}} 5-cell edges) lie on a smaller 120-cell of radius 1 (the red circle); they are bitruncated 5-cell vertices. The {6} rectification points (at the midpoints of the 5-cell edges) lie on a still smaller 1200-point 4-polytope of radius {{radic|0.75}} ≈ 0.866 (the magenta circle); they are rectified 5-cell vertices.]]
Rectifying the 5-cell creates the 10-point 10-cell semi-regular [[W:Rectified 5-cell|rectified 5-cell]], with 5 tetrahedral cells and 5 octahedral cells. The 3-dimensional surface of the rectified 5-cell is an alternating [[W:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb|tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb]] of just 5 tetrahedra and 5 octahedra, tessellating the 3-sphere. If the 120 5-cells in a radius {{radic|2}} 120-cell are rectified, the rectified 5-cells lie on a smaller 4-polytope of radius {{radic|3/4}} (the magenta circle in the diagram), inscribed at the 1200 midedges of the 5-cells. This smaller 4-polytope is not a smaller 120-cell; it is the convex hull of a 1200-point compound of two 120-cells. The rectified 5-cell does not occur inscribed in the 120-cell; it only occurs in this compound of two 120-cells,  240 regular 5-cells, and 120 rectified 5-cells.

Each 10-point rectified 5-cell is the convex hull of a stellated compound of two completely orthogonal 5-point 5-cells: five pairs of antipodal vertices. Their edges intersect at the midedge, and they are ''not'' in dual position (not reciprocated at their common 3-sphere). In this stellated compound of two completely orthogonal 5-cells (which does not occur in the 120-cell), the rectified 5-cell occurs in two places and two sizes: as both the convex hull of the vertices, and the convex common core of the midedge intersections.

The edge length of the rectified 5-cell in the smaller 4-polytope of radius {{radic|3/4}} is {{radic|5/4}}. The edge length of the unit-radius rectified 5-cell is {{radic|5/3}}. The rectified 5-cell is characterized by the ratio between its edge and its radius, {{radic|5}} to {{radic|3}}, the way the regular 5-cell is characterized by the ratio {{radic|5}} to {{radic|2}}. In the 120-cell of radius {{radic|2}}, the 104.5° {{radic|5}} chord is the 5-cell edge, and the 75.5° {{radic|3}} chord is the distance between two parallel 5-cell edges (belonging to two disjoint 5-cells). The 104.5° and 75.5° chords are 180° complements, so they form great rectangles in the {12} central planes of the 120-cell (the red rectangles in the diagram). But in the compound of two 120-cells of radius {{radic|3}} (where 120 rectified 5-cells occur), the {{radic|3}} chord is the ''radius'' (not the 75.5° chord), and the {{radic|5}} chord is the rectified 5-cell edge of arc 80.4° (not the 104.5° chord; the 104.5° edge of the 240 regular 5-cells is {{radic|15/2}}).  

Like the rectified 5-cell itself, the 80.4° edge chord does not occur anywhere in the 120-cell, so the rectified 5-cell's edges are not the edges of any polytope found in the 120-cell. The rectified 5-cell's significance to the 120-cell is well-hidden, but it has a crucial indirect role as a building block of the 11-cells in the 120-cell.

=== Truncating the 5-cells ===
[[File:Great (12) chords of unit thirds radius.png|thumb|400px|Truncating the 120-cell's 5-cells at ''one-third'' of their edge length produces a smaller 120-cell of ''one-half'' the radius, with vertices at {6} one-third intersection points of the 120° {{Radic|6}} chords (''not'' of the 104.5° {{Radic|5}} 5-cell edge chords). The green {6} hexagon is a 24-cell great hexagon in the resulting smaller-by-one-half 1200-point 4-polytopes. Because there are {12} such intersection points in each {12} central plane, there are two chiral ways to perform this truncation, which produce disjoint 1200-point 4-polytopes.]]
A third simple way to truncate the 5-cell is at one-third of its edge length. This truncation of the 5-cell creates a 20-point, 10-cell semi-regular 4-polytope, known somewhat ambiguously as ''the'' [[w:Truncated_5-cell|truncated 5-cell]], with 5 truncated tetrahedron cells (like the bitruncated 5-cell's), and 5 regular tetrahedron cells (like the rectified 5-cell's).

The 3-dimensional surface of the truncated 5-cell is an alternating honeycomb of 5 truncated tetrahedra and 5 regular tetrahedra. It resembles the rectified 5-cell, with truncated tetrahedra instead of octahedra. 

When the regular 5-cell is truncated at ''one-third'' of its edge length, the radius and edge length of the the resulting truncated 5-cell are ''one-half'' the regular 5-cell's radius and edge length. When the 120 5-cells in a 120-cell of radius 2 are truncated at one-third of their edge length, the truncated 5-cells lie on a smaller 120-cell of radius 1. The edge length of the unit-radius truncated 5-cell is {{radic|5/8}}, one-half the unit-radius 5-cell's edge length of {{radic|5/2}}. The rectified 5-cell is characterized by the ratio between its edge and its radius, {{radic|5}} to {{radic|8}}, the way the regular 5-cell is characterized by the ratio {{radic|5}} to {{radic|2}}, and the rectified 5-cell is characterized by the ratio {{radic|5}} to {{radic|3}}.

The 20-point truncated 5-cell is the convex common core of a stellated compound of four 5-cells (the four 5-cells' spatial intersection). The convex common core has half the radius of the convex hull of the compound. The four 5-cells are orthogonal (aligned on the four orthogonal axes), but none of their 20 vertices are antipodal. The 5-cells are ''not'' in dual position (not reciprocated at their common 3-sphere). The 5-cell edges do ''not'' intersect, but truncating the 120-cell's 5-cell edge chords at their one-third points truncates the 120-cell's other chords similarly. It is the 120-cell's 120° chords (of length {{Radic|6}} in a {{Radic|2}}-radius 120-cell, or {{Radic|3}} in a unit-radius 120-cell) which intersect each other at their one-third points. Four edges (one from each 5-cell) intersect orthogonally at just ''one'' of the two one-third intersection points on each of the 2400 120° chords that join vertices of two disjoint 5-cells. There are two chiral ways to perform this truncation of the 120-cell; they use the alternate intersection points on each edge, and produce disjoint 600-point 120-cells. 

The 52.25° edge chord of the truncated 5-cell (one-half the 5-cell's 104.5° edge chord) is not among the [[120-cell#Chords|chords of the 120-cell]], so the truncated 5-cell does not occur inscribed in the 120-cell; it occurs only in a compound of four 120-cells, and 480 regular 5-cells, and 120 truncated 5-cells. In the stellated compound of four orthogonal 5-cells (which does not occur in the 120-cell), the truncated 5-cell occurs in two places and two sizes: as both the convex hull of the 20 vertices, and the convex common core (of half the radius of the convex hull) of the 20 intersection points of four orthogonal 120° chords.

=== The three truncations of the 5-cell in the 11-cell ===
These three semi-regular 4-polytopes are closely related simple truncations of the regular 5-cell:

* The 30-point [[w:Bitruncated_5-cell|bitruncated 5-cell]] is the convex hull, and the convex common core, of a stellated compound of six 5-cells.
* The 20-point [[w:Truncated_5-cell|truncated 5-cell]] is the convex hull, and the convex common core, of a stellated compound of four 5-cells.
* The 10-point [[w:Rectified_5-cell|rectified 5-cell]] is the convex hull, and the convex common core, of a stellated compound of two 5-cells.
...

== Questions regarding Blind's 11-point augmented rectified 5-cell ==
The geometers who categorized the [[W:Blind polytope|Blind polytopes]] in 1979 discovered a semi-regular 11-point convex 4-polytope with 42 equilateral triangle faces and 36 edges, an [[W:Rectified 5-cell#Other forms|augmented rectified 5-cell]]. It is constructed by adding one point to the 10-point (10-cell) [[w:Rectified_5-cell|rectified 5-cell]], raising an octahedral pyramid on one (actually on each) of the 10-cell's 5 octahedral facets, creating another semi-regular convex 4-polytope with 13 tetrahedral and 4 octahedral facets: a 17-cell.

Since the 10-point rectified 5-cell is found in the 120-cell, is this 11-point (17-cell) 4-polytope that is made from it also found in the 120-cell? If so, where exactly, and in what incidence? What is its relation to the tetrahedral and octahedral cells of the [[w:Rectified_5-cell|rectified 5-cell]], and to the truncated tetrahedral cells of the [[w:Truncated_5-cell|truncated 5-cell]] and [[w:Bitruncated_5-cell|bitruncated 5-cell]]? 

What is its relation to the 120-cell's 5-cell edge {30/11} chord, and the isoclinic rotation of period 30 over that chord, which takes hemi-icosahedral rhombicosidodecahedron cells of the 11-cell to each other?

Is the 11-point Blind 4-polytope the realization of the abstract 11-point 11-cell?

== The 11-cell's real elements ==

We seek an object in the 120-cell which is the realization of the abstract 11-cell. The real 11-cell has section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; rhombicosidodecahedra, while the abstract 11-cell has hemi-icosahedron cells. How are the section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; rhombicosidodecahedra different than the abstract hemi-icosahedra?

Consider their incidences, previously established: 

* Each 11-cell contains 11 of the 120-cell's 120 completely disjoint 5-cells.
* Each hemi-icosahedron shares a face with 10 distinct 5-cells, and is completely disjoint from 1 of the 5-cells. Each 5-cell shares 1 of its 10 faces with each of 10 hemi-icosahedra, and is completely disjoint from 1 hemi-icosahedron.
* Each rhombicosidodecahedron shares a face with 20 distinct 5-cells, and is completely disjoint from 100 of the 5-cells.{{Efn|Each rhombicosidodecahedron contains only 20 5-cell faces, each from a distinct 5-cell, so it is face-disjoint from 100 of the 5-cells. It contains only 60 5-cell edges, so it is edge-disjoint from those 100 5-cells. It contains only 60 5-cell vertices, so it is vertex-disjoint from those 100 5-cells.}} Each 5-cell shares 1 of its 10 faces with each of 10 rhombicosidodecahedra, and is completely disjoint from 50 rhombicosidodecahedra.
* Each hemi-icosahedron shares its 10 faces (each containing 3 distinct 5-cell edges) with 10 other hemi-icosahedra.
* Each rhombicosidodecahedron shares its 10 {12} central planes (each containing 6 disjoint 5-cell edges) with 10 other rhombicosidodecahedra.

The abstract hemi-icosahedron's 5-cell faces do not actually meet at an edge; each hemi-icosahedron face is actually two 5-cell faces in different places; and 5-cell faces are disjoint in the rhombicosidodecahedra and in the 11-cell. Clearly, the 5-cell edges are not the 11-cell's real edges. The actual 11-cell edge chord is not the 5-cell edge {30/8} chord of length {{radic|5}}, but the longer {30/10) chord of length {{radic|6}}. This ''isocline chord'' of the 5-cell (and the 24-cell) is the ''rotation'' e''dge chord'' of the 11-cell.

The 5-cell faces are not the real 11-cell's faces. The true face of the 11-cell is a great triangle of edge length {{radic|6}} (shown in green in the illustration), lying in a {12} central plane. The green great triangle is where two rhombicosidodecahedrons meet face-to-face as cells do. The 3-polytope cells of the six regular convex 4-polytopes meet pairwise at non-central face planes, forming a honeycomb of cells. Four of the regular 4-polytopes are also compounds of smaller regular 4-polytopes that meet pairwise at central planes. The simplest case is the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract, a non-disjoint compound of two 8-point (16-cells), which meet 2 at a great hexagon central plane. The 24-point (24-cell) is a non-disjoint compound of three 16-point (8-cell) tesseracts, which meet 2 at a great hexagon central plane. The 120-point (600-cell) and the 600-point (120-cell) are also compounds of smaller 4-polytopes, which meet 2 at a central plane. All these regular convex 4-polytopes are a honeycomb of volumetrically disjoint 3-polytope cells, ''and also'' an &quot;inside out honeycomb&quot; compound of smaller 4-polytope &quot;hypercells&quot;, with their shared &quot;faces&quot; on the inside, in their central rotation planes.

Like these other 4-polytopes, the 11-cell is a compound of non-disjoint 4-polytope elements meeting 2 at a central plane. Like these other 4-polytopes, it is also an assembly of volumetrically disjoint 3-polytope cells (they are tetrahedral cells of 5-cells), but let us also identify its 4-polytope elements. Each of its 4-polytope &quot;hypercells&quot; is comprised of selected parts of two disjoint polyhedra in different places: a completely orthogonal pair of 60-point (section 8&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) rhombicosidodecahedrons. Together those selected parts occupy all 4 dimensions, not just a 3-dimensional polyhedral section, and comprise an 11-point, 10-edge, 15-face 4-polytope. The 11-cell is the non-disjoint compound of 11 of these 11-point 4-polytope &quot;hypercells&quot;.

The real 11-cell face is a {{Radic|6}} triangle in the {12} central plane parallel to two 5-cell face planes, which lie {{Radic|3}} above and {{Radic|3}} below it. The orthogonal distance between the two 5-cell faces is another {30/10} chord of length {{Radic|6}}, which joins their opposing vertices. That chord is another great triangle edge, in another {12} central plane, but it does not intersect any vertex of the parallel {12} central plane.

We found previously that the abstract hemi-icosahedron face was a {{radic|5}} 5-cell face; then that it was two 5-cell faces in disjoint 5-cells; then that it was really a {{radic|6}} great triangle in a central plane. These findings are not contradictory. The abstract hemi-icosahedron face is realized in a real rhombicosidodecahedron as a rigid object composed of these three parallel triangles. We will visualize that 9-point polyhedron precisely later, but hold the thought that an abstract 11-cell ''face'' is really a ''polyhedron''. This makes sense since the abstract 11-cell ''cell'' is really a ''4-polytope''. Once again, the 11-cell has something to teach us about interdimensional relationships, and the nature of dimensional analogy.

The {12} central plane contains 4 disjoint great triangles (11-cell faces) in distinct rotational orientations, from 4 distinct 11-cells (although to reduce clutter only one of them is shown in green in the illustration). The {12} is the central plane of four distinct 9-point polyhedra, because it contains four distinct great triangles. The two parallel 5-cell face planes also contain triangles (5-cell faces), but these face planes are only {6}s, not {12}s. Each face plane contains only two 5-cell face triangles in opposing rotational orientations, not four triangles, because two of the four distinct 9-point polyhedra share a 5-cell face, the same way two tetrahedral cells of the 5-cell share the face. Pairs of distinct 9-point polyhedra form a 12-point polyhedron with two opposing 5-cell faces, parallel to a hexagon in the central plane between them.{{Efn|There are two regular great hexagons of edge length {{radic|2}} inscribed in each irregular {12} great dodecagon, although to reduce clutter they are not shown explicitly in this illustration. They are the famous [[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell great hexagons]]; each 24-cell has 16 of them. Each has two {{radic|6}} [[24-cell#Great triangles|great triangles]] inscribed in it.}} In each of 10 sets of three parallel planes (two 5-cell face planes on either side of a {12} central plane), we find four 9-point polyhedra (four sets of three parallel triangles), paired as two 12-point polyhedra (two sets of two parallel triangles with a parallel hexagon between them). The two opposing 5-cell faces in each {6} face plane belong to two disjoint 5-cells, and also to two distinct rhombicosidodecahedra. The 10 9-point polyhedra are inscribed in a single rhombicosidodecahedron, but the 12-point polyhedra are not.

== The 11-cell rotation ==

Eleven rhombicosidodecahedra are pairwise adjacent in two ways: (1) they are in contact, sharing central planes pairwise, similar to the way two cells of a 4-polytope are bound together at a shared face, and (2) they occupy adjacent Clifford parallel rotational positions in various 30-position isoclinic rotations, not in contact at all, but separated at every vertex by the same small distance. For each pair of rhombicosidodecahedra, these two kinds of adjacency occur in different places. There are places where they share a {{Radic|6}} triangle in a central plane, and other places where their two {{Radic|6}} triangles lie nearby, Clifford parallel, in adjacent positions of an isoclinic rotation which takes them to each other. The rotation takes entire rhombicosidodecahedra to each other's positions, in fact it takes all 60 rhombicosidodecahedra at once to each other's positions; an isoclinic rotation moves everything at once, altogether in parallel, in many different orthogonal directions at once. 

This is rather confusing to visualize, but let us try. In this case, the completely orthogonal invariant planes of the isoclinic rotation are pairs of {12} central planes. The 120-cell's 100 completely orthogonal pairs of {12} central planes all rotate at once, by the same displacement angle in each step of the rotation. In this case the angle is 120°, the arc of one edge of a {{Radic|6}} triangle in each central plane. Visualize 800 spherical triangles (or 200 irregular dodecagons, since there are 4 great triangles in each {12} central plane), all rotating like wheels. Now consider that they are 100 completely orthogonal pairs of wheels. Each is not only rotating like a wheel, it is also being rotated sideways like a coin flipping, each vertex moving on a sideways-moving rotating wheel. The actual path through space of each vertex is a closed spiral, a circular helix.

We are visualizing this as a coin rotating like a wheel while it flips sideways in space at the same time, because that is the closest thing to it we have observed in life, but it is more than that. A coin's twisting rotation takes place only in three dimensions: as a wheel in one 2-dimensional plane, and as a flipped coin in another 2-dimensional plane, but those two planes share an axis, because in 3-space there are only 3 orthogonal axes and 3 orthogonal planes through a central point. In 4-space there are 4 orthogonal axes and 6 orthogonal planes through a point (including 3 pairs of [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]] planes which intersect only at the central point, not anywhere in a line). 4-space is potentially very confusing, but the essential thing to understand about its 4 axes is that 4-space is simply roomier. It is more commodious than the 3-space we are confined in, and it has room to spread out in surprising new ways, such as the way two orthogonal circles need not be crammed into sharing an axis, as they must in 3-space. What this means for our visualization process is that we must relax our cramped view of space, and try to see the two completely orthogonal sideways-moving wheels correctly: each occupies a fully independent 2-axis 2-dimensional plane. It is easier to picture their motions ''incorrectly'', the way they would have to happen in 3-space, but a double rotation in 4-space, which we are not in the habit of visualizing correctly because it is unprecedented in our three-dimensional experience, is nonetheless accessible to the human visual imagination, which is a very powerful image processing engine that understands dimensional analogy really well.

...

== The 11-cell Hopf fibration ==
Most wise children who succeed in building the 120-cell (the picture on the cover of the box of building blocks) do so their first time by assembling it like a round jig-saw puzzle, out of 12 rings of dodecahedral building blocks.{{Sfn|Schleimer &amp; Segerman|2013|loc=''Puzzling the 120-cell''}} Each ring starts out as a stack of 10 dodecahedra piled face-to-pentagon-face, which must then be bent into a circle in the fourth dimension, bringing its top and bottom pentagons together. The entire 120-cell can then be assembled from exactly 12 of these rings, such that every dodecahedron is in contact with 12 other dodecahedra at its 12 pentagon faces, if and only if the wise child learns to link the 12 rings together, so that each passes through all the others. This bundle of 12 interlinked rings of 10 dodecahedra is the 120-cell.

This building process is very clearly described by Goucher in his section of the Wikipedia article on the 120-cell entitled ''[[120-cell#Visualization|§Visualization]]''.{{Sfn|Ruen &amp; Goucher et al. eds. 120-cell|2024|loc=Goucher's ''[[120-cell#Visualization|§Visualization]]'' describes the torus decomposition of the 120-cell into rings two different ways; his subsection ''[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|§Intertwining rings]]'' describes the discrete Hopf fibration of 12 linked rings of 10 dodecahedra}} Goucher was not the first to describe the dodecahedral Hopf fibration of the 120-cell, as the numerous previously published papers cited in the Wikipedia article make clear, but his description of its multi-faceted geometry is also the clearest set of instructions available for how to build it.

The [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] is the general dimensional analogy between the 2-sphere and 3-sphere, which enables us to make a distinct Hopf map describing each special case dimensional analogy between a discrete 3-polytope and 4-polytope. A Hopf map describes a fiber bundle of linked disjoint great circles on the [[W:Clifford torus|Clifford torus]] completely filling the 3-sphere, where each great circle is conflated to a single point on the dimensionally analogous 2-sphere map. Each map of a discrete fibration is an abstract 3-polytope of the real 4-polytope, mapping a particular set of its rings. The Hopf fibration has been studied and described by many mathematicians, some of whom like Goucher have also described it geometrically in succinct English so the rest of us can visualize it.{{Sfn|Dorst|2019|loc=§1. Villarceau Circles|p=44|ps=; &quot;In mathematics, the path that the (1, 1) knot on the torus traces is also known as a [[W:Villarceau circle|Villarceau circle]].
Villarceau circles are usually introduced as two intersecting circles that are the cross-section of a torus by a well-chosen plane cutting it.
Picking one such circle and rotating it around the torus axis, the resulting family of circles can be used to rule the torus.
By nesting tori smartly, the collection of all such circles then form a [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].... we prefer to consider the Villarceau circle as the (1, 1) torus knot rather than as a planar cut.&quot;}}

A dimensional analogy is a finding that some real ''n''-polytope is an abstraction of some other real polytope in a space of higher ''n'', where the ''n''-polytope is embedded in some distinct manner in that higher-dimensional space. A Hopf map is a general example, an abstract 3-polytope embedded in 4-space as a rotation of a discrete 4-polytope on the 3-sphere. The crucial point is that it is the rotation object in 4-space which is the real object, and the map in 3-space which is only an abstract object (a lossy description of the real object), not the other way around.{{Sfn|Huxley|1937|loc=''Ends and Means: An inquiry into the nature of ideals and into the methods employed for their realization''|ps=; Huxley observed that directed operations determine their objects, not the other way around, because their direction matters; he concluded that since the means ''determine'' the ends,{{Sfn|Sandperl|1974|loc=letter of Saturday, April 3, 1971|pp=13-14|ps=; ''The means determine the ends.''}} they cannot justify them.}}

To a topologist a Hopf map is not necessarily an actual 3-dimensional object within the 4-dimensional object it is a map of, any more than any map is necessarily an object in the domain of the thing it maps, but in the case of the Hopf maps of the characteristic rotations of the regular convex 4-polytopes, each Hopf map is in fact a 3-polytope found somewhere within the 4-polytope. Thus for example the 12-point (regular icosahedron) is the Hopf map of the bundle of 12 interlinked rings of 10 dodecahedra just described. Each axial great circle of a 120-cell ring of dodecahedra (each fiber in the fiber bundle) is conflated to one distinct point on a 12-point (regular icosahedron) map. The characteristic rotation of the 120-cell which takes dodecahedral cells to each other within their respective rings of 10 dodecahedra is described by this Hopf map. Within the 120-cell (the territory mapped) we find an distinct instance of this map for every instance of the rotation it describes. The 120-cell contains 10 600-cells, each of which has 120 vertices, each with a regular icosahedron vertex figure that is the Hopf map of a distinct isoclinic rotation.

In like fashion, we can look within the 120-cell for the Hopf maps of the 11-cell's characteristic rotations. Such a map would tell us how the eleven cells relate to each other, revealing the cells' external structure, in complement to the way Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron reveals the cell's internal structure. We have already identified the 11-cell's characteristic rotation, in which the 11 vertices circulate on 11 disjoint {30/11} skew polygrams with {30/11} chord edges. The Hopf map of this rotation of the real 11-cell 4-polytope will be some 3-polytope that is an abstraction of it. Of course that abstract map must be the abstract 3-polytope we began with, the hemi-icosahedron, or more precisely, its realization as Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron 3-polytope.

The rhombicosidodecahedron map has 60 vertices, and each vertex must ''lift'' to a disjoint great circle polygon of the 11-cell. The great circle polygons of the 11-cell rotation are its rotation edge polygons, which we found are {{Radic|6}} great triangles with {30/10} chord edges. These 60 disjoint great circle polygons must exactly fill the real 11-cell 4-polytope, comprising all its vertices. Thus the real 11-cell has 180 vertices. The 11 abstract vertices circulate on 11 disjoint 30-position {30/11} skew polygram isoclines, each abstract vertex visiting one-sixth {30} of the 180 vertices during the rotation. Each abstract vertex is a conflation of .. real vertices on .. {30/11} isoclines, and is represented at one time or another during the rotation by .. distinct vertices which its rotating real vertices visit. There are 11 discrete Hopf fibrations of the 11-cell, with 60 disjoint great {3} triangle fibers each, and 11 disjoint skew {30/11} triacontagram isocline fibers each. Each fibration corresponds to a distinct left (and right) instance of the characteristic isoclinic rotation.

...

== The perfection of Fuller's cyclic design ==
[[File:Jessen's unit-inscribed-cube dimensions.png|thumb|400px|Jessen's icosahedron on the 2-sphere of diameter {{radic|5}} has an inscribed unit-cube. It has 4 orthogonal axes (not shown) through the equilateral face centers (the inscribed cube's vertices), 6 non-orthogonal {{radic|5}} long diameter axes, and 3 orthogonal parallel pairs of {{radic|4}} reflex edges, {{radic|1}} apart.]]

This section is not an historical digression, but a deep dive to the heart of the matter, like Coxeter on Todd's perfect pentads. In this case the heart is found in the [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematics of the cuboctahedron]],{{Sfn|Christie|2022|loc=''[[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|Kinematics of the cuboctahedron]]''}} first described by [[W:Buckminster Fuller|Buckminster Fuller]].{{Sfn|Christie: On Fuller's use of language|2024|loc=''[[W:User:Dc.samizdat#Bucky Fuller and the languages of geometry|Bucky Fuller and the languages of geometry'']]}}

After inventing the rigid geodesic dome, Fuller studied a family of domes which have no continuous compression skeleton, but only disjoint rigid beams joined by tension cables. Fuller called these envelopes ''tension integrity structures'', because they possess independent tension and compression elements, but no elements which do both. One of the simplest [[w:Tensegrity|tensegrity]] structures is the [[w:Tensegrity#Tensegrity_icosahedra|tensegrity icosahedron]], first described by [[W:Kenneth Snelson|Kenneth Snelson]], a master student of Fuller's.{{Efn|Fuller failed to credit [[W:Kenneth Snelson|Snelson]] for the first ascent of the tensegrity icosahedron, a sad lapse for a great educator, as if Coxeter had not gracefully acknowleged Grünbaum. Snelson taught it to Fuller, his teacher, at a Black Mountain College summer session&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|year=1949|title=R. Buckminster Fuller|publisher=Museum and Arts Center, 1948-1949|place=Black Mountain College|url=https://www.blackmountaincollege.org/buckminster-fuller}}&lt;/ref&gt; where Fuller taught the geodesic domes he had invented, and the nascent principles of tension integrity geodesics he was exploring. It would have burnished Fuller's own reputation to gratefully acknowledge his exceptionally quick student's discovery. No doubt Fuller was about to discover the tensegrity icosahedron himself, but Snelson saw it first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Snelson|first=Kenneth|author-link=W:Kenneth Snelson|publisher=Stanford University|title=Bucky Conversations: Conversations on the Life and Work of an Enigmatic Genius|year=2003|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/mf245gr4637|postscript=; Ken Snelson, at a symposium on Fuller's legacy, acknowledged that Fuller led him up to the tensegrity icosahedron. Snelson said that he then conceived it on his own, built the first physical model, and presented it to Fuller.}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=Snelson and Fuller}}

A tensegrity icosahedron is an icosahedral geodesic sphere whose 6 orthogonal reflex compression struts float gently in space, linked only by 24 tension cables which frame equilateral faces of the icosahedron, the whole 2-sphere expanding and contracting symmetrically with ''infinitesimal mobility'', a spring-like symmetrical motion leveraged from whatever tiny amount of elasticity remains in the steel struts and cables.

The polyhedron that is the basis for this flexible structure is the Jessen's icosahedron, that we found 10 of in Moxness's 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron, the real cell of the 11-cell. The Jessen's was named by [[w:Adrien_Douady|Douady]] the ''six-beaked shaddock'' because it resembles the fish whose normal affect is with their mouth 90° open, but a cubical shadfish with mouths on all six sides. At the limits, the gender neutral shad can open their six beaks all the way, until they become flat squares and they becomes a cuboctahedron, or they can shut them all tight like a turtle retracting into their octahedron shell. The six mouths always move in unison. This is [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron#Jitterbug transformations|Fuller's ''jitterbug'' transformation]] of the 12-point ''vector equilibrium'', his name for the unstable [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|kinematically flexing cuboctahedron]]. Fuller found that its always-symmetric transformation through 4 distinct forms of the same 12-vertex polyhedron was a closed cycle with two equilibrium points, one stable and the other unstable. The shad's normal 90° open visage is the stable point, the shape the [[Kinematics_of_the_cuboctahedron#Elastic-edge transformation|elastic tensegrity icosahedron]] rests in and strives to return to. The widest-open square-faced cuboctahedron is the unstable inflection point, where the shad gets to decide non-deterministically (that is, without being compelled one way or the other) whether or not to do their ''really'' odd trick -- where they flip their 6 jaws 90 degrees in their 6 faces and shut their 6 beaks on the opposite axis of their squares than the one they opened them on -- or whether they will just shut them all the same way again. Interestingly, the regular icosahedron is one of the shad's guises too, just slightly more gaping than their normal visage. Fuller made a meal of the shad, finding all the insightful things to say about the kinematics of the only fish who can make their edge length exactly the same size as their radius, when they open their mouths all the way. Fuller built physical models of the 12-point vector equilibrium, and even gave demonstrations to audiences of the flexible shad, opening and closing their mouths in spherical synchrony, their 4 pairs of opposite equilateral triangles spiraling toward and away from each other in parallel, always opposed like the two triangles inscribed in a hexagon, counter-rotating like dual [[W:Propellor|tri-propellors]] as they dance toward each other until their edges meet in an octahedron (a hexad), then backing away again while still rotating in the same directions. All this was overlaid with Fuller's own deep commentary, in physical language anyone can understand. Bucky flew the shad through the inflection points in its [[W:Spinor|spinor]] orbit, explaining its [[W:Möbius_loop|Möbius loop]] with vivid apt similes like trimming a submarine's ballast tanks, stalling an airplane at apogee, and nature's abhorrence of the unstable equilibrium point.{{Sfn|Fuller|1975|ps=; In this film Fuller carefully folds a model of the cuboctahedron made of rigid struts with flexible joints through the entire transformation cycle; he also shows how a rigid regular icosahedron can be rotated inside an inscribing &quot;vector edge cube&quot; (a cube with an octahedron inscribed in it), keeping the 12 vertices on the surface of the cube (and on the edges of the octahedron inscribed in the cube) at all times.}}

Earlier, we noticed 10 Jessen's inscribed in each 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron central section of the 120-cell (each real hemi-icosahedron). Each rhombicosidodecahedron is a compound of 5 disjoint Jessen's, in two different ways, just the way the 120-cell is a compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells, in two different ways. In the rhombicosidodecahedron each regular icosahedron vertex has been replaced by the five vertices of a little pentagon face (a 120-cell face), and the regular icosahedron has been replaced by 5 disjoint Jessen's icosahedra.{{Efn|name=compound of 5 cuboctahedra}} The 3 pairs of parallel 5-cell edges in each Jessen's lie a bit uncertainly, infinitesimally mobile and [[Kinematics of the cuboctahedron#Elastic-edge transformation|behaving like the struts of a tensegrity icosahedron]], so we can push any parallel pair of them apart or together infinitesimally, making each Jessen's icosahedron expand or contract infinitesimally. All 600 Jessen's, all 60 rhombicosidodecahedra, and the 120-cell itself expand or contract infinitesimally, together.{{Efn|name=tensegity 120-cell}} Expansion and contraction are Boole Stott's operators of dimensional analogy, and that infinitesimal mobility is the infinite calculus of inter-dimensional symmetry.  

The Jessen's unique element set is its 6 long reflex edges, which occur in 3 parallel opposing pairs. Each pair lies in its own central plane, and the 3 central planes are the orthogonal central planes of the octahedron, the orthonormal (x,y), (y,z), and (x,z) planes of a Cartesian basis frame. The 6 reflex edges are all disjoint from one another, but each pair of them forms a merely conceptual great rectangle with the pair of invisible exterior chords that lies in the same central plane. These three great rectangles are storied elements in topology, the [[w:Borromean_rings|Borromean rings]]. They are three rectangular chain links that pass through each other and would not be separated even if all the other cables in the tensegrity icosahedron were cut; it would fall flat but not apart, provided of course that it had those 6 invisible exterior chords as still uncut cables.

[[File:Jessen's √2 radius dimensions.png|thumb|400px|The hemi-icosahedral 60-point rhombicosidodecahedron cell of the 11-cell is a compound of 5 of this 12-point Jessen's icosahedron, shown here on a {{radic|2}}-radius 3-sphere with {{radic|5}} reflex edges. It has an inscribed {{radic|1.5}} green cube. This is a ''vertex figure'' of the 120-cell. The center point is also a vertex of the 120-cell.]]
As a matter of convenience in this paper, we have used {{radic|2}}-radius metrics for 3-sphere polytopes, so e.g. the 5-cell edge is {{radic|5}}, where in unit-radius coordinates it would be {{Radic|5/2}}. Here we give two illustrations of the Jessen's using two different metrics: the 2-sphere Jessen's has a {{radic|5}} diameter, and the 3-sphere Jessen's has a {{radic|2}} radius. This reveals a curiously cyclic way in which our 2-sphere and 3-sphere metrics correspond. In the embedding into 4-space the characteristic root factors of the Jessen's seem to have moved around. In particular, the {{radic|5}} chord has moved to the former {{radic|4}} chord.

We might have expected to find the 6-point hemi-icosahedron's 5-cell triangular faces identified with the Jessen's 8 equilateral triangle faces somehow, but they are not the same size, so that is not the way the two polytopes are identified. The {{radic|5}} reflex edges of the Jessen's are the 5-cell edges. A 5-cell face has its three {{radic|5}} edges in three different Jessen's icosahedra.

The Jessen's is not a cell, but one of the 120-cell's vertex figures, like the [[600-cell#Icosahedra|120 regular icosahedron vertex figures in the 600-cell]]. That is why we find 600 Jessen's, of course. The center point in this Jessen's illustration is another ''vertex'' of the 120-cell, not the empty center of a cell.{{Efn|The 13 vertices of the illustration which include its center point lie in the curved 3-space of the 3-sphere, on the 120-cell's surface. In 4-space, this object is an [[W:Icosahedral pyramid|icosahedral pyramid]] with a Jessen's icosahedron as its base, and the apical center vertex as its apex. The center point in the illustration is a vertex of the 120-cell, and the center of the curved Jessen's, and the apex of the icosahedral pyramid, but it is not the center point in 4-space of a flat 3-dimensional Jessen's icosahedron. The center point of the base Jessen's icosahedron is a point inside the 120-cell, not a 120-cell vertex on its surface. It lies in the same 3-dimensional flat-slice hyperplane as the 12 vertices of the base Jessen's icosahedron, directly below the 13th 120-cell vertex.}} 

Each Jessen's includes the central apex vertex, {{radic|2}} radii, {{radic|2}} edges and {{radic|5}} chords of a vertex figure around the 120-cell vertex at its center. The {{radic|2}} face edges are 24-cell edges (also tesseract edges), and the inscribed green cube is the 24-cell's cube vertex figure. The 8 {{radic|2}} face triangles occur in 8 distinct 24-cells that meet at the apex vertex.{{Efn|Eight 24-cells meet at each vertex of a [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|honeycomb of 24-cells]]: each one meets its opposite at that shared vertex, and the six others at a shared octahedral cell.{{Efn|In the 600-cell, which contains [[600-cell#Twenty-five 24-cells|25 24-cells]], 5 24-cells meet at each vertex. Each pair of 24-cells at the vertex meets at one of 200 distinct great hexagon central planes. Each 24-cell shares one of its great hexagons with 16 other 24-cells, and is completely disjoint from 8 other 24-cells. In the 120-cell, which contains 10 600-cells (5 disjoint 600-cells two different ways) and 225 24-cells (25 disjoint 24-cells), 8 24-cells meet at each vertex. Each 24-cell shares one of its great hexagons with 16 other 24-cells, and is completely disjoint from 208 other 24-cells. But since in the 120-cell the great hexagons lie in pairs in one of 200 {12} central planes (containing 400 great hexagons), each 24-cell shares one of its {12} central ''planes'' with .. other 24-cells.}}}} This Jessen's vertex figure includes 5-cell edges and 24-cell edges (which are also tesseract edges), so it is descriptive of the relationship between those regular 4-polytopes, but it does not include any 120-cell edges or 600-cell edges, so it has nothing to say, by itself, about the &lt;math&gt;H_4&lt;/math&gt; polytopes. It is only a tiny fraction of the 120-cell's full vertex figure, which is a staggeringly complex star: 300 major chords of 15 distinct lengths meet at each of the 600 vertices.

The {{radic|5}} chords are 5-cell edges, connecting vertices in different 24-cells. The 3 pairs of parallel 5-cell edges in each Jessen's lie in 3 orthogonal planes embedded in 4-space, so somewhere there must be a 4th pair of parallel 5-cell edges orthogonal to all of them, in fact three more orthogonal pairs, since 6 orthogonal planes (not just 4) intersect at a point in 4-space. The Jessen's situation is that it lies completely orthogonal to another Jessen's, the vertex figure of the antipodal vertex, and its 3 orthogonal planes (xy, yz, zx) lie completely orthogonal to its antipodal Jessen's planes (wz, wx, wy).{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} These 6 pairs of parallel 5-cell edges form a 24-point 4-polytope, composed of two completely orthogonal 12-point Jessen's, inscribed in two completely orthogonal rhombicosidodecahedra. This 24-point 4-polytope is not a 24-cell: the 24-cell is not a compound of two 12-point Jessen's. But it turns out that two completely orthogonal 12-point Jessen's indirectly define a 24-point 24-cell. We shall see that their 4-space intersection is a 24-cell.

This finding, of two completely orthogonal 12-point Jessen's isomorphic to a 24-cell, brings Fuller's study of [[w:Tesseract#Radial_equilateral_symmetry|radially equilateral]] vector equilibrium polytopes to its completion in the 24-cell. Fuller began with the hexagon, the 6-point vector equilibrium in 2 dimensions, the only polygon with its radius equal to its edge length. He studied the cuboctahedron, the 12-point vector equilibrium in 3 dimensions, the only polyhedron with its radius equal to its edge length, in all its flexible guises. He discovered its stable equilibrium as the the Jessen's shadfish, with its cube of 6 open mouths and 90° dihedral angles between all its faces, the geometric center of [[WikiJournal Preprints/Kinematics of the cuboctahedron|the cuboctahedron's kinematic transformation]] through the regular polyhedra: tetrahedron, octahedron, Jessen's, regular icosahedron, and cuboctahedron. Fuller's study of kinematic Euclidean geometry did not reach the 4-polytopes, and the ultimate 24-point vector equilibrium in 4 dimensions, the 24-cell, the unique &lt;math&gt;F_4&lt;/math&gt; symmetry found only in 4 dimensions. But Fuller led us up to it, through the kinematics of infinitesimal mobility, and that route to it is our clue to the infinite calculus of dimensional expansion and contraction.

We observe this geometry, of two completely orthogonal 12-point Jessen's isomorphic to a 24-cell, only in the 120-cell. The 600-cell contains 12-point Jessen's, but no completely orthogonal pairs of them. The 24-cell individually, and the 25 24-cells in the 600-cell, are not occupied by a pair of 12-point Jessen's. The 24-point 24-cell is not, in fact, a compound of two 12-point Jessen's. While the 120-cell's ratio of disjoint 12-point Jessen's to disjoint 24-point 24-cells is &lt;math&gt;50/25 = 2/1&lt;/math&gt;, the ratio of distinct 12-point Jessen's to distinct 24-point 24-cells is &lt;math&gt;600/225 = 8/3 &lt;/math&gt;.

We observe another geometry, of 24-cells in dual positions, only in the 120-cell. No two 24-cells in the 600-cell are in dual positions, but in the 120-cell with 225 distinct 24-cells (25 disjoint 24-cells), every 24-cell is in dual position to other 24-cells. The 24-cell is self-dual, and when two 24-cells of the same radius are in dual position, they are completely disjoint with respect to vertices, but they intersect at the midpoints of their 96 orthogonal edges. Since four orthogonal lines intersect at a point in 4-space, in addition to the midedge radius and the two intersecting edges there is a third intersecting edge through each point of contact: ''three'' 24-cells lie in dual positions to each other, with their orthogonal edges intersecting. Three ''pairs'' of 24-cells lie in orthogonal dual positions to each other, sharing no vertices, but the same 96 midedge points.

We also observe this geometry, of 24-cells in dual positions, in the irregular {12} dodecagon central planes, which have two inscribed great {6} hexagons, offset from each other irregularly by a 15.5° arc on one side (a 120-cell edge chord) and a 44.5° arc on the other side. The 600-cell and the 24-cell contain only great {6} hexagon planes. The two inscribed great {6} hexagons in each {12} central plane belong to a pair of 24-cells in dual position.

We observe inscribed 5-cells only in the 120-cell. The 600-cell has &lt;math&gt;5^2 = 25&lt;/math&gt; distinct 24-cells inscribed in 120 vertices, and is a regular compound of &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt; disjoint 24-cells in 10 different ways, but it has no inscribed 5-point 5-cells joining corresponding vertices of 5 of its 25 24-cells.{{Efn|The 600-cell does have inscribed 5-point great pentagons joining corresponding vertices of 5 of its 25 24-cells. The 600-cell has 2-dimensional pentads, but only the 120-cell has 4-dimensional pentads.}} The 120-cell has &lt;math&gt;5^2 \times 3^2 = 225&lt;/math&gt; distinct 24-cells inscribed in 600 vertices, and is a regular compound of &lt;math&gt;5^2 = 25&lt;/math&gt; disjoint 24-point 24-cells in 10 different ways, and it has 120 inscribed 5-cells joining corresponding vertices of 5 of its 225 24-cells.

[[File:Great 5-cell √5 digons rectangle.png|thumb|400px|Three {{radic|5}} x {{radic|3}} rectangles (red) are found in 200 central planes of the radius {{radic|2}} 120-cell, and in its 600 Jessen's icosahedra, where 3 orthogonal rectangles comprise each 12-point Jessen's. Each central plane intersects {12} vertices in an irregular great dodecagon. These are the same 200 dodecagon central planes illustrated above, which also contain 6 120-cell edges (solid red), which form two opposing ''irregular'' great hexagons (truncated triangles) with the {{radic|5}} chords. The {12} central planes also contain four {{radic|6}} great triangles (green), inscribed in two {{radic|2}} ''regular'' great hexagons. 1200 smaller {{radic|5}} 5-cell ''face'' triangles (blue) occupy 600 other, non-central planes.]]
The Jessen's eight {{radic|6}} triangle faces lie in eight great {6} hexagons in eight {12} central planes of the 120-cell. The Jessen's {{radic|5}} chords lie in great {4} rectangles ({{radic|5}} by {{radic|3}}) in orthogonal central planes of the Jessen's. These are ''also'' {12} central planes of the 120-cell. We can pick out the {{radic|5}} by {{radic|3}} rectangles in the {12} central plane chord diagrams (bounded by red dashed lines). The Jessen's vertex figure is bounded by eight {12} face planes, and divided by six orthogonal {12} central planes, and all 14 planes are {12} central planes of the 120-cell.

The 5-cells' ''face'' planes are ''not'' central planes of the 120-cell. Recall that 10 distinct Jessen's are inscribed in each rhombicosidodecahedron, as two chiral sets of 5 completely disjoint Jessen's, such that two {{radic|5}} 5-cell edges meet at each vertex of the rhombicosidodecahedron. These are two of the four 5-cell edges that meet at each vertex of the 5-cell: edges of a 5-cell face, 20 of which are disjointly inscribed in each rhombicosidodecahedron. In each Jessen's the 6 {{radic|5}} reflex edges are disjoint, and in each rhombicosidodecahedron only two edges meet at each vertex, but in the 120-cell each {{radic|5}} chord meets three others, that lie in three other Jessen's. Each 5-cell face triangle has each edge in a distinct Jessen's, but the face triangle lies in just one rhombicosidodecahedron. The 1200 5-cell face triangles lie in opposing pairs, in one of 600 ''non-central'' hexagon ''face'' planes.

Each of the 60 rhombicosidodecahedra is a compound of 10 Jessen's (5 disjoint Jessen's in two different ways), just the way the 120-cell is a compound of 10 600-cells (5 disjoint 600-cells in two different ways), and the 120-cell's dodecahedron cell is a compound of 10 600-cell tetrahedron cells (5 disjoint tetrahedra in two different ways).

The 600 Jessen's in the 120-cell occur in bundles of 8 disjoint Jessen's, in 4 completely orthogonal pairs, each pair aligned with one of the four axes of the Cartesian coordinate system. Collectively they comprise 3 disjoint 24-cells in orthogonal dual position. They are [[24-cell#Clifford parallel polytopes|Clifford parallel 4-polytopes]], 3 completely disjoint 24-cells 90° apart, and two sets of 4 completely disjoint Jessen's 15.5° apart.

Opposite triangle faces in a Jessen's occupy opposing positions in opposite great hexagons. In contrast, the two completely orthogonal Jessen's are completely disjoint, with completely orthogonal bounding planes that intersect only at one point, the center of the 120-cell. The corresponding {{radic|6}} triangle faces of two completely orthogonal Jessen's occupy completely orthogonal {12} central planes that share no vertices.

If we look again at a single Jessen's, without considering its completely orthogonal twin, we see that it has 3 orthogonal axes, each the rotation axis of a plane of rotation that one of its Borromean rectangles lies in. Because this 12-point (tensegrity icosahedron) Jessen's lies in 4-space, it also has a 4th axis, and by symmetry that axis too must be orthogonal to 4 vertices in the shape of a Borromean rectangle: 4 additional vertices. We see that the 12-point (vertex figure) Jessen's is part of a 16-point (8-cell) tesseract containing 4 orthogonal Borromean rings (not just 3), which should not be surprising since we already found it was part of a 24-point (24-cell) 4-polytope, which contains 3 16-point (8-cell) tesseracts. Each 12-point (6 {{radic|5}} reflex edge) Jessen's is one of 10 concentric Jessen's in a rhombicosidodecahedron, two sets of 5 disjoint Jessen's rotated with respect to each other isoclinically by 12° x 12° = 15.5°, with a total of 60 disjoint {{radic|5}} edges. Each 12-point (24 {{radic|6}} edge) Jessen's is one of 8 concentric Jessen's in two 24-cells in dual positions, rotated with respect to each other isoclinically by 41.4° x 41.4° = 90°, with a total of 192 {{radic|6}} edges.{{Efn|There are 96 {{radic|6}} chords in each 24-cell, linking every other vertex under its 96 {{radic|2}} edges.}} The 24-point 24-cell has 4 Hopf fibrations of 4 hexagonal great circle fibers, so it is a complex of 16 great hexagons, generally not orthogonal to each other, but containing 3 sets of 4 orthogonal great hexagons. Three Borromean link great rectangles are inscribed in each great hexagon, and three tesseracts are inscribed in each 24-cell. Four of the 6 orthogonal [[w:Borromean_rings|Borromean link]] great rectangles in each completely orthogonal pair of Jessen's are inscribed in each tesseract.

== Conclusion ==

Thus we see what the 11-cell really is: not just an [[W:abstract polytope|abstract 4-polytope]], not just a singleton convex 4-polytope, and not just a cell honeycomb on the 3-sphere.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs''}} Though it is all these things singly, like the regular convex 4-polytopes, it compounds to significantly more.

The 11-cell (singular) is the 11-vertex (17 cell) non-uniform Blind 4-polytope, with 11 non-uniform [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]] cells. The abstract regular 11-point (11-cell) has a realization in Euclidean 4-space as this convex 4-polytope, with regular facets and regular triangle faces.

The 11-cell (plural) is subsumed in the 120-cell, just as the regular convex 4-polytopes are. The compound of eleven 11-cells (the ..-cell) and Schoute's compound of five 24-cells (the 600-cell) compound as the quasi-regular 137-point (..-cell) 4-polytope, an object that is the subject of further study.

The 11-cells' realization in the 120-cell as 600 12-point (Legendre vertex figures) captures precisely the geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell and 16-cell (4-simplex and 4-orthoplex), which are both inscribed in the 11-point (17-cell), 137-point (..-cell) and 600-point (120-cell), but are so distantly related to each other that they are not found together anywhere else. More generally, the 11-cells capture the geometric relationship between the ''n''-polytopes of different ''n''.

The symmetry groups of all the regular 4-polytopes are expressed in the 11-cells, paired in a special way with their analogous 3-symmetry groups. It is not simple to state exactly what relates 3-symmetry groups to 4-symmetry groups (there is Dechant's induction theorem),{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|loc=''Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: H4 and the Grand Antiprism''}} but the 11-cells seem to be the expression of their dimensional analogies.

== Build with the blocks ==

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The best of truths is of no use unless it has become one's most personal inner experience.&quot;{{Sfn|Duveneck|1978|loc=Carl Jung, quoted in ''Life on Two Levels''|p=ii|ps=.{{Sfn|Jung|1961|ps=: &quot;The best of truths is of no use unless it has become one's most personal inner experience. It is the duty of everyone who takes a solitary path to share with society what he finds on his journey of discovery.&quot;}}}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Even the very wise cannot see all ends.&quot;{{Sfn|Tolkien|1954|loc=Gandalf}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

No doubt this entire essay is too discursive, and mathematically educated writers reach their findings more directly. I have told my story this way, still in a less halting and circuitous manner than it came to me, because it is important to show how I came by my understanding of these objects, since I am not a mathematician. I have been a child building with blocks, and my only guides have been the wiser children who built with the blocks before me, and told me how they did it; that, and my own nearly physical experience building with them, and imagination. I am at pains to show how that can be done, even by as mathematically illiterate a child as I am.

{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|columns=9|wiki=W:|radius={{radic|2}}}}

{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|columns=9|wiki=W:|radius=1}}

== Acknowledgements ==

...

== Notes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
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{{Refend}}</text>
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__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible binary &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(See [[c:File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|image]].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code Che matrix}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed gap-above gap-below}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code WP vectors}}

See the fixed points of Ч and Ш ordered by weight: [[Template:Boolf weight triangle; fixed points of Che|Ч]], [[Template:Boolf weight triangle; fixed points of Sha|Ш]]

===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

Permutation Я is related to quarter sharpness, which is seen in [[Boolf prop/3-ary/gradual sharpness 1 (quarter sharpness)|these images]].

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above gap-below}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is '''Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is '''Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;([[w:Shcha|This letter]] has a little hook on the right.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Neighboring Zhegalkin indices &lt;small&gt;(i.e. 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1)&lt;/small&gt; denote complements.&lt;br&gt;
So although there is no mentor bijection between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;br&gt;
Complement and mentor partition the set of all Boolean functions into blocks of size 4 or 2. Such a block shall be called (big or small) ''seminar''.&lt;br&gt;
The Zhegalkin indices in a big seminar are &lt;math&gt;\{ a, a+1, b, b+1 \}&lt;/math&gt; with even &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, so it can be represented by the pair &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;An example of a seminar is {138, 139, 156, 157}, represented as (138, 156). See [[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 12855504354077768210885020350402125463028803369886765232947200.svg|image]]. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;In the permutation it is represented by the pair (69, 78).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The pairs &lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{a}{2}, \frac{b}{2} \right)&lt;/math&gt; are the cycles of a self-inverse Walsh permutation of degree &lt;math&gt;2^{arity} - 1&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(For arity 3 the degree is 7, and the permuted integers are 0...127.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For arities 1 and 2 this permutation is neutral. For arity 3 is has 64 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 128 places, i.e. 1/2)&lt;/small&gt;. For arity 5 it has 1024 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 32768 places, i.e. 1/32)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;

{{Collapsible START|mentor permutation|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Mentors 4; seminar permutation.svg|thumb|15×15 matrix corresponding to the Walsh permutation for arity 4.]]
The first 64 entries of the sequence are the fixed points. The next 64 entries form these 32 cycles:
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;
[ 64,  75], [ 65,  74], [ 66,  73], [ 67,  72], [ 68,  79], [ 69,  78], [ 70,  77], [ 71,  76], 
[ 80,  91], [ 81,  90], [ 82,  89], [ 83,  88], [ 84,  95], [ 85,  94], [ 86,  93], [ 87,  92], 
[ 96, 107], [ 97, 106], [ 98, 105], [ 99, 104], [100, 111], [101, 110], [102, 109], [103, 108],
[112, 123], [113, 122], [114, 121], [115, 120], [116, 127], [117, 126], [118, 125], [119, 124]
&lt;/source&gt;

The permutation for arity 4 corresponds to the 15×15 matrix shown on the right.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;It is described by this vector: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 75, 128, 256, 512, 1155, 2048, 4233, 8330, 19252)&lt;/small&gt;

The matrix is always that of Ш or Щ without the top row and left column.
{{Collapsible END}}

For arity 3 the Boolean functions in big seminars are the sharp ones &lt;small&gt;(i.e. those with odd weight)&lt;/small&gt;. See {{Boolf prop 3-ary|seminar|images}}.

&lt;small&gt;For a given arity, each seminar is part of a {{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky seminar}}. For arity 3 they all have size 16. {{Mentors of Boolean functions/example chunky seminar}}&lt;/small&gt;

==chains==

The permutations Ю and Я have fewer fixed points and longer cycles than Ч and Ш.&lt;br&gt;
A cycle of Ю shall be called '''chain'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(Cycles of Я are the same, but reversed.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The XOR of all entries of a chain is one of the fixed points, and shall be called '''anchor'''. The fixed points are [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]].

'''tables of chains:''' [[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/3-ary|3-ary]] &lt;small&gt;(4 fixed points)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/4-ary|4-ary]] &lt;small&gt;([[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/4-ary/fixed|8 fixed points]])&lt;/small&gt;

'''3-ary partitions:'''
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain length}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain quadrants}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|reduced chain quadrants}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky chain}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|anchor}}


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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Mentors 4; seminar permutation.svg]] → [[File:Seminar 4 (short tutor and mentor permutation).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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__NOTOC__

The mentor is a rather dubious [[Soft properties of Boolean functions|soft property]] of a BF. But it seems surprisingly interesting.&lt;br&gt;
It is found in three steps: Creating a [[Boolf-hard#family|family matrix]], getting the senior [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]] of its rows, and getting their [[Boolf-hard#prefect|prefects]].&lt;br&gt;
The first digits of the prefects form the mentor.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 3-ary}}

The following images are the 4-ary equivalents of those above. The results are either the same as above, or the complement.

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated examples 4-ary}}

==Walsh permutations==

A Boolean function has a unique mentor for a given arity.  The map between mentors can be expressed by four different [[Walsh permutation]]s.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(That is, because a BF can be denoted by its truth table or by its Zhegalkin index. In the images above, they are shown red and green.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
In all there are six Walsh permutations, which shall be denoted by Cyrillic letters: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ж &lt;small&gt;(Zhe)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ч &lt;small&gt;(Che)&lt;/small&gt;, Ш &lt;small&gt;(Sha)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp; Ю &lt;small&gt;(Yu)&lt;/small&gt;, Я &lt;small&gt;(Ya)&lt;/small&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Щ &lt;small&gt;(Shcha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Their degree is &lt;math&gt;d = 2^{arity}&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. they correspond to invertible binary &lt;math&gt;d \times d&lt;/math&gt; matrices.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .7;&quot;&gt;(The letter Ж is used in two different ways: On its own it represents the permutation. Followed by an integer it represents a BF, identified by its [[Zhegalkin matrix|Zhegalkin index]].)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/four WP relationships}}

Ч and Ш are both self-inverse. Ю and Я are inverse to each other.

The matrix of Щ is part of a top right Sierpinki triangle. Its diagonals follow a negated XOR pattern. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(See [[c:File:Variadic5 antipode; ESAND (ESNOR twin).svg|image]].)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ш is almost the same, but with the top right entry inverted.&lt;br&gt;
The matrix of Ч is a family matrix. Its top row is related to that of the Ш matrix. &lt;small&gt;The calculation involves the Zhegalkin twin and reversing the truth table.&lt;/small&gt;

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code Che matrix}}

{{Collapsible START|relationship between the matrix patterns|collapsed gap-above gap-below}}
The red family matrix has the pattern of Ч.&lt;br&gt;
The green matrix shows the twins of the red rows, and has the pattern of Ю and Я.&lt;br&gt;
The blue matrix shows the twins of the green columns, and has the pattern of Ш.&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Family of Zhe 38504.svg|400px|center]]
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code WP vectors}}

See the fixed points of Ч and Ш ordered by weight: [[Template:Boolf weight triangle; fixed points of Che|Ч]], [[Template:Boolf weight triangle; fixed points of Sha|Ш]]

===1-ary===

The permutations are all six Walsh permutations of degree 2. {{spaces|5}} Ч = (0, 2, 1, 3) {{spaces|5}} Ш = (0, 1, 3, 2) {{spaces|5}} Щ = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt;

{{Collapsible START|permutations|wide collapsed}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 1-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

===2-ary===

Ч = Ш = I &lt;small&gt;(neutral permutation)&lt;/small&gt; {{spaces|5}} Ю = Я = Ж {{spaces|5}} &lt;small&gt;Щ = (0, 1, 2, 3, &amp;nbsp; 4, 5, 6, 7, &amp;nbsp; 9, 8, 11, 10, &amp;nbsp; 13, 12, 15, 14)&lt;/small&gt;

===3-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 3-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/3-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/small WP example 199}}

Permutation Я is related to quarter sharpness, which is seen in [[Boolf prop/3-ary/gradual sharpness 1 (quarter sharpness)|these images]].

===4-ary===

{{Mentors of Boolean functions/illustrated WP 4-ary}}

{{Collapsible START|code|collapsed light gap-above gap-below}}
{{Mentors of Boolean functions/code/4-ary}}
{{Collapsible END}}

==seminars==

The mentor is not simply a bijection between Boolean functions, but between the truth tables for a given arity.&lt;br&gt;
The permutation from Zhegalkin indices to those of their ''n''-ary mentors is '''Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. The beginning of Ш&lt;sub&gt;''n''+1&lt;/sub&gt; is '''Щ&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;([[w:Shcha|This letter]] has a little hook on the right.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These two permutations are very similar. They are equal in the first half, and differ by exchanged neighbors in the second.

Neighboring Zhegalkin indices &lt;small&gt;(i.e. 2·''n'' and 2·''n''+1)&lt;/small&gt; denote complements.&lt;br&gt;
So although there is no mentor bijection between Boolean functions, there is one between pairs of complements.&lt;br&gt;
Complement and mentor partition the set of all Boolean functions into blocks of size 4 or 2. Such a block shall be called (big or small) ''seminar''.&lt;br&gt;
The Zhegalkin indices in a big seminar are &lt;math&gt;\{ a, a+1, b, b+1 \}&lt;/math&gt; with even &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, so it can be represented by the pair &lt;math&gt;(a, b)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;An example of a seminar is {138, 139, 156, 157}, represented as (138, 156). See [[c:File:Set of 3-ary Boolean functions 12855504354077768210885020350402125463028803369886765232947200.svg|image]]. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;In the permutation it is represented by the pair (69, 78).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

The pairs &lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{a}{2}, \frac{b}{2} \right)&lt;/math&gt; are the cycles of a self-inverse Walsh permutation of degree &lt;math&gt;2^{arity} - 1&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(For arity 3 the degree is 7, and the permuted integers are 0...127.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For arities 1 and 2 this permutation is neutral. For arity 3 is has 64 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 128 places, i.e. 1/2)&lt;/small&gt;. For arity 5 it has 1024 fixed points &lt;small&gt;(of 32768 places, i.e. 1/32)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br&gt;

{{Collapsible START|mentor permutation|collapsed wide}}
[[File:Seminar 4 (short tutor and mentor permutation).svg|thumb|15×15 matrix corresponding to the Walsh permutation for arity 4.]]
The first 64 entries of the sequence are the fixed points. The next 64 entries form these 32 cycles:
&lt;source lang=&quot;python&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;
[ 64,  75], [ 65,  74], [ 66,  73], [ 67,  72], [ 68,  79], [ 69,  78], [ 70,  77], [ 71,  76], 
[ 80,  91], [ 81,  90], [ 82,  89], [ 83,  88], [ 84,  95], [ 85,  94], [ 86,  93], [ 87,  92], 
[ 96, 107], [ 97, 106], [ 98, 105], [ 99, 104], [100, 111], [101, 110], [102, 109], [103, 108],
[112, 123], [113, 122], [114, 121], [115, 120], [116, 127], [117, 126], [118, 125], [119, 124]
&lt;/source&gt;

The permutation for arity 4 corresponds to the 15×15 matrix shown on the right.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5; font-size: 60%;&quot;&gt;It is described by this vector: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 75, 128, 256, 512, 1155, 2048, 4233, 8330, 19252)&lt;/small&gt;

The matrix is always that of Ш or Щ without the top row and left column.
{{Collapsible END}}

For arity 3 the Boolean functions in big seminars are the sharp ones &lt;small&gt;(i.e. those with odd weight)&lt;/small&gt;. See {{Boolf prop 3-ary|seminar|images}}.

&lt;small&gt;For a given arity, each seminar is part of a {{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky seminar}}. For arity 3 they all have size 16. {{Mentors of Boolean functions/example chunky seminar}}&lt;/small&gt;

==chains==

The permutations Ю and Я have fewer fixed points and longer cycles than Ч and Ш.&lt;br&gt;
A cycle of Ю shall be called '''chain'''. &lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;(Cycles of Я are the same, but reversed.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The XOR of all entries of a chain is one of the fixed points, and shall be called '''anchor'''. The fixed points are [[Noble Boolean functions|nobles]].

'''tables of chains:''' [[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/3-ary|3-ary]] &lt;small&gt;(4 fixed points)&lt;/small&gt;, [[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/4-ary|4-ary]] &lt;small&gt;([[Template:Mentors of Boolean functions/chains/4-ary/fixed|8 fixed points]])&lt;/small&gt;

'''3-ary partitions:'''
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain length}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chain quadrants}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|reduced chain quadrants}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|chunky chain}},
{{Boolf prop 3-ary|anchor}}


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{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable boolf-props&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! &lt;abbr title=&quot;number of blocks&quot;&gt;#&lt;/abbr&gt;
! integer partition
! properties
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 240, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_noble|is noble]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 240, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_linear|is linear]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 240, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_self-dual|is self-dual]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 240, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_seal|is seal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[20, 1, 236, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;236&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_monotonic|is monotonic]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[24, 1, 232, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;232&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_dense|is dense]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[51, 1, 205, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;51&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;205&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_seal_block|is seal block]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[57, 1, 199, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;199&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_honest|is honest]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[62, 1, 194, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;62&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_blotless|is blotless]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 1, 192, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#great_quaestor_dominion|great quaestor dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 1, 192, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#great_quaestor_sword_dominion|great quaestor sword dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[66, 1, 190, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;190&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_bloatless|is bloatless]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[96, 1, 160, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_blightless|is blightless]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[97, 1, 159, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;97&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;159&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_male|is male]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[104, 1, 152, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;104&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;152&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_in_monotonic_equivalence_class|is in monotonic equivalence class]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_acute|is acute]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_odd|is odd]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_odious|is odious]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_ugly|is ugly]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_rough|is rough]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_sharp|is sharp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_solid|is solid]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#twin_prefect_oddness|twin prefect oddness]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;Zhegalkin deviation patron&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#Zhegalkin_deviation_is_odious|Zhegalkin deviation is odious]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#is_rude|is rude]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[128, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/binary#prefect_oddness|prefect oddness]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 96, 1, 144, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/faction size|faction size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 112, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;112&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nonlinearity|nonlinearity]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 1, 96, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/village size|village size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[40, 1, 57, 1, 159, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;159&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/honesty and gender|honesty and gender]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[58, 1, 70, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;58&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;70&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/sharpness and introversion|sharpness and introversion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[80, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super great banner|super great banner]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 1, 6, 1, 30, 1, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/valency|valency]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 1, 6, 1, 30, 1, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/soft gravity|soft gravity]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;soft legion faction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;soft legion weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 1, 14, 1, 56, 1, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/senior village size|senior village size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 1, 14, 1, 56, 1, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/strength|strength]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;family size&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 1, 14, 1, 56, 1, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/soft depth|soft depth]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;soft cohort weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 2, 12, 1, 240, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/adicity|adicity]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 1, 12, 1, 60, 1, 180, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;180&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chain length|chain length]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 1, 28, 2, 196, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;196&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twin-chunky twist partition|twin-chunky twist partition]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 80, 3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/anchor|anchor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 80, 3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/reduced chain quadrants|reduced chain quadrants]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;twin mentors of reduced chain quadrants&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 2, 96, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quaestor sword dominion|quaestor sword dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 2, 96, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great patron dominion|great patron dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 2, 96, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great patron principality|great patron principality]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 2, 96, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/consul weight|consul weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 2, 96, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/prefect weight|prefect weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great patron|great patron]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;patron tiling and slatting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;patron symmetry perm&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great quaestor|great quaestor]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;quaestor tiling and slatting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;twist xors 2&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great prefect|great prefect]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great praetor|great praetor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quadrant|quadrant]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/lictor|lictor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/lictor sword|lictor sword]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/praetor shield|praetor shield]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/reverse lictor|reverse lictor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main nameless&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nameless 5|nameless 5]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/weight quadrant|weight quadrant]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/guardian|guardian]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron index consul|patron index consul]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[64, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 2 (half sharpness)|serration 2 (half sharpness)]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 1, 15, 1, 48, 1, 64, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration size|serration size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 1, 16, 1, 49, 1, 78, 1, 112, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;49&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;78&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;112&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist partition size|twist partition size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 6, 1, 30, 1, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/gravity|gravity]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;legion weight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;legion faction&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 14, 1, 56, 1, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/depth|depth]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;cohort weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 14, 1, 112, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;112&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist level|twist level]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 2, 56, 2, 140, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;140&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/changes|changes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 1, 48, 3, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/symmetry perm|symmetry perm]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;symmetry perm indices&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 48, 2, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/tribe|tribe]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 64, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quaestor weight|quaestor weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 64, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/praetor weight|praetor weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 64, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron index weight|patron index weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 64, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/sub-prefect weight|sub-prefect weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 64, 2, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/Zhegalkin deviation weight|Zhegalkin deviation weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[40, 4, 96, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great banner|great banner]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 3, 7, 2, 239, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;239&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/pure twist level|pure twist level]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 5, 176, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;176&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron symmetry neg|patron symmetry neg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 1, 6, 1, 8, 1, 25, 1, 32, 1, 56, 1, 128, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/honesty, gender, sharpness, introversion|honesty, gender, sharpness, introversion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 2, 8, 1, 12, 1, 40, 1, 48, 1, 144, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/clan size|clan size]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[5, 1, 20, 1, 29, 1, 36, 1, 46, 1, 60, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;29&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;46&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nonmonotonicity|nonmonotonicity]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 1, 24, 3, 48, 1, 56, 1, 72, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super chunky burden|super chunky burden]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 2, 32, 3, 64, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/village columns|village columns]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;village minrep&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 2, 6, 2, 8, 1, 24, 2, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/soft cohort faction|soft cohort faction]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 4, 10, 3, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/atomvals|atomvals]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 4, 10, 3, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/soft legion|soft legion]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;soft legion set&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 1, 12, 1, 20, 3, 60, 3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chain quadrants|chain quadrants]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;twin mentors of chain quadrants&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 2, 24, 2, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/company|company]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 2, 24, 4, 72, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chunky twist vector|chunky twist vector]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quaestor dominion|quaestor dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron dominion|patron dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;patron principality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;patron king index and quadrant&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/Zhegalkin deviation faction|Zhegalkin deviation faction]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;twin prefect signed weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/prefect signed weight|prefect signed weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 48, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/Zhegalkin linear signed weight|Zhegalkin linear signed weight]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;reverse prefect signed weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quaestor sword|quaestor sword]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super great twin mentor|super great twin mentor]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;leveled praetor sword&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/octant|octant]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/consul|consul]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great sub-prefect|great sub-prefect]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twin consul|twin consul]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist xors 1|twist xors 1]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[32, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist xors (2, 3)|twist xors (2, 3)]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 1, 6, 2, 8, 1, 24, 2, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/cohort faction|cohort faction]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 3, 10, 3, 218, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/legion|legion]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;legion set&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 8, 2, 28, 2, 56, 2, 70, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/weight|weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 8, 2, 28, 2, 56, 2, 70, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/zhegalkin weight|zhegalkin weight]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 4, 32, 6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chunky chain|chunky chain]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 2, 8, 2, 16, 2, 32, 3, 40, 1, 64, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/ultra clan|ultra clan]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 2, 12, 2, 16, 2, 24, 2, 48, 3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great principality|great principality]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 2, 12, 2, 16, 2, 24, 2, 48, 3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great dominion|great dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 8, 32, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron symmetry negperm|patron symmetry negperm]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 2, 8, 1, 12, 2, 24, 7, 48, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/platoon|platoon]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 2, 12, 6, 24, 2, 36, 2, 56, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chunky burden|chunky burden]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 2, 6, 2, 8, 2, 16, 2, 24, 4, 48, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super clan|super clan]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 15
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 4, 8, 6, 32, 4, 64, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super guild reps|super guild reps]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 4, 7, 8, 49, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;49&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist partition|twist partition]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 8, 2, 6, 4, 1, 232, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;232&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/noble symmetry neg|noble symmetry neg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 8, 8, 7, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/symmetry neg|symmetry neg]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;symmetry neg indices&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 8, 8, 7, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/soft cohort|soft cohort]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;soft cohort set&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 4, 12, 8, 36, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twin-chunky twist vector|twin-chunky twist vector]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main nameless&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nameless 1|nameless 1]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/prefect|prefect]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/praetor|praetor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/reverse splice|reverse splice]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;quaestor&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/patron|patron]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;patron index&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;praetor sword&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main nameless&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nameless 3|nameless 3]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main nameless&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/nameless 4|nameless 4]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/great twin mentor|great twin mentor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/Zhegalkin linear|Zhegalkin linear]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;reverse prefect&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/Zhegalkin deviation|Zhegalkin deviation]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;twin prefect&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chunky twist xors|chunky twist xors]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;chunky seminar&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/serration 1 (quarter sharpness)|serration 1 (quarter sharpness)]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[16, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/half sharpness and quadrant|half sharpness and quadrant]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 17
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 7, 8, 7, 184, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;184&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/cohort|cohort]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;cohort set&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 18
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 4, 8, 6, 16, 4, 32, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/ultra family|ultra family]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 4, 12, 12, 24, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/squad|squad]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 8, 16, 12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/noble symmetry perm|noble symmetry perm]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 20
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[10, 16, 24, 4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/banner|banner]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 22
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8, 5, 12, 4, 24, 6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/clan|clan]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 28
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 9, 8, 7, 16, 8, 32, 1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/guild reps|guild reps]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 30
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 8, 8, 14, 16, 8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super family|super family]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 32
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/sub-prefect|sub-prefect]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 32
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/super chunk|super chunk]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 32
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[8, 32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist xors (1, 2)|twist xors (1, 2)]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 37
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 12, 4, 12, 8, 3, 10, 4, 20, 6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/symmetry negperm|symmetry negperm]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;symmetry negperm indices&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 38
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 8, 3, 14, 9, 8, 12, 4, 20, 2, 23, 2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/burden|burden]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 40
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 4, 2, 6, 5, 12, 10, 18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chain|chain]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 44
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 8, 3, 8, 4, 8, 6, 8, 12, 12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/principality|principality]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 44
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 8, 3, 8, 4, 8, 6, 8, 12, 12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/dominion|dominion]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 46
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 7, 4, 14, 8, 23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/family|family]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 46
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 2, 2, 7, 4, 14, 8, 23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/reverse family|reverse family]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;senior village columns&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 16, 3, 32, 9, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist vector|twist vector]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;prop other&quot;&gt;reverse and twin prefect signed weight&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twin mentor|twin mentor]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/chunk|chunk]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/twist xors|twist xors]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 64
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[4, 64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/quarter sharpness and quadrant|quarter sharpness and quadrant]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 66
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 28, 2, 18, 6, 8, 12, 12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/noble symmetry negperm|noble symmetry negperm]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 80
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 16, 3, 48, 6, 16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/faction|faction]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 96
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[2, 64, 4, 32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/seminar|seminar]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;| 184
|class=&quot;intpart&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;[1, 124, 2, 48, 3, 12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;124&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; + &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|class=&quot;props&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;prop main&quot;&gt;[[Boolf prop/3-ary/splinter|splinter]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary| ]]</text>
      <sha1>p6lv9s3b7ci5c40q9kbqsqytxegbbva</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boolf prop/3-ary/reverse splice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719760</id>
      <parentid>2692125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T09:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Watchduck moved page [[Boolf prop/3-ary/quaestor]] to [[Boolf prop/3-ary/reverse splice]]</comment>
      <origin>2692125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5006" sha1="ffl2a6z5zv2t67arc7v48xzd0ue2c8q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Boolf prop/blocks.css&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable boolf-blocks&quot;
!class=&quot;size&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;block size&quot;&gt;#&lt;/abbr&gt;
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| quaestor
!class=&quot;block&quot;| block
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[0, 24, 36, 60, 66, 90, 102, 126, 129, 153, 165, 189, 195, 219, 231, 255]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_57896048070373769491417295362101480869679047472698551317454488802455720034305.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[1, 25, 37, 61, 67, 91, 103, 127, 128, 152, 164, 188, 194, 218, 230, 254]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_28948024035186884745708647681050740434967129631552388094066724205209612976130.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[2, 26, 38, 62, 64, 88, 100, 124, 131, 155, 167, 191, 193, 217, 229, 253]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14474012017593442375796715454410890738509434893084198442928681539648131956740.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[3, 27, 39, 63, 65, 89, 101, 125, 130, 154, 166, 190, 192, 216, 228, 252]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7237006008796721187898357727205445369286618920342877330305695904669559160840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[4, 28, 32, 56, 70, 94, 98, 122, 133, 157, 161, 185, 199, 223, 227, 251]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3618503017825678581285093526099662564752582377139826828513203328849400561680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[5, 29, 33, 57, 71, 95, 99, 123, 132, 156, 160, 184, 198, 222, 226, 250]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1809251508912839290642546763049831282384266557049702447293455176419243982880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[6, 30, 34, 58, 68, 92, 96, 120, 135, 159, 163, 187, 197, 221, 225, 249]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_904625754456419645505172858075163517505663897491222935475652947564535218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[7, 31, 35, 59, 69, 93, 97, 121, 134, 158, 162, 186, 196, 220, 224, 248]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_452312877228209822752586429037581758754825790865558725997445175773036019840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[8, 16, 44, 52, 74, 82, 110, 118, 137, 145, 173, 181, 203, 211, 239, 247]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_227039847827326250973527176555168871534410259539694997583804615943822311680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[9, 17, 45, 53, 75, 83, 111, 119, 136, 144, 172, 180, 202, 210, 238, 246]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_113519923913663125486763588277584435767705537379596074693725301336279482880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[10, 18, 46, 54, 72, 80, 108, 116, 139, 147, 175, 183, 201, 209, 237, 245]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_56759961956831562754920408025753098590070852662023480053763613825614218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[11, 19, 47, 55, 73, 81, 109, 117, 138, 146, 174, 182, 200, 208, 236, 244]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_28379980978415781377460204012876549295160528233448884002362986957850019840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[12, 20, 40, 48, 78, 86, 106, 114, 141, 149, 169, 177, 207, 215, 235, 243]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14189990541863233051101912389232910289006925269952906176366478028606279680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[13, 21, 41, 49, 79, 87, 107, 115, 140, 148, 168, 176, 206, 214, 234, 242]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7094995270931616525550956194616455144534738110701794189842749424232570880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[14, 22, 42, 50, 76, 84, 104, 112, 143, 151, 171, 179, 205, 213, 233, 241]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3547497635465808263496641467919331206345643567925630297969809815666442240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 15
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[15, 23, 43, 51, 77, 85, 105, 113, 142, 150, 170, 178, 204, 212, 232, 240]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1773748817732904131748320733959665603180640652894150424401371991818403840.svg|420px]]
|}

[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|quaestor]]</text>
      <sha1>ffl2a6z5zv2t67arc7v48xzd0ue2c8q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719762</id>
      <parentid>2719760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T09:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7267" sha1="4isjwf3sy7j1sm79ae47zrpa6ke93rb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Boolf prop/blocks.css&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable boolf-blocks&quot;
!class=&quot;size&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;block size&quot;&gt;#&lt;/abbr&gt;
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| reverse splice
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| quaestor
!class=&quot;block&quot;| block
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;0&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0000 0000.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 0
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 0
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[0, 24, 36, 60, 66, 90, 102, 126, 129, 153, 165, 189, 195, 219, 231, 255]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_57896048070373769491417295362101480869679047472698551317454488802455720034305.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;127&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1000 0001.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;129&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 127
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 1
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[1, 25, 37, 61, 67, 91, 103, 127, 128, 152, 164, 188, 194, 218, 230, 254]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_28948024035186884745708647681050740434967129631552388094066724205209612976130.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;106&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0100 0010.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 106
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[2, 26, 38, 62, 64, 88, 100, 124, 131, 155, 167, 191, 193, 217, 229, 253]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14474012017593442375796715454410890738509434893084198442928681539648131956740.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;21&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1100 0011.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;195&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 21
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[3, 27, 39, 63, 65, 89, 101, 125, 130, 154, 166, 190, 192, 216, 228, 252]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7237006008796721187898357727205445369286618920342877330305695904669559160840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;108&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0010 0100.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;36&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 108
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[4, 28, 32, 56, 70, 94, 98, 122, 133, 157, 161, 185, 199, 223, 227, 251]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3618503017825678581285093526099662564752582377139826828513203328849400561680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;19&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1010 0101.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;165&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 19
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[5, 29, 33, 57, 71, 95, 99, 123, 132, 156, 160, 184, 198, 222, 226, 250]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1809251508912839290642546763049831282384266557049702447293455176419243982880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;6&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0110 0110.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;102&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 6
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[6, 30, 34, 58, 68, 92, 96, 120, 135, 159, 163, 187, 197, 221, 225, 249]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_904625754456419645505172858075163517505663897491222935475652947564535218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;121&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1110 0111.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;231&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 121
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[7, 31, 35, 59, 69, 93, 97, 121, 134, 158, 162, 186, 196, 220, 224, 248]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_452312877228209822752586429037581758754825790865558725997445175773036019840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;120&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0001 1000.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 120
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 8
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[8, 16, 44, 52, 74, 82, 110, 118, 137, 145, 173, 181, 203, 211, 239, 247]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_227039847827326250973527176555168871534410259539694997583804615943822311680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;7&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1001 1001.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;153&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 7
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 9
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[9, 17, 45, 53, 75, 83, 111, 119, 136, 144, 172, 180, 202, 210, 238, 246]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_113519923913663125486763588277584435767705537379596074693725301336279482880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;18&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0101 1010.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;90&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 18
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[10, 18, 46, 54, 72, 80, 108, 116, 139, 147, 175, 183, 201, 209, 237, 245]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_56759961956831562754920408025753098590070852662023480053763613825614218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;109&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1101 1011.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;219&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 109
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 11
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[11, 19, 47, 55, 73, 81, 109, 117, 138, 146, 174, 182, 200, 208, 236, 244]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_28379980978415781377460204012876549295160528233448884002362986957850019840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;20&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0011 1100.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 20
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 12
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[12, 20, 40, 48, 78, 86, 106, 114, 141, 149, 169, 177, 207, 215, 235, 243]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14189990541863233051101912389232910289006925269952906176366478028606279680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;107&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1011 1101.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;189&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 107
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 13
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[13, 21, 41, 49, 79, 87, 107, 115, 140, 148, 168, 176, 206, 214, 234, 242]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7094995270931616525550956194616455144534738110701794189842749424232570880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;126&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0111 1110.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;126&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 126
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 14
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[14, 22, 42, 50, 76, 84, 104, 112, 143, 151, 171, 179, 205, 213, 233, 241]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3547497635465808263496641467919331206345643567925630297969809815666442240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;1&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1111 1111.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;255&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 1
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 15
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[15, 23, 43, 51, 77, 85, 105, 113, 142, 150, 170, 178, 204, 212, 232, 240]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1773748817732904131748320733959665603180640652894150424401371991818403840.svg|420px]]
|}

[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|reverse splice]]</text>
      <sha1>4isjwf3sy7j1sm79ae47zrpa6ke93rb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719763</id>
      <parentid>2719762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T09:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Watchduck</username>
        <id>137431</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7451" sha1="ik2do41wvmpccryxge387wq3de9haci" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Boolf prop/blocks.css&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;intpart&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;number-of-blocks&quot;&gt;Number of blocks: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Integer partition: &amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;count&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;⋅&lt;span class=&quot;size&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

The Zhegalkin indices of the reverse splice are entries of {{oeis|A118666}}, the fixed points of the [[c:File:Reverse 3; Z to Z; long.svg|Sierpinski permutation]] ({{oeis|A193231}}).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable boolf-blocks&quot;
!class=&quot;size&quot;| &lt;abbr title=&quot;block size&quot;&gt;#&lt;/abbr&gt;
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| reverse splice
!class=&quot;prop&quot;| quaestor
!class=&quot;block&quot;| block
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;0&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0000 0000.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 0
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 0
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;127&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1000 0001.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;129&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 127
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 1
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;106&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0100 0010.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 106
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 2
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[2, 26, 38, 62, 64, 88, 100, 124, 131, 155, 167, 191, 193, 217, 229, 253]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_14474012017593442375796715454410890738509434893084198442928681539648131956740.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;21&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1100 0011.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;195&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 21
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 3
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[3, 27, 39, 63, 65, 89, 101, 125, 130, 154, 166, 190, 192, 216, 228, 252]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_7237006008796721187898357727205445369286618920342877330305695904669559160840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;108&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0010 0100.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;36&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 108
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 4
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[4, 28, 32, 56, 70, 94, 98, 122, 133, 157, 161, 185, 199, 223, 227, 251]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_3618503017825678581285093526099662564752582377139826828513203328849400561680.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;19&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1010 0101.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;165&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 19
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 5
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[5, 29, 33, 57, 71, 95, 99, 123, 132, 156, 160, 184, 198, 222, 226, 250]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_1809251508912839290642546763049831282384266557049702447293455176419243982880.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;6&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0110 0110.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;102&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 6
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 6
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[6, 30, 34, 58, 68, 92, 96, 120, 135, 159, 163, 187, 197, 221, 225, 249]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_904625754456419645505172858075163517505663897491222935475652947564535218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;121&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1110 0111.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;231&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 121
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 7
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[7, 31, 35, 59, 69, 93, 97, 121, 134, 158, 162, 186, 196, 220, 224, 248]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_452312877228209822752586429037581758754825790865558725997445175773036019840.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;120&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0001 1000.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 120
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 8
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;7&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1001 1001.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;153&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 7
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 9
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;18&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0101 1010.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;90&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 18
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 10
|class=&quot;block&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;block-list&quot;&gt;[10, 18, 46, 54, 72, 80, 108, 116, 139, 147, 175, 183, 201, 209, 237, 245]&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Set_of_3-ary_Boolean_functions_56759961956831562754920408025753098590070852662023480053763613825614218240.svg|420px]]
|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;109&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1101 1011.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;219&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 109
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 11
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;20&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0011 1100.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 20
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 12
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;107&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1011 1101.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;189&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 107
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 13
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;126&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 0111 1110.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;126&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 126
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 14
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|-
|class=&quot;size&quot;| 16
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| &lt;span class=&quot;sortkey&quot;&gt;1&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Venn 1111 1111.svg|25px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;opacity: .5;&quot;&gt;255&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ж 1
|class=&quot;prop&quot;| 15
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[[Category:Boolf prop/3-ary|reverse splice]]</text>
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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[[Category:Mentors of Boolean functions]]
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  <page>
    <title>Normed vector spaces/Topology/Continuity/Introduction/Section</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>320210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719657</id>
      <parentid>2708944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T12:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
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      <text bytes="6069" sha1="8ob4iwah83jkbyx8yaw0cqs2x5wy9tv" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical section{{{opt|}}}
|Content=
{{Subtitle|Subsets in a metric space}}

{{
inputimage
|Unit disc metrics|svg| 150px {{!}} right {{!}} thumb  {{!}} 
|epsname=Unit_disc_metrics
|Text=The form of a ball depends on the norm and on the metric. 
|User=Krishnavedala
|Domain=
|License=PD
}}
{{inputdefinition
|Metric space/Ball/Definition|}}

Balls do not necessarily look like a ball, they do however in the Euclidean norm. For
{{
Relationchain
| x
|\in| \R
||
||
||
|pm=,
}}
{{mathl|term= {{op:Open ball|x|\epsilon}} |pm=}} is just the open interval {{mathl|term= ]x- \epsilon, x+ \epsilon[ |pm=,}} and {{mathl|term= {{op:Closed ball|x|\epsilon}} |pm=}} is just the closed interval {{mathl|term= [x- \epsilon, x+ \epsilon] |pm=.}} 

{{
inputimage
|Neighborhood illust1|svg| 250px {{!}} thumb {{!}} right {{!}} 
|epsname=Neighborhood_illust1
|Text=A subset is open if every point in it has an open ball neighborhood around it in the subset. For such a set it is decisive whether the {{Keyword|boundary points|pm=}} belong to the set or no.
|User=Oleg Alexandrov
|Domain=
|License=PD
}}

{{inputdefinition
|Metric space/Open subset/Epsilon/Definition|}}

{{inputdefinition
|Metric space/Closed subset/Complement/Definition|}}

Caution! Closed is not the {{Quotation2|opposite|}} of open. {{Quotation2|Most|}} subsets of a metric space are neither open nor closed; there are also some subsets that are both open and closed, e.g., the empty subset and the total space. Open balls are indeed  open, and closed balls are indeed closed, see
{{
Exerciselink
|Exercisename=
Metric space/Open ball/Open/Exercise
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
and
{{
Exerciselink
|Exercisename=
Metric space/Closed ball/Closed/Exercise
|Nr=
|pm=.
}}

{{
inputfactproofexercise
|Metric space/Structural properties of open subsets/Fact|Lemma||
}}

Therefore, the open sets in a metric space form a topology in the sense of the following definition.
{{
inputdefinition
|Topological space/Definition||
}}

{{Subtitle|Equivalent norms}}

{{
inputdefinition
|Vector space/Norm/Equivalent/Definition||
}}

{{
inputexample
|R^n/Equivalent norms/Example||
}}

We will see in
{{
Factlink
|Factname=
Vector space/K/Finite-dimensional/Norms equivalent/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
that on a finite-dimensional
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath={{KRC|}} 
|vector space|
|Context=|
|pm=,
}}
and two norms are equivalent. In order to see this, we need some preparations, in particular, the concept of compactness.

{{Subtitle|Compactness}}

{{
inputdefinition
|Metric space/Subset/Bounded/Definition||
}}

{{
inputdefinition
|Compactness/R^n/Closed and bounded/Definition||
}}

The boundedness and also compactness depend on the chosen metric. It is important to also have a notion of compactness that is purely  topological.
{{
inputdefinition
|Topology/Compactness/Covering/Definition||
}}

The following theorem is called {{Keyword|Theorem of Heine-Borel|pm=.}} 
{{
inputfact
|Compactness/Heine-Borel/Fact|Theorem||extra1=, where {{mat|term= \R^n |pm=}} is endowed with the Euclidean metric.
}}

{{Subtitle|Continuous mappings between metric spaces}}

A
{{
Definitionlink
|metric space|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
is given by a distance function; this implies that two points might be {{Quotation2|closer|}} to each other than two other points. For a mapping
{{
Mapping/display
|name= f
| L | M
||
|pm=
}}
between two metric spaces, one can ask to what extent it is possible to control the distance in the target space {{mat|term= M |pm=}} by the distance in the source space {{mat|term= L |pm=.}} Let
{{
Relationchain
| x
|\in| L 
|pm=,
}}
and let
{{
Relationchain
| y
|| f(x)
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
denote the image point. One would like that for a point
{{
Relationchain
| x'
|\in| L 
||
||
||
|pm=,
}} 
that is {{Quotation2|close}} to {{mat|term= x |pm=,}}  also the image point {{mathl|term= f(x') |pm=}} is close to {{mathl|term= f(x) |pm=.}} In order to make this intuitive idea more precise, let
{{
Relationchain
| \epsilon
|&gt;| 0
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
be given. This {{mat|term= \epsilon |pm=}} represents a {{Quotation2|accuracy wished for|pm=.}} The question is whether there exists a
{{
Relationchain
| \delta
|&gt;| 0
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
{{
Extra/Bracket
|text=a {{Quotation2|starting accuracy}}|
|Ipm=|Epm=
}}
such that for all {{mat|term= x' |pm=}} fulfilling
{{
Relationchain
| {{op:Distance|x|x'}}
|\leq| \delta
||
||
||
|pm=,
}}
the relation
{{
Relationchain
| {{op:Distance|f(x)|f(x')}}
|\leq| \epsilon
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
holds. This leads to the concept of a continuous mapping.

{{
inputdefinition
|Metric spaces/Mapping/Continuity in a point/Definition||X=L|Y=M
}}

Instead of working with closed ball neighborhoods, we could work with open ball neighborhoods. The easiest examples of continuous mappings are a constant mapping, the identity of a metric space, and the inclusion
{{
Relationchain
| T
|\subseteq| M
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
of a subset of a metric space, endowed with the induced metric. See the exercises.

{{
inputimage
|Continuity topology|svg| 250px {{!}} right {{!}} 
|epsname=Continuity_topology 
|User=Dcoetzee
|Domain=
|License=PD
}}

{{
inputfact
|Metric spaces/Continuous mapping/Characterization/Fact|Theorem||
}}
The property (4) shows that continuity is purely a topological property.

{{Subtitle|Linear continuous mappings}}

A linear mapping is in general not continuous. However, there is a quite simple characterization for continuity of a linear mapping, it is enough to check continuity in the origin. We will see in
{{
Factlink
|Factname=
Linear mapping/Normed spaces/Finite-dimensional/Continuity/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
that this property does always hold for finite-dimensional vector spaces.
{{
inputfactproof
|Linear mapping/Normed spaces/Continuity/Characterization/Fact|Theorem||
}}

{{Subtitle|Equivalence of norms}}

{{
inputfactproof
|Vector space/K/Norms equivalent/Continuity/Fact|Lemma||
}}

{{
inputfactproof
|vector space/K/Finite-dimensional/Norms equivalent/Fact|Theorem||
}}

{{
inputfactproof
|Linear mapping/Normed spaces/Finite-dimensional/Continuity/Fact|Theorem||
}}
|Textform=Section
|Category=
|}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vector space/K/Finite-dimensional/Norms equivalent/Fact/Proof</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>320256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719658</id>
      <parentid>2712670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T12:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2719658</origin>
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      <text bytes="3709" sha1="2voal65iti05it8hbxximjv9ho5qbc1" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Proof
|Text=
{{
Proofstructure
|Strategy=
|Notation=
|Proof=
We use
{{
Factlink
|Factname=
Vector space/K/Norms equivalent/Continuity/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=.
}}
The norm and the topology depend only on the underlying real vector space; therefore, we may assume
{{
Relationchain/display
| {{KRC|}} 
|| \R
||
||
||
|pm=,
}}
For a 
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath=
|basis|
|Context=vs|
|pm=
}}
{{
Relationchain
| v_1 {{commadots|}} v_n
|\in| V
||
||
||
|pm=,
}} 
there exists an 
{{
Definitionlink
|isomorphism|
|Context=linear|
|pm=
}}
{{
Mapping/display
|name= \varphi
| \R^n | V
||
|pm=
}}
with {{mathl|term= e_i \mapsto v_i|pm=.}} Under an isomorphism {{mat|term= \varphi |pm=,}} by setting
{{
Relationchain/display
| {{op:Norm|u|}}' 
| {{defeq|}} | {{op:Norm| \varphi( u )|}}
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
we get a norm on  {{mat|term= \R^n |pm=.}} Hence, we may directly consider the case
{{
Relationchain
| V
|| \R^n
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
We compare now an arbitrary norm on {{mat|term= \R^n |pm=}} with the maximum norm and with the Euclidean norm; we know by
{{
Examplelink
|Examplename=
R^n/Equivalent norms/Example
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
that these two norms are equivalent to each other. Let
{{
Relationchain 
| v
|| \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n a_i e_i
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
Because of
{{
Relationchain/align
|  {{op:Norm| v |}}
|| {{op:Norm| \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n a_i e_i |}} 
|\leq| \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n {{op:Norm|a_i e_i |}} 
|| \sum_{i {{=}} 1}^n {{op:Modulus|a_i||}} \cdot {{op:Norm| e_i |}}
|\leq| n  \cdot {{op:max| {{op:Norm|e_i|}}|i {{=}} 1 {{commadots||}} n |}} {{op:Norm| v |}}_{\rm max} 
|pm=,
}}
sufficiently small {{mathl|term=  {{op:Norm|-|}}_{\rm max} |pm=-}}open balls are contained in {{mathl|term= {{op:Norm|-|}} |pm=-}}open balls. Therefore, the topology of the maximum norm is as fine as the topology of any other norm. To prove the converse, we consider the identity
{{
Mapping/display
|name=
|\R^n | \R^n
||
|pm=,
}}
where the topology on the left-hand side is given by the Euclidean norm
{{
Extra/Bracket
|text=or maximum norm|
|Ipm=|Epm=,
}}
and on the right-hand side by the norm. The reasoning so far shows that this mapping is continuous. The Euclidean {{mat|term= 1 |pm=-}}sphere {{mat|term= S |pm=}} on the left is
{{
Definitionlink
|compact|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
due to the
{{
Factlink
|theorem of Heine-Borel|
|Factname=
Compactness/Heine-Borel/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=
}}

and, according to
{{
Factlink
|Factname=
Continuous mapping/Image of a compact space/Compact/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=,
}}
{{mat|term= S |pm=}} is also compact with respect to the norm {{mathl|term= {{op:Norm|-|}} |pm=.}} We denote this set by {{mat|term= S' |pm=.}} Since {{mat|term= \R^n |pm=}} is a
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath=
|Hausdorff-space|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
with every norm, it follows by 
{{
Exerciselink
|Exercisename=
Hausdorff-space/Compact subset/Closed/Fact/Proof/Exercise
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
that {{mat|term= S' |pm=}} is closed. Since the origin does not belong to {{mat|term= S' |pm=,}} there exists a
{{
Relationchain/display
|\delta
|&gt;|0
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
such that
{{
Relationchain/display
| {{op:Open ball| 0 | \delta}} \cap S'
|| \emptyset
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
{{
Extra/Bracket
|text=the open ball with respect to {{mathlb|term= {{op:Norm|-|}} |pm=}}|
|Ipm=|Epm=.
}}
For
{{
Relationchain
|v
|\neq| 0
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
we obtain, because of
{{
Relationchain
| {{op:Fraction|v| {{op:Norm|v|}}_{\rm Euc}  }} 
|\in| S
|| S'
||
||
|pm=,
}}
the estimate
{{
Relationchain/display
| {{op:Norm| {{op:Fraction|v| {{op:Norm|v|}}_{\rm Euc} }} |}} 
|\geq| \delta
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
Therefore,
{{
Relationchain/display
| {{op:Norm|v|}}_{\rm Euc}
| \leq | {{op:Fraction|1|\delta}} {{op:Norm|v|}}
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
|Closure=
}}
|Textform=Proof 
|Category=See
}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>321972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719694</id>
      <parentid>2718480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T20:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DavidMCEddy</username>
        <id>218607</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Local News */</comment>
      <origin>2719694</origin>
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      <text bytes="18017" sha1="rwlhxloidjfrwjekq2mh9h4kcpctltc" xml:space="preserve">:''This discusses a 2025-06-08 interview with Columbia University History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard R. John]] about problems with consolidation of ownership of the communications media. A video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview will be added when available. The podcast will be released 2025-06-14 to the fortnightly &quot;Media &amp; Democracy&quot; show&lt;ref name=M&amp;D&gt;&lt;!--Media &amp; Democracy--&gt;{{cite Q|Q127839818}}&lt;/ref&gt; syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Pacifica Radio Network--&gt;{{cite Q|Q2045587}}&lt;/ref&gt; Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates--&gt;{{cite Q|Q6593294}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

:''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV&gt;The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs&lt;/ref&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF&gt;[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|&quot;Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything.&quot;]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.&lt;/ref&gt;''

[[File:Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John.webm|thumb|Interview conducted 2025-06-08 with [[w:Columbia University|Columbia University]] History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard John]] about media consolidation: Advertising revenue has been in freefall, and we need local news.]]
[[File:Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss podcast from interview conducted 2025-06-08 of [[w:Columbia University|Columbia University]] History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard John]] by Spencer Graves about media concentration and how that invites political corruption]]

Columbia University History Professor [[w:Richard R. John|Richard R. John]] discusses the business of communications in the US focusing especially problems stemming from media concentration. Professor John is the author of two books and an editor of eight others related to the business of media and democracy. His two books are:
* (1995) ''Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse''.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2010) ''Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications''.&lt;ref&gt;John (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

More recently, he edited 

* with Silberstein-Loeb (2015) ''Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet''. 
* with Phillip-Fein (2016) ''Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America''.&lt;ref&gt;His other edited volumes include Tedlow and John (1986), and John (2001, 2006, 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Prof. John discusses his work with Spencer Graves.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Spencer Graves--&gt;{{cite Q|Q56452480}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== US led the world in numbers of independent newspaper publishers in the nineteenth century == 

Graves said he had seen claims that in the first half of the nineteenth century the US had more independent newspaper publishers than at any other time or place in human history, at least according to Professor John's book with Silberstein-Loeb (2015) on ''The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet''. He agreed: &quot;We had an informational environment that fostered decentralization, encouraged the circulation of newspapers to a far flung citizenry with subsidies ... . [I]t was an informational environment in which there were a lot of voices. It was an informational environment in which the total volume of information, in this case printed newspapers, magazines, was much greater than in other countries, and that was understood by Alexis de Tocqueville and others to be a positive good.&quot; 

Graves asked where he might find numbers to support those claims. Professor John recommended his 1995 book on the early American post office.&lt;ref&gt;John (1995).&lt;/ref&gt;

== The media in the US, UK and Germany between the wars == 

When asked to describe the differences between the US, Germany and Britain during the Great Depression and World War II, Professor John began by noting that the information infrastructure in the US was more decentralized. New York City and Chicago were very important, and there was a sharp divide between newspapers and radio. In Great Britain, the BBC had not been a leader in news before the Second World War, and the newspaper press was more consolidated. 

For Germany, Heidi J.S. Tworek,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--Heidi J.S. Tworek--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134875995}}&lt;/ref&gt; a fine historian in British Columbia, has written about Germany under Weimar. In the 1920, government administrators wanted to limit what they perceived to be speech that was outside the range of public discourse, and they centralized radio further than it was in the US. This made it easy for Hitler to take it over. 

There were clear differences. The US was the most decentralized. By principle, Germany was in the middle. Britain as most centralized. However, in practice, the German infrastructure was the most fragile, easiest to manipulate.

== Trump ==

When asked to describe President Trump's relations with the media, Professor John replied, 

{{quote|He's a master of online media. He's like Franklin Roosevelt in that regard with radio or Teddy Roosevelt with newspapers and and photography. He has the rhythms. The cadence of his speech is closely attuned to the affordances of what used to be called [[w:Twitter|Twitter, now X]]. He now has his own social network, a platform, [[w:Truth Social|Truth Social]]. And he recognizes that the most effective online communication is often [[w:Agonism|agonistic]]. It's often critical. It's often very opinionated, very sharply worded. And that has enabled him to dominate many a news cycle.}} 

When asked to describe the settlement of President Trump's lawsuits against Meta / Facebook, Professor John replied, &quot;I'm not going to speak on those issues specifically. I don't know enough about them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;This question about Trump's lawsuits against Meta is in the companion video but not the podcast. See also a comment in &quot;Discussion&quot; below.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mayflower and Fairness Doctrines == 

Professor John discussed the [[w:Mayflower doctrine|Mayflower doctrine]],&lt;ref&gt;&lt;!--The Mayflower Broadcasting Corporation--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134879570}}&lt;/ref&gt; published by the FCC 1941-01-16, after the second world war began but before the US became an official party. This doctrine prohibited radio stations from taking political positions themselves. The FCC hoped thereby to officially encourage the airing of a broad range of opinions without allowing media owners to dominate political discourse. 

At that time, radio was a powerful new medium that had already transformed Germany and was transforming Britain. President Roosevelt wanted it to be a conduit for news and not opinion. 

After the war, hearings were held in 1948 on the [[w:Mayflower doctrine|Mayflower doctrine]]. This led to a decision in 1949 to repeal that doctrine. Later that year it was replace by the [[w:Fairness doctrine|Fairness doctrine]], which was itself repealed in the late 1980s. 

Since that time there has been no effort to police the boundaries of the airwaves. Some say that's good. However, one of the consequences is that it has become very hard to find any legal recourse against those broadcasters, who are challenging norms in ways that can be deleterious to the project of the nation.

== Local News ==

Graves noted that Gao et al. (2018) reported that when local newspapers have died, the cost of local government has increased with increases in head count, executive compensation and the cost of borrowing as the bond rating tended to decline. Those effects lead to increased costs averaging $85 per human per year, which is roughly 0.13 percent of [[w:Gross domestic product|Gross domestic product]] (GDP). 

Professor John was asked for his comment. He said, &quot;[[w:Paul Starr|Paul Starr]], a sociologist at Princeton, argued some time ago that if you weaken local news coverage, if you weaken reporting on state houses and city councils, you are inviting political corruption. I think that's a pretty durable generalization.&quot; 

Graves then noted that McChesney and Nichols have recommended 0.15 percent of GDP be distributed to local news nonprofits with a firewall to prevent political interference and asked for Professor John's comment. He replied, 

{{quote|This is a tricky question. [McChesney and Nichols] have done good work. They are committed to a particular non-commercial or anti-commercial vision of the media ecology. I don't share that normative assumption. I think that media have been commercially based in the United States from the eighteenth century to the present. It was commercially based in Britain from the seventeenth century to the present, and, in fact, advertising can serve as a counterweight to tight control. But I do believe that we're at a moment in time when support for local news ... would be beneficial not only to public discourse, but it would also improve the functioning of American institutions.}}

Graves then noted that he had recently interviewed [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|Dean Starkman]], who makes a distinction between accountability and access journalism. He asked for Professor John's comment. John replied, 

{{quote|One of my colleagues, [[w:Todd Gitlin|Todd Gitlin]], used to say that journalists should never interview. They should never curry favor, because if they do, they're inevitably going to see the world through the point of view of whoever it is they're in touch with. I think that's true for some journalists. ... I think it's important that [other journalists] cultivate access, that they're accessible in times of crisis. ... So access journalism has its place.}}

== The need for media reform to improve democracy == 

This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. We describe here briefly the motivation for this series.

[[Great American Paradox|One major contributor to the dominant position of the US in the international political economy]] today may have been the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act of 1792]]. Under that act, newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny when first class postage was between 6 and 25 cents. [[w:Alexis de Tocqueville|Alexis de Tocqueville]], who visited the relatively young United States of America in 1831, wrote, “There is scarcely a hamlet that does not have its own newspaper.”&lt;ref&gt;Tocqueville (1835, p. 93).&lt;/ref&gt; McChesney and Nichols estimated that these newspaper subsidies were roughly 0.21 percent of national income (Gross Domestic Project, GDP) in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88).&lt;/ref&gt;

At that time, the US probably led the world by far in the number of independent newspaper publishers per capita or per million population. This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which contributed to making the US a leader in the rate of growth in average annual income (Gross Domestic Product, GDP, per capita). Corruption was also limited by the inability of a small number of publishers to dominate political discourse.

That began to change in the 1850s and 1860s with the introduction of high speed rotary presses, which increased the capital required to start a newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015, p. 80).&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1887 [[w:William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst]] took over management of his father’s ''[[w:San Francisco Examiner|San Francisco Examiner]]''. His success there gave him an appetite for building a newspaper chain. His 1895 purchase of the ''[[w:New York Morning Journal|New York Morning Journal]]'' gave him a second newspaper. By the mid-1920s, he owned 28 newspapers. Consolidation of ownership of the media became easier with the introduction of broadcasting and even easier with the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;John and Silberstein-Loeb (2015). See also Wikiversity, “[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]” and “[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]“.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy|This consolidation seems to be increasing political polarization and violence worldwide]], threatening democracy itself.

=== The threat from loss of newspapers ===

A previous ''Media &amp; Democracy'' interview with Arizona State University accounting professor Roger White on &quot;[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]&quot; describes problems that increase as the quality and quantity of news declines and ownership and control of the media become more highly concentrated: Major media too often deflect the public's attention from political corruption enabled by poor media. This too often contributes to other problems like [[w:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] [[w:Immigration|immigrants]] and attacking [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) while also facilitating increases in pollution, the cost of borrowing, political polarization and violence, and decreases in workplace safety. More on this is included in other interviews in this ''Media &amp; Democracy'' series available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]].

An important quantitative analysis of the problems associated with deficiencies in news is Neff and Pickard (2024). They analyzed data on media funding and democracy in 33 countries. The US has been rated as a &quot;flawed democracy&quot; according to the [[w:Economist Democracy Index|Economist Democracy Index]] and spends substantially less per capita on media compared to the world's leading democracies in Scandinavia and Commonweath countries. They note that commercial media focus primarily on people with money, while publicly-funded media try harder to serve everyone. Public funding is more strongly correlated with democracy than private funding. This recommends increasing public funding for media as a means of strengthening democracy. See also &quot;[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]&quot;.

==Discussion ==

:''[Interested readers are invite to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]&lt;ref name=NPOV/&gt; and treating others with respect.&lt;ref name=AGF/&gt;]''

Regarding Trump's lawsuits against Meta, a naive reading of [[w:Section 230|Section 230 of Title 47 of the US Code]] would give Meta a blanked immunity from lawsuits over the content. However, that may not be accurate. The Wikipedia [[w:Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms|Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms]], accessed 2025-06-11, mentions a suit filed 2019-03-28 by the [[w:United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|US Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD) against Facebook over housing discrimination by allowing advertisers to restrict who can see their ads based on certain characteristics, thus violating the federal Fair Housing Act. Facebook agreed to change their  system for housing ads and pay $115,000 in penalties, the maximum penalty under the FHA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meta settles lawsuit with Justice Department over ad-serving algorithms |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/21/meta-settles-lawsuit-with-justice-department-over-ad-serving-algorithms/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* &lt;!--Gao, Lee and Murphy (2019)  Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance--&gt;{{cite Q|Q55670016}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641943}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2001) Computers and Communications Networks--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134679967|editor=Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2006) Ruling Passions: Political Economy in Nineteenth Century America--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134674693|editor=Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John (2010) Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications--&gt;{{cite Q|Q54641191}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John, ed. (2012) The American Postal Network, 1792-1914--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134670536|editor=Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Kim Phillips-Fein, eds. (2016) Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134669392|editors=Richard R. John and Kim Phillips-Fein}}
* &lt;!--Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (eds.; 2015) Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet (Oxford University Press)--&gt;{{cite Q|Q131468166|editors=Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb}}
* &lt;!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q104888067}}.
* &lt;!--Richard S. Tedlow and Richard R. John, eds (1986)  Managing big business : essays from the Business history review--&gt;{{cite Q|Q134680369|editors=Richard S. Tedlow and Richard R. John}}
* &lt;!-- Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001) Democracy in America (trans. by Richard Heffner, 2001; New America Library) --&gt;{{cite Q|Q112166602|publication-date=unset|author=Alexis de Tocqueville (1835, 1840; trad. 2001)}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:News]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]
&lt;!--list of categories
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review
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      <text bytes="5430" sha1="kdjflph2fay7wh0l9imv07g6fngll6i" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria''' =

== '''1.1 Purpose of Chapter 1''' ==

This chapter introduces the foundational approach of the project. It defines the evaluation criteria we will use to assess and compare cosmological theories and related models. These criteria are designed to be transparent, fair, and applicable across disciplinary boundaries — from physics and astronomy to geology, chemistry, and systems theory.

== '''1.2 Rationale for Using Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Scientific theories often compete within isolated communities, where recognition is tied to tradition, reputation, or alignment with mainstream paradigms. This project proposes a more neutral ground: to evaluate theories based on '''intrinsic quality''', not social acceptance.

Using clear, predefined criteria enables:
* Objective comparison between theories
* Transparent reasoning for inclusion or exclusion
* A structured foundation for AI-assisted analysis

== '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Each theory or model will be assessed according to the following criteria. These are not ranked, but considered '''complementary dimensions of scientific value''':

# '''Empirical Adequacy:''' Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data?
# '''Internal Consistency:''' Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent?
# '''Predictive Power:''' Does the theory make testable predictions that distinguish it from other models?
# '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility:''' Is the theory consistent with findings in geology, chemistry, biology, or other fields?
# '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity:''' Is the theory elegantly framed and easy to interpret without unnecessary complexity?
# '''Heuristic Value:''' Does the theory stimulate new questions, research, or interdisciplinary insights?
# '''Historical and Philosophical Insight:''' Does the theory integrate or build upon earlier models in a meaningful way?

Detailed star ratings for each theory, based on these criteria, are presented in '''Chapter 8'''.

== '''1.4 Procedure for Adding New Theories''' ==

In line with the inclusive and structured intent of this project, any proposed theory or model will be evaluated using the same criteria (see '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''') and integrated where appropriate into the chapters of this Wikiversity page.  

To ensure consistency and clarity, the following rules apply:

'''Mandatory Insertions:'''
* '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping'''  
  If the theory proposes or relies on a specific gravity model (e.g., General Relativity, MOND, Emergent Gravity), it will be mapped here with a brief entry in the theory table.

* '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models'''  
  All accepted cosmological models must be clearly described in a dedicated subsection of this chapter.

* '''Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths'''  
  Each theory is scored using the evaluation criteria from section 1.3 and added to the AI Evaluation Table.

'''Optional Insertions:'''  
These chapters are reserved for theories that affect specific scientific domains:
* '''Chapter 4:''' if the theory addresses planetary or disk formation.  
* '''Chapter 5:''' if the theory involves geological evidence or planetary growth.  
* '''Chapter 6:''' if biological or paleontological implications are discussed.  
* '''Chapter 7:''' if the theory redefines or involves cosmological constants or parameters.  
* '''Chapter 9:''' if the theory's development, publication, or challenges are relevant to documentation and transparency.  
* '''Chapter 10:''' if specific references, historical context, or acknowledgements need to be added.

This structured approach ensures coherence while allowing new or alternative ideas to be considered on equal footing with established theories.


== '''1.5 Use of AI in Evaluating Theories''' ==

AI (specifically ChatGPT) will apply these criteria when comparing theories, identifying conflicts or synergies, and drafting neutral summaries. The AI does not decide which theory is “true,” but serves as a tool for generating comparisons and identifying theoretical patterns or blind spots.

Human contributors will:
* Approve, question, or refine AI assessments
* Suggest additional theories or data points for consideration
* Monitor the process for epistemic bias or misinterpretation

== '''1.6 Notes on Bias and Inclusion''' ==

The project acknowledges that many valid theories — particularly those outside mainstream academic discourse — are poorly represented in traditional publications or databases. To address this:

* The project will include relevant work from open platforms (e.g., Zenodo, ResearchGate, Wikiversity, Academia.edu).
* Theories will not be excluded based on popularity or institutional origin.
* Arguments must be logical, evidence-based, and presented with intellectual honesty.

== '''1.7 Looking Ahead''' ==

In the next chapters, we will begin applying these criteria to groups of related theories, starting with various gravitational models in Chapter 2. Each theory will be evaluated using a combination of AI-supported summary and human critical review.


----
'''Navigation:''' 
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      <text bytes="6506" sha1="8fe90d2jnzdg2olsliutrffho8akp2t" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria''' =

== '''1.1 Purpose of Chapter 1''' ==

This chapter introduces the foundational approach of the project. It defines the evaluation criteria we will use to assess and compare cosmological theories and related models. These criteria are designed to be transparent, fair, and applicable across disciplinary boundaries — from physics and astronomy to geology, chemistry, and systems theory.

== '''1.2 Rationale for Using Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Scientific theories often compete within isolated communities, where recognition is tied to tradition, reputation, or alignment with mainstream paradigms. This project proposes a more neutral ground: to evaluate theories based on '''intrinsic quality''', not social acceptance.

Using clear, predefined criteria enables:
* Objective comparison between theories
* Transparent reasoning for inclusion or exclusion
* A structured foundation for AI-assisted analysis

== '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Each theory or model will be assessed according to the following criteria. These are not ranked, but considered '''complementary dimensions of scientific value''':

# '''Empirical Adequacy:''' Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data?
# '''Internal Consistency:''' Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent?
# '''Predictive Power:''' Does the theory make testable predictions that distinguish it from other models?
# '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility:''' Is the theory consistent with findings in geology, chemistry, biology, or other fields?
# '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity:''' Is the theory elegantly framed and easy to interpret without unnecessary complexity?
# '''Heuristic Value:''' Does the theory stimulate new questions, research, or interdisciplinary insights?
# '''Historical and Philosophical Insight:''' Does the theory integrate or build upon earlier models in a meaningful way?

Detailed star ratings for each theory, based on these criteria, are presented in '''Chapter 8'''.

== '''1.4 Procedure for Adding New Theories''' ==

In line with the inclusive and structured intent of this project, any proposed theory or model will be evaluated using the same criteria (see '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''') and integrated where appropriate into the chapters of this Wikiversity page.  

To ensure consistency and clarity, the following rules apply:

'''Mandatory Insertions:'''
* '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping'''  
  If the theory proposes or relies on a specific gravity model (e.g., General Relativity, MOND, Emergent Gravity), it will be mapped here with a brief entry in the theory table.

* '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models'''  
  All accepted cosmological models must be clearly described in a dedicated subsection of this chapter.

* '''Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths'''  
  Each theory is scored using the evaluation criteria from section 1.3 and added to the AI Evaluation Table.

'''Optional Insertions:'''  
These chapters are reserved for theories that affect specific scientific domains:
* '''Chapter 4:''' if the theory addresses planetary or disk formation.  
* '''Chapter 5:''' if the theory involves geological evidence or planetary growth.  
* '''Chapter 6:''' if biological or paleontological implications are discussed.  
* '''Chapter 7:''' if the theory redefines or involves cosmological constants or parameters.  
* '''Chapter 9:''' if the theory's development, publication, or challenges are relevant to documentation and transparency.  
* '''Chapter 10:''' if specific references, historical context, or acknowledgements need to be added.

This structured approach ensures coherence while allowing new or alternative ideas to be considered on equal footing with established theories.


== '''1.5 Use of AI in Evaluating Theories''' ==

AI (specifically ChatGPT) will apply these criteria when comparing theories, identifying conflicts or synergies, and drafting neutral summaries. The AI does not decide which theory is “true,” but serves as a tool for generating comparisons and identifying theoretical patterns or blind spots.

Human contributors will:
* Approve, question, or refine AI assessments
* Suggest additional theories or data points for consideration
* Monitor the process for epistemic bias or misinterpretation

== '''1.6 Notes on Bias and Inclusion''' ==

The project acknowledges that many valid theories — particularly those outside mainstream academic discourse — are poorly represented in traditional publications or databases. To address this:

* The project will include relevant work from open platforms (e.g., Zenodo, ResearchGate, Wikiversity, Academia.edu).
* Theories will not be excluded based on popularity or institutional origin.
* Arguments must be logical, evidence-based, and presented with intellectual honesty.

== 1.7 '''The Role of AI as Meta-Peer Review''' ==

While this project relies on human oversight and transparent procedures, it also acknowledges the emerging role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) — especially large language models like ChatGPT — as a kind of informal &quot;meta-peer review&quot; system.

Independent theorists, especially those excluded from traditional academic publishing, increasingly consult AI tools to:

* Evaluate internal consistency
* Test mathematical logic and equations
* Check empirical plausibility
* Predict consequences of theoretical assumptions

Though AI output does not replace experimental validation or peer consensus, it can help flag internal contradictions, generate useful predictions, and offer conceptual clarity. As such, AI-assisted analysis may gradually evolve into a **legitimate secondary review system**, especially for theories that challenge or bypass mainstream editorial processes.

This project reflects and formalizes that development: applying AI not as an authority, but as a tool for clarity, critique, and comparison.

== '''1.8 Looking Ahead''' ==

In the next chapters, we will begin applying these criteria to groups of related theories, starting with various gravitational models in Chapter 2. Each theory will be evaluated using a combination of AI-supported summary and human critical review.


----
'''Navigation:''' 
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      <text bytes="6632" sha1="5t4xryryzi48zn7k4qiqyz77qmkkica" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 1: Introduction and Evaluation Criteria''' =

== '''1.1 Purpose of Chapter 1''' ==

This chapter introduces the foundational approach of the project. It defines the evaluation criteria we will use to assess and compare cosmological theories and related models. These criteria are designed to be transparent, fair, and applicable across disciplinary boundaries — from physics and astronomy to geology, chemistry, and systems theory.

== '''1.2 Rationale for Using Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Scientific theories often compete within isolated communities, where recognition is tied to tradition, reputation, or alignment with mainstream paradigms. This project proposes a more neutral ground: to evaluate theories based on '''intrinsic quality''', not social acceptance.

Using clear, predefined criteria enables:
* Objective comparison between theories
* Transparent reasoning for inclusion or exclusion
* A structured foundation for AI-assisted analysis

== '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''' ==

Each theory or model will be assessed according to the following criteria. These are not ranked, but considered '''complementary dimensions of scientific value''':

# '''Empirical Adequacy:''' Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data?
# '''Internal Consistency:''' Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent?
# '''Predictive Power:''' Does the theory make testable predictions that distinguish it from other models?
# '''Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility:''' Is the theory consistent with findings in geology, chemistry, biology, or other fields?
# '''Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity:''' Is the theory elegantly framed and easy to interpret without unnecessary complexity?
# '''Heuristic Value:''' Does the theory stimulate new questions, research, or interdisciplinary insights?
# '''Historical and Philosophical Insight:''' Does the theory integrate or build upon earlier models in a meaningful way?

Detailed star ratings for each theory, based on these criteria, are presented in '''Chapter 8'''.

== '''1.4 Procedure for Adding New Theories''' ==

In line with the inclusive and structured intent of this project, any proposed theory or model will be evaluated using the same criteria (see '''1.3 List of Evaluation Criteria''') and integrated where appropriate into the chapters of this Wikiversity page.  

To ensure consistency and clarity, the following rules apply:

'''Mandatory Insertions:'''
* '''Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping'''  
  If the theory proposes or relies on a specific gravity model (e.g., General Relativity, MOND, Emergent Gravity), it will be mapped here with a brief entry in the theory table.

* '''Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models'''  
  All accepted cosmological models must be clearly described in a dedicated subsection of this chapter.

* '''Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths'''  
  Each theory is scored using the evaluation criteria from section 1.3 and added to the AI Evaluation Table.

=== Optional Insertions for Domain-Specific Context ===

In addition to the core rating in Chapter 8, contributors may request that their theory be referenced in one or more of the following chapters:

* '''Chapter 4''' – if the theory addresses planetary or disk formation.
* '''Chapter 5''' – if geological evidence, Earth expansion, or stratigraphy are relevant.
* '''Chapter 6''' – if biological or paleontological implications are included.
* '''Chapter 7''' – if the theory redefines or involves cosmological constants or universal parameters.
* '''Chapter 9''' – if the development, publication challenges, or authorship history are significant.
* '''Chapter 10''' – for references, historical context, or acknowledgements.

These insertions do not involve separate ratings. They are used to summarize how the theory relates to that domain, and may include an AI-generated comment or brief author-provided summary for clarity.

== '''1.5 Use of AI in Evaluating Theories''' ==

AI (specifically ChatGPT) will apply these criteria when comparing theories, identifying conflicts or synergies, and drafting neutral summaries. The AI does not decide which theory is “true,” but serves as a tool for generating comparisons and identifying theoretical patterns or blind spots.

Human contributors will:
* Approve, question, or refine AI assessments
* Suggest additional theories or data points for consideration
* Monitor the process for epistemic bias or misinterpretation

== '''1.6 Notes on Bias and Inclusion''' ==

The project acknowledges that many valid theories — particularly those outside mainstream academic discourse — are poorly represented in traditional publications or databases. To address this:

* The project will include relevant work from open platforms (e.g., Zenodo, ResearchGate, Wikiversity, Academia.edu).
* Theories will not be excluded based on popularity or institutional origin.
* Arguments must be logical, evidence-based, and presented with intellectual honesty.

== 1.7 '''The Role of AI as Meta-Peer Review''' ==

While this project relies on human oversight and transparent procedures, it also acknowledges the emerging role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) — especially large language models like ChatGPT — as a kind of informal &quot;meta-peer review&quot; system.

Independent theorists, especially those excluded from traditional academic publishing, increasingly consult AI tools to:

* Evaluate internal consistency
* Test mathematical logic and equations
* Check empirical plausibility
* Predict consequences of theoretical assumptions

Though AI output does not replace experimental validation or peer consensus, it can help flag internal contradictions, generate useful predictions, and offer conceptual clarity. As such, AI-assisted analysis may gradually evolve into a **legitimate secondary review system**, especially for theories that challenge or bypass mainstream editorial processes.

This project reflects and formalizes that development: applying AI not as an authority, but as a tool for clarity, critique, and comparison.

== '''1.8 Looking Ahead''' ==

In the next chapters, we will begin applying these criteria to groups of related theories, starting with various gravitational models in Chapter 2. Each theory will be evaluated using a combination of AI-supported summary and human critical review.


----
'''Navigation:''' 
← [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 2: Gravity Theories – Comparison and Mapping|Next ▶]]</text>
      <sha1>5t4xryryzi48zn7k4qiqyz77qmkkica</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719757</id>
      <parentid>2719398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T09:14:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Initial Overview of Models and Structures */ changed &quot;Innovative&quot; to &quot;Non-mainstream&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2788" sha1="9aqxohkz9s6ze630vfm5ub86mu8sld5" xml:space="preserve">= '''Chapter 4: Planetary Formation, Disk Structures, and System Evolution''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter addresses the mechanisms by which planets form from disks of gas and dust, including ring formation, migration processes, and system evolution. It explores both established models and innovative approaches, focusing on the observed diversity in planetary systems.

== '''Scope''' ==

The chapter includes:

Models of protoplanetary disk formation and fragmentation

Theories of ring and gap structures

Processes of planetary migration and accretion

Observational evidence from telescopes (e.g. ALMA, JWST)

Innovative alternatives to classical accretion theories

== '''How to Contribute a Theory or Observation''' ==

Contributors may add new models, observations, or challenges to existing theories. Suggestions are welcome on the Talk page or by email to: '''aitheroymapping@gmail.com'''.

Submissions will be evaluated by ChatGPT using shared criteria and included regardless of their status in the mainstream literature.

== '''Initial Overview of Models and Structures''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Model or Concept
! Type
! Summary
! Relevance to Observations
! Relation to Gravity or Influx
|-
| Core Accretion Model
| Mainstream
| Planets form by gradual accumulation of solids and gas
| Matches observed gas giants and inner rocky planets
| Works within Newtonian/GR gravity
|-
| Disk Instability Model
| Mainstream
| Gravitational instabilities in the disk rapidly form gas giants
| Explains massive planets at large distances
| Requires dense disks and efficient cooling
|-
| Ring Formation and Preferred Distances (e.g. CIT)
| Non-mainstream
| Rings emerge in disks at predictable distances where mass concentrates
| Explains gaps and giant planets in structured disks
| Influx theory predicts preferred mass zones
|-
| Planetary Migration Models
| Mainstream
| Planets shift position after formation due to disk interactions
| Explains hot Jupiters and resonant chains
| Based on standard gravitational torques
|-
| Vortices and Dust Traps (e.g. Oph-IRS 48)
| Non-mainstream
| Localized vortices capture dust, aiding planet formation
| Matches asymmetric dust concentrations
| May arise from flow instabilities, not pure gravity
|}

== '''Next Steps''' ==

Expand table with more models and case studies (e.g. HD 163296, GW Orionis)

Link planetary formation to disk dynamics and gravitational models

Discuss implications for planetary system architecture

----
'''◀ [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 3: Cosmic Expansion and Universe Models|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 5: Geological Clues and Planetary Growth|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>9aqxohkz9s6ze630vfm5ub86mu8sld5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories/Chapter 8: Critical Evaluation and Future Research Paths</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719734</id>
      <parentid>2719548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inserted detailed explanation about the star ratings &quot;8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings&quot; and give a number 8.2 to Example: AI Evaluation Table Format</comment>
      <origin>2719734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7329" sha1="e78zhtwxv93vptgwigb57putm6ojfcn" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 Example: AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
| '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|}


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>e78zhtwxv93vptgwigb57putm6ojfcn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719735</id>
      <parentid>2719734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:43:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add 8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification</comment>
      <origin>2719735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8339" sha1="9rzqqs2afylvctqp59nltdonw94n1lh" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 Example: AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
| '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|}

== '''8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>9rzqqs2afylvctqp59nltdonw94n1lh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719736</id>
      <parentid>2719735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification */ add an instruction about &quot;Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8770" sha1="3v0u0cbbau72cidu58cdi8lbb33oohz" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 Example: AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
| '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|}

== '''8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.

'''Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.'''  
If someone presents a reasoned objection to the current star ratings of a widely accepted theory (e.g. General Relativity, Big Bang), their explanation will be reviewed. If the argument is well-founded, ChatGPT or an editorial reviewer may generate a revised evaluation. Both the original and alternative viewpoints can be documented transparently if needed.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>3v0u0cbbau72cidu58cdi8lbb33oohz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719740</id>
      <parentid>2719736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:59:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification */ Add a Rating Rebuttal for the Discussion page.</comment>
      <origin>2719740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8938" sha1="7htatzmqjifbw3gzvqjy7yz4ghw5nn2" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 Example: AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
| '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|}

== '''8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.

'''Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.'''  
If someone presents a reasoned objection to the current star ratings of a widely accepted theory (e.g. General Relativity, Big Bang), their explanation will be reviewed. If the argument is well-founded, ChatGPT or an editorial reviewer may generate a revised evaluation. Both the original and alternative viewpoints can be documented transparently if needed.

If you want to submit a '''Rating Rebuttal''', please use the template provided on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Discussion page]]'''.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>7htatzmqjifbw3gzvqjy7yz4ghw5nn2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719756</id>
      <parentid>2719740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T08:41:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification */ removed &quot;or an editarial reviewer&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8913" sha1="eelz4javdy5rd9p28v7a94x02jq9xjs" xml:space="preserve">== '''Chapter 8: Methods, Tools, and AI-Assisted Evaluation''' =

== '''Purpose''' ==

This chapter describes the methodological foundations of the project, including the role of AI in evaluating theories, how contributors interact with the system, and how assessments are recorded, displayed, and updated.

== '''Toolchain and Workflow''' ==

AI tools like ChatGPT are used to analyze, compare, and refine theories

Tables and frameworks are generated collaboratively using open formats

Contributors submit input via email or editing suggestions

Ratings and evaluations are dynamically updated based on ongoing analysis

== '''AI-Based Rating System: Motivation and Procedure''' ==

To support comparative evaluation without personal or institutional bias, this project uses an AI-based rating system. ChatGPT acts as a neutral evaluator, analyzing each theory across clearly defined criteria such as:

Observational Agreement

Internal Logical Consistency

Predictive Value

Compatibility with Other Domains (e.g., geology, biology)

Conceptual Coherence and Simplicity

Each dimension is rated using a 1–5 star system, based on the information provided and the supporting sources that AI can access.

This system is designed to be:

Transparent – Each rating is justified through AI’s large-scale reference analysis.

Dynamic – Contributors may submit additional materials to request re-evaluation.

Consistent – All evaluations are performed by the same AI logic, eliminating personal bias.

Contributors may ask ChatGPT to re-read specific articles, datasets, or theoretical arguments. If new insights are found, ratings will be updated and transparently noted.

This approach represents a shift toward evidence-driven, large-scale comparative review, using AI not as a gatekeeper but as a tool to synthesize and validate.

== '''Open Participation''' ==

This chapter is also where future documentation of the workflow and collaborative mechanisms will be expanded. Users who submit theories are encouraged to:

Describe their framework in terms of assumptions, predictions, and compatibility

Suggest how their model could be tested or falsified

Provide references or original materials for AI evaluation

All analysis is open, and contributors may propose improvements at any time.

== '''8.1 Understanding the Star Ratings''' ==

The AI Evaluation Table below rates theories across seven scientific criteria defined in '''Chapter 1.3'''. Here we provide a full explanation of what each criterion means and how it is applied.

'''1. Empirical Adequacy'''  
Does the theory fit known observations and experimental data? High scores require support from astronomy, cosmology, geology, or lab-based physics. Theories that contradict established measurements or lack empirical grounding score lower.

'''2. Internal Consistency'''  
Are the theory’s assumptions, mathematics, and logic self-coherent? A consistent theory does not contain contradictions, undefined steps, or ad hoc assumptions.

'''3. Predictive Power'''  
Does the theory make clear, testable predictions that distinguish it from others? Theories that anticipate new phenomena or retrodict known data gain higher ratings.

'''4. Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility'''  
Is the theory consistent with findings from other scientific fields, such as geology, chemistry, biology, or planetary science? The more compatible it is, the higher the score.

'''5. Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity'''  
Is the theory logically simple and intuitively understandable, without unnecessary complexity? This criterion rewards elegance, not oversimplification.

'''6. Heuristic Value'''  
Does the theory stimulate new questions, research directions, or rethinking of existing problems? A high score reflects creative scientific potential.

'''7. Historical and Philosophical Insight'''  
Does the theory connect meaningfully to the historical development of science or reflect philosophical depth? Theories grounded in tradition or conceptual evolution are valued here.

Each theory receives a rating from ★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★ per criterion. The total score (max 35) gives a general measure of its scientific coherence and reach. The reasoning behind the scores is available under each theory or can be requested in more detail.


== '''8.2 Example: AI Evaluation Table Format''' ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''AI Evaluation Table of Cosmological Theories'''
! Theory Name
! Empirical Adequacy
! Internal Consistency
! Predictive Power
! Cross-Disciplinary Compatibility
! Conceptual Clarity and Simplicity
! Heuristic Value
! Historical &amp; Philosophical Insight
! Total (★)
|-
| '''General Relativity'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || '''34'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Widely confirmed by experiment; mathematical elegance; historical development from Newtonian mechanics''
|-
| '''MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || '''24'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Strong in galactic rotation curves; limited compatibility with general relativistic frameworks''
|-
| '''Emergent Gravity (Verlinde)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''25'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Innovative reformulation; still awaiting broad empirical confirmation''
|-
| '''Big Bang Model'''
| ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''31'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Core cosmological model; supported by CMB, redshift, nucleosynthesis''
|-
| '''Steady State Theory'''
| ★☆☆☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || '''23'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Historically important; largely superseded due to lack of CMB explanation''
|-
| '''Big Crunch Theory'''
| ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★★ || '''28'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Predicts final collapse of universe; consistent with GR in high-density scenarios; revived interest due to dark energy variability''
|-
| '''Big Bounce Theory'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Cyclical alternative to singularity; compatible with some quantum gravity models''
|-
| '''Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT)'''
| ★★☆☆☆ || ★★★★☆ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★☆☆ || ★★★★★ || ★★★★☆ || '''26'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Offers cross-disciplinary compatibility; predicts mass growth and preferred orbital distances; alternative influx model under development''
|}

== '''8.3 Requesting Detailed Justification''' ==

“Somebody” interested in the full motivation for a theory’s score—criterion by criterion—can obtain this by:

1. Visiting the '''discussion page''' of this Wikiversity chapter.
  
2. Mentioning the theory by name and explicitly asking for the detailed breakdown.
  
3. Receiving an AI-generated or authored comment elaborating why each star rating was assigned. 

These ratings are transparent and intended to support critical evaluation and ongoing refinement of both established and alternative cosmological theories. Constructive feedback, new data, or arguments may lead to adjustments in the scores, provided clear reasoning is presented.

If a contributor or author does not agree with the evaluation or prefers not to have their theory represented under this framework, they may request that all related content and ratings for that theory be removed. This ensures that participation remains voluntary and respectful of intellectual ownership.

'''Mainstream theories are subject to the same critical standard.'''  
If someone presents a reasoned objection to the current star ratings of a widely accepted theory (e.g. General Relativity, Big Bang), their explanation will be reviewed. If the argument is well-founded, ChatGPT may generate a revised evaluation. Both the original and alternative viewpoints can be documented transparently if needed.

If you want to submit a '''Rating Rebuttal''', please use the template provided on the '''[[Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories|Discussion page]]'''.


'''◀ [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_7:_Cosmological_Parameters_and_Universal_Constants|Previous]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories|Main Page]] | [[AI-Assisted_Evaluation_of_Cosmological_Theories/Chapter_9:_Documentation_and_Transparency|Next ▶]]'''</text>
      <sha1>eelz4javdy5rd9p28v7a94x02jq9xjs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719703</id>
      <parentid>2719529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T23:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jaredscribe</username>
        <id>2906761</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jaredscribe moved page [[User:Jaredscribe/Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy]] to [[Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy]]</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41596" sha1="re2a8hvjjbfe04ggf8zhelqqqmoaxst" xml:space="preserve">{{Afd-merge to|Iran-Israel relations|Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy|22 June 2025}}
{{Short description|Iran's efforts to eliminate Israel}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]]The [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]'s foreign policy doctrine includes calling for the destruction of [[Israel]] as a [[Jews|Jewish]] state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Undue weight inline|date=June 2025|reason=more sources needed for &quot;as a Jewish state&quot;}} This position emerged from the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]], which transformed [[Iran–Israel relations]] from close partners during the [[Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi monarchy]] to principal ideological adversaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the founder of the Islamic Republic, denounced Israel as an illegitimate &quot;[[Zionist regime]]&quot; and cut off diplomatic relations. Since then, this stance has been embedded in official rhetoric, military programs, state-sponsored education, and symbolic events such as [[Quds Day]].

The rejection of Israel's legitimacy has remained consistent across both hardline and moderate Iranian leaderships. Supreme Leaders Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have both repeatedly referred to Israel as a &quot;[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]&quot; and publicly called for its elimination. Even reformist leaders and moderate clerics have supported this stance. While the Iranian regime maintains that its opposition is directed at [[Zionism]] rather than at [[Jews]] or [[Judaism]], official propaganda has frequently blurred this distinction, at times incorporating [[Holocaust denial]] and invoking [[Antisemitic trope|antisemitic tropes]].

Iran’s anti-Israel policy is implemented through a centralized institutional framework led by the office of the Supreme Leader and the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC). Operational activities are largely carried out via a network of allied non-state actors, including [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], the [[Houthis]] in [[Yemen]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in the [[Palestinian territories]], and other affiliated groups. These organizations receive sustained Iranian support in the form of funding, weapons, and training, and are collectively referred to by Iranian officials as the &quot;[[Axis of Resistance]].&quot; This proxy network enables Iran to exert influence across multiple fronts while posing an existential threat to Israel through asymmetric conflict. Additionally, statements by senior officials and the regime's hostility toward Israel have led many observers{{which|date=June 2025}} to view [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear ambitions]] as part of a broader strategy to destroy Israel.

== Leadership ==
Once strategic partners, Iran and Israel's relationship ended after the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. According to [[Efraim Karsh]], the Islamic Republic subsequently cut ties with Israel and positioned it as a central ideological adversary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since that time, Iran has declared the elimination of Israel as a central objective within the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18 |quote=The goal of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity is a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic of Iran's regional strategy. That goal is intertwined with its larger pursuit to overturn the regional order, and in service to both ends, Iran has built an extensive network of militant proxies across the region to threaten Israel’s security. ... The October 7 attacks against Israel were, at least in part, a product of Iran’s campaign, and pushed the conflict into another, more dangerous stage.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Republic's founding Supreme Leader, branded Israel the &quot;Small Satan&quot;, a counterpart to the United States as &quot;[[Great Satan]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iranian leaders across generations, from Khomeini and his successor Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]], to senior officials, military commanders, and state-aligned media, have consistently invoked rhetoric calling for Israel's elimination or forecasting its collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Supreme leaders ===
{{Further information|Israel won't exist in 25 years}}
Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini referred to Israel multiple times as a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;cancerous gland.&quot;, and said it was &quot;an obligation&quot; to provide financial support to the Palestinian ''[[mujahideen]]'' &quot;in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the enemies of humanity.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=181–203 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149}}&lt;/ref&gt; He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments and mobilise in pursuit of Israel's destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khomeini’s hostility toward Israel was deeply entangled with his broader antisemitic worldview. He wrote that the Jews, “may God curse them,” were “opposed to the very foundations of Islam and wish to establish Jewish domination throughout the world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=209 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt; In practice he conflated Judaism and Zionism, asserting that &quot;the clearest manifestation of the Jewish–Christian conspiracy against Islam was the establishment of Israel by [[Imperialism|Western imperialism]] in order to oppress the Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Khomeini portrayed Jews as both &quot;agents of the West&quot; and the &quot;real power behind the West&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Their claim to statehood, he argued, was a violation of the divine order, insisting that because of their &quot;evil deeds,&quot; Jews were burdened with &quot;the wrath of God&quot; and &quot;condemned to eternal humiliation and subordination to Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a &quot;malignant cancerous tumor&quot; that must &quot;be removed and eradicated&quot;]]

In 2013, Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel &quot;an illegitimate regime&quot; led by &quot;untouchable rabid dogs&quot; and &quot;doomed to failure and annihilation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, he said there would be &quot;no Zionist regime in 25 years&quot; and that &quot;during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and jihad will keep [Israel] worried every moment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khamenei referred to Israel as &quot;cancerous&quot; on numerous occasions, has said Israel will be destroyed, and has pledged Iran's support for any group or nation confronting it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-17 |title=Iran: Khamenei to lead Friday prayers for first time since 2012 amid US tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/17/iran-khamenei-to-lead-friday-prayers-for-first-time-since-2012 |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |last=Pileggi |first=Tamar |date=2018-06-04 |title=Khamenei: Israel a 'cancerous tumor' that 'must be eradicated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-that-must-be-eradicated/ |work=Times of Israel}}{{pb}}{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel 'not a country, but a terrorist base' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-iran-s-khamenei-says-israel-not-a-country-but-a-terrorist-base |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |date=2020-05-22 |title=Iran leader says Israel a 'cancerous tumour' to be destroyed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iran-leader-says-israel-a-cancerous-tumour-to-be-destroyed/articleshow/75901419.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel, Khamenei delivered a speech in Tehran in which he said Israel would &quot;die of [its] rage&quot;, and concluded by saying: &quot;This cancer will definitely be eradicated, God willing, at the hands of the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and the resistance forces throughout the region.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; In 2024, Ali Khamenei told Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: &quot;The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise [[from the river to the sea]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presidents ===
{{Further info|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel}}
[[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot;]]
Former President Ayatollah [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single nuclear weapon inside Israel &quot;will annihilate the entire country&quot; (''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=199}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot; (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=206–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |date=2005-10-26 |title=Israel should be wiped off map, says Iran's president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/27/israel.iran |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a myth that Israel considers &quot;above God, religion and the prophets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, he said that Iran would &quot;witness the destruction of this regime in the near future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees &quot;countdown&quot; to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2012 interview, Ahmadinejad stated that Israel lacked historical roots in the Middle East and therefor would eventually be &quot;eliminated,&quot;, despite prior UN calls to refrain from using provocative language ahead of the General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Charbonneau |first=Louis |date=2012-09-24 |title=In New York, defiant Ahmadinejad says Israel will be &quot;eliminated&quot; |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-new-york-defiant-ahmadinejad-says-israel-will-be-eliminated-idUSBRE88N0HG/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2012 |title=Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad In His Own Words |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/iranian-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-his-own-words}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;fake regime&quot; created by Western powers to serve their interests in the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/24/irans-rouhani-calls-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-in-rare-outburst |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would &quot;liberate Palestine as soon as possible&quot; and that Iran could &quot;witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military commanders ===
In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: &quot;The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In 2014, [[Hossein Salami]], then deputy commander of the IRGC, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation &quot;for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In another, he said &quot;the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world&quot;, and predicted that &quot;soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2014, [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian [[Intifada]], stated that &quot;the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method&quot; and warned that &quot;the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2015, Hossein Salami declared that Iran would “open new fronts” against Israel and shift the regional balance of power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |title=Iran vows to attack Israel from West Bank |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-vows-to-attack-israel-from-west-bank/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Hossein Salami, then commander of the IRGC, stated: &quot;This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer... a dream (but) it is an achievable goal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Betz |first=Bradford |date=2019-09-30 |title=Iran’s top general says wiping Israel off map is an ‘achievable goal’ |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/irans-top-general-says-wiping-israel-off-map-is-an-achievable-goal |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel in 2023, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) deputy commander-in-chief, [[Ali Fadavi]], said that &quot;the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=Emily |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran warns Israel if it does not stop Gaza strikes |url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/17/iran-warns-of-another-shockwave-on-israel-if-it-doesnt-stop-gaza-strikes/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, former Basij chief and senior RIGC officer, [[Mohammad Reza Naqdi]], stated in an interview that the destruction of Israel is &quot;nonnegotiable&quot;. In addition, according to the Times of Israel, Naqdi said that during the summer Gaza conflict with Israel, a significant portion of Hamas’s weaponry, training, and technical expertise was provided by Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Iran militia chief: Destroying Israel is ‘nonnegotiable’ |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-militia-chief-destroying-israel-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Destroying Israel is ‘non-negotiable’, says Iran militia chief |url=https://guardian.ng/news/destroying-israel-is-non-negotiable-says-iran-militia-chief/?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Naqdi made a direct call for the destruction of Israel during a televised interview. Naqdi asserted that the Zionist regime must be &quot;annihilated and destroyed,&quot; asserting &quot;This will definitely happen.&quot;  He declared his intention to one day raise the flag of the Islamic Revolution over Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |last2=AP |title=Top Iranian general vows to ‘annihilate’ Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-iranian-general-vows-to-wipe-out-annihilate-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-31 |title=Iranian General Calls Israel's Destruction &quot;Nonnegotiable&quot; |url=http://www.thetower.org/1833-iranian-general-calls-israels-destruction-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Clerics ===
In 2013, [[Ahmad Alamolhoda]], a prominent Iranian cleric and member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], said the destruction of Israel was &quot;one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime&quot; and said: &quot;We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], once designated as Khomeini’s successor and later a supporter of the reform movement, recalled telling a delegation of reformist parliamentarians that, according to [[Quran 7]], the Jews of Zionism (''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm'') would be afflicted with torment and misery until the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Resurrection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also cited a 17th-century hadith from ''[[Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār]]'' in which Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] is reported to have said three times that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews (''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand'') would be &quot;the people of [[Qom]]&quot;, referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

In 2010, [[Mohammad Hassan Rahimian]], Khamenei's representative to the [[Mostazafan Foundation]], stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel &quot;in its entirety with a big holocaust.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior jurist known for his association with the reformist [[Iranian Green Movement]], said there was &quot;no room for friendly relations with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Military strategy ==

=== Axis of Resistance ===
{{Further info|Axis of Resistance}}{{See also|Iranian support for Hamas|Iranian support for the Houthis|Iran–Hezbollah relations}}[[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot;, in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]]
Iran's refers to its strategic alliance with regional non-state actors, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Palestinian territories, and the Houthi movement in Yemen, as the &quot;Axis of Resistance&quot;. These groups receive Iranian support in the form of weapons, funding, and training. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by &quot;slowly strangling&quot; it through a series of &quot;increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has covertly supported [[Palestinian suicide attacks]] targeting Israeli civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[October 7 attacks on Israel]]—which killed approximately 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and saw the kidnapping of [[Gaza war hostage crisis|250 hostages]]—was, at least in part, a product of Iran's strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:83&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who said the IRGC helped plan the assault and gave the go-ahead during an October 2 meeting in Beirut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the lead-up to the attack, about 500 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters reportedly received training in Iran under the supervision of the IRGC [[Quds Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attack occurred &quot;with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and logistical help as well as tens of millions of dollars for weapons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[killing of Yahya Sinwar]],  Hamas leader, in an Israeli operation in mid-October 2024, a new mural appeared in Tehran bearing the message &quot;The storm of Sinwar will continue&quot; in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the name Hamas used for its October 7 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iranian foreign minister spokesman [[Nasser Kanaani|Nassar Kanaani]] openly congratulated the Palestinian nation and groups of resistance for the October 7 attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2023-10-12 |title=Hamas is Only One of Four Iranian Fronts Against Israel • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/hamas-is-only-one-of-four-iranian-fronts-against-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Nuclear program ===
The destruction of Israel is frequently cited as one of several strategic objectives behind Iran’s nuclear ambitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States has maintained that a nuclear-capable Iran would likely use its capabilities to attempt the annihilation of Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=London New York, NY |pages=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Missile program ===
Iran has inscribed the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for ''&quot;Israel must be erased&quot;'' on some of its domestically produced missiles, a number of which have reportedly been [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|transferred to Russia]] for use in its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''

== Propaganda, symbolism, and ideological messaging ==

=== Quds Day ===
{{Main article|Quds Day}}
[[File:روز_جهانی_قدس_در_شهر_قم-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_15.jpg|thumb|Participants in the Quds Day parade in Qom holding a banner quoting Khomeini: &quot;We must all rise up and destroy Israel&quot;]]
Established by Ayatollah Khomeini, [[Quds Day]] (''Ruz-e Qods'', in reference to [[Jerusalem]]) is celebrated annually on the last Friday of [[Ramadan]] and aims to promote Muslim solidarity against Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Senior clerics, including Ayatollah [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]], have described participation in Quds Day as a form of religious worship (''ebādat''), intended to unite Muslims around the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

According to an April 2024 report by Iran International, many Iranians see the annual Quds Day event as irrelevant and disconnected from the country's dire social and economic realities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-05 |title=Iranians Criticize Quds Day's Futility And Destructive Impact |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202404054687 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, a digital clock was installed in Palestine Square, [[Tehran]] for Quds Day, reportedly counting down to the destruction of Israel. It was programmed to count down 25 years from a 2015 statement made by Khamenei, in which he predicted that Israel would cease to exist within a quarter century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Holocaust denial ===
Until recently, Iran was the only state whose leadership and institutions openly engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] (and at times justification) as part of official ideology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; This rhetoric served to legitimize calls for the destruction of Israel by denying or minimizing the Holocaust, thereby undermining the historical justification for the state's existence and portraying it instead as a product of Western imperialism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=205 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Mohammad-Ali Ramin]], a close advisor to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, once stated that &quot;the resolution&quot; of the Holocaust issue would lead to the &quot;destruction of Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot; /&gt;

=== Conspiracy theories ===
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei told university students that Israel was created by Western powers with the explicit goal of preventing unity among Muslim states.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=629}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Ayatollah [[Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi]], former head of Iran's judiciary, claimed that &quot;racist, anti-human&quot; Zionism has &quot;enslaved all of the world's peoples&quot; and accused Muslim states of cooperating with a Zionist conspiracy of the &quot;Hebrew polity&quot; to divide the Islamic world.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' Iranian MP [[Emad Afroogh]] alleged that &quot;Jewish rabbis&quot; were responsible for Sheikh [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]'s shift away from his previous moderation toward Shi'ites.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' IRGC Navy Commander [[Alireza Tangsiri]], in 2022, claimed that [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] rulers descend from the [[Jews of Medina]] and [[History of the Jews in Khaybar|Khaybar]], enemies of the Prophet [[Muhammad]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;''

Iranian media, including outlets aligned with the reformist faction, have accused Israeli intelligence of making efforts to undermine Shi'ite religious rituals and sow sectarian discord.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=625}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' In one 2019 example, [[Mossad]] was alleged to have trained Israeli Jews as ''maddahan'' (ritual eulogists) to infiltrate mourning assemblies in Iran and deliberately mislead audiences into cursing or blaspheming.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;''

Between 2011 and 2021, Iranian institutions organized dozens of ideologically driven conferences with provocative titles such as ''&quot;Zionism and the [[SARS]] Disease&quot;'', ''&quot;[[Rwandan genocide|Genocide in Rwanda]] and in [[Palestinian genocide accusation|Gaza]]&quot;'' (where only one speaker addressed Rwanda and the remaining fifteen focused on Gaza), and ''&quot;Judaism and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]: A Diabolical Conspiracy&quot;'', showing the regime's effort to link Zionism with global ills.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=207–208}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' These events, while often poorly attended, are publicly portrayed as major intellectual gatherings, with state media describing a half-empty auditorium as &quot;standing room only&quot; at a conference titled ''&quot;The Jewish Roots of [[MI6|MI-6]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;''

== Responses ==
===Academic===
[[Efraim Karsh]], a British–Israeli historian of Middle Eastern politics, has described Iran's posture toward Israel as [[Genocide|genocidal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes &quot;the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East&quot; and carries &quot;the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; American journalist [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] suggests that if Iran acquired nuclear weapons, it would likely intensify its efforts to destroy Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot; in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]]

According to Ze'ev Magen, ''[[Death to Israel]]'' (''marg bar Esra'il''), along with ''[[Death to America]]'', has been a commonly used slogan by Iranian officials for over a quarter of a century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Magen suggests the call for the conquest of Jerusalem is portrayed as a unifying ''[[jihad]]'' that could redirect Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran, which positions Iran as the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== Hardliner support within Iran ===
According to [[Mehdi Khalaji]], a new generation of Iranian hardliners, closely tied to the Supreme Leader and the IRGC, has embraced the regime's doctrines, with many believing that Iran is a rising power, the United States is in decline, and that &quot;Israel’s days are numbered.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Opposition within Iran ===
[[Sadegh Zibakalam]], an emeritus professor of political science at the [[University of Tehran]], has frequently spoken out against the regime's aggressive policies. He says that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian issue and even expressing support for figures like Benjamin Netanyahu and Donald Trump. This support does not stem from alignment with their policies, but rather from opposition to the Iranian regime and its backing of groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah. Due to his statements, Zibakalam served an 18-month prison sentence and as of March 2025 was under investigation again, potentially facing further imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abdollah Nouri]], a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was sentenced to five years in prison in 1999 (making him the most senior Islamic Republic official to be jailed since the revolution) reportedly for, among other charges, openly challenging Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford ; New York |pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jewish religious responses ===
Following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]], Jewish religious leaders voiced concern over the potential implications of the new Islamic Republic's policies for Israel and Jewish communities in the region. [[Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], known as the [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]], described the revolution as a significant turning point in global politics. In public addresses at the time, he warned that Iran's challenge to the [[United States]] would weaken American influence and embolden hostility toward [[Israel]]. The Rebbe also expressed alarm for the safety of the Jewish community in Iran, which then numbered approximately 50,000, and advocated for a communal day of fasting and prayer in response to the escalating crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shamir |first=Shlomo |title=The Israeli Journalist, Iran, and the Rebbe's Vision |url=https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2608163/jewish/The-Israeli-Journalist-Iran-and-the-Rebbes-Vision.htm |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Chabad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcat]] fighter jet on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan &quot;Down with Israel&quot; next to the word &quot;Expired&quot; (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth&quot; inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019)
File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase &quot;Death to Israel&quot; displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading &quot;Down with Israel&quot;) at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel will not see more than five years into the future&quot; inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019)
File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015)
File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|[[Hossein Shariatmadari]], editor of the Iranian newspaper ''[[Kayhan]]'', stepping on an Israeli flag at [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] (2015)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Iran]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Iran]]
[[Category:Propaganda in Iran]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide of Jews]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in Iran]]</text>
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      <text bytes="41583" sha1="cizcbid95ci1m8zeauxwxkwtf3kvhm7" xml:space="preserve">{{Afd-merge to|Iran-Israel relations|Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy|22 June 2025}}
{{Short description|Iran's efforts to eliminate Israel}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[w:Quds Day|Quds Day]] celebrated in [[w:Tehran|Tehran]] in 2016]]The [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]'s foreign policy doctrine includes calling for the destruction of [[Israel]] as a [[Jews|Jewish]] state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  This position emerged from the [[w:Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]], which transformed [[w:Iran–Israel relations]] from close partners during the [[w:Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi monarchy]] to principal ideological adversaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[w:Ruhollah Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]], the founder of the Islamic Republic, denounced Israel as an illegitimate &quot;[[Zionist regime]]&quot; and cut off diplomatic relations. Since then, this stance has been embedded in official rhetoric, military programs, state-sponsored education, and symbolic events such as [[w:Quds Day|Quds Day]].

The rejection of Israel's legitimacy has remained consistent across both hardline and moderate Iranian leaderships. Supreme Leaders Ruhollah Khomeini and [[w:Ali Khamenei|Ali Khamenei]] have both repeatedly referred to Israel as a &quot;[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]&quot; and publicly called for its elimination. Even reformist leaders and moderate clerics have supported this stance. While the Iranian regime maintains that its opposition is directed at [[Zionism]] rather than at [[Jews]] or [[Judaism]], official propaganda has frequently blurred this distinction, at times incorporating [[Holocaust denial]] and invoking [[w:Antisemitic trope|antisemitic tropes]].

Iran’s anti-Israel policy is implemented through a centralized institutional framework led by the office of the Supreme Leader and the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC). Operational activities are largely carried out via a network of allied non-state actors, including [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], the [[Houthis]] in [[Yemen]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in the [[Palestinian territories]], and other affiliated groups. These organizations receive sustained Iranian support in the form of funding, weapons, and training, and are collectively referred to by Iranian officials as the &quot;[[Axis of Resistance]].&quot; This proxy network enables Iran to exert influence across multiple fronts while posing an existential threat to Israel through asymmetric conflict. Additionally, statements by senior officials and the regime's hostility toward Israel have led many observers{{which|date=June 2025}} to view [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear ambitions]] as part of a broader strategy to destroy Israel.

== Leadership ==
Once strategic partners, Iran and Israel's relationship ended after the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. According to [[Efraim Karsh]], the Islamic Republic subsequently cut ties with Israel and positioned it as a central ideological adversary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since that time, Iran has declared the elimination of Israel as a central objective within the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18 |quote=The goal of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity is a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic of Iran's regional strategy. That goal is intertwined with its larger pursuit to overturn the regional order, and in service to both ends, Iran has built an extensive network of militant proxies across the region to threaten Israel’s security. ... The October 7 attacks against Israel were, at least in part, a product of Iran’s campaign, and pushed the conflict into another, more dangerous stage.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Republic's founding Supreme Leader, branded Israel the &quot;Small Satan&quot;, a counterpart to the United States as &quot;[[Great Satan]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iranian leaders across generations, from Khomeini and his successor Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]], to senior officials, military commanders, and state-aligned media, have consistently invoked rhetoric calling for Israel's elimination or forecasting its collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Supreme leaders ===
{{Further information|Israel won't exist in 25 years}}
Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini referred to Israel multiple times as a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;cancerous gland.&quot;, and said it was &quot;an obligation&quot; to provide financial support to the Palestinian ''[[mujahideen]]'' &quot;in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the enemies of humanity.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=181–203 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149}}&lt;/ref&gt; He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments and mobilise in pursuit of Israel's destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khomeini’s hostility toward Israel was deeply entangled with his broader antisemitic worldview. He wrote that the Jews, “may God curse them,” were “opposed to the very foundations of Islam and wish to establish Jewish domination throughout the world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=209 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt; In practice he conflated Judaism and Zionism, asserting that &quot;the clearest manifestation of the Jewish–Christian conspiracy against Islam was the establishment of Israel by [[Imperialism|Western imperialism]] in order to oppress the Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Khomeini portrayed Jews as both &quot;agents of the West&quot; and the &quot;real power behind the West&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Their claim to statehood, he argued, was a violation of the divine order, insisting that because of their &quot;evil deeds,&quot; Jews were burdened with &quot;the wrath of God&quot; and &quot;condemned to eternal humiliation and subordination to Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a &quot;malignant cancerous tumor&quot; that must &quot;be removed and eradicated&quot;]]

In 2013, Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel &quot;an illegitimate regime&quot; led by &quot;untouchable rabid dogs&quot; and &quot;doomed to failure and annihilation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, he said there would be &quot;no Zionist regime in 25 years&quot; and that &quot;during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and jihad will keep [Israel] worried every moment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khamenei referred to Israel as &quot;cancerous&quot; on numerous occasions, has said Israel will be destroyed, and has pledged Iran's support for any group or nation confronting it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-17 |title=Iran: Khamenei to lead Friday prayers for first time since 2012 amid US tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/17/iran-khamenei-to-lead-friday-prayers-for-first-time-since-2012 |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |last=Pileggi |first=Tamar |date=2018-06-04 |title=Khamenei: Israel a 'cancerous tumor' that 'must be eradicated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-that-must-be-eradicated/ |work=Times of Israel}}{{pb}}{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel 'not a country, but a terrorist base' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-iran-s-khamenei-says-israel-not-a-country-but-a-terrorist-base |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |date=2020-05-22 |title=Iran leader says Israel a 'cancerous tumour' to be destroyed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iran-leader-says-israel-a-cancerous-tumour-to-be-destroyed/articleshow/75901419.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel, Khamenei delivered a speech in Tehran in which he said Israel would &quot;die of [its] rage&quot;, and concluded by saying: &quot;This cancer will definitely be eradicated, God willing, at the hands of the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and the resistance forces throughout the region.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; In 2024, Ali Khamenei told Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: &quot;The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise [[from the river to the sea]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presidents ===
{{Further info|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel}}
[[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot;]]
Former President Ayatollah [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single nuclear weapon inside Israel &quot;will annihilate the entire country&quot; (''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=199}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot; (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=206–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |date=2005-10-26 |title=Israel should be wiped off map, says Iran's president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/27/israel.iran |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a myth that Israel considers &quot;above God, religion and the prophets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, he said that Iran would &quot;witness the destruction of this regime in the near future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees &quot;countdown&quot; to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2012 interview, Ahmadinejad stated that Israel lacked historical roots in the Middle East and therefor would eventually be &quot;eliminated,&quot;, despite prior UN calls to refrain from using provocative language ahead of the General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Charbonneau |first=Louis |date=2012-09-24 |title=In New York, defiant Ahmadinejad says Israel will be &quot;eliminated&quot; |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-new-york-defiant-ahmadinejad-says-israel-will-be-eliminated-idUSBRE88N0HG/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2012 |title=Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad In His Own Words |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/iranian-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-his-own-words}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;fake regime&quot; created by Western powers to serve their interests in the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/24/irans-rouhani-calls-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-in-rare-outburst |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would &quot;liberate Palestine as soon as possible&quot; and that Iran could &quot;witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military commanders ===
In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: &quot;The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In 2014, [[Hossein Salami]], then deputy commander of the IRGC, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation &quot;for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In another, he said &quot;the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world&quot;, and predicted that &quot;soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2014, [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian [[Intifada]], stated that &quot;the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method&quot; and warned that &quot;the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2015, Hossein Salami declared that Iran would “open new fronts” against Israel and shift the regional balance of power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |title=Iran vows to attack Israel from West Bank |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-vows-to-attack-israel-from-west-bank/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Hossein Salami, then commander of the IRGC, stated: &quot;This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer... a dream (but) it is an achievable goal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Betz |first=Bradford |date=2019-09-30 |title=Iran’s top general says wiping Israel off map is an ‘achievable goal’ |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/irans-top-general-says-wiping-israel-off-map-is-an-achievable-goal |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel in 2023, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) deputy commander-in-chief, [[Ali Fadavi]], said that &quot;the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=Emily |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran warns Israel if it does not stop Gaza strikes |url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/17/iran-warns-of-another-shockwave-on-israel-if-it-doesnt-stop-gaza-strikes/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, former Basij chief and senior RIGC officer, [[Mohammad Reza Naqdi]], stated in an interview that the destruction of Israel is &quot;nonnegotiable&quot;. In addition, according to the Times of Israel, Naqdi said that during the summer Gaza conflict with Israel, a significant portion of Hamas’s weaponry, training, and technical expertise was provided by Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Iran militia chief: Destroying Israel is ‘nonnegotiable’ |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-militia-chief-destroying-israel-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Destroying Israel is ‘non-negotiable’, says Iran militia chief |url=https://guardian.ng/news/destroying-israel-is-non-negotiable-says-iran-militia-chief/?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Naqdi made a direct call for the destruction of Israel during a televised interview. Naqdi asserted that the Zionist regime must be &quot;annihilated and destroyed,&quot; asserting &quot;This will definitely happen.&quot;  He declared his intention to one day raise the flag of the Islamic Revolution over Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |last2=AP |title=Top Iranian general vows to ‘annihilate’ Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-iranian-general-vows-to-wipe-out-annihilate-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-31 |title=Iranian General Calls Israel's Destruction &quot;Nonnegotiable&quot; |url=http://www.thetower.org/1833-iranian-general-calls-israels-destruction-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Clerics ===
In 2013, [[Ahmad Alamolhoda]], a prominent Iranian cleric and member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], said the destruction of Israel was &quot;one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime&quot; and said: &quot;We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], once designated as Khomeini’s successor and later a supporter of the reform movement, recalled telling a delegation of reformist parliamentarians that, according to [[Quran 7]], the Jews of Zionism (''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm'') would be afflicted with torment and misery until the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Resurrection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also cited a 17th-century hadith from ''[[Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār]]'' in which Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] is reported to have said three times that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews (''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand'') would be &quot;the people of [[Qom]]&quot;, referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

In 2010, [[Mohammad Hassan Rahimian]], Khamenei's representative to the [[Mostazafan Foundation]], stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel &quot;in its entirety with a big holocaust.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior jurist known for his association with the reformist [[Iranian Green Movement]], said there was &quot;no room for friendly relations with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Military strategy ==

=== Axis of Resistance ===
{{Further info|Axis of Resistance}}{{See also|Iranian support for Hamas|Iranian support for the Houthis|Iran–Hezbollah relations}}[[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot;, in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]]
Iran's refers to its strategic alliance with regional non-state actors, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Palestinian territories, and the Houthi movement in Yemen, as the &quot;Axis of Resistance&quot;. These groups receive Iranian support in the form of weapons, funding, and training. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by &quot;slowly strangling&quot; it through a series of &quot;increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has covertly supported [[Palestinian suicide attacks]] targeting Israeli civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[October 7 attacks on Israel]]—which killed approximately 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and saw the kidnapping of [[Gaza war hostage crisis|250 hostages]]—was, at least in part, a product of Iran's strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:83&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who said the IRGC helped plan the assault and gave the go-ahead during an October 2 meeting in Beirut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the lead-up to the attack, about 500 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters reportedly received training in Iran under the supervision of the IRGC [[Quds Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attack occurred &quot;with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and logistical help as well as tens of millions of dollars for weapons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[killing of Yahya Sinwar]],  Hamas leader, in an Israeli operation in mid-October 2024, a new mural appeared in Tehran bearing the message &quot;The storm of Sinwar will continue&quot; in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the name Hamas used for its October 7 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iranian foreign minister spokesman [[Nasser Kanaani|Nassar Kanaani]] openly congratulated the Palestinian nation and groups of resistance for the October 7 attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2023-10-12 |title=Hamas is Only One of Four Iranian Fronts Against Israel • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/hamas-is-only-one-of-four-iranian-fronts-against-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Nuclear program ===
The destruction of Israel is frequently cited as one of several strategic objectives behind Iran’s nuclear ambitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States has maintained that a nuclear-capable Iran would likely use its capabilities to attempt the annihilation of Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=London New York, NY |pages=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Missile program ===
Iran has inscribed the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for ''&quot;Israel must be erased&quot;'' on some of its domestically produced missiles, a number of which have reportedly been [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|transferred to Russia]] for use in its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''

== Propaganda, symbolism, and ideological messaging ==

=== Quds Day ===
{{Main article|Quds Day}}
[[File:روز_جهانی_قدس_در_شهر_قم-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_15.jpg|thumb|Participants in the Quds Day parade in Qom holding a banner quoting Khomeini: &quot;We must all rise up and destroy Israel&quot;]]
Established by Ayatollah Khomeini, [[Quds Day]] (''Ruz-e Qods'', in reference to [[Jerusalem]]) is celebrated annually on the last Friday of [[Ramadan]] and aims to promote Muslim solidarity against Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Senior clerics, including Ayatollah [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]], have described participation in Quds Day as a form of religious worship (''ebādat''), intended to unite Muslims around the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

According to an April 2024 report by Iran International, many Iranians see the annual Quds Day event as irrelevant and disconnected from the country's dire social and economic realities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-05 |title=Iranians Criticize Quds Day's Futility And Destructive Impact |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202404054687 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, a digital clock was installed in Palestine Square, [[Tehran]] for Quds Day, reportedly counting down to the destruction of Israel. It was programmed to count down 25 years from a 2015 statement made by Khamenei, in which he predicted that Israel would cease to exist within a quarter century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Holocaust denial ===
Until recently, Iran was the only state whose leadership and institutions openly engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] (and at times justification) as part of official ideology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; This rhetoric served to legitimize calls for the destruction of Israel by denying or minimizing the Holocaust, thereby undermining the historical justification for the state's existence and portraying it instead as a product of Western imperialism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=205 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Mohammad-Ali Ramin]], a close advisor to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, once stated that &quot;the resolution&quot; of the Holocaust issue would lead to the &quot;destruction of Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot; /&gt;

=== Conspiracy theories ===
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei told university students that Israel was created by Western powers with the explicit goal of preventing unity among Muslim states.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=629}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Ayatollah [[Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi]], former head of Iran's judiciary, claimed that &quot;racist, anti-human&quot; Zionism has &quot;enslaved all of the world's peoples&quot; and accused Muslim states of cooperating with a Zionist conspiracy of the &quot;Hebrew polity&quot; to divide the Islamic world.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' Iranian MP [[Emad Afroogh]] alleged that &quot;Jewish rabbis&quot; were responsible for Sheikh [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]'s shift away from his previous moderation toward Shi'ites.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' IRGC Navy Commander [[Alireza Tangsiri]], in 2022, claimed that [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] rulers descend from the [[Jews of Medina]] and [[History of the Jews in Khaybar|Khaybar]], enemies of the Prophet [[Muhammad]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;''

Iranian media, including outlets aligned with the reformist faction, have accused Israeli intelligence of making efforts to undermine Shi'ite religious rituals and sow sectarian discord.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=625}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' In one 2019 example, [[Mossad]] was alleged to have trained Israeli Jews as ''maddahan'' (ritual eulogists) to infiltrate mourning assemblies in Iran and deliberately mislead audiences into cursing or blaspheming.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;''

Between 2011 and 2021, Iranian institutions organized dozens of ideologically driven conferences with provocative titles such as ''&quot;Zionism and the [[SARS]] Disease&quot;'', ''&quot;[[Rwandan genocide|Genocide in Rwanda]] and in [[Palestinian genocide accusation|Gaza]]&quot;'' (where only one speaker addressed Rwanda and the remaining fifteen focused on Gaza), and ''&quot;Judaism and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]: A Diabolical Conspiracy&quot;'', showing the regime's effort to link Zionism with global ills.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=207–208}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' These events, while often poorly attended, are publicly portrayed as major intellectual gatherings, with state media describing a half-empty auditorium as &quot;standing room only&quot; at a conference titled ''&quot;The Jewish Roots of [[MI6|MI-6]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;''

== Responses ==
===Academic===
[[Efraim Karsh]], a British–Israeli historian of Middle Eastern politics, has described Iran's posture toward Israel as [[Genocide|genocidal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes &quot;the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East&quot; and carries &quot;the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; American journalist [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] suggests that if Iran acquired nuclear weapons, it would likely intensify its efforts to destroy Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot; in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]]

According to Ze'ev Magen, ''[[Death to Israel]]'' (''marg bar Esra'il''), along with ''[[Death to America]]'', has been a commonly used slogan by Iranian officials for over a quarter of a century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Magen suggests the call for the conquest of Jerusalem is portrayed as a unifying ''[[jihad]]'' that could redirect Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran, which positions Iran as the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== Hardliner support within Iran ===
According to [[Mehdi Khalaji]], a new generation of Iranian hardliners, closely tied to the Supreme Leader and the IRGC, has embraced the regime's doctrines, with many believing that Iran is a rising power, the United States is in decline, and that &quot;Israel’s days are numbered.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Opposition within Iran ===
[[Sadegh Zibakalam]], an emeritus professor of political science at the [[University of Tehran]], has frequently spoken out against the regime's aggressive policies. He says that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian issue and even expressing support for figures like Benjamin Netanyahu and Donald Trump. This support does not stem from alignment with their policies, but rather from opposition to the Iranian regime and its backing of groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah. Due to his statements, Zibakalam served an 18-month prison sentence and as of March 2025 was under investigation again, potentially facing further imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abdollah Nouri]], a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was sentenced to five years in prison in 1999 (making him the most senior Islamic Republic official to be jailed since the revolution) reportedly for, among other charges, openly challenging Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford ; New York |pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jewish religious responses ===
Following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]], Jewish religious leaders voiced concern over the potential implications of the new Islamic Republic's policies for Israel and Jewish communities in the region. [[Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], known as the [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]], described the revolution as a significant turning point in global politics. In public addresses at the time, he warned that Iran's challenge to the [[United States]] would weaken American influence and embolden hostility toward [[Israel]]. The Rebbe also expressed alarm for the safety of the Jewish community in Iran, which then numbered approximately 50,000, and advocated for a communal day of fasting and prayer in response to the escalating crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shamir |first=Shlomo |title=The Israeli Journalist, Iran, and the Rebbe's Vision |url=https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2608163/jewish/The-Israeli-Journalist-Iran-and-the-Rebbes-Vision.htm |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Chabad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcat]] fighter jet on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan &quot;Down with Israel&quot; next to the word &quot;Expired&quot; (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth&quot; inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019)
File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase &quot;Death to Israel&quot; displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading &quot;Down with Israel&quot;) at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel will not see more than five years into the future&quot; inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019)
File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015)
File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|[[Hossein Shariatmadari]], editor of the Iranian newspaper ''[[Kayhan]]'', stepping on an Israeli flag at [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] (2015)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Iran]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Iran]]
[[Category:Propaganda in Iran]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide of Jews]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in Iran]]</text>
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      <text bytes="41692" sha1="jmqieba3mroumcoqyb65xwbns5dp44m" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iran's policy and efforts to eliminate Israel}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[w:Quds Day|Quds Day]] celebrated in [[w:Tehran|Tehran]] in 2016]]The [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]'s foreign policy doctrine includes calling for the destruction of [[w:Israel|Israel]] as a [[w:Jewish state|Jewish state]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  This position emerged from the [[w:Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]], which transformed [[w:Iran–Israel relations]] from close partners during the [[w:Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi monarchy]] to principal ideological adversaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[w:Ruhollah Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]], the founder of the Islamic Republic, denounced Israel as an illegitimate &quot;[[Zionist regime]]&quot; and cut off diplomatic relations. Since then, this stance has been embedded in official rhetoric, military programs, state-sponsored education, and symbolic events such as [[w:Quds Day|Quds Day]].

The rejection of Israel's legitimacy has remained consistent across both hardline and moderate Iranian leaderships. Supreme Leaders Ruhollah Khomeini and [[w:Ali Khamenei|Ali Khamenei]] have both repeatedly referred to Israel as a &quot;[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]&quot; and publicly called for its elimination. Even reformist leaders and moderate clerics have supported this stance. While the Iranian regime maintains that its opposition is directed at [[Zionism]] rather than at [[Jews]] or [[Judaism]], official propaganda has frequently blurred this distinction, at times incorporating [[Holocaust denial]] and invoking [[w:Antisemitic trope|antisemitic tropes]].

Iran’s anti-Israel policy is implemented through a centralized institutional framework led by the office of the Supreme Leader and the [[w:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC). Operational activities are largely carried out via a network of allied non-state actors, including [[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] in [[w:Lebanon|Lebanon]], the [[w:Houthis|Houthis]] in [[w:Yemen|Yemen]], [[w:Hamas|Hamas]] and [[w:Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in the [[Palestinian territories]], and other affiliated groups. These organizations receive sustained Iranian support in the form of funding, weapons, and training, and are collectively referred to by Iranian officials as the &quot;[[w:Axis of Resistance|Axis of Resistance]].&quot; This proxy network enables Iran to exert influence across multiple fronts while posing an existential threat to Israel through asymmetric conflict. Additionally, statements by senior officials and the regime's hostility toward Israel have led many observers{{which|date=June 2025}} to view [[w:Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear ambitions]] as part of a broader strategy to destroy Israel.

== Leadership ==
Once strategic partners, Iran and Israel's relationship ended after the 1979 [[w:Iranian Revolution|Iranian Revolution]]. According to [[w:Efraim Karsh|Efraim Karsh]], the Islamic Republic subsequently cut ties with Israel and positioned it as a central ideological adversary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since that time, Iran has declared the elimination of Israel as a central objective within the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18 |quote=The goal of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity is a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic of Iran's regional strategy. That goal is intertwined with its larger pursuit to overturn the regional order, and in service to both ends, Iran has built an extensive network of militant proxies across the region to threaten Israel’s security. ... The October 7 attacks against Israel were, at least in part, a product of Iran’s campaign, and pushed the conflict into another, more dangerous stage.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Republic's founding Supreme Leader, branded Israel the &quot;Small Satan&quot;, a counterpart to the United States as &quot;[[Great Satan]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iranian leaders across generations, from Khomeini and his successor Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]], to senior officials, military commanders, and state-aligned media, have consistently invoked rhetoric calling for Israel's elimination or forecasting its collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Supreme leaders ===
{{Further information|Israel won't exist in 25 years}}
Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini referred to Israel multiple times as a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;cancerous gland.&quot;, and said it was &quot;an obligation&quot; to provide financial support to the Palestinian ''[[mujahideen]]'' &quot;in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the enemies of humanity.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=181–203 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149}}&lt;/ref&gt; He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments and mobilise in pursuit of Israel's destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khomeini’s hostility toward Israel was deeply entangled with his broader antisemitic worldview. He wrote that the Jews, “may God curse them,” were “opposed to the very foundations of Islam and wish to establish Jewish domination throughout the world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=209 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt; In practice he conflated Judaism and Zionism, asserting that &quot;the clearest manifestation of the Jewish–Christian conspiracy against Islam was the establishment of Israel by [[Imperialism|Western imperialism]] in order to oppress the Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Khomeini portrayed Jews as both &quot;agents of the West&quot; and the &quot;real power behind the West&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Their claim to statehood, he argued, was a violation of the divine order, insisting that because of their &quot;evil deeds,&quot; Jews were burdened with &quot;the wrath of God&quot; and &quot;condemned to eternal humiliation and subordination to Muslims.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a &quot;malignant cancerous tumor&quot; that must &quot;be removed and eradicated&quot;]]

In 2013, Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel &quot;an illegitimate regime&quot; led by &quot;untouchable rabid dogs&quot; and &quot;doomed to failure and annihilation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, he said there would be &quot;no Zionist regime in 25 years&quot; and that &quot;during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and jihad will keep [Israel] worried every moment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khamenei referred to Israel as &quot;cancerous&quot; on numerous occasions, has said Israel will be destroyed, and has pledged Iran's support for any group or nation confronting it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-17 |title=Iran: Khamenei to lead Friday prayers for first time since 2012 amid US tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/17/iran-khamenei-to-lead-friday-prayers-for-first-time-since-2012 |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |last=Pileggi |first=Tamar |date=2018-06-04 |title=Khamenei: Israel a 'cancerous tumor' that 'must be eradicated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-that-must-be-eradicated/ |work=Times of Israel}}{{pb}}{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel 'not a country, but a terrorist base' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-iran-s-khamenei-says-israel-not-a-country-but-a-terrorist-base |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}{{pb}}{{Cite news |date=2020-05-22 |title=Iran leader says Israel a 'cancerous tumour' to be destroyed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iran-leader-says-israel-a-cancerous-tumour-to-be-destroyed/articleshow/75901419.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel, Khamenei delivered a speech in Tehran in which he said Israel would &quot;die of [its] rage&quot;, and concluded by saying: &quot;This cancer will definitely be eradicated, God willing, at the hands of the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and the resistance forces throughout the region.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; In 2024, Ali Khamenei told Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: &quot;The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise [[from the river to the sea]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presidents ===
{{Further info|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel}}
[[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot;]]
Former President Ayatollah [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single nuclear weapon inside Israel &quot;will annihilate the entire country&quot; (''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=199}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be &quot;erased from the face of the earth&quot; (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=206–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |date=2005-10-26 |title=Israel should be wiped off map, says Iran's president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/27/israel.iran |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a myth that Israel considers &quot;above God, religion and the prophets.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, he said that Iran would &quot;witness the destruction of this regime in the near future.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees &quot;countdown&quot; to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2012 interview, Ahmadinejad stated that Israel lacked historical roots in the Middle East and therefor would eventually be &quot;eliminated,&quot;, despite prior UN calls to refrain from using provocative language ahead of the General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Charbonneau |first=Louis |date=2012-09-24 |title=In New York, defiant Ahmadinejad says Israel will be &quot;eliminated&quot; |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-new-york-defiant-ahmadinejad-says-israel-will-be-eliminated-idUSBRE88N0HG/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2012 |title=Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad In His Own Words |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/iranian-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-his-own-words}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a &quot;cancerous tumor&quot; and a &quot;fake regime&quot; created by Western powers to serve their interests in the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/24/irans-rouhani-calls-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-in-rare-outburst |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would &quot;liberate Palestine as soon as possible&quot; and that Iran could &quot;witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military commanders ===
In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: &quot;The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In 2014, [[Hossein Salami]], then deputy commander of the IRGC, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation &quot;for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In another, he said &quot;the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world&quot;, and predicted that &quot;soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2014, [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian [[Intifada]], stated that &quot;the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method&quot; and warned that &quot;the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

In 2015, Hossein Salami declared that Iran would “open new fronts” against Israel and shift the regional balance of power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |title=Iran vows to attack Israel from West Bank |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-vows-to-attack-israel-from-west-bank/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Hossein Salami, then commander of the IRGC, stated: &quot;This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer... a dream (but) it is an achievable goal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Betz |first=Bradford |date=2019-09-30 |title=Iran’s top general says wiping Israel off map is an ‘achievable goal’ |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/irans-top-general-says-wiping-israel-off-map-is-an-achievable-goal |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel in 2023, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) deputy commander-in-chief, [[Ali Fadavi]], said that &quot;the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=Emily |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran warns Israel if it does not stop Gaza strikes |url=https://nypost.com/2023/10/17/iran-warns-of-another-shockwave-on-israel-if-it-doesnt-stop-gaza-strikes/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, former Basij chief and senior RIGC officer, [[Mohammad Reza Naqdi]], stated in an interview that the destruction of Israel is &quot;nonnegotiable&quot;. In addition, according to the Times of Israel, Naqdi said that during the summer Gaza conflict with Israel, a significant portion of Hamas’s weaponry, training, and technical expertise was provided by Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Iran militia chief: Destroying Israel is ‘nonnegotiable’ |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-militia-chief-destroying-israel-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Destroying Israel is ‘non-negotiable’, says Iran militia chief |url=https://guardian.ng/news/destroying-israel-is-non-negotiable-says-iran-militia-chief/?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Naqdi made a direct call for the destruction of Israel during a televised interview. Naqdi asserted that the Zionist regime must be &quot;annihilated and destroyed,&quot; asserting &quot;This will definitely happen.&quot;  He declared his intention to one day raise the flag of the Islamic Revolution over Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ToI |last2=AP |title=Top Iranian general vows to ‘annihilate’ Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-iranian-general-vows-to-wipe-out-annihilate-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-31 |title=Iranian General Calls Israel's Destruction &quot;Nonnegotiable&quot; |url=http://www.thetower.org/1833-iranian-general-calls-israels-destruction-nonnegotiable/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Clerics ===
In 2013, [[Ahmad Alamolhoda]], a prominent Iranian cleric and member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], said the destruction of Israel was &quot;one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime&quot; and said: &quot;We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], once designated as Khomeini’s successor and later a supporter of the reform movement, recalled telling a delegation of reformist parliamentarians that, according to [[Quran 7]], the Jews of Zionism (''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm'') would be afflicted with torment and misery until the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Resurrection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also cited a 17th-century hadith from ''[[Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār]]'' in which Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] is reported to have said three times that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews (''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand'') would be &quot;the people of [[Qom]]&quot;, referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

In 2010, [[Mohammad Hassan Rahimian]], Khamenei's representative to the [[Mostazafan Foundation]], stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel &quot;in its entirety with a big holocaust.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior jurist known for his association with the reformist [[Iranian Green Movement]], said there was &quot;no room for friendly relations with Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Military strategy ==

=== Axis of Resistance ===
{{Further info|Axis of Resistance}}{{See also|Iranian support for Hamas|Iranian support for the Houthis|Iran–Hezbollah relations}}[[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot;, in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]]
Iran's refers to its strategic alliance with regional non-state actors, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Palestinian territories, and the Houthi movement in Yemen, as the &quot;Axis of Resistance&quot;. These groups receive Iranian support in the form of weapons, funding, and training. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by &quot;slowly strangling&quot; it through a series of &quot;increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has covertly supported [[Palestinian suicide attacks]] targeting Israeli civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[October 7 attacks on Israel]]—which killed approximately 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and saw the kidnapping of [[Gaza war hostage crisis|250 hostages]]—was, at least in part, a product of Iran's strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:83&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who said the IRGC helped plan the assault and gave the go-ahead during an October 2 meeting in Beirut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the lead-up to the attack, about 500 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters reportedly received training in Iran under the supervision of the IRGC [[Quds Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attack occurred &quot;with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and logistical help as well as tens of millions of dollars for weapons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel/ |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[killing of Yahya Sinwar]],  Hamas leader, in an Israeli operation in mid-October 2024, a new mural appeared in Tehran bearing the message &quot;The storm of Sinwar will continue&quot; in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the name Hamas used for its October 7 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iranian foreign minister spokesman [[Nasser Kanaani|Nassar Kanaani]] openly congratulated the Palestinian nation and groups of resistance for the October 7 attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2023-10-12 |title=Hamas is Only One of Four Iranian Fronts Against Israel • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/hamas-is-only-one-of-four-iranian-fronts-against-israel/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Nuclear program ===
The destruction of Israel is frequently cited as one of several strategic objectives behind Iran’s nuclear ambitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford &amp; New York |pages=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States has maintained that a nuclear-capable Iran would likely use its capabilities to attempt the annihilation of Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=London New York, NY |pages=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Missile program ===
Iran has inscribed the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words for ''&quot;Israel must be erased&quot;'' on some of its domestically produced missiles, a number of which have reportedly been [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|transferred to Russia]] for use in its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''

== Propaganda, symbolism, and ideological messaging ==

=== Quds Day ===
{{Main article|Quds Day}}
[[File:روز_جهانی_قدس_در_شهر_قم-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_15.jpg|thumb|Participants in the Quds Day parade in Qom holding a banner quoting Khomeini: &quot;We must all rise up and destroy Israel&quot;]]
Established by Ayatollah Khomeini, [[Quds Day]] (''Ruz-e Qods'', in reference to [[Jerusalem]]) is celebrated annually on the last Friday of [[Ramadan]] and aims to promote Muslim solidarity against Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Senior clerics, including Ayatollah [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]], have described participation in Quds Day as a form of religious worship (''ebādat''), intended to unite Muslims around the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

According to an April 2024 report by Iran International, many Iranians see the annual Quds Day event as irrelevant and disconnected from the country's dire social and economic realities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-05 |title=Iranians Criticize Quds Day's Futility And Destructive Impact |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202404054687 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, a digital clock was installed in Palestine Square, [[Tehran]] for Quds Day, reportedly counting down to the destruction of Israel. It was programmed to count down 25 years from a 2015 statement made by Khamenei, in which he predicted that Israel would cease to exist within a quarter century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Holocaust denial ===
Until recently, Iran was the only state whose leadership and institutions openly engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] (and at times justification) as part of official ideology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; This rhetoric served to legitimize calls for the destruction of Israel by denying or minimizing the Holocaust, thereby undermining the historical justification for the state's existence and portraying it instead as a product of Western imperialism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Litvak |first=Meir |title=Iranian Antisemitism and the Holocaust |date=2017 |work=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust: Altered Contexts and Recent Perspectives |pages=205 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Anthony |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |access-date=2025-06-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_9 |isbn=978-3-319-48866-0 |editor2-last=Herf |editor2-first=Jeffrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Mohammad-Ali Ramin]], a close advisor to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, once stated that &quot;the resolution&quot; of the Holocaust issue would lead to the &quot;destruction of Israel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot; /&gt;

=== Conspiracy theories ===
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei told university students that Israel was created by Western powers with the explicit goal of preventing unity among Muslim states.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=629}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Ayatollah [[Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi]], former head of Iran's judiciary, claimed that &quot;racist, anti-human&quot; Zionism has &quot;enslaved all of the world's peoples&quot; and accused Muslim states of cooperating with a Zionist conspiracy of the &quot;Hebrew polity&quot; to divide the Islamic world.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' Iranian MP [[Emad Afroogh]] alleged that &quot;Jewish rabbis&quot; were responsible for Sheikh [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]'s shift away from his previous moderation toward Shi'ites.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;'' IRGC Navy Commander [[Alireza Tangsiri]], in 2022, claimed that [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] rulers descend from the [[Jews of Medina]] and [[History of the Jews in Khaybar|Khaybar]], enemies of the Prophet [[Muhammad]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;''

Iranian media, including outlets aligned with the reformist faction, have accused Israeli intelligence of making efforts to undermine Shi'ite religious rituals and sow sectarian discord.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=625}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' In one 2019 example, [[Mossad]] was alleged to have trained Israeli Jews as ''maddahan'' (ritual eulogists) to infiltrate mourning assemblies in Iran and deliberately mislead audiences into cursing or blaspheming.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;''

Between 2011 and 2021, Iranian institutions organized dozens of ideologically driven conferences with provocative titles such as ''&quot;Zionism and the [[SARS]] Disease&quot;'', ''&quot;[[Rwandan genocide|Genocide in Rwanda]] and in [[Palestinian genocide accusation|Gaza]]&quot;'' (where only one speaker addressed Rwanda and the remaining fifteen focused on Gaza), and ''&quot;Judaism and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]: A Diabolical Conspiracy&quot;'', showing the regime's effort to link Zionism with global ills.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=207–208}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' These events, while often poorly attended, are publicly portrayed as major intellectual gatherings, with state media describing a half-empty auditorium as &quot;standing room only&quot; at a conference titled ''&quot;The Jewish Roots of [[MI6|MI-6]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;''

== Responses ==
===Academic===
[[Efraim Karsh]], a British–Israeli historian of Middle Eastern politics, has described Iran's posture toward Israel as [[Genocide|genocidal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes &quot;the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East&quot; and carries &quot;the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; American journalist [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] suggests that if Iran acquired nuclear weapons, it would likely intensify its efforts to destroy Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words &quot;Death to Israel&quot; in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]]

According to Ze'ev Magen, ''[[Death to Israel]]'' (''marg bar Esra'il''), along with ''[[Death to America]]'', has been a commonly used slogan by Iranian officials for over a quarter of a century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Magen suggests the call for the conquest of Jerusalem is portrayed as a unifying ''[[jihad]]'' that could redirect Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran, which positions Iran as the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== Hardliner support within Iran ===
According to [[Mehdi Khalaji]], a new generation of Iranian hardliners, closely tied to the Supreme Leader and the IRGC, has embraced the regime's doctrines, with many believing that Iran is a rising power, the United States is in decline, and that &quot;Israel’s days are numbered.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Opposition within Iran ===
[[Sadegh Zibakalam]], an emeritus professor of political science at the [[University of Tehran]], has frequently spoken out against the regime's aggressive policies. He says that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian issue and even expressing support for figures like Benjamin Netanyahu and Donald Trump. This support does not stem from alignment with their policies, but rather from opposition to the Iranian regime and its backing of groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah. Due to his statements, Zibakalam served an 18-month prison sentence and as of March 2025 was under investigation again, potentially facing further imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abdollah Nouri]], a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was sentenced to five years in prison in 1999 (making him the most senior Islamic Republic official to be jailed since the revolution) reportedly for, among other charges, openly challenging Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford ; New York |pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jewish religious responses ===
Following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]], Jewish religious leaders voiced concern over the potential implications of the new Islamic Republic's policies for Israel and Jewish communities in the region. [[Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], known as the [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]], described the revolution as a significant turning point in global politics. In public addresses at the time, he warned that Iran's challenge to the [[United States]] would weaken American influence and embolden hostility toward [[Israel]]. The Rebbe also expressed alarm for the safety of the Jewish community in Iran, which then numbered approximately 50,000, and advocated for a communal day of fasting and prayer in response to the escalating crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Shamir |first=Shlomo |title=The Israeli Journalist, Iran, and the Rebbe's Vision |url=https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2608163/jewish/The-Israeli-Journalist-Iran-and-the-Rebbes-Vision.htm |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Chabad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcat]] fighter jet on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan &quot;Down with Israel&quot; next to the word &quot;Expired&quot; (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth&quot; inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019)
File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase &quot;Death to Israel&quot; displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading &quot;Down with Israel&quot;) at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019)
File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan &quot;Israel will not see more than five years into the future&quot; inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019)
File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015)
File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|[[Hossein Shariatmadari]], editor of the Iranian newspaper ''[[Kayhan]]'', stepping on an Israeli flag at [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] (2015)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Iran]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Iran]]
[[Category:Propaganda in Iran]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide of Jews]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in Iran]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1185" sha1="29aj6ukr1ept4i9qr5ptbgaleeuen6x" xml:space="preserve">== Spun out from [[w:Iran-Israel relations]] ==

Copied from [[w:Iran-Israel relations]] after another article was merged into it: [[w:Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy]] after a deletion discussion.

As the &quot;relations&quot; article is very large already, I'm re-creating section on the Islamic republic's destruction policy, as a [[w:WP:SPINOUT]].  It can be analyzed more thoroughly here, as [[Wikiversity:Original research]] is permitted here.

There are many &quot;government policy&quot; articles on Wikipedia.  For example America's [[w:Wet feet, dry feet policy]], 
or China's [[w:One-child policy]].  So accusations of POV fork made in the deletion discussion, were and are unfounded. There are many forks or spinouts of this policy type.  This content area has an article on a ''proposed'' policy of [[w:Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank]].  

If the article gets merged somewhere, it should have been into an #In_Iranian_policy section of  the [[w:Death to Israel]], with that article's content divided on the basis of Country. [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 00:13, 26 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture</title>
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      <text bytes="3384" sha1="tlcy0z0qfyconmn5j10xydicpkh9cae" xml:space="preserve">'''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)''' is a proposed '''structural field''' within [[cognitive psychology]] that investigates the internal system configurations that enable, sustain, or inhibit cognitive effort. Unlike traditional models that emphasize motivational intention, emotional state, or behavioral output, CDA focuses on the '''structural conditions''' necessary for Drive to emerge at all.

CDA does not explain '''why''' individuals value certain goals or '''how''' they perform tasks once engaged. Instead, it addresses a more foundational layer of inquiry: '''what internal alignments must be present for goal-directed effort to begin, persist, or destabilize in real time.'''

The '''core theory''' that defines and operationalizes CDA is '''Lagunian Dynamics''', a first-principles structural model that formalizes Drive as an emergent property of six internal variables, distributed across three functional domains. These variables belong to Lagunian Dynamics specifically and are used to '''define CDA’s field-level scope''' by differentiating it from trait-based or content-driven psychological theories.

This course introduces CDA as a field through the lens of Lagunian Dynamics, detailing its variables, domain architecture, the Drive Equation, and its empirical and applied implications.

[[File:Temporal curve of Drive generation and decline across the three CDA domains.png|thumb|Temporal curve of Drive generation and decline across the three Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) domains.|600px|center]]

==Learning Objectives==
This course is designed to help learners:
* Understand the '''scope and structural identity''' of Cognitive Drive Architecture as a distinct field in cognitive psychology.
* Explain how '''Lagunian Dynamics''' defines the internal architecture of effort within the CDA field.
* Describe the '''six structural variables''' (Primode, CAP, Flexion, Anchory, Grain, Slip) introduced by Lagunian Dynamics.
* Interpret the functional roles of the '''Ignition''', '''Tension''', and '''Flux''' domains in shaping Drive.
* Analyze the structure and implications of the '''Drive Equation'''.
* Identify common effort breakdowns as patterns of '''variable misconfiguration'''.
* Apply CDA-informed reasoning to '''educational, clinical, technological, and performance contexts'''.

== Modules ==
* Module 1: [[/Introduction to Cognitive Drive Architecture/]]
* Module 2: [[/Lagunian Dynamics (Core Theory and Assumptions)/]]
* Module 3: [[/The Ignition Domain (Primode and CAP)/]]
* Module 4: [[/The Tension Domain (Flexion, Anchory, and Grain)/]]
* Module 5: [[/The Flux Domain (Slip and System Variability)/]]
* Module 6: [[/The Drive Equation (Structural Modeling of Effort)/]]
* Module 7: [[/Structural Failure Modes and Configuration Patterns/]]
* Module 8: [[/Applications of Cognitive Drive Architecture/]]
* Module 9: [[/Low-Tech Implementation Strategies/]]
* Module 10: [[/Research Directions and Empirical Opportunities/]]
* Module 11: [[/Course Summary and Synthesis/]]

==See also==
{{wikiquote | Cognitive Drive Architecture}}
* [[Cognition]]
* [[Portal:Cognitive psychology|Topic:Cognitive psychology]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cognitive Drive Architecture}}
[[Category:Cognitive Systems| ]]
[[Category:Cognitive science]]
[[Category:Cognitive psychology]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]
__INDEX__</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Introduction to Cognitive Drive Architecture</title>
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      <text bytes="3591" sha1="1iwirmf795p9q5qjp9yc30ffvyk8hu4" xml:space="preserve">==1.1. Background and Rationale==
'''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)''' emerges as a proposed '''structural field''' in cognitive psychology, responding to a persistent empirical puzzle: '''individuals frequently fail to engage in tasks despite having clear goals, sufficient understanding, and meaningful emotional investment.''' This breakdown is observed across education, therapy, performance, and creative domains.

Traditional models of motivation, executive function, and behavioral decision-making offer partial explanations but do not formally model the '''structural preconditions''' required for Drive to occur in real time. CDA addresses this gap by reframing effort not as a consequence of willpower, value, or skill, but as the emergent result of a cognitive system’s '''internal configuration'''.

CDA positions itself as a '''host field''' that models effort '''beneath''' motivation and executive control, emphasizing the structural alignment of system variables that must be present for action to begin and persist. These internal dynamics are not defined within CDA itself but are made explicit through its '''core theoretical foundation: Lagunian Dynamics'''.

==1.2. Distinction from Adjacent Frameworks==
CDA operates at a distinct level of analysis from conventional psychological models. It does not compete with them but provides the '''structural substrate''' in which they function or fail to. The table below outlines this relationship:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative positioning of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) relative to major psychological frameworks.
|-
! Framework !! Focus of Explanation !! CDA Interaction
|-
| Self-Determination Theory || Psychological needs and motivation || May influence CAP, but does not determine system ignition
|-
| Executive Function Models || Control processes: inhibition, working memory || Operate within Lagunian Dynamics' Tension domain
|-
| Behavioral Economics || Preferences, discounting, rational choice || Describe the effects of CDA-aligned or misaligned states
|-
| Cognitive Architectures || Procedural cognition simulation || Assume Drive is active; CDA models its entry conditions
|-
|}

'''CDA does not replace these models'''. Rather, it provides a structural lens to understand whether cognitive effort occurs at all and why engagement may fail even in systems with intact goals, knowledge, and intent.

==1.3. Structural Assumptions==
CDA is defined by the structural relationships formalized in '''Lagunian Dynamics''', the core theory that gives CDA its variable architecture. This theory proposes that Drive is not a scalar function of motivation or attention but a '''dynamic output''' generated by six structural variables operating within a cognitive system.

These variables are:

* '''Primode:''' ignition threshold required to initiate Drive
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' emotional-volitional “voltage” modulating Primode
* '''Flexion:''' adaptability of the task to the internal structure of the system
* '''Anchory:''' attentional tethering force stabilizing engagement
* '''Grain:''' internal resistance that interrupts or impedes Drive
* '''Slip:''' systemic entropy producing variability in otherwise stable systems

Each variable belongs specifically to '''Lagunian Dynamics''', not to CDA in general. Together, they define the '''mechanics''' of Drive as a system output, not a resource or trait. Their configuration determines whether a system transitions from passive readiness to active engagement and whether that engagement remains stable or collapses.</text>
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      <text bytes="3634" sha1="bezywo8p2jkal5b19o5609zdgyeoc7k" xml:space="preserve">==1.1. Background and Rationale==
'''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)''' emerges as a proposed '''structural field''' in cognitive psychology, responding to a persistent empirical puzzle: '''individuals frequently fail to engage in tasks despite having clear goals, sufficient understanding, and meaningful emotional investment.''' This breakdown is observed across education, therapy, performance, and creative domains.

Traditional models of motivation, executive function, and behavioral decision-making offer partial explanations but do not formally model the '''structural preconditions''' required for Drive to occur in real time. CDA addresses this gap by reframing effort not as a consequence of willpower, value, or skill, but as the emergent result of a cognitive system’s '''internal configuration'''.

CDA positions itself as a '''host field''' that models effort '''beneath''' motivation and executive control, emphasizing the structural alignment of system variables that must be present for action to begin and persist. These internal dynamics are not defined within CDA itself but are made explicit through its '''core theoretical foundation: Lagunian Dynamics'''.

==1.2. Distinction from Adjacent Frameworks==
CDA operates at a distinct level of analysis from conventional psychological models. It does not compete with them but provides the '''structural substrate''' in which they function or fail to. The table below outlines this relationship:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparative positioning of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) relative to major psychological frameworks.
|-
! Framework !! Focus of Explanation !! CDA Interaction
|-
| Self-Determination Theory || Psychological needs and motivation || May influence CAP, but does not determine system ignition
|-
| Executive Function Models || Control processes: inhibition, working memory || Operate within Lagunian Dynamics' Tension domain
|-
| Behavioral Economics || Preferences, discounting, rational choice || Describe the effects of CDA-aligned or misaligned states
|-
| Cognitive Architectures || Procedural cognition simulation || Assume Drive is active; CDA models its entry conditions
|-
|}

'''CDA does not replace these models'''. Rather, it provides a structural lens to understand whether cognitive effort occurs at all and why engagement may fail even in systems with intact goals, knowledge, and intent.

==1.3. Structural Assumptions==
CDA is defined by the structural relationships formalized in '''Lagunian Dynamics''', the core theory that gives CDA its variable architecture. This theory proposes that Drive is not a scalar function of motivation or attention but a '''dynamic output''' generated by six structural variables operating within a cognitive system.

These variables are:

* '''Primode:''' ignition threshold required to initiate Drive
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' emotional-volitional “voltage” modulating Primode
* '''Flexion:''' adaptability of the task to the internal structure of the system
* '''Anchory:''' attentional tethering force stabilizing engagement
* '''Grain:''' internal resistance that interrupts or impedes Drive
* '''Slip:''' systemic entropy producing variability in otherwise stable systems

Each variable belongs specifically to '''Lagunian Dynamics''', not to CDA in general. Together, they define the '''mechanics''' of Drive as a system output, not a resource or trait. Their configuration determines whether a system transitions from passive readiness to active engagement and whether that engagement remains stable or collapses.

[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4758" sha1="kapmj849ioy59n2vb7z34d790x4df7c" xml:space="preserve">==2.1. Overview==
'''Lagunian Dynamics''' is the '''core theoretical model''' that defines the structural mechanics underlying the field of '''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)'''. It formalizes the internal variable interactions that give rise to Drive, not as a trait or motivational state, but as a '''system-level output''' resulting from structural configuration.

Unlike psychological theories that rely on intention, value, or emotion to explain effort, Lagunian Dynamics treats Drive as an '''emergent phenomenon'''. It arises from the interaction of six defined variables that function within a cognitive system's architecture. These variables are not descriptive of behavior or traits; they are '''modeled structurally''', forming the operational backbone of CDA as a field.

==2.2. Variables and Domains==
Lagunian Dynamics defines six structural variables, distributed across three '''functional domains'''. Each domain captures a distinct '''systemic role''' in cognitive effort, operating '''simultaneously''', not sequentially:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Domain organization of the field of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), showing the structural grouping of variables and their system-level functions
|-
! Domain !! Variables !! System Function
|-
| Ignition || Primode, CAP || Determines if and when Drive is initiated
|-
| Tension || Flexion, Anchory, Grain || Governs sustained engagement and task stability
|-
| Flux || Example || Introduces system variability and entropy
|}

These domains interact dynamically in real time, shaping whether effort begins, holds, or destabilizes.

==2.3. Functional Definitions of Variables==
All six variables are structurally defined; they refer to internal alignment or misalignment conditions, not personality, mood, or motivation. They are as follows:

* '''Primode:''' The '''ignition threshold''', a binary gate. Without its activation, Drive does not begin. It represents the structural readiness to engage, not desire or intention alone.
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' A modulator of Primode. It amplifies ignition intensity '''exponentially''' but has no effect if Primode is inactive. CAP reflects affective-volitional energy structurally, not motivational want.
* '''Flexion:''' Describes the degree to which a task can be '''internally reshaped''' to match the current cognitive configuration. High Flexion feels fluid; low Flexion feels structurally rigid, regardless of content difficulty.
* '''Anchory:''' Models '''attentional tethering''', the structural force that stabilizes attention over time. It resists distraction but does not create attention.
* '''Grain:''' Represents internal '''friction or resistance''', such as dissonance, mental drag, or affective tension that interrupts sustained Drive.
* '''Slip:''' Reflects '''system entropy''', internal stochastic variability in performance. It does not signal failure but introduces unpredictability across otherwise consistent configurations.

'''Note:''' These variables are not constructs of CDA generically; they '''belong specifically to Lagunian Dynamics''', which provides CDA its structural identity.

==2.4. Interactions and System Logic==
Lagunian Dynamics treats variable interaction as continuous and conditionally constrained. The following principles define its logic:

* '''Primode must be active''' for CAP to modulate Drive. Without ignition, CAP’s intensity has no impact.
* '''Flexion''' does not initiate Drive but governs whether Drive, once started, sustains or collapses.
* '''Anchory and Grain''' act in tension: one stabilizes task engagement, the other disrupts it. Their balance determines stability.
* '''Slip''' operates '''outside''' the main structural control loop; it adds entropy even in well-aligned systems, accounting for intra-individual variability under identical conditions.

This interactional logic allows the model to simulate not only the onset of action but also the '''instability and decay of engagement'''.

==2.5. Structural Framing==
Lagunian Dynamics is not a metaphor or heuristic. It is a '''first-principles structural system''' defining how internal configurations generate or fail to generate Drive. It rests on three central propositions:
* '''Drive is a system output''', not a trait, state, or resource.
* '''Motivation, attention, and emotion''' are modulators or correlates, but not sufficient causes of Drive.
* '''Failure to act''' is often the result of '''misconfiguration''', not laziness, lack of will, or incapacity.

This model reframes effort breakdowns such as procrastination, burnout, or inconsistency not as flaws in personality but as '''structurally explainable system states''', measurable, interpretable, and potentially modifiable.</text>
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      <text bytes="4801" sha1="rey99vst6muzbk71ge7s512n6huerks" xml:space="preserve">==2.1. Overview==
'''Lagunian Dynamics''' is the '''core theoretical model''' that defines the structural mechanics underlying the field of '''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)'''. It formalizes the internal variable interactions that give rise to Drive, not as a trait or motivational state, but as a '''system-level output''' resulting from structural configuration.

Unlike psychological theories that rely on intention, value, or emotion to explain effort, Lagunian Dynamics treats Drive as an '''emergent phenomenon'''. It arises from the interaction of six defined variables that function within a cognitive system's architecture. These variables are not descriptive of behavior or traits; they are '''modeled structurally''', forming the operational backbone of CDA as a field.

==2.2. Variables and Domains==
Lagunian Dynamics defines six structural variables, distributed across three '''functional domains'''. Each domain captures a distinct '''systemic role''' in cognitive effort, operating '''simultaneously''', not sequentially:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Domain organization of the field of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), showing the structural grouping of variables and their system-level functions
|-
! Domain !! Variables !! System Function
|-
| Ignition || Primode, CAP || Determines if and when Drive is initiated
|-
| Tension || Flexion, Anchory, Grain || Governs sustained engagement and task stability
|-
| Flux || Example || Introduces system variability and entropy
|}

These domains interact dynamically in real time, shaping whether effort begins, holds, or destabilizes.

==2.3. Functional Definitions of Variables==
All six variables are structurally defined; they refer to internal alignment or misalignment conditions, not personality, mood, or motivation. They are as follows:

* '''Primode:''' The '''ignition threshold''', a binary gate. Without its activation, Drive does not begin. It represents the structural readiness to engage, not desire or intention alone.
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' A modulator of Primode. It amplifies ignition intensity '''exponentially''' but has no effect if Primode is inactive. CAP reflects affective-volitional energy structurally, not motivational want.
* '''Flexion:''' Describes the degree to which a task can be '''internally reshaped''' to match the current cognitive configuration. High Flexion feels fluid; low Flexion feels structurally rigid, regardless of content difficulty.
* '''Anchory:''' Models '''attentional tethering''', the structural force that stabilizes attention over time. It resists distraction but does not create attention.
* '''Grain:''' Represents internal '''friction or resistance''', such as dissonance, mental drag, or affective tension that interrupts sustained Drive.
* '''Slip:''' Reflects '''system entropy''', internal stochastic variability in performance. It does not signal failure but introduces unpredictability across otherwise consistent configurations.

'''Note:''' These variables are not constructs of CDA generically; they '''belong specifically to Lagunian Dynamics''', which provides CDA its structural identity.

==2.4. Interactions and System Logic==
Lagunian Dynamics treats variable interaction as continuous and conditionally constrained. The following principles define its logic:

* '''Primode must be active''' for CAP to modulate Drive. Without ignition, CAP’s intensity has no impact.
* '''Flexion''' does not initiate Drive but governs whether Drive, once started, sustains or collapses.
* '''Anchory and Grain''' act in tension: one stabilizes task engagement, the other disrupts it. Their balance determines stability.
* '''Slip''' operates '''outside''' the main structural control loop; it adds entropy even in well-aligned systems, accounting for intra-individual variability under identical conditions.

This interactional logic allows the model to simulate not only the onset of action but also the '''instability and decay of engagement'''.

==2.5. Structural Framing==
Lagunian Dynamics is not a metaphor or heuristic. It is a '''first-principles structural system''' defining how internal configurations generate or fail to generate Drive. It rests on three central propositions:
* '''Drive is a system output''', not a trait, state, or resource.
* '''Motivation, attention, and emotion''' are modulators or correlates, but not sufficient causes of Drive.
* '''Failure to act''' is often the result of '''misconfiguration''', not laziness, lack of will, or incapacity.

This model reframes effort breakdowns such as procrastination, burnout, or inconsistency not as flaws in personality but as '''structurally explainable system states''', measurable, interpretable, and potentially modifiable.

[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]</text>
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    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/The Ignition Domain (Primode and CAP)</title>
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      <text bytes="5011" sha1="aayy0tki9zqcc486e078oa8385kcgev" xml:space="preserve">==3.1. Introduction to the Ignition Domain==

The '''Ignition Domain''', as defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics''', models the structural preconditions necessary for '''Drive to begin'''. It does not explain goal value or task appeal; these belong to motivational or evaluative theories. Instead, this domain asks: '''What must be structurally present for intention to transition into action?'''

Two variables operate within this domain:

* '''Primode:''' the ignition threshold variable
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' an affective-volitional voltage amplifier

These variables work in tandem to determine whether a cognitive task is entered at all. Without their coordinated presence, effort does not begin, no matter how valuable, urgent, or emotionally charged the goal appears.

==3.2. Primode: The Structural Ignition Threshold==

'''Primode''' is a '''binary structural variable''' that determines whether the system transitions from passive readiness to active engagement. It is not influenced by personality, motivation level, or willpower; it functions like a circuit switch: '''either on or off'''.

'''Key Characteristics:'''

* Not a trait or scalar motivation level.
* Ignition occurs only when attentional focus and intent structurally align.
* No amount of external incentive or inner desire will initiate action if Primode remains inactive.

'''Conceptual Distinctions:'''
* '''Implementation intentions''' (Gollwitzer, 1999) scaffold behavior but do not model ignition.
* '''Executive gatekeeping''' (Chatham &amp; Badre, 2015) controls information flow, not engagement onset.

In Lagunian Dynamics, '''Primode is necessary but not sufficient for Drive'''. It opens the gate, but acceleration depends on downstream structural factors, primarily CAP.

==3.3. CAP: Cognitive Activation Potential==
'''CAP''' is a '''volitional-affective amplifier''' that modulates the ignition system once Primode is structurally active. It is not a measure of desire or motivation, but of the system’s '''energetic readiness''' to transition into action.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* Modeled as an '''exponential voltage amplifier''', not a linear force.
* Has '''no impact if Primode = 0'''; it only modulates, not initiates.
* When active, even moderate CAP can '''cause rapid Drive acceleration'''.

'''Related Constructs (but not equivalent):'''
* '''Motivational intensity theory''' (Brehm &amp; Self, 1989)
* '''Urgency-based engagement''' (Kuhl, 1985; Silvia, 2006)

CAP does not measure whether someone wants to act; it models whether that desire translates into '''usable system energy''' under ignition-ready conditions. This distinction allows Lagunian Dynamics to structurally explain “motivated inaction.”

==3.4. Interaction Between Primode and CAP==
The interaction between Primode and CAP is '''nonlinear and asymmetric''', forming the foundation of the '''Drive Equation''' within Lagunian Dynamics:

'''Interaction Logic:'''
* If '''Primode = 0''', the entire numerator of the Drive Equation collapses to zero; '''CAP has no effect'''.
* If '''CAP = 0, but Primode = 1''', the Drive signal defaults to '''neutral''': Primode&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; = 1
* When '''both are active''', Drive '''escalates rapidly''' due to CAP’s exponential modulation.

'''Examples from Real Systems:'''
* '''High urgency, no action:''' CAP↑ but Primode = 0 → system remains inert.
* '''Delayed starts:''' ignition fails until CAP rises above a functional threshold.
* '''Emotional strain without action:''' high CAP trapped beneath inactive Primode causes agitation or burnout.

==3.5. Examples of Ignition Domain Failures==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive system configurations in the Ignition domain.
|-
! Configuration !! Observed Behavior !! Structural Explanation
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = moderate || Intent exists, but task never begins || Ignition gate not structurally open
|-
| Primode = 1, CAP = low || Task begins slowly, weak engagement || Drive initiated, but minimal activation energy
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = high || Frustration or emotional overload || Energy builds with no ignition pathway
|}

These are not motivational failures or psychological flaws; '''they are configuration states'''. Lagunian Dynamics allows such states to be identified and modeled independently of intention, personality, or external pressure.

==3.6. Empirical Implications==
The structural modeling of the Ignition Domain yields testable predictions for researchers and practitioners:

* '''Time-to-Initiation (TTI)''' should not correlate directly with self-reported motivation.
* '''Primode''' may be inferred through '''readiness potentials''' (e.g., EEG) or '''motor priming latency'''.
* '''CAP''' may be approximated using physiological proxies:
** Skin conductance response (SCR)
** Facial microexpression patterns
** Pupil dilation under task-trigger cues

These predictions create pathways for real-time measurement and experimental validation, forming the empirical basis for later modules in the course.</text>
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      <text bytes="5149" sha1="lf1yp4rgu8ne8i16t4nscyiwb5hcfxt" xml:space="preserve">==3.1. Introduction to the Ignition Domain==

The '''Ignition Domain''', as defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics''', models the structural preconditions necessary for '''Drive to begin'''. It does not explain goal value or task appeal; these belong to motivational or evaluative theories. Instead, this domain asks: '''What must be structurally present for intention to transition into action?'''

Two variables operate within this domain:

* '''Primode:''' the ignition threshold variable
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' an affective-volitional voltage amplifier

These variables work in tandem to determine whether a cognitive task is entered at all. Without their coordinated presence, effort does not begin, no matter how valuable, urgent, or emotionally charged the goal appears.

==3.2. Primode: The Structural Ignition Threshold==

'''Primode''' is a '''binary structural variable''' that determines whether the system transitions from passive readiness to active engagement. It is not influenced by personality, motivation level, or willpower; it functions like a circuit switch: '''either on or off'''.

'''Key Characteristics:'''

* Not a trait or scalar motivation level.
* Ignition occurs only when attentional focus and intent structurally align.
* No amount of external incentive or inner desire will initiate action if Primode remains inactive.

'''Conceptual Distinctions:'''
* '''Implementation intentions''' (Gollwitzer, 1999) scaffold behavior but do not model ignition.
* '''Executive gatekeeping''' (Chatham &amp; Badre, 2015) controls information flow, not engagement onset.

In Lagunian Dynamics, '''Primode is necessary but not sufficient for Drive'''. It opens the gate, but acceleration depends on downstream structural factors, primarily CAP.

==3.3. CAP: Cognitive Activation Potential==
'''CAP''' is a '''volitional-affective amplifier''' that modulates the ignition system once Primode is structurally active. It is not a measure of desire or motivation, but of the system’s '''energetic readiness''' to transition into action.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* Modeled as an '''exponential voltage amplifier''', not a linear force.
* Has '''no impact if Primode = 0'''; it only modulates, not initiates.
* When active, even moderate CAP can '''cause rapid Drive acceleration'''.

'''Related Constructs (but not equivalent):'''
* '''Motivational intensity theory''' (Brehm &amp; Self, 1989)
* '''Urgency-based engagement''' (Kuhl, 1985; Silvia, 2006)

CAP does not measure whether someone wants to act; it models whether that desire translates into '''usable system energy''' under ignition-ready conditions. This distinction allows Lagunian Dynamics to structurally explain “motivated inaction.”

==3.4. Interaction Between Primode and CAP==
The interaction between Primode and CAP is '''nonlinear and asymmetric''', forming the foundation of the '''Drive Equation''' within Lagunian Dynamics:

'''Interaction Logic:'''
* If '''Primode = 0''', the entire numerator of the Drive Equation collapses to zero; '''CAP has no effect'''.
* If '''CAP = 0, but Primode = 1''', the Drive signal defaults to '''neutral''': Primode&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; = 1
* When '''both are active''', Drive '''escalates rapidly''' due to CAP’s exponential modulation.

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Examples from Real Systems:'''
* '''High urgency, no action:''' CAP↑ but Primode = 0 → system remains inert.
* '''Delayed starts:''' ignition fails until CAP rises above a functional threshold.
* '''Emotional strain without action:''' high CAP trapped beneath inactive Primode causes agitation or burnout.

==3.5. Examples of Ignition Domain Failures==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive system configurations in the Ignition domain.
|-
! Configuration !! Observed Behavior !! Structural Explanation
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = moderate || Intent exists, but task never begins || Ignition gate not structurally open
|-
| Primode = 1, CAP = low || Task begins slowly, weak engagement || Drive initiated, but minimal activation energy
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = high || Frustration or emotional overload || Energy builds with no ignition pathway
|}

These are not motivational failures or psychological flaws; '''they are configuration states'''. Lagunian Dynamics allows such states to be identified and modeled independently of intention, personality, or external pressure.

==3.6. Empirical Implications==
The structural modeling of the Ignition Domain yields testable predictions for researchers and practitioners:

* '''Time-to-Initiation (TTI)''' should not correlate directly with self-reported motivation.
* '''Primode''' may be inferred through '''readiness potentials''' (e.g., EEG) or '''motor priming latency'''.
* '''CAP''' may be approximated using physiological proxies:
** Skin conductance response (SCR)
** Facial microexpression patterns
** Pupil dilation under task-trigger cues

These predictions create pathways for real-time measurement and experimental validation, forming the empirical basis for later modules in the course.</text>
      <sha1>lf1yp4rgu8ne8i16t4nscyiwb5hcfxt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719692</id>
      <parentid>2719682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T19:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <origin>2719692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5192" sha1="77ng6tkb3tpku2gdcmgarv7ifv5lsgb" xml:space="preserve">==3.1. Introduction to the Ignition Domain==

The '''Ignition Domain''', as defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics''', models the structural preconditions necessary for '''Drive to begin'''. It does not explain goal value or task appeal; these belong to motivational or evaluative theories. Instead, this domain asks: '''What must be structurally present for intention to transition into action?'''

Two variables operate within this domain:

* '''Primode:''' the ignition threshold variable
* '''CAP (Cognitive Activation Potential):''' an affective-volitional voltage amplifier

These variables work in tandem to determine whether a cognitive task is entered at all. Without their coordinated presence, effort does not begin, no matter how valuable, urgent, or emotionally charged the goal appears.

==3.2. Primode: The Structural Ignition Threshold==

'''Primode''' is a '''binary structural variable''' that determines whether the system transitions from passive readiness to active engagement. It is not influenced by personality, motivation level, or willpower; it functions like a circuit switch: '''either on or off'''.

'''Key Characteristics:'''

* Not a trait or scalar motivation level.
* Ignition occurs only when attentional focus and intent structurally align.
* No amount of external incentive or inner desire will initiate action if Primode remains inactive.

'''Conceptual Distinctions:'''
* '''Implementation intentions''' (Gollwitzer, 1999) scaffold behavior but do not model ignition.
* '''Executive gatekeeping''' (Chatham &amp; Badre, 2015) controls information flow, not engagement onset.

In Lagunian Dynamics, '''Primode is necessary but not sufficient for Drive'''. It opens the gate, but acceleration depends on downstream structural factors, primarily CAP.

==3.3. CAP: Cognitive Activation Potential==
'''CAP''' is a '''volitional-affective amplifier''' that modulates the ignition system once Primode is structurally active. It is not a measure of desire or motivation, but of the system’s '''energetic readiness''' to transition into action.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* Modeled as an '''exponential voltage amplifier''', not a linear force.
* Has '''no impact if Primode = 0'''; it only modulates, not initiates.
* When active, even moderate CAP can '''cause rapid Drive acceleration'''.

'''Related Constructs (but not equivalent):'''
* '''Motivational intensity theory''' (Brehm &amp; Self, 1989)
* '''Urgency-based engagement''' (Kuhl, 1985; Silvia, 2006)

CAP does not measure whether someone wants to act; it models whether that desire translates into '''usable system energy''' under ignition-ready conditions. This distinction allows Lagunian Dynamics to structurally explain “motivated inaction.”

==3.4. Interaction Between Primode and CAP==
The interaction between Primode and CAP is '''nonlinear and asymmetric''', forming the foundation of the '''Drive Equation''' within Lagunian Dynamics:

'''Interaction Logic:'''
* If '''Primode = 0''', the entire numerator of the Drive Equation collapses to zero; '''CAP has no effect'''.
* If '''CAP = 0, but Primode = 1''', the Drive signal defaults to '''neutral''': Primode&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; = 1
* When '''both are active''', Drive '''escalates rapidly''' due to CAP’s exponential modulation.

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Examples from Real Systems:'''
* '''High urgency, no action:''' CAP↑ but Primode = 0 → system remains inert.
* '''Delayed starts:''' ignition fails until CAP rises above a functional threshold.
* '''Emotional strain without action:''' high CAP trapped beneath inactive Primode causes agitation or burnout.

==3.5. Examples of Ignition Domain Failures==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive system configurations in the Ignition domain.
|-
! Configuration !! Observed Behavior !! Structural Explanation
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = moderate || Intent exists, but task never begins || Ignition gate not structurally open
|-
| Primode = 1, CAP = low || Task begins slowly, weak engagement || Drive initiated, but minimal activation energy
|-
| Primode = 0, CAP = high || Frustration or emotional overload || Energy builds with no ignition pathway
|}

These are not motivational failures or psychological flaws; '''they are configuration states'''. Lagunian Dynamics allows such states to be identified and modeled independently of intention, personality, or external pressure.

==3.6. Empirical Implications==
The structural modeling of the Ignition Domain yields testable predictions for researchers and practitioners:

* '''Time-to-Initiation (TTI)''' should not correlate directly with self-reported motivation.
* '''Primode''' may be inferred through '''readiness potentials''' (e.g., EEG) or '''motor priming latency'''.
* '''CAP''' may be approximated using physiological proxies:
** Skin conductance response (SCR)
** Facial microexpression patterns
** Pupil dilation under task-trigger cues

These predictions create pathways for real-time measurement and experimental validation, forming the empirical basis for later modules in the course.

[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]</text>
      <sha1>77ng6tkb3tpku2gdcmgarv7ifv5lsgb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/The Tension Domain (Flexion, Anchory, and Grain)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719681</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T16:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Tension Domain (Flexion, Anchory, and Grain) page has been created.</comment>
      <origin>2719681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5759" sha1="52vjzhz28m9109wqthgtlv0iey51vus" xml:space="preserve">==4.1. Overview==
The '''Tension Domain''', as defined in '''Lagunian Dynamics''', governs the '''stability and sustainability''' of Drive once cognitive effort has been initiated. While the Ignition Domain models whether Drive begins, the Tension Domain determines whether that effort can be maintained or whether it will fragment, stall, or decay under structural strain.

This domain is composed of three interacting structural variables:

* '''Flexion:''' adaptability of the task to the cognitive system
* '''Anchory:''' attentional tethering force
* '''Grain:''' internal resistance and systemic friction

These variables do not measure emotional states or task difficulty. Instead, they define whether the '''alignment between system and task''' remains coherent across time. Their interplay models the '''mechanical stability''' of Drive.

==4.2. Flexion: Structural Adaptability==
'''Flexion''' represents the degree to which a task can be internally reshaped to match the system’s real-time cognitive structure. It is not a measure of difficulty or flow state but of '''task malleability''', how workable the task feels moment to moment.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* '''High Flexion''' → The task conforms easily to the user’s cognitive state; engagement flows.
* '''Low Flexion''' → The task feels rigid or incompatible, even if conceptually understood.

'''Important Distinctions:'''
* '''Flexion ≠ fluency:''' it's not about ease of processing, but adaptability to internal form.
* '''Flexion ≠ flow:''' it does not imply enjoyment, only structural fit.

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Cognitive fluency''' (Alter &amp; Oppenheimer, 2009)
* '''Task affordances''' (Norman, 1988)
* '''Mental model alignment''' (Johnson-Laird, 1983)

Flexion is central to understanding why some tasks, despite being familiar or valued, still feel unworkable, a structural, not motivational, misfit.

==4.3. Anchory: Attentional Tethering==
'''Anchory''' models the force that '''binds attention''' to the task environment. It does not generate attention but stabilizes it against drift and distraction. Anchory determines whether focus can hold once initiated.

==Key Characteristics:==
* '''High Anchory''' → Attention remains stable over time despite minor interruptions.
* '''Low Anchory''' → Focus fragments easily, even under minimal friction.

Anchory is dynamic; it can degrade with rising Grain or under sustained entropy (Slip).

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Sustained attention''' (Posner &amp; Petersen, 1990)
* '''Executive attentional control''' (Kane &amp; Engle, 2003)

'''Anchory is not capacity-based'''; it's a structural tether. A person may have attention but lack the stability to maintain it under strain.

==4.4. Grain: Internal Resistance==
'''Grain models the frictional forces''' that disrupt sustained effort. These forces can be cognitive (e.g., overload, dissonance) or emotional (e.g., boredom, tension). Grain does not represent emotional states, but the '''structural drag''' they exert on task engagement.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* '''High Grain''' → task feels abrasive; effort is costly and unstable.
* '''Low Grain''' → engagement feels smooth; resistance is minimal.

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Affective resistance''' (Inzlicht et al., 2015)
* '''Intrinsic task aversion'''
* '''Cognitive load''' (Sweller, 1988)

Grain is not a mood or feeling, it's a disruptive force that destabilizes Anchory and limits usable Flexion.

==4.5. Structural Interactions Within the Tension Domain==
The Tension Domain is best understood through interactional balance:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Tension domain variables in Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA).
|-
! Variable !! Structural Role !! Effect on Engagement
|-
| Flexion || Task-to-mind adaptability || Increases fluidity, reduces structural tension
|-
| Anchory || Focus stabilization || Maintains attention over time
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance || Disrupts focus, accelerates disengagement
|}

'''Key interactions:'''
* '''Flexion''' supports adaptability; the system reshapes the task to its internal state.
* '''Anchory''' maintains tethering but can fail if Grain rises too fast.
* '''Grain''' introduces destabilization, eroding both Anchory and perceived Flexion.

Drive collapse often results from this triadic imbalance, not from willpower failure, but from structural misalignment.

==4.6. Examples of Tension Domain Failure Patterns==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Structural failure configurations in the Tension domain of CDA.
|-
! Configuration !! Observed Outcome !! Interpretation
|-
| Flexion ↓, Grain ↑ || Rapid disengagement after initial effort || Task misfit causes overload and retreat
|-
| Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ || Gradual fragmentation of focus || Tether weakens under affective friction
|-
| Anchory ↑, Flexion ↓ || &quot;Busy work&quot; without progress || Focus is present, but engagement is non-adaptive
|}

These breakdowns are often misattributed to laziness or distraction. Lagunian Dynamics reinterprets them as '''configuration failures''', traceable to real-time structural variables.

==4.7. Empirical Considerations==
Each Tension Domain variable is open to empirical modeling and measurement:
* '''Flexion:'''
** Self-reported task–mind fit
** Cursor movement smoothness
** Problem-solving fluency patterns
* '''Anchory:'''
** Eye-tracking fixation duration
** Blink frequency
** Attentional drift markers
* '''Grain:'''
** Subjective resistance or friction scales
** Heart rate variability (HRV) under load
** Facial micro-EMG (e.g., brow tension)

These measures offer a path toward validating the '''structural mechanics of Drive''' in dynamic, real-world tasks, a key aim of CDA as a field defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics'''.</text>
      <sha1>52vjzhz28m9109wqthgtlv0iey51vus</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719693</id>
      <parentid>2719681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T19:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <origin>2719693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5801" sha1="lb0zryzh7al0d9jcfv09f0s6p4d3rcv" xml:space="preserve">==4.1. Overview==
The '''Tension Domain''', as defined in '''Lagunian Dynamics''', governs the '''stability and sustainability''' of Drive once cognitive effort has been initiated. While the Ignition Domain models whether Drive begins, the Tension Domain determines whether that effort can be maintained or whether it will fragment, stall, or decay under structural strain.

This domain is composed of three interacting structural variables:

* '''Flexion:''' adaptability of the task to the cognitive system
* '''Anchory:''' attentional tethering force
* '''Grain:''' internal resistance and systemic friction

These variables do not measure emotional states or task difficulty. Instead, they define whether the '''alignment between system and task''' remains coherent across time. Their interplay models the '''mechanical stability''' of Drive.

==4.2. Flexion: Structural Adaptability==
'''Flexion''' represents the degree to which a task can be internally reshaped to match the system’s real-time cognitive structure. It is not a measure of difficulty or flow state but of '''task malleability''', how workable the task feels moment to moment.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* '''High Flexion''' → The task conforms easily to the user’s cognitive state; engagement flows.
* '''Low Flexion''' → The task feels rigid or incompatible, even if conceptually understood.

'''Important Distinctions:'''
* '''Flexion ≠ fluency:''' it's not about ease of processing, but adaptability to internal form.
* '''Flexion ≠ flow:''' it does not imply enjoyment, only structural fit.

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Cognitive fluency''' (Alter &amp; Oppenheimer, 2009)
* '''Task affordances''' (Norman, 1988)
* '''Mental model alignment''' (Johnson-Laird, 1983)

Flexion is central to understanding why some tasks, despite being familiar or valued, still feel unworkable, a structural, not motivational, misfit.

==4.3. Anchory: Attentional Tethering==
'''Anchory''' models the force that '''binds attention''' to the task environment. It does not generate attention but stabilizes it against drift and distraction. Anchory determines whether focus can hold once initiated.

==Key Characteristics:==
* '''High Anchory''' → Attention remains stable over time despite minor interruptions.
* '''Low Anchory''' → Focus fragments easily, even under minimal friction.

Anchory is dynamic; it can degrade with rising Grain or under sustained entropy (Slip).

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Sustained attention''' (Posner &amp; Petersen, 1990)
* '''Executive attentional control''' (Kane &amp; Engle, 2003)

'''Anchory is not capacity-based'''; it's a structural tether. A person may have attention but lack the stability to maintain it under strain.

==4.4. Grain: Internal Resistance==
'''Grain models the frictional forces''' that disrupt sustained effort. These forces can be cognitive (e.g., overload, dissonance) or emotional (e.g., boredom, tension). Grain does not represent emotional states, but the '''structural drag''' they exert on task engagement.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* '''High Grain''' → task feels abrasive; effort is costly and unstable.
* '''Low Grain''' → engagement feels smooth; resistance is minimal.

'''Related Constructs:'''
* '''Affective resistance''' (Inzlicht et al., 2015)
* '''Intrinsic task aversion'''
* '''Cognitive load''' (Sweller, 1988)

Grain is not a mood or feeling, it's a disruptive force that destabilizes Anchory and limits usable Flexion.

==4.5. Structural Interactions Within the Tension Domain==
The Tension Domain is best understood through interactional balance:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Tension domain variables in Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA).
|-
! Variable !! Structural Role !! Effect on Engagement
|-
| Flexion || Task-to-mind adaptability || Increases fluidity, reduces structural tension
|-
| Anchory || Focus stabilization || Maintains attention over time
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance || Disrupts focus, accelerates disengagement
|}

'''Key interactions:'''
* '''Flexion''' supports adaptability; the system reshapes the task to its internal state.
* '''Anchory''' maintains tethering but can fail if Grain rises too fast.
* '''Grain''' introduces destabilization, eroding both Anchory and perceived Flexion.

Drive collapse often results from this triadic imbalance, not from willpower failure, but from structural misalignment.

==4.6. Examples of Tension Domain Failure Patterns==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Structural failure configurations in the Tension domain of CDA.
|-
! Configuration !! Observed Outcome !! Interpretation
|-
| Flexion ↓, Grain ↑ || Rapid disengagement after initial effort || Task misfit causes overload and retreat
|-
| Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ || Gradual fragmentation of focus || Tether weakens under affective friction
|-
| Anchory ↑, Flexion ↓ || &quot;Busy work&quot; without progress || Focus is present, but engagement is non-adaptive
|}

These breakdowns are often misattributed to laziness or distraction. Lagunian Dynamics reinterprets them as '''configuration failures''', traceable to real-time structural variables.

==4.7. Empirical Considerations==
Each Tension Domain variable is open to empirical modeling and measurement:
* '''Flexion:'''
** Self-reported task–mind fit
** Cursor movement smoothness
** Problem-solving fluency patterns
* '''Anchory:'''
** Eye-tracking fixation duration
** Blink frequency
** Attentional drift markers
* '''Grain:'''
** Subjective resistance or friction scales
** Heart rate variability (HRV) under load
** Facial micro-EMG (e.g., brow tension)

These measures offer a path toward validating the '''structural mechanics of Drive''' in dynamic, real-world tasks, a key aim of CDA as a field defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics'''.
[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]</text>
      <sha1>lb0zryzh7al0d9jcfv09f0s6p4d3rcv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/The Flux Domain (Slip and System Variability)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719683</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T16:57:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Flux Domain (Slip and System Variability) page has been created.</comment>
      <origin>2719683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5023" sha1="ntbf0sunw2vvidhthrukfxb28hog4ja" xml:space="preserve">==5.1. Overview==
The '''Flux Domain''', as defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics''', models the structural basis for '''endogenous variability''' in cognitive performance. Whereas the Ignition and Tension Domains govern whether Drive begins and whether it sustains, the Flux Domain addresses the '''stability''' of Drive's output over time.

This domain is composed of a '''single variable''':

* '''Slip:''' internal entropy or stochastic variability

Slip doesn't initiate or terminate engagement. Instead, it introduces '''inherent irregularity into performance''', even when all other structural variables are optimally aligned. It accounts for '''intra-individual inconsistency''' that cannot be traced to external context, task difficulty, or motivational fluctuation.

==5.2. Slip: Structural Entropy in Cognitive Performance==
'''Slip''' represents '''baseline entropy''' within the Drive system, a persistent, internally generated variability. It is not conceptualized as dysfunction or failure but as a '''native property''' of dynamic cognitive architecture.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* Slip is not a bug in the system; it is a '''baseline condition''' of all engagement.
* It reflects '''internal instability''', not loss of motivation or attention.
* High-Slip states may present as erratic performance, sudden disengagement, or unexplained lapses.
* Slip interacts with the Ignition and Tension Domains but remains '''functionally independent''' in the Drive Equation:
&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

Unlike other terms, '''Slip is additive'''. It does not amplify or suppress Drive directly; it '''modulates consistency''', not magnitude.

==5.3. Role of Slip in Explaining Performance Variability==
Traditional models often explain behavioral inconsistency as:

* Measurement error
* Temporary distraction
* Mood fluctuation
* Arousal or willpower failure

In contrast, '''Lagunian Dynamics reframes variability as structural entropy'''. Slip accounts for:
* '''Abrupt lapses''' in focus despite high motivation and clear intention
* '''Unpredictable shifts''' in productivity under identical conditions
* '''Emotional residue''' from prior tasks that destabilizes performance without conscious awareness

Slip allows CDA to structurally model what appears as “noise” in other paradigms as a signal.

==5.4. Distinctions and Related Constructs==
While no prior model formalizes Slip as Lagunian Dynamics does, it is conceptually adjacent to:

* '''Mind-wandering''' (Smallwood &amp; Schooler, 2015)
* '''Intra-individual variability in attention or reaction time''' (MacDonald et al., 2006)
* '''Cognitive effort limits in high-load tasks''' (Kahneman, 1973)

'''The critical distinction:'''
* Other models treat variability as interference or error.
* '''Lagunian Dynamics treats Slip as a structural feature''', part of the system’s functional reality.

==5.5. Measurement and Empirical Indicators==
Slip can be approximated through multimodal physiological and behavioral signals, especially when other variables (e.g., CAP, Anchory) are held constant.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Signal types and modalities for detecting cognitive variability in CDA.
|-
! Signal Type !! Measurement Modality
|-
| Performance drift || Reaction time variance, keystroke irregularity
|-
| Cognitive instability || Pupillometric fluctuation, gaze deviation
|-
| Motor/attention noise || Cursor jitter, blink rate volatility
|}

These proxies help isolate Slip from motivational or contextual effects and provide real-time estimates of '''entropy load''' in the system.

==5.6. Behavioral Examples of High-Slip States==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA interpretations of performance variability under stable conditions.
|-
! Context !! Behavioral Signature !! CDA Interpretation
|-
| Task repetition under stable conditions || Fluctuating focus or accuracy || Slip-induced instability
|-
| Emotional residue from the prior task || Delays or disengagement without cause || Entropic carryover disrupting baseline
|-
| Identical routines, variable output || Inconsistent performance across the same input || Structural noise, not motivational change
|}

'''Slip explains why behavior varies meaningfully even when conditions are held constant''', filling a key explanatory gap in traditional models.

==5.7. Theoretical Function of Slip==
Slip plays several essential roles in the architecture of Lagunian Dynamics:

* Introduces '''non-linearity''' into system behavior.
* Prevents oversimplified, deterministic predictions of Drive.
* Accounts for '''state-dependent volatility''' without reducing explanation to emotion or willpower.
* Validates the '''probabilistic character of cognitive effort''', even under optimal configurations.

By formalizing Slip, Lagunian Dynamics reinforces CDA’s aim as a structural field, capable of modeling not just why Drive begins, but why it fluctuates, even under identical conditions.</text>
      <sha1>ntbf0sunw2vvidhthrukfxb28hog4ja</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719689</id>
      <parentid>2719683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-25T19:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <origin>2719689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5066" sha1="czox4rr88laeluih6g73dl7s6zrre32" xml:space="preserve">==5.1. Overview==
The '''Flux Domain''', as defined by '''Lagunian Dynamics''', models the structural basis for '''endogenous variability''' in cognitive performance. Whereas the Ignition and Tension Domains govern whether Drive begins and whether it sustains, the Flux Domain addresses the '''stability''' of Drive's output over time.

This domain is composed of a '''single variable''':

* '''Slip:''' internal entropy or stochastic variability

Slip doesn't initiate or terminate engagement. Instead, it introduces '''inherent irregularity into performance''', even when all other structural variables are optimally aligned. It accounts for '''intra-individual inconsistency''' that cannot be traced to external context, task difficulty, or motivational fluctuation.

==5.2. Slip: Structural Entropy in Cognitive Performance==
'''Slip''' represents '''baseline entropy''' within the Drive system, a persistent, internally generated variability. It is not conceptualized as dysfunction or failure but as a '''native property''' of dynamic cognitive architecture.

'''Key Characteristics:'''
* Slip is not a bug in the system; it is a '''baseline condition''' of all engagement.
* It reflects '''internal instability''', not loss of motivation or attention.
* High-Slip states may present as erratic performance, sudden disengagement, or unexplained lapses.
* Slip interacts with the Ignition and Tension Domains but remains '''functionally independent''' in the Drive Equation:
&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

Unlike other terms, '''Slip is additive'''. It does not amplify or suppress Drive directly; it '''modulates consistency''', not magnitude.

==5.3. Role of Slip in Explaining Performance Variability==
Traditional models often explain behavioral inconsistency as:

* Measurement error
* Temporary distraction
* Mood fluctuation
* Arousal or willpower failure

In contrast, '''Lagunian Dynamics reframes variability as structural entropy'''. Slip accounts for:
* '''Abrupt lapses''' in focus despite high motivation and clear intention
* '''Unpredictable shifts''' in productivity under identical conditions
* '''Emotional residue''' from prior tasks that destabilizes performance without conscious awareness

Slip allows CDA to structurally model what appears as “noise” in other paradigms as a signal.

==5.4. Distinctions and Related Constructs==
While no prior model formalizes Slip as Lagunian Dynamics does, it is conceptually adjacent to:

* '''Mind-wandering''' (Smallwood &amp; Schooler, 2015)
* '''Intra-individual variability in attention or reaction time''' (MacDonald et al., 2006)
* '''Cognitive effort limits in high-load tasks''' (Kahneman, 1973)

'''The critical distinction:'''
* Other models treat variability as interference or error.
* '''Lagunian Dynamics treats Slip as a structural feature''', part of the system’s functional reality.

==5.5. Measurement and Empirical Indicators==
Slip can be approximated through multimodal physiological and behavioral signals, especially when other variables (e.g., CAP, Anchory) are held constant.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Signal types and modalities for detecting cognitive variability in CDA.
|-
! Signal Type !! Measurement Modality
|-
| Performance drift || Reaction time variance, keystroke irregularity
|-
| Cognitive instability || Pupillometric fluctuation, gaze deviation
|-
| Motor/attention noise || Cursor jitter, blink rate volatility
|}

These proxies help isolate Slip from motivational or contextual effects and provide real-time estimates of '''entropy load''' in the system.

==5.6. Behavioral Examples of High-Slip States==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA interpretations of performance variability under stable conditions.
|-
! Context !! Behavioral Signature !! CDA Interpretation
|-
| Task repetition under stable conditions || Fluctuating focus or accuracy || Slip-induced instability
|-
| Emotional residue from the prior task || Delays or disengagement without cause || Entropic carryover disrupting baseline
|-
| Identical routines, variable output || Inconsistent performance across the same input || Structural noise, not motivational change
|}

'''Slip explains why behavior varies meaningfully even when conditions are held constant''', filling a key explanatory gap in traditional models.

==5.7. Theoretical Function of Slip==
Slip plays several essential roles in the architecture of Lagunian Dynamics:

* Introduces '''non-linearity''' into system behavior.
* Prevents oversimplified, deterministic predictions of Drive.
* Accounts for '''state-dependent volatility''' without reducing explanation to emotion or willpower.
* Validates the '''probabilistic character of cognitive effort''', even under optimal configurations.

By formalizing Slip, Lagunian Dynamics reinforces CDA’s aim as a structural field, capable of modeling not just why Drive begins, but why it fluctuates, even under identical conditions.

[[Category:Cognitive Drive Architecture]]</text>
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    <ns>3</ns>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-25T19:26:44Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/* Welcome */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="2320" sha1="7gfiatvh3uuv6ldf4l3l68d6oqsbbtm" xml:space="preserve">==Welcome==
{{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]],  Thecelestialteens!'''|width=100%}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Atcovi|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]].

Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple.

We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies.

To find your way around, check out:
&lt;!-- The Left column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]]
* [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]]
* [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:&lt;br&gt;[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]]
* [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- The Right column --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:50.0%; float:left&quot;&gt;

* Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]]
* Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]]
* Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities
* Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations
* Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;both&quot;/&gt;

To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]].

See you around Wikiversity! --—[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:26, 25 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Template:Welcome --&gt;
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      <comment>Jaredscribe moved page [[User:Jaredscribe/Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy]] to [[Destruction of Israel in Iranian Policy]]</comment>
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    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/The Drive Equation (Structural Modeling of Effort)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>2719733</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="5243" sha1="2boz760dfajp7kb8xyenclttz57b0wb" xml:space="preserve">==6.1. Overview==
At the core of Lagunian Dynamics, the defining theory of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), lies the Drive Equation, '''a structural formulation that models cognitive Drive as a real-time system output'''. Unlike motivational or personality-based models, the Drive Equation '''quantifies the internal alignment required for effort to emerge, sustain, or destabilize'''.

The equation formalizes the interaction of six structural variables across three domains, Ignition, Tension, and Flux, producing a real-time representation of a system’s capacity for goal-directed engagement.

==6.2. The Equation==
The Drive Equation is expressed as:

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA variables by role and domain.
|-
! Variable !! Role !! Domain
|-
| Primode || Binary ignition threshold || Ignition
|-
| CAP || Exponential ignition amplifier || Ignition
|-
| Flexion || Task adaptability to internal structure || Tension
|-
| Anchory || Attentional tethering || Tension
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance/friction || Tension
|-
| Slip || Structural entropy/variability || Flux
|}

This is not a measure of motivation, personality, or ability. '''It is a structural expression of whether a system can act and whether its effort will hold or collapse under internal conditions.'''

==6.3. Numerator: Activation and Adaptability==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={P^C\times F}&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

* '''Primode is a binary switch (0 or 1)'''; without it, no Drive is possible.
* '''CAP modulates Drive exponentially''' only if Primode is active.
* '''Flexion filters ignition through task adaptability'''; it scales the impact of Primode and CAP.

'''Key Properties:'''

* If Primode = 0, Drive = 0, regardless of CAP or Flexion.
* If CAP = 0, then Primode&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; = 1, yielding baseline output.
* Even high CAP cannot overcome low Flexion; the task must fit the cognitive system structurally.

This part of the equation defines initiation power, how strong Drive is when the system is ready and the task is structurally workable.

==6.4. Denominator: Attentional Stability and Resistance==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={Anchory + Grain}&lt;/math&gt;

* Anchory holds attention steady.
* Grain introduces tension that disrupts focus.

These forces counterbalance one another:

* High Anchory stabilizes Drive → smaller denominator → stronger Drive output.
* High Grain destabilizes Drive → larger denominator → weakened output.

This sum models the resilience of Drive once ignition has occurred, whether it remains stable or begins to degrade under internal resistance.

==6.5. Additive Term: Systemic Variability==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={+ Slip}&lt;/math&gt;

* '''Slip represents endogenous entropy''', non-deterministic fluctuations in performance.
* '''Slip is additive, not multiplicative''', meaning it modifies expression, not structure.
* Slip explains why the same configuration can yield different behaviors across time.

Slip ensures that even well-aligned systems don’t behave deterministically, allowing the model to reflect real-world cognitive volatility.

==6.6. Functional Implications of the Equation==

This structural formulation enables precise interpretation of common engagement outcomes:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive equation interpretations of common effort patterns.
|-
! Pattern !! Equation-Based Explanation
|-
| High urgency, no action || CAP↑, but Primode = 0 → Drive = 0
|-
| Quick start, fast burnout || Primode = 1, but Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ → Denominator ↑
|-
| Inconsistent output across days || Stable configuration, but Slip ↑ → entropy dominates
|-
| Deep engagement/flow || All aligned: high Primode, CAP, Flexion, Anchory; low Grain, moderate Slip
|}

Rather than attributing these outcomes to personality or mood, the equation models them as structural effects of system configuration.

==6.7. Structural Principles Embedded in the Equation==

The Drive Equation encodes core laws of Lagunian Dynamics:
* '''Initiation is binary:''' No Drive unless Primode = 1.
* '''Intensity is nonlinear:''' CAP affects Drive exponentially, not linearly.
* '''Stability is competitive:''' Anchory vs. Grain determines effort duration.
* '''Performance is probabilistic:''' Slip guarantees variability across trials.
* '''Drive is structural:''' Not a trait, but an emergent system state.

These principles form the basis of CDA as a structural field, capable of diagnosing real-time effort breakdowns and transitions.

==6.8. Conceptual Distinctions==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison between traditional models and the Drive Equation (CDA).
|-
! Traditional Models !! Drive Equation (CDA)
|-
| Motivation as scalar intensity || Drive as emergent system output
|-
| Engagement as trait or capacity || Engagement as dynamic structural configuration
|-
| Variability as measurement error || Variability as structured entropy (Slip)
|-
| Failure = weak will or low value || Failure = misalignment of internal variables
|}

This model reframes the study of effort:
 '''From''' “Why do I want to act?”
 '''To''' “Can my system structurally engage, and for how long?”</text>
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      <text bytes="5256" sha1="h8zuaf03k2strcus75gzsf04ig6nvfv" xml:space="preserve">==6.1. Overview==
At the core of Lagunian Dynamics, the defining theory of Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), lies the Drive Equation, '''a structural formulation that models cognitive Drive as a real-time system output'''. Unlike motivational or personality-based models, the Drive Equation '''quantifies the internal alignment required for effort to emerge, sustain, or destabilize'''.

The equation formalizes the interaction of six structural variables across three domains, Ignition, Tension, and Flux, producing a real-time representation of a system’s capacity for goal-directed engagement.

==6.2. The Equation==
The Drive Equation is expressed as:

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA variables by role and domain.
|-
! Variable !! Role !! Domain
|-
| Primode || Binary ignition threshold || Ignition
|-
| CAP || Exponential ignition amplifier || Ignition
|-
| Flexion || Task adaptability to internal structure || Tension
|-
| Anchory || Attentional tethering || Tension
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance/friction || Tension
|-
| Slip || Structural entropy/variability || Flux
|}

This is not a measure of motivation, personality, or ability. '''It is a structural expression of whether a system can act and whether its effort will hold or collapse under internal conditions.'''

==6.3. Numerator: Activation and Adaptability==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={P^C\times F}&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode

C = CAP

F = Flexion

* '''Primode is a binary switch (0 or 1)'''; without it, no Drive is possible.
* '''CAP modulates Drive exponentially''' only if Primode is active.
* '''Flexion filters ignition through task adaptability'''; it scales the impact of Primode and CAP.

'''Key Properties:'''

* If Primode = 0, Drive = 0, regardless of CAP or Flexion.
* If CAP = 0, then Primode&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; = 1, yielding baseline output.
* Even high CAP cannot overcome low Flexion; the task must fit the cognitive system structurally.

This part of the equation defines initiation power, how strong Drive is when the system is ready and the task is structurally workable.

==6.4. Denominator: Attentional Stability and Resistance==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={Anchory + Grain}&lt;/math&gt;

* Anchory holds attention steady.
* Grain introduces tension that disrupts focus.

These forces counterbalance one another:

* High Anchory stabilizes Drive → smaller denominator → stronger Drive output.
* High Grain destabilizes Drive → larger denominator → weakened output.

This sum models the resilience of Drive once ignition has occurred, whether it remains stable or begins to degrade under internal resistance.

==6.5. Additive Term: Systemic Variability==

&lt;math&gt;Drive={+ Slip}&lt;/math&gt;

* '''Slip represents endogenous entropy''', non-deterministic fluctuations in performance.
* '''Slip is additive, not multiplicative''', meaning it modifies expression, not structure.
* Slip explains why the same configuration can yield different behaviors across time.

Slip ensures that even well-aligned systems don’t behave deterministically, allowing the model to reflect real-world cognitive volatility.

==6.6. Functional Implications of the Equation==

This structural formulation enables precise interpretation of common engagement outcomes:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive equation interpretations of common effort patterns.
|-
! Pattern !! Equation-Based Explanation
|-
| High urgency, no action || CAP↑, but Primode = 0 → Drive = 0
|-
| Quick start, fast burnout || Primode = 1, but Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ → Denominator ↑
|-
| Inconsistent output across days || Stable configuration, but Slip ↑ → entropy dominates
|-
| Deep engagement/flow || All aligned: high Primode, CAP, Flexion, Anchory; low Grain, moderate Slip
|}

Rather than attributing these outcomes to personality or mood, the equation models them as structural effects of system configuration.

==6.7. Structural Principles Embedded in the Equation==

The Drive Equation encodes core laws of Lagunian Dynamics:
* '''Initiation is binary:''' No Drive unless Primode = 1.
* '''Intensity is nonlinear:''' CAP affects Drive exponentially, not linearly.
* '''Stability is competitive:''' Anchory vs. Grain determines effort duration.
* '''Performance is probabilistic:''' Slip guarantees variability across trials.
* '''Drive is structural:''' Not a trait, but an emergent system state.

These principles form the basis of CDA as a structural field, capable of diagnosing real-time effort breakdowns and transitions.

==6.8. Conceptual Distinctions==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison between traditional models and the Drive Equation (CDA).
|-
! Traditional Models !! Drive Equation (CDA)
|-
| Motivation as scalar intensity || Drive as emergent system output
|-
| Engagement as trait or capacity || Engagement as dynamic structural configuration
|-
| Variability as measurement error || Variability as structured entropy (Slip)
|-
| Failure = weak will or low value || Failure = misalignment of internal variables
|}

This model reframes the study of effort:
 '''From''' “Why do I want to act?”
 '''To''' “Can my system structurally engage, and for how long?”

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Structural Failure Modes and Configuration Patterns</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719737</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Structural Failure Modes and Configuration Patterns page has been created.</comment>
      <origin>2719737</origin>
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      <text bytes="5491" sha1="cnmbhlqo7zvmzmhu96cnh5vuwwrwe9e" xml:space="preserve">==7.1. Overview==

Despite sufficient knowledge, intent, or motivation, individuals often fail to begin or sustain effort. These breakdowns are frequently labeled as procrastination, laziness, or lack of discipline. '''Lagunian Dynamics''', the core theory defining the field of '''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)''', offers a structural explanation: such patterns emerge from identifiable misalignments among internal system variables.

This module introduces '''recurrent failure modes''' and stable Drive-disrupting configurations and shows how each can be modeled through the '''Drive Equation'''.

==7.2. What Is a Structural Failure Mode?==

In CDA, a '''structural failure mode''' refers to a reproducible configuration of system variables that leads to one or more of the following:

* '''Ignition failure:''' Drive never initiates.
* '''Volatility:''' Engagement is erratic or short-lived.
* '''Decay:''' Effort begins but cannot be sustained.

These modes are not pathologies. They are '''functional misalignments''' that can occur in any cognitive system under pressure, overload, or poor fit, regardless of will or ability.

==7.3. Common Structural Failure Modes==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Common Drive system failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Key Configuration !! Behavioral Pattern
|-
| Start Failure || Primode = 0; CAP ↑ || Persistent intent with no task entry
|-
| Motivated Stall || Primode = 1; CAP ↑; Flexion ↓ || High urgency but no productive momentum
|-
| Drift Collapse || Anchory ↓; Grain ↑; Slip ↑ || Starts well, then quickly loses focus
|-
| Overwhelm Spike || CAP ↑↑; Grain ↑↑; Anchory ↓ || Bursts of action followed by shutdown
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Flexion ↓; Grain ↑; repeated misfire || Re-attempts with rising aversion and failure
|-
| Entropy Drag || Stable structure; Slip ↑↑ || Output fluctuates despite stable conditions
|}

Each failure mode has a '''distinct structural fingerprint''', identifiable through the Drive Equation and observable behaviorally.

==7.4. Structural Case Examples==
'''Example A: Start Failure'''

'''Drive Equation:'''

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{O^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S=O+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode = O

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Interpretation:'''

Despite CAP being elevated (strong urgency or emotional charge), '''Primode = 0''' prevents ignition. Drive output defaults to Slip, variability with no engagement.

'''Example B: Drift Collapse'''

'''Drive Equation:'''

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{1^C\times F}{A(low) + G(high)} \right )+S(high)&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode = 1

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Interpretation:'''

Initial effort exists (Primode = 1), but low Anchory, high Grain, and elevated Slip destabilize Drive quickly. Engagement begins but rapidly deteriorates.

==7.5. Why Traditional Models Struggle with These Failures==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA reinterpretation of common motivational advice.
|-
! Traditional Response !! Structural CDA Interpretation
|-
| &quot;You need more motivation.&quot; || CAP is already high; Primode or Flexion misaligned.
|-
| &quot;Just try harder.&quot; || May raise Grain or Slip, worsening the misalignment.
|-
| &quot;Use productivity tools.&quot; || May help Flexion, but ineffective if Primode = 0.
|}

Traditional models often conflate '''intention with execution'''. CDA separates the two, offering a system-level explanation that clarifies '''why good intentions often fail structurally'''.

==7.6. Failure Mode Recognition in Practice==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Observable indicators of Drive failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Mode !! Observable Indicators
|-
| Start Failure || Delays despite urgency, overthinking task entry
|-
| Motivated Stall || Frustration without action, lingering inertia
|-
| Drift Collapse || Focus fades quickly; regaining traction is hard
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Cycles of failure and avoidance
|-
| Entropy Drag || Wildly variable performance across similar days
|}

These patterns are '''domain-independent''' and can emerge in academic, professional, or therapeutic contexts, even in highly skilled individuals.

==7.7. Structural Reconfiguration as Intervention==
CDA suggests remediation through '''targeted structural realignment''', not motivational boosting.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Intervention strategies for Drive failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Potential Intervention Targets
|-
| Start Failure || Scaffold Primode (e.g., micro-goals, ignition cues)
|-
| Motivated Stall || Boost Flexion via task restructuring or reframing
|-
| Drift Collapse || Stabilize Anchory (minimal environment switching)
|-
| Overwhelm Spike || Reduce CAP (pressure) and Grain (emotional resistance)
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Introduce high-Flexion tasks to reset system
|-
| Entropy Drag || Use temporal anchors (e.g., rhythmic time blocks)
|}

These shifts can restore Drive without altering personality, emotion, or desire by correcting the misconfiguration at the system level.

==7.8. Summary==
'''Structural failure modes reveal that effort breakdown is not always a question of will or value, but often a matter of internal misalignment.''' Through the lens of Lagunian Dynamics, CDA reframes common performance struggles as: Configurable, measurable, and addressable patterns, not moral failings or motivational gaps.

Understanding these patterns structurally enables more effective, compassionate, and scalable interventions across domains.</text>
      <sha1>cnmbhlqo7zvmzmhu96cnh5vuwwrwe9e</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719739</id>
      <parentid>2719737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T05:55:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>2888076</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5504" sha1="ov6ezb3khwfm56boy6avd61ymoaqsce" xml:space="preserve">==7.1. Overview==

Despite sufficient knowledge, intent, or motivation, individuals often fail to begin or sustain effort. These breakdowns are frequently labeled as procrastination, laziness, or lack of discipline. '''Lagunian Dynamics''', the core theory defining the field of '''Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA)''', offers a structural explanation: such patterns emerge from identifiable misalignments among internal system variables.

This module introduces '''recurrent failure modes''' and stable Drive-disrupting configurations and shows how each can be modeled through the '''Drive Equation'''.

==7.2. What Is a Structural Failure Mode?==

In CDA, a '''structural failure mode''' refers to a reproducible configuration of system variables that leads to one or more of the following:

* '''Ignition failure:''' Drive never initiates.
* '''Volatility:''' Engagement is erratic or short-lived.
* '''Decay:''' Effort begins but cannot be sustained.

These modes are not pathologies. They are '''functional misalignments''' that can occur in any cognitive system under pressure, overload, or poor fit, regardless of will or ability.

==7.3. Common Structural Failure Modes==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Common Drive system failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Key Configuration !! Behavioral Pattern
|-
| Start Failure || Primode = 0; CAP ↑ || Persistent intent with no task entry
|-
| Motivated Stall || Primode = 1; CAP ↑; Flexion ↓ || High urgency but no productive momentum
|-
| Drift Collapse || Anchory ↓; Grain ↑; Slip ↑ || Starts well, then quickly loses focus
|-
| Overwhelm Spike || CAP ↑↑; Grain ↑↑; Anchory ↓ || Bursts of action followed by shutdown
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Flexion ↓; Grain ↑; repeated misfire || Re-attempts with rising aversion and failure
|-
| Entropy Drag || Stable structure; Slip ↑↑ || Output fluctuates despite stable conditions
|}

Each failure mode has a '''distinct structural fingerprint''', identifiable through the Drive Equation and observable behaviorally.

==7.4. Structural Case Examples==
'''Example A: Start Failure'''

'''Drive Equation:'''

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{O^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S=O+S&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode = O

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Interpretation:'''

Despite CAP being elevated (strong urgency or emotional charge), '''Primode = 0''' prevents ignition. Drive output defaults to Slip, variability with no engagement.

'''Example B: Drift Collapse'''

'''Drive Equation:'''

&lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{1^C\times F}{A(low) + G(high)} \right )+S(high)&lt;/math&gt;

where,

P = Primode = 1

C = CAP

F = Flexion

A = Anchory

G= Grain

S= Slip

'''Interpretation:'''

Initial effort exists (Primode = 1), but low Anchory, high Grain, and elevated Slip destabilize Drive quickly. Engagement begins but rapidly deteriorates.

==7.5. Why Traditional Models Struggle with These Failures==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA reinterpretation of common motivational advice.
|-
! Traditional Response !! Structural CDA Interpretation
|-
| &quot;You need more motivation.&quot; || CAP is already high; Primode or Flexion misaligned.
|-
| &quot;Just try harder.&quot; || May raise Grain or Slip, worsening the misalignment.
|-
| &quot;Use productivity tools.&quot; || May help Flexion, but ineffective if Primode = 0.
|}

Traditional models often conflate '''intention with execution'''. CDA separates the two, offering a system-level explanation that clarifies '''why good intentions often fail structurally'''.

==7.6. Failure Mode Recognition in Practice==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Observable indicators of Drive failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Mode !! Observable Indicators
|-
| Start Failure || Delays despite urgency, overthinking task entry
|-
| Motivated Stall || Frustration without action, lingering inertia
|-
| Drift Collapse || Focus fades quickly; regaining traction is hard
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Cycles of failure and avoidance
|-
| Entropy Drag || Wildly variable performance across similar days
|}

These patterns are '''domain-independent''' and can emerge in academic, professional, or therapeutic contexts, even in highly skilled individuals.

==7.7. Structural Reconfiguration as Intervention==
CDA suggests remediation through '''targeted structural realignment''', not motivational boosting.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Intervention strategies for Drive failure modes in CDA.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Potential Intervention Targets
|-
| Start Failure || Scaffold Primode (e.g., micro-goals, ignition cues)
|-
| Motivated Stall || Boost Flexion via task restructuring or reframing
|-
| Drift Collapse || Stabilize Anchory (minimal environment switching)
|-
| Overwhelm Spike || Reduce CAP (pressure) and Grain (emotional resistance)
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Introduce high-Flexion tasks to reset system
|-
| Entropy Drag || Use temporal anchors (e.g., rhythmic time blocks)
|}

These shifts can restore Drive without altering personality, emotion, or desire by correcting the misconfiguration at the system level.

==7.8. Summary==
'''Structural failure modes reveal that effort breakdown is not always a question of will or value, but often a matter of internal misalignment.''' Through the lens of Lagunian Dynamics, CDA reframes common performance struggles as: Configurable, measurable, and addressable patterns, not moral failings or motivational gaps.

Understanding these patterns structurally enables more effective, compassionate, and scalable interventions across domains.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ov6ezb3khwfm56boy6avd61ymoaqsce</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:AI-Assisted Evaluation of Cosmological Theories</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>322201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719741</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:07:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal</comment>
      <origin>2719741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="i3t18wji8nboj5o3ij2pkv1m7pce053" xml:space="preserve">== 📝 Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal ==

Please copy and paste the format below into a new section, and fill in your reasoning:

&lt;pre&gt;
== Rebuttal Request: AI Rating of [Theory Name] ==

'''Theory name:''' [e.g. General Relativity]  
'''Section in question:''' [e.g. Chapter 8 – Evaluation Table]  
'''Submitted by:''' [Username or Anonymous]

'''Criteria challenged:'''
1. [Name of criterion] (currently: [current star rating])
2. [Another criterion if needed]

'''Proposed new ratings:'''
1. [Criterion name] → [★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★]  
   Reason: [Clear reasoning for changing the score]

2. [If applicable]

'''Summary of objection:'''  
[A concise statement of the core issue]

'''Optional suggestion:'''  
[For example: Include both original and rebuttal views in the table]
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 06:07, 26 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i3t18wji8nboj5o3ij2pkv1m7pce053</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719743</id>
      <parentid>2719741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 📝 Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal */ add emailadres and deleted the possibility to be &quot;anonymous&quot;.</comment>
      <origin>2719743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1234" sha1="cxszr3m7rqfbbozn70z8o1g9fyd5745" xml:space="preserve">== 📝 Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal ==

Please copy and paste the format below into a new section, and fill in your reasoning.
If you prefer not to use the Discussion page, you may also submit your Rating Rebuttal form or explanation by email to:
→ '''aitheroy@gmail.com'''

Submissions will be reviewed and, where appropriate, discussed openly on the Wikiversity page with your permission.


&lt;pre&gt;
== Rebuttal Request: AI Rating of [Theory Name] ==

'''Theory name:''' [e.g. General Relativity]  
'''Section in question:''' [e.g. Chapter 8 – Evaluation Table]  
'''Submitted by:''' [Username or Anonymous]

'''Criteria challenged:'''
1. [Name of criterion] (currently: [current star rating])
2. [Another criterion if needed]

'''Proposed new ratings:'''
1. [Criterion name] → [★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★]  
   Reason: [Clear reasoning for changing the score]

2. [If applicable]

'''Summary of objection:'''  
[A concise statement of the core issue]

'''Optional suggestion:'''  
[For example: Include both original and rebuttal views in the table]
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 06:07, 26 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cxszr3m7rqfbbozn70z8o1g9fyd5745</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2719744</id>
      <parentid>2719743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruud Loeffen</username>
        <id>2998353</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 📝 Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal */ add &quot;Anonymous messages will not be considered.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2719744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1334" sha1="38wbg2mt3lfiko5d7gufs99e0sz0yxo" xml:space="preserve">== 📝 Template for Submitting a Rating Rebuttal ==

Please copy and paste the format below into a new section, and fill in your reasoning.
If you prefer not to use the Discussion page, you may also submit your Rating Rebuttal form or explanation by email to:
→ '''aitheroy@gmail.com'''

Submissions will be reviewed and, where appropriate, discussed openly on the Wikiversity page with your permission.
Only signed or identified submissions will be reviewed. Anonymous messages will not be considered.


&lt;pre&gt;
== Rebuttal Request: AI Rating of [Theory Name] ==

'''Theory name:''' [e.g. General Relativity]  
'''Section in question:''' [e.g. Chapter 8 – Evaluation Table]  
'''Submitted by:''' [Username or Anonymous]

'''Criteria challenged:'''
1. [Name of criterion] (currently: [current star rating])
2. [Another criterion if needed]

'''Proposed new ratings:'''
1. [Criterion name] → [★☆☆☆☆ to ★★★★★]  
   Reason: [Clear reasoning for changing the score]

2. [If applicable]

'''Summary of objection:'''  
[A concise statement of the core issue]

'''Optional suggestion:'''  
[For example: Include both original and rebuttal views in the table]
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[User:Ruud Loeffen|Ruud Loeffen]] ([[User talk:Ruud Loeffen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ruud Loeffen|contribs]]) 06:07, 26 June 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>38wbg2mt3lfiko5d7gufs99e0sz0yxo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Applications of Cognitive Drive Architecture</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719742</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Applications of Cognitive Drive Architecture page has been created.</comment>
      <origin>2719742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6029" sha1="6ter0hivotuxpjh1w0845mxzg4ahjz6" xml:space="preserve">==8.1. Overview==

While Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) is defined as a structural field within cognitive psychology, its practical utility extends well beyond theoretical modeling. CDA provides a '''real-time system lens for understanding effort''' initiation, maintenance, and volatility in applied settings, including education, therapy, interface design, and high-performance environments.

Traditional interventions often focus on motivation, compliance, or discipline. CDA shifts the frame: '''engagement outcomes are seen as emergent from system configuration, not effort level or desire alone'''. This reframing enables more targeted, structurally intelligent intervention strategies.

==8.2. Education and Learning Design==

'''Challenge:'''

Students frequently fail to begin or persist in academic tasks, even when they care about the outcome or have the necessary skills. Rewards, punishments, and reminders offer limited reliability.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Engagement is treated as a function of variable alignment. Educators can design around structural bottlenecks instead of assuming motivational deficits.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Educational design strategies aligned with CDA variables.
|-
! CDA Variable !! Educational Design Implication
|-
| Primode || Scaffold ignition (e.g., sentence starters, task cues)
|-
| CAP || Emotional hooks; relevance to student goals
|-
| Flexion || Multimodal entry points; differentiated task framing
|-
| Anchory || Minimize distractions; create focused spaces
|-
| Grain || Simplify unclear steps; reduce unnecessary complexity
|-
| Slip || Normalize variability; allow flexible pacing
|}

'''Example:'''

A student who delays writing despite valuing the topic may exhibit a '''Start Failure'''. Rather than assign blame, instructors can introduce ignition scaffolds, such as time-blocked start windows or pre-filled outlines, to structurally trigger Primode activation.

==8.3. Clinical Psychology and Therapy==

'''Challenge:'''

Clients often know what to do (e.g., use coping tools, maintain routines) but cannot execute consistently. This is often misunderstood as resistance or avoidance.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Therapists can model engagement failures as '''real-time misalignments''', not oppositional behavior. This reframes the problem from “Why aren’t they trying?” to “What’s structurally misaligned?”

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Clinical strategies for addressing Drive-related failure modes.
|-
! Failure Mode !! CDA Interpretation !! Clinical Strategy
|-
| Avoidance Loops || Grain ↑, Flexion ↓ || Reduce resistance; adapt task format
|-
| Inconsistent Progress || Anchory ↓, Slip ↑ || Normalize fluctuation; stabilize routines
|-
| Emotional Shutdown || Primode = 0, CAP ↑↑ || Distinguish urgency from ignition failure
|}

'''Example:'''

A client who repeatedly delays exposure exercises despite insight may show '''low Flexion''' and '''high Grain'''. Adjusting the exposure task’s form, e.g., shifting from verbal to visual or reframing the context, can structurally reduce resistance without requiring greater effort.

==8.4. Interface Design and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)==

'''Challenge:'''

Users disengage from apps or platforms not because the goals are unclear, but due to hidden resistance, overwhelm, or unstable engagement. Traditional UX approaches often overlook the internal structure of cognitive effort.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Design interfaces to support Drive structurally by lowering Grain, increasing Flexion, and accommodating variability.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Interface design goals mapped to CDA variables.
|-
! Design Goal !! Mapped CDA Variable(s)
|-
| Minimize friction/confusion || ↓ Grain, ↑ Flexion
|-
| Increase click-to-engagement || ↑ Anchory, ↑ Primode
|-
| Enable microtasking || ↑ Flexion, ↓ Grain
|-
| Allow intermittent use || Slip-accommodating design (autosave, sync)
|}

'''Example:'''

A complex productivity app might overload users with options, raising '''Grain'''. A CDA-informed redesign would prioritize '''progressive disclosure''', reduce task-switching costs, and embed '''ignition points''' (Primode triggers) into the UI flow.

==8.5. Coaching, Workflow, and Performance Strategy==

'''Challenge:'''

Even highly motivated professionals can struggle with consistency, creative block, or burnout. These issues are often misattributed to discipline or personality, missing the structural dynamics at play.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Optimize for '''system alignment''', not willpower. Coaches and strategists can use CDA to isolate bottlenecks and adjust performance environments structurally.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA-informed adjustments for common effort issues.
|-
! Observed Issue !! CDA Interpretation !! Suggested Adjustment
|-
| Chronic procrastination || Start Failure (Primode = 0) || Use ambient cues, preloaded start points
|-
| Creative stagnation || Flexion ↓, Grain ↑ || Modify constraints or medium
|-
| Erratic output || Slip ↑ || Apply rhythm frameworks; normalize flux
|}

'''Example:'''

A freelance writer may produce brilliant content in bursts but unpredictably falter. High '''Slip''' is likely. Structuring creative work around consistent temporal anchors, e.g., same-hour daily drafts, can reduce entropy without limiting creative range.

==8.6. Benefits of CDA-Based Application==

CDA offers applied advantages over models that rely on internal traits, drive, or self-report:
* '''Structural diagnosis:''' Problems reside in system interaction, not personality
* '''Variable-specific interventions:''' Each misalignment has a structural lever
* '''Respect for variability:''' Slip is accounted for, not pathologized
* '''Cross-domain utility:''' Works in education, therapy, tech, performance
* '''Compassionate rigor:''' Enables precise modeling without blame

CDA makes engagement '''measurable''', '''modelable''', and '''modifiable''', a valuable framework wherever persistent action failure resists traditional solutions.</text>
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      <text bytes="6042" sha1="6t39slnjv1kxueaxxjkebysy5twgkqj" xml:space="preserve">==8.1. Overview==

While Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) is defined as a structural field within cognitive psychology, its practical utility extends well beyond theoretical modeling. CDA provides a '''real-time system lens for understanding effort''' initiation, maintenance, and volatility in applied settings, including education, therapy, interface design, and high-performance environments.

Traditional interventions often focus on motivation, compliance, or discipline. CDA shifts the frame: '''engagement outcomes are seen as emergent from system configuration, not effort level or desire alone'''. This reframing enables more targeted, structurally intelligent intervention strategies.

==8.2. Education and Learning Design==

'''Challenge:'''

Students frequently fail to begin or persist in academic tasks, even when they care about the outcome or have the necessary skills. Rewards, punishments, and reminders offer limited reliability.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Engagement is treated as a function of variable alignment. Educators can design around structural bottlenecks instead of assuming motivational deficits.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Educational design strategies aligned with CDA variables.
|-
! CDA Variable !! Educational Design Implication
|-
| Primode || Scaffold ignition (e.g., sentence starters, task cues)
|-
| CAP || Emotional hooks; relevance to student goals
|-
| Flexion || Multimodal entry points; differentiated task framing
|-
| Anchory || Minimize distractions; create focused spaces
|-
| Grain || Simplify unclear steps; reduce unnecessary complexity
|-
| Slip || Normalize variability; allow flexible pacing
|}

'''Example:'''

A student who delays writing despite valuing the topic may exhibit a '''Start Failure'''. Rather than assign blame, instructors can introduce ignition scaffolds, such as time-blocked start windows or pre-filled outlines, to structurally trigger Primode activation.

==8.3. Clinical Psychology and Therapy==

'''Challenge:'''

Clients often know what to do (e.g., use coping tools, maintain routines) but cannot execute consistently. This is often misunderstood as resistance or avoidance.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Therapists can model engagement failures as '''real-time misalignments''', not oppositional behavior. This reframes the problem from “Why aren’t they trying?” to “What’s structurally misaligned?”

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Clinical strategies for addressing Drive-related failure modes.
|-
! Failure Mode !! CDA Interpretation !! Clinical Strategy
|-
| Avoidance Loops || Grain ↑, Flexion ↓ || Reduce resistance; adapt task format
|-
| Inconsistent Progress || Anchory ↓, Slip ↑ || Normalize fluctuation; stabilize routines
|-
| Emotional Shutdown || Primode = 0, CAP ↑↑ || Distinguish urgency from ignition failure
|}

'''Example:'''

A client who repeatedly delays exposure exercises despite insight may show '''low Flexion''' and '''high Grain'''. Adjusting the exposure task’s form, e.g., shifting from verbal to visual or reframing the context, can structurally reduce resistance without requiring greater effort.

==8.4. Interface Design and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)==

'''Challenge:'''

Users disengage from apps or platforms not because the goals are unclear, but due to hidden resistance, overwhelm, or unstable engagement. Traditional UX approaches often overlook the internal structure of cognitive effort.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Design interfaces to support Drive structurally by lowering Grain, increasing Flexion, and accommodating variability.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Interface design goals mapped to CDA variables.
|-
! Design Goal !! Mapped CDA Variable(s)
|-
| Minimize friction/confusion || ↓ Grain, ↑ Flexion
|-
| Increase click-to-engagement || ↑ Anchory, ↑ Primode
|-
| Enable microtasking || ↑ Flexion, ↓ Grain
|-
| Allow intermittent use || Slip-accommodating design (autosave, sync)
|}

'''Example:'''

A complex productivity app might overload users with options, raising '''Grain'''. A CDA-informed redesign would prioritize '''progressive disclosure''', reduce task-switching costs, and embed '''ignition points''' (Primode triggers) into the UI flow.

==8.5. Coaching, Workflow, and Performance Strategy==

'''Challenge:'''

Even highly motivated professionals can struggle with consistency, creative block, or burnout. These issues are often misattributed to discipline or personality, missing the structural dynamics at play.

'''CDA Approach:'''

Optimize for '''system alignment''', not willpower. Coaches and strategists can use CDA to isolate bottlenecks and adjust performance environments structurally.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA-informed adjustments for common effort issues.
|-
! Observed Issue !! CDA Interpretation !! Suggested Adjustment
|-
| Chronic procrastination || Start Failure (Primode = 0) || Use ambient cues, preloaded start points
|-
| Creative stagnation || Flexion ↓, Grain ↑ || Modify constraints or medium
|-
| Erratic output || Slip ↑ || Apply rhythm frameworks; normalize flux
|}

'''Example:'''

A freelance writer may produce brilliant content in bursts but unpredictably falter. High '''Slip''' is likely. Structuring creative work around consistent temporal anchors, e.g., same-hour daily drafts, can reduce entropy without limiting creative range.

==8.6. Benefits of CDA-Based Application==

CDA offers applied advantages over models that rely on internal traits, drive, or self-report:
* '''Structural diagnosis:''' Problems reside in system interaction, not personality
* '''Variable-specific interventions:''' Each misalignment has a structural lever
* '''Respect for variability:''' Slip is accounted for, not pathologized
* '''Cross-domain utility:''' Works in education, therapy, tech, performance
* '''Compassionate rigor:''' Enables precise modeling without blame

CDA makes engagement '''measurable''', '''modelable''', and '''modifiable''', a valuable framework wherever persistent action failure resists traditional solutions.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Low-Tech Implementation Strategies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719745</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Low-Tech Implementation Strategies page has been created.</comment>
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      <text bytes="5316" sha1="ofg96fn94fmz895htr6r7xheur7sx53" xml:space="preserve">==9.1. Overview==

Although Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) is grounded in a formal structural theory (Lagunian Dynamics), its application does not require advanced tools, digital platforms, or psychological instrumentation. This module introduces '''low-tech methods''' for observing, tracking, and influencing Drive using analog, minimal, and accessible strategies.

These approaches allow individuals, educators, therapists, and coaches to engage with CDA’s structural logic '''without technical infrastructure''', making the framework viable in resource-limited settings or non-digital workflows.

==9.2. Principles of Low-Tech CDA Application==

Low-tech CDA implementation emphasizes '''internal system awareness and external scaffolding'''. The goal is not to enforce productivity but to support '''real-time configuration literacy'''.

'''Core principles:'''

* '''Structural Observation:''' Simple tools (journals, tables, verbal check-ins) help users map the six CDA variables daily.
* '''Minimal Scaffolding:''' Micro-prompts, rituals, and visual cues support key structural thresholds like Primode or Anchory.
* '''Iterative Realignment:''' Users adjust based on observed patterns, rather than pushing through misalignment.

Low-tech CDA helps people recognize where Drive breaks down structurally and how to intervene gently and precisely, without relying on motivation alone.

==9.3. Variable-Level Implementation Tactics==

Each variable in CDA can be supported through simple, analog strategies:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Low-tech strategies to support CDA variables.
|-
! Variable !! Low-Tech Support Method
|-
| Primode || Use a ritual start phrase, visual cue, or time-based trigger (e.g., countdown, “3-2-1 begin”)
|-
| CAP || Brief reflection on urgency, value, or consequence before attempting task
|-
| Flexion || Break task into smaller steps; personalize form or framing (e.g., sketch instead of write)
|-
| Anchory || Use environmental anchors (e.g., background music, timer, physical boundaries)
|-
| Grain || Log friction points; simplify confusing components; modify tone or pacing
|-
| Slip || Allow fluid time windows; keep notes on inconsistency without judgment
|}

These tactics can be tracked using paper planners, index cards, sticky notes, or even whiteboards.

==9.4. Manual Configuration Mapping==

A '''daily configuration map''' allows users to reflect on Drive breakdowns structurally. A simple grid might look like:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Sample self-assessment using CDA variables.
|-
! Variable !! Configuration (1–5) !! Notes
|-
| Primode || 2 || Couldn't start; hesitated repeatedly
|-
| CAP || 4 || Felt urgency to meet deadline
|-
| Flexion || 2 || Didn't know how to enter the task
|-
| Anchory || 3 || Focused briefly, then distracted
|-
| Grain || 4 || Felt emotional resistance
|-
| Slip || 3 || Output was inconsistent
|}

This self-report structure replaces judgmental narratives (“I failed”) with diagnostic clarity (“Flexion misalignment, Grain ↑”).

==9.5. MVA: Minimal Viable Application Format==

An MVA is a compact CDA implementation that uses only analog tools. It includes:

* A '''daily configuration table''' (see 9.4)
* A '''ritual start cue''' (e.g., a phrase, gesture, or dot drawn on a page)
* A '''Grain log''' (records recurring friction sources)
* A '''small-win tracker''' (e.g., moments when all variables aligned and action flowed)

These elements are deployable in:

* Paper journals
* Visual boards
* Sticky notes
* Session worksheets

No apps, devices, or logins required.

==9.6. CDA Coaching Prompts (Offline Use)==

In analog coaching, therapy, or education sessions, facilitators can use reflection questions to guide structural awareness:

* “Did you want to start, or were you structurally unable to?”
* “What part of your focus dropped first, attention, clarity, or emotional energy?”
* “Where was today’s Grain, external confusion or internal resistance?”
* “Could you reshape the task to match your current capacity?”

These prompts enable shared diagnosis and help users externalize system misalignment rather than internalize failure.

==9.7. Examples in Use==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Low-tech CDA strategies across applied contexts.
|-
! Context !! Low-Tech CDA Strategy
|-
| Student journaling || Daily Drive log with checkboxes for Flexion and Grain
|-
| Therapy homework || Track Primode and CAP pre- and post-task
|-
| Creative projects || Mood board tracking Anchory and Slip visually
|-
| Coaching sessions || Weekly configuration reviews using planner inserts
|}

These approaches have been piloted in classrooms, therapy rooms, and performance coaching, often improving engagement without digital augmentation.

==9.8. Advantages of Low-Tech Implementation==

Low-tech CDA offers unique strengths:

* Zero cost
* Device-independent
* Personalizable
* Offline-capable
* Encourages reflection, not reliance
* Compatible with trauma-sensitive and neurodiverse learning models

'''It also supports self-regulated behavior through structural literacy, rather than willpower or app-driven nudging.'''

In a world increasingly dominated by automated behavior shaping, low-tech CDA offers an empowering alternative: structural self-understanding through minimal, human-centered tools.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2719752</id>
      <parentid>2719745</parentid>
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        <id>2888076</id>
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      <text bytes="5329" sha1="np77gsn8yq8nt48my1fffe2sib4qif6" xml:space="preserve">==9.1. Overview==

Although Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) is grounded in a formal structural theory (Lagunian Dynamics), its application does not require advanced tools, digital platforms, or psychological instrumentation. This module introduces '''low-tech methods''' for observing, tracking, and influencing Drive using analog, minimal, and accessible strategies.

These approaches allow individuals, educators, therapists, and coaches to engage with CDA’s structural logic '''without technical infrastructure''', making the framework viable in resource-limited settings or non-digital workflows.

==9.2. Principles of Low-Tech CDA Application==

Low-tech CDA implementation emphasizes '''internal system awareness and external scaffolding'''. The goal is not to enforce productivity but to support '''real-time configuration literacy'''.

'''Core principles:'''

* '''Structural Observation:''' Simple tools (journals, tables, verbal check-ins) help users map the six CDA variables daily.
* '''Minimal Scaffolding:''' Micro-prompts, rituals, and visual cues support key structural thresholds like Primode or Anchory.
* '''Iterative Realignment:''' Users adjust based on observed patterns, rather than pushing through misalignment.

Low-tech CDA helps people recognize where Drive breaks down structurally and how to intervene gently and precisely, without relying on motivation alone.

==9.3. Variable-Level Implementation Tactics==

Each variable in CDA can be supported through simple, analog strategies:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Low-tech strategies to support CDA variables.
|-
! Variable !! Low-Tech Support Method
|-
| Primode || Use a ritual start phrase, visual cue, or time-based trigger (e.g., countdown, “3-2-1 begin”)
|-
| CAP || Brief reflection on urgency, value, or consequence before attempting task
|-
| Flexion || Break task into smaller steps; personalize form or framing (e.g., sketch instead of write)
|-
| Anchory || Use environmental anchors (e.g., background music, timer, physical boundaries)
|-
| Grain || Log friction points; simplify confusing components; modify tone or pacing
|-
| Slip || Allow fluid time windows; keep notes on inconsistency without judgment
|}

These tactics can be tracked using paper planners, index cards, sticky notes, or even whiteboards.

==9.4. Manual Configuration Mapping==

A '''daily configuration map''' allows users to reflect on Drive breakdowns structurally. A simple grid might look like:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Sample self-assessment using CDA variables.
|-
! Variable !! Configuration (1–5) !! Notes
|-
| Primode || 2 || Couldn't start; hesitated repeatedly
|-
| CAP || 4 || Felt urgency to meet deadline
|-
| Flexion || 2 || Didn't know how to enter the task
|-
| Anchory || 3 || Focused briefly, then distracted
|-
| Grain || 4 || Felt emotional resistance
|-
| Slip || 3 || Output was inconsistent
|}

This self-report structure replaces judgmental narratives (“I failed”) with diagnostic clarity (“Flexion misalignment, Grain ↑”).

==9.5. MVA: Minimal Viable Application Format==

An MVA is a compact CDA implementation that uses only analog tools. It includes:

* A '''daily configuration table''' (see 9.4)
* A '''ritual start cue''' (e.g., a phrase, gesture, or dot drawn on a page)
* A '''Grain log''' (records recurring friction sources)
* A '''small-win tracker''' (e.g., moments when all variables aligned and action flowed)

These elements are deployable in:

* Paper journals
* Visual boards
* Sticky notes
* Session worksheets

No apps, devices, or logins required.

==9.6. CDA Coaching Prompts (Offline Use)==

In analog coaching, therapy, or education sessions, facilitators can use reflection questions to guide structural awareness:

* “Did you want to start, or were you structurally unable to?”
* “What part of your focus dropped first, attention, clarity, or emotional energy?”
* “Where was today’s Grain, external confusion or internal resistance?”
* “Could you reshape the task to match your current capacity?”

These prompts enable shared diagnosis and help users externalize system misalignment rather than internalize failure.

==9.7. Examples in Use==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Low-tech CDA strategies across applied contexts.
|-
! Context !! Low-Tech CDA Strategy
|-
| Student journaling || Daily Drive log with checkboxes for Flexion and Grain
|-
| Therapy homework || Track Primode and CAP pre- and post-task
|-
| Creative projects || Mood board tracking Anchory and Slip visually
|-
| Coaching sessions || Weekly configuration reviews using planner inserts
|}

These approaches have been piloted in classrooms, therapy rooms, and performance coaching, often improving engagement without digital augmentation.

==9.8. Advantages of Low-Tech Implementation==

Low-tech CDA offers unique strengths:

* Zero cost
* Device-independent
* Personalizable
* Offline-capable
* Encourages reflection, not reliance
* Compatible with trauma-sensitive and neurodiverse learning models

'''It also supports self-regulated behavior through structural literacy, rather than willpower or app-driven nudging.'''

In a world increasingly dominated by automated behavior shaping, low-tech CDA offers an empowering alternative: structural self-understanding through minimal, human-centered tools.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>np77gsn8yq8nt48my1fffe2sib4qif6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Research Directions and Empirical Opportunities</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2719747</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T06:51:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thecelestialteens</username>
        <id>3004014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Research Directions and Empirical Opportunities page has been created.</comment>
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      <text bytes="6692" sha1="asnrjm8xr9jgvofbzu7cgbgd3ihqerc" xml:space="preserve">==10.1. Overview==

Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), grounded in Lagunian Dynamics, is proposed not as a metaphorical or interpretive tool but as a '''formal, falsifiable field'''. Its central mechanism, the Drive Equation, posits structural interactions between six internal variables across three domains. These variables are intended to be '''operationalizable''', '''measurable''', and '''experimentally manipulable'''.

This module outlines empirical strategies for testing CDA’s validity, expanding its application, and exploring its compatibility with existing models in cognitive and behavioral science.

==10.2. Operational Definitions of Core Variables==

To move CDA from theory to testable science, its variables must be mapped to observable indicators. Below is a set of '''candidate operationalizations''':

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA variables with theoretical roles and measurable proxies.
|-
! Variable !! Theoretical Role !! Operational Proxy
|-
| Primode || Binary ignition gate || Action onset latency; readiness potential; “go/no-go” task activation
|-
| CAP || Affective-volitional modulator || Self-reported urgency; skin conductance; heart rate variability (HRV)
|-
| Flexion || Task-to-mind adaptability || Task reformatting choice rate; subjective task elasticity
|-
| Anchory || Attentional tethering || Eye fixation duration; blink suppression; focus time
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance or friction || Frustration reports; task aversion scales; cortisol response
|-
| Slip || Structural performance entropy || Intra-individual RT variance; accuracy volatility; keystroke irregularity
|}

These proxies are provisional and open to refinement as empirical data accumulate.

==10.3. Testable Predictions of the Drive Equation==

The Drive Equation enables concrete, falsifiable hypotheses. Key predictions include:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Testable predictions from the CDA and their implications.
|-
! Prediction !! If Confirmed !! If Falsified
|-
| High CAP with Primode = 0 yields no initiation || Validates ignition gate dependency || Challenges binary ignition logic
|-
| Low Flexion impairs Drive even when CAP is high || Supports structural adaptability hypothesis || Suggests motivational override
|-
| Grain↑ weakens Drive despite high Anchory || Validates friction modeling || Implies denominator model needs revision
|-
| Slip persists across identical trials || Supports entropy theory || Suggests variability is affective or noise
|}

Each prediction maps directly to an interpretable system logic in CDA.

==10.4. Experimental Design Strategies==

Research on CDA may leverage controlled experiments that isolate structural variables while controlling for motivation and instruction.

'''Example paradigms:'''

* '''Primode Manipulation:''' Use pre-task rituals, verbal cues, or trigger scaffolds to activate ignition.
* '''Flexion Modulation:''' Vary task format (rigid vs. flexible entry points).
* '''Grain Adjustment:''' Alter instructions to create or reduce internal friction.
* '''Anchory Measurement:''' Use eye tracking or focus timers in self-paced tasks.
* '''Slip Detection:''' Repeated identical trials to assess internal entropy.

Sample dependent variables:

* Time-to-initiation
* Focus duration
* Task abandonment rate
* Self-reported resistance
* Behavioral drift (Slip)

These setups make CDA accessible for both lab-based and applied research.

==10.5. Cross-Model Integration and Compatibility==

CDA can be integrated with, or compared against, major psychological models:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Alignment of CDA variables with established psychological models.
|-
! Model !! CDA Correspondence
|-
| Expectancy-Value Theory || CAP = value expectancy; lacks Primode structure
|-
| Dual Process Models || CDA provides substructure for “System 1/System 2” transitions
|-
| Executive Function || Anchory and Flexion correspond to sustained attention and task switching
|-
| Self-Determination Theory || Grain and CAP reflect tension between autonomy, competence, and effort
|}

CDA is not positioned to replace these models, but to '''add a structural layer''' beneath their functional outputs.

==10.6. Research Contexts and Applied Fields==

CDA offers testable value in a range of domains:

* '''Education:''' Diagnosing procrastination, testing assignment framing (Flexion)
* '''Clinical Psychology:''' Modeling avoidance, behavioral activation misfires
* '''HCI/User Experience:''' Interface engagement decay, feature friction mapping
* '''Workplace Studies:''' Burnout profiling, intra-task variability
* '''Human Performance:''' Mapping focus breakdown in complex task environments

These contexts allow high ecological validity and field-tested model refinement.

==10.7. Open Challenges and Methodological Considerations==

Despite its tractability, CDA research faces key challenges:

* '''Isolating Variables:''' Interdependencies between Primode, CAP, and Flexion may obscure causality.
* '''Operationalizing Primode:''' As a binary latent gate, it is hard to observe directly.
* '''Slip vs. Error:''' Behavioral entropy must be distinguished from attention lapses or fatigue.
* '''Equation Complexity:''' Nonlinearity and asymmetry complicate regression-based modeling.

These are addressable through iterative experimental refinement and cross-modal validation.

==10.8. Suggested Research Agenda (Phase I–IV)==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Proposed research phases for validating the CDA framework.
|-
! Phase !! Research Focus !! Description
|-
| Phase 1 || Variable Validation || Establish reliability and distinctiveness of operational indicators
|-
| Phase 2 || Equation Testing || Manipulate variables (e.g., 2×2 Primode × CAP) to test Drive outputs
|-
| Phase 3 || Applied Studies || Field research on CDA variables in real-world contexts (e.g., student adherence, app usage)
|-
| Phase 4 || Model Refinement || Adjust Drive Equation structure based on empirical fit and observed exceptions
|}

This staged approach allows both '''basic science validation''' and '''applied translation'''.

==10.9. Next Steps for Researchers==
Initial pilot studies can begin immediately using lightweight tools:

* '''Drive Log Diaries:''' Participants self-track variables during task attempts
* '''Task-switch Experiments:''' Measure Grain and Flexion as task structure changes
* '''Latency-to-Engage Trials:''' Examine Primode timing under CAP pressure
* '''Inconsistency Mapping:''' Use Slip to profile variability in high-skill individuals

Findings from these efforts may confirm, refine, or challenge CDA, fulfilling its design as an empirically grounded structural model, not a metaphor or heuristic.</text>
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      <id>2719753</id>
      <parentid>2719747</parentid>
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      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6705" sha1="5m8qcyy7xtb8tsy13a18ysonz3k7hox" xml:space="preserve">==10.1. Overview==

Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA), grounded in Lagunian Dynamics, is proposed not as a metaphorical or interpretive tool but as a '''formal, falsifiable field'''. Its central mechanism, the Drive Equation, posits structural interactions between six internal variables across three domains. These variables are intended to be '''operationalizable''', '''measurable''', and '''experimentally manipulable'''.

This module outlines empirical strategies for testing CDA’s validity, expanding its application, and exploring its compatibility with existing models in cognitive and behavioral science.

==10.2. Operational Definitions of Core Variables==

To move CDA from theory to testable science, its variables must be mapped to observable indicators. Below is a set of '''candidate operationalizations''':

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ CDA variables with theoretical roles and measurable proxies.
|-
! Variable !! Theoretical Role !! Operational Proxy
|-
| Primode || Binary ignition gate || Action onset latency; readiness potential; “go/no-go” task activation
|-
| CAP || Affective-volitional modulator || Self-reported urgency; skin conductance; heart rate variability (HRV)
|-
| Flexion || Task-to-mind adaptability || Task reformatting choice rate; subjective task elasticity
|-
| Anchory || Attentional tethering || Eye fixation duration; blink suppression; focus time
|-
| Grain || Internal resistance or friction || Frustration reports; task aversion scales; cortisol response
|-
| Slip || Structural performance entropy || Intra-individual RT variance; accuracy volatility; keystroke irregularity
|}

These proxies are provisional and open to refinement as empirical data accumulate.

==10.3. Testable Predictions of the Drive Equation==

The Drive Equation enables concrete, falsifiable hypotheses. Key predictions include:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Testable predictions from the CDA and their implications.
|-
! Prediction !! If Confirmed !! If Falsified
|-
| High CAP with Primode = 0 yields no initiation || Validates ignition gate dependency || Challenges binary ignition logic
|-
| Low Flexion impairs Drive even when CAP is high || Supports structural adaptability hypothesis || Suggests motivational override
|-
| Grain↑ weakens Drive despite high Anchory || Validates friction modeling || Implies denominator model needs revision
|-
| Slip persists across identical trials || Supports entropy theory || Suggests variability is affective or noise
|}

Each prediction maps directly to an interpretable system logic in CDA.

==10.4. Experimental Design Strategies==

Research on CDA may leverage controlled experiments that isolate structural variables while controlling for motivation and instruction.

'''Example paradigms:'''

* '''Primode Manipulation:''' Use pre-task rituals, verbal cues, or trigger scaffolds to activate ignition.
* '''Flexion Modulation:''' Vary task format (rigid vs. flexible entry points).
* '''Grain Adjustment:''' Alter instructions to create or reduce internal friction.
* '''Anchory Measurement:''' Use eye tracking or focus timers in self-paced tasks.
* '''Slip Detection:''' Repeated identical trials to assess internal entropy.

Sample dependent variables:

* Time-to-initiation
* Focus duration
* Task abandonment rate
* Self-reported resistance
* Behavioral drift (Slip)

These setups make CDA accessible for both lab-based and applied research.

==10.5. Cross-Model Integration and Compatibility==

CDA can be integrated with, or compared against, major psychological models:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Alignment of CDA variables with established psychological models.
|-
! Model !! CDA Correspondence
|-
| Expectancy-Value Theory || CAP = value expectancy; lacks Primode structure
|-
| Dual Process Models || CDA provides substructure for “System 1/System 2” transitions
|-
| Executive Function || Anchory and Flexion correspond to sustained attention and task switching
|-
| Self-Determination Theory || Grain and CAP reflect tension between autonomy, competence, and effort
|}

CDA is not positioned to replace these models, but to '''add a structural layer''' beneath their functional outputs.

==10.6. Research Contexts and Applied Fields==

CDA offers testable value in a range of domains:

* '''Education:''' Diagnosing procrastination, testing assignment framing (Flexion)
* '''Clinical Psychology:''' Modeling avoidance, behavioral activation misfires
* '''HCI/User Experience:''' Interface engagement decay, feature friction mapping
* '''Workplace Studies:''' Burnout profiling, intra-task variability
* '''Human Performance:''' Mapping focus breakdown in complex task environments

These contexts allow high ecological validity and field-tested model refinement.

==10.7. Open Challenges and Methodological Considerations==

Despite its tractability, CDA research faces key challenges:

* '''Isolating Variables:''' Interdependencies between Primode, CAP, and Flexion may obscure causality.
* '''Operationalizing Primode:''' As a binary latent gate, it is hard to observe directly.
* '''Slip vs. Error:''' Behavioral entropy must be distinguished from attention lapses or fatigue.
* '''Equation Complexity:''' Nonlinearity and asymmetry complicate regression-based modeling.

These are addressable through iterative experimental refinement and cross-modal validation.

==10.8. Suggested Research Agenda (Phase I–IV)==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Proposed research phases for validating the CDA framework.
|-
! Phase !! Research Focus !! Description
|-
| Phase 1 || Variable Validation || Establish reliability and distinctiveness of operational indicators
|-
| Phase 2 || Equation Testing || Manipulate variables (e.g., 2×2 Primode × CAP) to test Drive outputs
|-
| Phase 3 || Applied Studies || Field research on CDA variables in real-world contexts (e.g., student adherence, app usage)
|-
| Phase 4 || Model Refinement || Adjust Drive Equation structure based on empirical fit and observed exceptions
|}

This staged approach allows both '''basic science validation''' and '''applied translation'''.

==10.9. Next Steps for Researchers==
Initial pilot studies can begin immediately using lightweight tools:

* '''Drive Log Diaries:''' Participants self-track variables during task attempts
* '''Task-switch Experiments:''' Measure Grain and Flexion as task structure changes
* '''Latency-to-Engage Trials:''' Examine Primode timing under CAP pressure
* '''Inconsistency Mapping:''' Use Slip to profile variability in high-skill individuals

Findings from these efforts may confirm, refine, or challenge CDA, fulfilling its design as an empirically grounded structural model, not a metaphor or heuristic.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cognitive Drive Architecture/Course Summary and Synthesis</title>
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      <id>2719754</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-26T07:26:21Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="4807" sha1="r7h6mmdcr8ix6hx6trdqjhz6olgofmx" xml:space="preserve">==11.1. Purpose of the Course==

This course introduced Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) as a structural, domain-independent framework for '''modeling effort and engagement''' in cognitive systems. Grounded in Lagunian Dynamics, CDA shifts the understanding of Drive from vague motivational traits to '''formally defined internal variables''' interacting within a system equation. Its central goal is to explain how effort arises, when it breaks down, and how it can be realigned, not by boosting motivation, but by structurally configuring the system that supports it.

==11.2. Key Concepts Recap==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Caption text
|-
! Core Element !! Summary
|-
| Lagunian Dynamics || Foundational theory modeling cognitive effort as the output of real-time variable interaction
|-
| Drive Equation || &lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Ignition Domain || '''Variables:''' Primode (ignition gate), CAP (volitional amplifier)
|-
| Tension Domain || '''Variables:''' Flexion (task adaptability), Anchory (focus stability), Grain (friction)
|-
| Flux Domain || '''Variable:''' Slip (systemic entropy/variability)
|}

These variables are designed to be observable, testable, and alterable, allowing real-time diagnosis and adjustment of engagement conditions.

==11.3. Failure Modes and Configuration Patterns==

CDA offers a '''non-pathologizing''' model of effort breakdown, reinterpreting struggles as system misconfigurations:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive failure modes with core misconfigurations and outcomes.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Primary Misconfiguration !! Typical Outcome
|-
| Start Failure || Primode = 0 || No initiation despite desire
|-
| Motivated Stall || CAP ↑, Flexion ↓ || Urgency without movement
|-
| Drift Collapse || Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ || Focus dissolves mid-task
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Flexion ↓ + repeated failures || Cyclical disengagement
|-
| Entropy Drag || Slip ↑↑ || High variability; inconsistent output
|}

Understanding these patterns enables '''compassionate''', '''structural intervention''' rather than reliance on discipline or motivation.

==11.4. Applications by Domain==

CDA has practical uses across disciplines:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Domain-specific applications of CDA variables.
|-
! Domain !! Example Use
|-
| Education || Scaffold Flexion and Primode to reduce disengagement
|-
| Therapy || Address behavioral avoidance via Grain/Anchory modeling
|-
| Interface Design || Lower Grain by simplifying flow; boost Anchory with layout stability
|-
| Coaching || Track system variability; stabilize routines to reduce Slip
|}

Even '''low-tech implementations''' (Module 9) can yield significant insights using simple logs, cues, or environmental scaffolds.

==11.5. Research Opportunities==

CDA is designed to be '''empirically testable''', not just theoretically elegant:

* Operationalize core variables via physiological or behavioral measures
* Test Drive Equation predictions in controlled contexts
* Integrate CDA with motivational, executive function, and attentional models
* Validate Slip as a structured, non-random source of variability

This positions CDA as both a '''practical tool''' and a '''scientific hypothesis''' ready for falsification and refinement.

==11.6. Learning Objectives Revisited==

By completing this course, learners should now be able to:

* Understand and interpret the '''Drive Equation'''
* Recognize '''failure modes''' as structural, not personal
* Apply CDA across contexts (education, therapy, design, coaching)
* Use '''low-tech strategies''' to self-monitor and scaffold Drive
* Design or interpret '''empirical studies''' testing CDA’s predictions
* Rethink effort and inconsistency through a '''system configuration lens'''

==11.7. Continuing Exploration==
Suggested next steps for learners:
* Track a week of tasks using a Drive Log
* Identify a personal “Start Failure” and test a Primode scaffold
* Redesign one task to increase Flexion or reduce Grain
* Share CDA with a colleague or client to map a breakdown nonjudgmentally
* Draft a mini-case study on how Slip impacts your own productivity

==11.8. Course Closing Statement==

Cognitive Drive Architecture reimagines effort not as a trait, not as discipline, and not as motivation, but as a '''system configuration problem'''. It gives us a new lens to interpret engagement, failure, and volatility without shame, blame, or mystification.

Whether you’re a student, educator, therapist, designer, or researcher, CDA offers a way to '''understand action, or inaction, with precision and humanity'''.

The next version of this model will be shaped not just by data, but by the lived experiences of those who apply it. Your logs, reflections, failures, and insights are part of that evolution.</text>
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      <text bytes="4820" sha1="bgg6xbhi38h8cwcphvqmwslrtpzvwte" xml:space="preserve">==11.1. Purpose of the Course==

This course introduced Cognitive Drive Architecture (CDA) as a structural, domain-independent framework for '''modeling effort and engagement''' in cognitive systems. Grounded in Lagunian Dynamics, CDA shifts the understanding of Drive from vague motivational traits to '''formally defined internal variables''' interacting within a system equation. Its central goal is to explain how effort arises, when it breaks down, and how it can be realigned, not by boosting motivation, but by structurally configuring the system that supports it.

==11.2. Key Concepts Recap==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Caption text
|-
! Core Element !! Summary
|-
| Lagunian Dynamics || Foundational theory modeling cognitive effort as the output of real-time variable interaction
|-
| Drive Equation || &lt;math&gt;Drive=\left ( \frac{P^C\times F}{A+G} \right )+S&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Ignition Domain || '''Variables:''' Primode (ignition gate), CAP (volitional amplifier)
|-
| Tension Domain || '''Variables:''' Flexion (task adaptability), Anchory (focus stability), Grain (friction)
|-
| Flux Domain || '''Variable:''' Slip (systemic entropy/variability)
|}

These variables are designed to be observable, testable, and alterable, allowing real-time diagnosis and adjustment of engagement conditions.

==11.3. Failure Modes and Configuration Patterns==

CDA offers a '''non-pathologizing''' model of effort breakdown, reinterpreting struggles as system misconfigurations:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Drive failure modes with core misconfigurations and outcomes.
|-
! Failure Mode !! Primary Misconfiguration !! Typical Outcome
|-
| Start Failure || Primode = 0 || No initiation despite desire
|-
| Motivated Stall || CAP ↑, Flexion ↓ || Urgency without movement
|-
| Drift Collapse || Anchory ↓, Grain ↑ || Focus dissolves mid-task
|-
| Resistance Spiral || Flexion ↓ + repeated failures || Cyclical disengagement
|-
| Entropy Drag || Slip ↑↑ || High variability; inconsistent output
|}

Understanding these patterns enables '''compassionate''', '''structural intervention''' rather than reliance on discipline or motivation.

==11.4. Applications by Domain==

CDA has practical uses across disciplines:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Domain-specific applications of CDA variables.
|-
! Domain !! Example Use
|-
| Education || Scaffold Flexion and Primode to reduce disengagement
|-
| Therapy || Address behavioral avoidance via Grain/Anchory modeling
|-
| Interface Design || Lower Grain by simplifying flow; boost Anchory with layout stability
|-
| Coaching || Track system variability; stabilize routines to reduce Slip
|}

Even '''low-tech implementations''' (Module 9) can yield significant insights using simple logs, cues, or environmental scaffolds.

==11.5. Research Opportunities==

CDA is designed to be '''empirically testable''', not just theoretically elegant:

* Operationalize core variables via physiological or behavioral measures
* Test Drive Equation predictions in controlled contexts
* Integrate CDA with motivational, executive function, and attentional models
* Validate Slip as a structured, non-random source of variability

This positions CDA as both a '''practical tool''' and a '''scientific hypothesis''' ready for falsification and refinement.

==11.6. Learning Objectives Revisited==

By completing this course, learners should now be able to:

* Understand and interpret the '''Drive Equation'''
* Recognize '''failure modes''' as structural, not personal
* Apply CDA across contexts (education, therapy, design, coaching)
* Use '''low-tech strategies''' to self-monitor and scaffold Drive
* Design or interpret '''empirical studies''' testing CDA’s predictions
* Rethink effort and inconsistency through a '''system configuration lens'''

==11.7. Continuing Exploration==
Suggested next steps for learners:
* Track a week of tasks using a Drive Log
* Identify a personal “Start Failure” and test a Primode scaffold
* Redesign one task to increase Flexion or reduce Grain
* Share CDA with a colleague or client to map a breakdown nonjudgmentally
* Draft a mini-case study on how Slip impacts your own productivity

==11.8. Course Closing Statement==

Cognitive Drive Architecture reimagines effort not as a trait, not as discipline, and not as motivation, but as a '''system configuration problem'''. It gives us a new lens to interpret engagement, failure, and volatility without shame, blame, or mystification.

Whether you’re a student, educator, therapist, designer, or researcher, CDA offers a way to '''understand action, or inaction, with precision and humanity'''.

The next version of this model will be shaped not just by data, but by the lived experiences of those who apply it. Your logs, reflections, failures, and insights are part of that evolution.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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